Theodosius: Liber XIII

CTh.13.1.0. De lustrali collatione
CTh.13.2.0. De argenti pretio, quod thensauris infertur
CTh.13.3.0. De medicis et professoribus
CTh.13.4.0. De excusationibus artificum
CTh.13.5.0. De naviculariis
CTh.13.6.0. De praediis naviculariorum
CTh.13.7.0. De navibus non excusandis
CTh.13.8.0. Ne quid oneri publico imponatur
CTh.13.9.0. De naufragiis
CTh.13.10.0. De censu sive adscriptione
CTh.13.11.0. De censitoribus, peraequatoribus et inspectoribus

CTh.13.1.0. On the lustral levy
CTh.13.2.0. On the price of silver, which is brought into the treasuries
CTh.13.3.0. On physicians and professors
CTh.13.4.0. On the exemptions of artisans
CTh.13.5.0. On shipowners
CTh.13.6.0. On the estates of the shipowners
CTh.13.7.0. On ships not to be excused
CTh.13.8.0. That nothing be imposed upon the public burden
CTh.13.9.0. On shipwrecks
CTh.13.10.0. On the census or enrollment
CTh.13.11.0. On assessors, equalizers and inspectors

CTh.13.1.0. De lustrali collatione

CTh.13.1.0. On the lustral contribution

CTh.13.1.1

Imp. constantius a. et iulianus caes. ad taurum praefectum praetorio.

The Emperors Constantius Augustus and Julian Caesar to Taurus, Praetorian Prefect.

negotiatores omnes protinus convenit aurum argentumque praebere, clericos excipi tantum, qui copiatae appellantur, nec alium quemquam esse inmunem ab huius collationis obsequio. dat. iiii non.

All merchants must forthwith provide gold and silver, clerics only being excepted, who are called 'copiatae', and no one else is to be exempt from the service of this contribution. Given on the 4th day before the Nones.

dec.; acc. romae viii id. feb. constantio a. viiii et iuliano caes.

decreed; accepted at Rome on February 6, in the consulship of Constantius, Augustus, for the 9th time, and Julian, Caesar.

ii conss. (356 dec. 2).

2 consuls. (356 dec. 2).

CTh.13.1.2

Theodosian Code 13.1.2

Idem a. et caes. ad taurum praefectum praetorio. praeter eos, quos manifesta probatio demonstrat sub armis militiae sacramenta tolerasse quosque, cum requiem sortirentur, in pecuniarum certo numero inmunitatem claruerit consecutos, universi, qui negotiandi videntur exercere sollertiam, ad onus collationis adstringantur.

The same Augustus and Caesar to Taurus, Prefect of the Praetorium. Except those whom manifest proof shows to have borne the military oaths under arms
and those who, when they obtained a respite, it has become clear that they obtained immunity for a fixed sum of money, all who seem
to exercise the skill of trading are to be bound to the burden of the contribution.

acc. vi id. iul. karthagine constantio a. x et iuliano c. iii conss.

received on July 9 at Carthage, when Constantius Augustus for the 10th time and Julian Caesar for the 3rd time were consuls.

(360 iul. 10).

(360 jul. 10).

CTh.13.1.3

Codex Theodosianus 13.1.3

Idem a. ad senatum. rusticanos colonosque vestros inter negotiatores describi non oportet, scilicet si nequaquam exercent negotiationis industriam, siquidem in eo negotiationem et mercimonia non oporteat aestimari, si ea homines vestri ac rusticani etiam in vestris possessionibus commorantes distrahant, quae in his terris quas incolunt adque in eodem rure gignuntur. dat.

The same Augustus to the senate. Your rustics and colonists ought not to be entered among the merchants, namely if they by no means practice the industry of negotiation since in this negotiation and merchandise ought not to be assessed, if your men, even rustics abiding on your estates, sell off those things which are produced in those lands which they inhabit and in the same countryside. Given.

v non. mai. tauro et florentio conss.

May 3, in the consulship of Taurus and Florentius.

(361 mai. 3).

(361 May 3).

CTh.13.1.4pr.

CTh.13.1.4preface.

Imp. iulianus a. secundo praefecto praetorio. post alia: decuriones, qui ut christiani declinant munia, revocentur.

The Emperor Julian Augustus to Secundus, Praetorian Prefect. After other matters: let the decurions, who, as Christians, are declining the municipal duties, be recalled.

(362 mart. 13).

(March 13, 362).

CTh.13.1.4.1

Et ab auri atque argenti praestatione, quod negotiatoribus indicitur, curiae inmunes sint, nisi forte decurionem aliquid mercari constiterit, ita ut ordines civitatum ex huiusmodi reliquis sarcinarum, ut iam diximus, amoveantur. proposita iii id. mar. constantinopoli mamertino et nevitta conss.

And from the payment of gold and silver, which is imposed upon merchants, let the curiae be immune, unless perhaps it is established that a decurion has bought something,
so that the orders of the cities may, as we have already said, be removed from the remaining loads of such burdens. Posted on March 13 at Constantinople, Mamertinus and Nevitta, consuls.

(362 mart. 13).

(March 13, 362).

CTh.13.1.5

Theodosian Code 13.1.5

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. secundo praefecto praetorio. negotiatores, si qui ad domum nostram pertinent, si modo mercandi videantur exercere sollertiam et christianos, quibus verus est cultus, adiuvare pauperes et positos in necessitatibus volunt, potiorum quoque homines vel potiores ipsos, si tamen his mercandi cura est, ad necessitatem pensitationis adhibeas, praesertim cum potiorum quisque aut miscere se negotiationi non debeat aut pensitationem debeat, quod honestas postulat, primus agnoscere.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Secundus, Praetorian Prefect. Negotiators, if any pertain to our household, if only they appear to exercise the skill of trading and, as Christians, for whom the cult is true, are willing to aid the poor and those placed in necessities, you shall also apply men of the more powerful, or the more powerful themselves, if indeed they have a concern for trading, to the necessity of payment, especially since each of the more powerful ought either not to mix himself with trade, or ought, as honor requires, to be the first to acknowledge the payment that is due.

dat. xv kal. mai.

dated the 15th day before the Kalends of May.

constantinopoli divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 apr. 17).

at constantinople, in the consulship of the deified jovian and varronianus (april 17, 364).

CTh.13.1.6

Theodosian Code 13.1.6

Idem aa. ad florentium comitem sacrarum largitionum. aurum mercatoribus adque argentum, quo erogatio publica iuvetur, indiximus; igitur exceptione inmunitatis nullus utetur. omnium enim regionum huiusmodi homines, omnium dignitatum hanc virilem iuvandae rei publicae partem sine aliqua privilegii venia iussimus sustinere.

The same Augusti to Florentius, Count of the Sacred Largesses. We have imposed gold upon the merchants and also silver, by which the public disbursement may be aided; therefore no one shall use the exception of immunity. For men of this sort from all regions, of all dignities, we have ordered to sustain this manly share of aiding the republic without any indulgence of privilege.

exceptio autem eos tantummodo in hac communi fere sorte defendet, qui proprio rure per se aut homines suos qui evidentissime cognoscuntur negotiantes non tam mercatorum loco haberi debent quam sollertium strenuorumque dominorum. dat. vi id. sept.

But an exception will defend only those in this almost common lot, who
on their own estate, either by themselves or by their own men who are most clearly recognized as trading, ought to be held not so much in the place of merchants as
of skillful and energetic masters. Given on September 8.

divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 sept. 8).

the deified jovian and varronianus, consuls. (364 sept. 8).

CTh.13.1.7

Idem aa. ad probum praefectum praetorio. qui in sudore bellandi stipendiorum gradu usque ad protectores meruerunt, .... unius vaginae pretium, etiamsi aliis mercimoniis studere videantur. si quid autem supra hunc modum in mercimonii commutatione habeant, pro eo, quod amplius potuerit inveniri, ad necessitatem collationis artentur.

The same Augusti to Probus, Praetorian Prefect. Those who, in the sweat of warring, have earned, in the grade of stipends, up to the Protectores, .... the price of a single scabbard,
even if they seem to be devoted to other merchandises. But if they should have anything beyond this measure in the exchange of merchandise, for that amount
which can be found in excess, let them be constrained to the necessity of contribution.

omnes vero omnino, qui alterius nomine dignitatis emeritaeque militiae honore cumulati sunt, etsi per homines suos id exercent, ad oblationis obsequia adstringantur. proposita karthagine kal. april.

But indeed absolutely all who, in another’s name, have been heaped with dignity and with the honor of emerited military service, even if they exercise this through their own men, shall be bound to the services of oblation. Posted at Carthage on the Kalends of April.

valentiniano n. p. et victore conss. (369 apr. 1).

under valentinianus, most noble youth, and victor, consuls. (369 apr. 1).

CTh.13.1.8

Theodosian Code 13.1.8

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad claudium proconsulem africae.

the emperors valentinian, valens, and gratian, the augusti, to claudius, proconsul of africa.

hi tantum ad auri argentique detineantur oblationem merces emendo adque vendendo commutantes, qui in exercitio tabernarum usuque versantur, non etiam coloni rei nostrae, qui ea distrahunt, quae in dominicis possessionibus annus tulerit. dat. vi kal.

Let only these be bound for the offering of gold and silver: those who, by buying and selling, exchange merchandise, who are engaged in the operation and practice of shops, but not also the coloni of our fisc, who sell off those things which the year has brought forth on the imperial estates. Given on the 6th day before the Kalends.

mai. treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss. (370 apr.

May, at Trier, when Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, were consuls for the 3rd time (370 Apr.

26).

CTh.13.1.9

Idem aaa. ad leontium consularem foenices. omnes iam nunc studio negotiationis intenti, seu conchylioleguli seu ex aliquolibet corpore mercatores, ad pensitationem auri, quod negotiatoribus indicitur, compellantur.

The same Augusti, to Leontius, Consularis of Phoenice. All who are now intent upon the pursuit of commerce, whether purple-shell gatherers or merchants from any corporate body whatsoever, are to be compelled to the payment of the gold which is assessed upon merchants.

beneficium enim quibusdam datum plebis iniuria est. proposita beryto prid. kal.

for a benefit granted to certain persons is an injury to the plebs. posted at berytus on the day before the kalends.

iul. modesto et arinthaeo conss. (372 iun.

jul. modestus and arintheus, consuls. (372 jun.

30).

CTh.13.1.10

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad italicum vicarium italiae.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti, to italicus, vicar of italy

colonos rei privatae vel ceteros rusticanos pro speciebus, quae in eorum agris gigni solent, inquietari non oportet. eos etiam, qui manu victum rimantur aut tolerant, figulos videlicet aut fabros, alienos esse a praestationis eius molestia decernimus, ut hi tantum, qui pro mercimonio et substantia mercis ex rusticana plebe inter negotiatores sunt, sortem negotiationis agnoscant, quos in exercendis agris ingenitum iam pridem studium non retinet, sed mercandis distrahendisque rebus institutum vitae et voluntatis implicuit. dat.

the coloni of the Private Estate and the other rustics ought not to be disquieted on account of the species (commodities) which are wont to be produced in their fields. We also decree that those who with their hand seek out or sustain a livelihood—namely potters and smiths—are alien from the molestation of that prestation, so that only those who, on account of commerce and the substance (stock) of their wares, are from the rustic plebs among the negotiators may acknowledge the lot of negotiation—men whom no inborn zeal for cultivating the fields any longer retains, but whom the institute of life and the choice of will has entangled in buying and selling things. Given.

non. feb. mediolano gratiano iii et equitio v. c. conss.

the Nones of February, at Milan, in the consulship of Gratian for the 3rd time and Equitius, a most distinguished man, consuls.

(374 febr. 5).

(February 5, 374).

CTh.13.1.11

Theodosian Code 13.1.11

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. ad hesperium praefectum praetorio.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, Augusti. To Hesperius, Praetorian Prefect.

etsi omnes mercatores spectat lustralis auri depensio, clerici tamen intra illyricum et italiam in denis solidis, intra gallias in quinis denis solidis inmunem usum conversationis exerceant. quidquid autem supra hunc modum negotiationis versabitur, id oportet ad functionem aurariam devocari. dat.

Although the payment of lustral gold pertains to all merchants, nevertheless let clerics within Illyricum and Italy exercise an immune use of commerce up to ten solidi, and within the Gauls up to fifteen solidi. Whatever, however, in trading will go beyond this measure ought to be called to the aurarian function. Given.

iii. non. iul.

3rd day before the nones of july.

aquileiae auxonio et olybrio conss. (379 iul. 2/5).

at Aquileia, in the consulship of Auxonius and Olybrius. (379 July 2/5).

CTh.13.1.12

Codex Theodosianus 13.1.12

Idem aaa. ad atticum praefectum praetorio. nemo negotiator muneribus publicis eximatur exceptis his dumtaxat, qui innocenti industria fructus domesticos suis possessionibus innatos simpliciter vendunt, officiis et exactoribus pro his negotiatoribus adtinendis, quos excusatos subtractosve esse constiterit, in duplam quantitatem eius summae, quam illi inferre debuerant.

The same augusti, to Atticus, praetorian prefect. Let no trader be exempted from public burdens, except only those who, by innocent industry, simply sell domestic produce born on their own possessions; and the offices and exactors shall be held liable, for securing these traders, in the case of those whom it shall have been established to have been excused or withdrawn, to double the amount of that sum which they ought to have contributed.

dat. iii id. mart. mediolano richomere et clearcho conss.

Given on the 3rd day before the Ides of March at Milan
Richomer and Clearchus, consuls

(384 mart. 13).

(March 13, 384).

CTh.13.1.13 [=brev.13.1.1]

Theodosian Code 13.1.13 [=Breviary 13.1.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius.

aaa. have postumiane karissime nobis. singuli quique, si per eos vernacula quaeque vendantur, functione auraria non teneantur; si vero emendi vendendive compendiis ultro citroque quaesitis familiaris rei amplitudo cumuletur, etsi militares sint, memoratae praestationi nectantur.

aaa. hail, postumiane, dearest to us. let each and every person, if through them whatever domestic wares are sold, not be held by the aurarian function; but if, by the profits of buying and selling sought to and fro, the magnitude of the household estate is increased, even if they are military, let them be bound to the aforementioned praestation.

dat. vi. id. nov. richomere et clearcho coss.

given on the 6th day before the ides of november, in the consulship of richomer and clearchus.

interpretatio. si quicumque* rem, quae ei nata est, aut quam non emit, vendat, ad solutionem aurariam minime teneatur. si vero emendi vendendique studio probabitur huc illucque discurrere, etiamsi militans est, ad solutionem teneatur aurariam

interpretation. If whoever* sells a thing which has come to him, or one which he did not buy, he shall in no way be held to the aurarian payment. But if he is proved, from zeal for buying
and selling, to run hither and thither, then even if he is serving as a soldier, he shall be held to the aurarian payment

CTh.13.1.14

Theodosian Code 13.1.14

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. ad principium praefectum praetorio.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to principius, praetorian prefect.

eos, quos peractae militiae labor decurso stipendiorum ordine vel protectoris honore cumulavit vel honestae vel causariae missionis necessitate donavit, quindecim solidorum in mercimoniis omnibus inmunitatem habere iubemus, agnituros publicum munus, si ultra praestitutum legis nostrae modum emendis vendendisque rebus laxiore sumptu operam voluerint commodare. dat. prid.

we order that those whom the toil of completed military service, the sequence of stipends having been run through, has heaped up either with the honor of Protector, or has endowed by the necessity of an honorable discharge or a causal (medical) discharge, shall have an immunity of fifteen solidi in all merchandise; they must acknowledge the public benefaction, if they should wish to devote their effort, with more liberal outlay, to buying and selling things beyond the limit prescribed by our law. Given, on the day before.

non. novemb. veronae arcadio a. i et bautone conss.

on the Nones of November, at Verona, in the consulship of Arcadius, Augustus, for the 1st time, and Bauto, consuls.

(385 nov. [?] 4).

(385 Nov. [?] 4).

CTh.13.1.15

Codex Theodosianus 13.1.15

Idem aaa. cynegio praefecto praetorio. si quis potentior negotiatorem quempiam, quominus aurum debitum inferat, contra fisci nostri commoditates putaverit defendendum, ipse defensor negotiatoris adscriptam ei quem defenderit summam cogatur expendere.

The same emperors to Cynegius, Praetorian Prefect. If any person of power, against the interests of our fisc, has thought that some merchant ought to be defended so that he not pay in the gold that is owed, let the defender himself of the merchant be compelled to disburse the sum entered against the one whom he has defended.

dat. xviii kal. mai.

given on the 18th
day before the Kalends of May.

constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 apr. 14).

at constantinople, in the consulate of honorius, most noble boy, and evodius. (386 apr. 14).

CTh.13.1.16

Theodosian Code 13.1.16

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. clearcho praefecto urbi. omnes corporatos, de quibus orta querimonia est, quam maturissime praecipimus conveniri, ut aut commoda negotiatorum sequentes a clericorum excusatione discedant aut sacratissimo numini servientes versutis quaestibus intuitu tuae sinceritatis abstineant.

the emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to clearchus, prefect of the city. we command that all the corporated persons, about whom a complaint has arisen, be convened with all possible speed, so that either, following the conveniences/interests of the negotiators, they depart from the exemption of clerics, or, serving the most sacred numen, they abstain from crafty gains in view of your sincerity.

distincta enim stipendia sunt religionis et calliditatis. dat. viii id. mai.

for the stipends of religion and of callidity are distinct. Given 8 May.

constantinopoli theodoro v. c. cons. (399 mai. 8).

at constantinople under theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul. (399 may. 8).

CTh.13.1.17

Theodosian Code 13.1.17

Idem aa. ianuarino consulari numidiae. a negotiatoribus aurum lustrale dependi non ignoramus et cum ad eos soleat distributionis cura recurrere, quos necessitas collationis adstringit, non convenit municipes hoc onere subiacere. sciant igitur de corpore suo, sicut in omnibus fere civitatibus, mancipes eligere absque ulla aerarii nostri deminutione, a curialibus alienae functionis distributione reiecta.

The same Augusti to Januarinus, consularis of Numidia. We are not unaware that lustral gold is paid by the negotiatores, and since the care of distribution is wont to revert to those whom the necessity of the collation constrains, it is not fitting that the municipes be subject to this burden. Let them therefore know, from their own body, as in almost all cities, to choose mancipes (contractors) without any diminution of our Treasury, the curiales being freed by the rejection of the distribution of an alien function.

dat. prid. non.

given on the day before the Nones.

iun. mediolano theodoro v. c. cons. (399 iun.

June, at Milan, to Theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul. (399 June

4).

CTh.13.1.18

Theodosian Code 13.1.18

Idem aa. pompeiano proconsuli africae. omnes negotiatores lustralem conferre convenit pensionem. non solum igitur hi, qui probantur in territoriis sive in civitatibus exercere commercia, subcumbant aurariae functioni, verum etiam, qui studentes fenori crescentis in dies singulos pecuniae accessione laetantur.

The same emperors to Pompeianus, proconsul of Africa. it is fitting that all merchants contribute the lustral pension. not only, therefore, those who are found to exercise commerce in the territories or in the cities should succumb to the aurarian function, but also those who, devoted to usury, rejoice in the day-by-day increase of money by accession.

dat. prid. kal.

Dated the day before the Kalends.

iul. mediolano stilichone et aureliano conss. (400 iun.

Jul., at Milan, Stilicho and Aurelian, consuls. (400 Jun.

30).

CTh.13.1.19

Theodosian Code 13.1.19

Idem aaa. septimino proconsuli africae. omnes devotionem aurariae functionis agnoscant, quos diversi mercimonii cura constringit, ita ut, quibus negotiandi sollicitudo est, ad solutionem teneantur.

The same Emperors to Septiminus, proconsul of Africa. Let all acknowledge the devotion of the aurarian function, whom the care of diverse merchandise constrains, so that, those for whom there is a solicitude of trading, are held to the payment.

dat. vii kal. april.

dated March 26.

ravennae d. n. theodosio a. i et rumorido conss. (403 mart. 26).

at Ravenna, when our lord Theodosius, Augustus for the first time, and Rumoridus were consuls. (403 March 26).

CTh.13.1.20

Theodosian Code 13.1.20

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. functiones, quas conferentium frequentia extenuata debilitat, ad stabilitatem revocandae sunt, ut, quod simul et sub una conventione petebatur, sub parva ac minima contributione absque consensu conferentium praebeatur.

emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to anthemius, praetorian prefect. the functions, which the attenuated frequency of the contributors enfeebles, must be recalled to stability, so that what was sought simultaneously and under one convention may be furnished under a small and very minimal contribution without the consent of the contributors.

hoc in lustralis auri collatione in perpetuum decernimus observari, illud videlicet praecaventes, ne quis a nostra clementia vectigal huiusmodi audeat postulare. dat. viii kal.

We decree that this is to be observed in perpetuity in the contribution of lustral gold, expressly taking precautions that no one may dare to request from our clemency a tax of this kind. Given on the 8th day before the Kalends.

iun. varane v. c. cons. (410 mai.

june. in the consulship of Varane, a most distinguished man. (410 May.

25).

CTh.13.1.21

Theodosian Code 13.1.21

Idem aa. monaxio praefecto praetorio. nemo mercator vel possessor rerum, quae lustralis auri collationi tenentur obnoxiae, patrociniorum fiducia vel nomine cuiuslibet altissimae dignitatis a praedicta se functione aestimet subtrahendum, nec si ad domum dominae ac venerabilis augustae pulcheriae germanae nostrae seu nobilissimarum sororum pietatis nostrae pertineat. dat.

The same Augusti, to Monaxius, Praetorian Prefect. Let no merchant or possessor of goods, which are held liable to the contribution of lustral gold, by reliance upon patronages
or under the name of any most lofty dignity, consider himself to be withdrawn from the aforesaid function, nor even if it pertains to the house of our lady and
venerable Augusta Pulcheria, our sister, or to that of the most noble sisters of our Piety. Given.

xii kal. sept. honorio xii et theodosio viii aa. conss.

August 21;
in the consulship of Honorius for the 12th time and Theodosius for the 8th, Augusti, consuls.

(418 aug. 21).

(418 Aug. 21).

CTh.13.2.0. De argenti pretio, quod thensauris infertur

CTh.13.2.0. On the price of silver, which is brought into the treasuries

CTh.13.2.1

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. iubemus, ut pro argenti summa, quam quis thensauris fuerat illaturus, inferendi auri accipiat facultatem, ita ut pro singulis libris argenti quinos solidos inferat.

Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Eutychianus, Praetorian Prefect. We order that, for the sum of silver which anyone was going to bring into the treasuries, he may receive the faculty of bringing in gold, such that for each single pound of silver he bring in five solidi.

dat. xi kal. mart.

dated 11 days before the Kalends of March.

constantinopoli caesario et attico conss. (397 febr. [?] 19).

at Constantinople, in the consulship of Caesarius and
Atticus, consuls. (397 Feb. [?] 19).

CTh.13.3.0. De medicis et professoribus

CTh.13.3.0. On physicians and professors

CTh.13.3.1pr.

Imp. constantinus a. ad volusianum. medicos, grammaticos et professores alios litterarum inmunes esse cum rebus, quas in civitatibus suis possident, praecipimus et honoribus fungi; in ius etiam vocari eos vel pati iniuriam prohibemus, ita ut, si quis eos vexaverit, centum milia nummorum aerario inferat a magistratibus vel quinquennalibus exactus, ne ipsi hanc poenam sustineant, (321/4 aug.

Emperor Constantine Aug. to Volusianus. We command that physicians, grammarians, and other professors of letters be immune, together with the goods which they possess in their cities, and to perform honors; we also forbid that they be called into court or to suffer injury, such that, if anyone shall have vexed them, he shall pay one hundred thousand nummi into the aerarium, exacted by the magistrates or by the quinquennales, lest they themselves sustain this penalty, (321/4 Aug.

1).

CTh.13.3.1.1

Servus eis si iniuriam fecerit, flagellis debeat a suo domino verberari coram eo, cui fecerit iniuriam, vel, si dominus consensit, viginti milia nummorum fisco inferat, servo pro pignore, donec summa haec exsolvitur, retinendo. (321/4 aug. 1).

Let a slave, if he has done an injury to them, be beaten with scourges by his own master in the presence of him to whom he has done the injury; or, if the master has consented, let him pay to the fisc twenty thousand coins, the slave being held as a pledge until this sum is paid off. (321/4 aug. 1).

CTh.13.3.1.2

Mercedes etiam eorum et salaria reddi praecipimus. (321/4 aug. 1).

We also prescribe that their wages and salaries be rendered. (321/4 aug. 1).

CTh.13.3.1.3

Quoniam gravissimis dignitatibus vel parentes vel domini vel tutores esse non debent, fungi eos honoribus volentes permittimus, invitos non cogimus. proposita kal. aug.

Since in the most weighty dignities neither parents nor masters nor tutors ought to be, we permit them, if willing, to discharge those honors; we do not compel the unwilling.
posted on August 1.

sirmio crispo et constantino cc. conss. (321/4 aug. 1).

at Sirmium, when Crispus and Constantine, Caesars, were consuls. (August 1, 321/4).

CTh.13.3.2

Theodosian Code 13.3.2

Idem a. ad rufinum praefectum praetorio. archiatri omnes et ex archiatris ab universis muneribus curialium, senatorum et comitum perfectissimorumque muneribus et obsequiis, quae administratione perfunctis saepe mandantur, a praestationibus quoque publicis liberi inmunesque permaneant nec ad ullam auri et argenti et equorum praestationem vocentur, quae forte praedictis ordinibus aut dignitatibus adscribuntur. huius autem indulgentiam sanctionis ad filios quoque eorum statuimus pervenire.

The same Augustus to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. Let all the archiatri and the ex-archiatri be free and immune from all the munera of curials, senators, counts,
and Perfectissimi, and from the attendances which are often enjoined upon those who have completed an administration; let them also remain exempt from public prestations
and not be called to any prestation of gold and silver and horses, which perhaps are assigned to the aforesaid orders or dignities. Moreover, we decree that the indulgence of this sanction shall extend to their sons as well.

dat. xii kal. iun.

Given on the 12th day before the Kalends of June (May 21).

constantino a. vii et constantio caes. conss. (326

under the consulate of constantine augustus 7 and constantius caesar, consuls. (326

[354] mai. 21).

[354] May 21).

CTh.13.3.3

Theodosian Code 13.3.3

Idem a. ad populum. beneficia divorum retro principum confirmantes medicos et professores litterarum, uxores etiam et filios eorum ab omni functione et ab omnibus muneribus publicis vacare praecipimus nec ad militiam comprehendi neque hospites recipere nec ullo fungi munere, quo facilius liberalibus studiis et memoratis artibus multos instituant. proposita v kal.

The same Augustus to the people. Confirming the benefices of the deified former princes, we order that physicians and professors of letters, and their wives also and sons, be free from every function and from all public munera, and not be seized for military service, nor receive guests, nor perform any duty, so that they may the more easily instruct many by liberal studies and the aforementioned arts. published on the 5th day before the Kalends.

octob. constantinopoli dalmatio et zenofilo conss. (333 sept.

October, at Constantinople, Dalmatius and
Zenophilus, consuls. (September 333

27).

CTh.13.3.4

Theodosian Code 13.3.4

Imp. iulianus a. ad archiatros. ratio aequitatis exposcit, ut veterum privilegia principum circa vos censeamus esse firmanda.

Emperor Julian Augustus to the chief physicians. The reason of equity demands that we judge the ancient privileges of the princes concerning you to be confirmed.

proinde nostrae mansuetudinis sanctione subnixi securi a molestiis munerum omnium publicorum reliquum tempus aetatis iugiter agitabitis. dat. iiii id. mai.

Therefore, supported by the sanction of our clemency, secure from the annoyances of all public burdens, you will continually spend the remaining time of life. Given on the 4th day before the Ides of May.

constantinopoli mamertino et nevitta conss. (362 mai. 12).

at Constantinople, Mamertinus and Nevitta, consuls. (362 May 12).

CTh.13.3.5

Theodosian Code 13.3.5

Idem a. magistros studiorum doctoresque excellere oportet moribus primum, deinde facundia. sed quia singulis civitatibus adesse ipse non possum, iubeo, quisque docere vult, non repente nec temere prosiliat ad hoc munus, sed iudicio ordinis probatus decretum curialium mereatur optimorum conspirante consensu. hoc enim decretum ad me tractandum referetur, ut altiore quodam honore nostro iudicio studiis civitatum accedant.

Likewise, the Augustus: the masters of studies and the doctors ought to excel, in morals first, then in eloquence. But because I myself cannot be present in individual cities,
I order that whoever wishes to teach shall not spring forth to this office suddenly nor rashly, but, approved by the judgment of the order, let him merit the decree of the curials, with the concurrent consent of the best men.
For this decree will be referred to me for handling, so that, with a somewhat higher honor, by our judgment,
they may accede to the studies of the cities.

dat. xv kal. iul., acc.

given on the 15th day before the Kalends of July, received.

iiii kal. augustas spoletio mamertino et nevitta conss. (362 iun.

4 days before the Kalends of August, at Spoleto, in the consulship of Mamertinus and Nevitta. (June 362

17).

CTh.13.3.6

Theodosian Code 13.3.6

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad mamertinum praefectum praetorio. si qui erudiendis adulescentibus vita pariter et facundia idoneus erit, vel novum instituat auditorium vel repetat intermissum.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Mamertinus, Praetorian Prefect. If anyone shall be suitable for educating adolescents, equally in conduct and in eloquence, let him either institute a new auditorium or resume an intermitted one.

dat. iii id. ian. divo ioviano et varroniano conss.

given on the 3rd day before the Ides of January, in the consulship of the deified Jovian and Varronianus.

(364 ian. 11).

(364 Jan. 11).

CTh.13.3.7

Theodosian Code 13.3.7

Idem aaa. ad probum praefectum praetorio. reddatur unusquisque patriae suae, qui habitum philosophiae indebite et insolenter usurpare cognoscitur, exceptis his, qui a probatissimis adprobati ab hac debent colluvione secerni.

The same Augusti to Probus, Praetorian Prefect. Let each person who is known to usurp the habit of philosophy without right and insolently be returned to his own fatherland, except those who, approved by the most approved men, ought to be separated from this rabble.

turpe enim est, ut patriae functiones ferre non possit, qui etiam fortunae vim se ferre profitetur. dat. xiiii kal.

For it is shameful that he cannot bear the functions of the fatherland, he who even professes that he can bear the force of Fortune. Given on the 14th day before the Kalends.

feb. sirmio valentiniano n. p. et victore conss. (369 ian.

Feb. at Sirmium, when Valentinian, the Most Noble Boy, and Victor were consuls. (369 Jan.

19).

CTh.13.3.8pr.

CTh. 13.3.8, preface.

Idem aaa. ad praetextatum praefectum urbi. exceptis portus xysti virginumque vestalium quot regiones urbis sunt, totidem constituantur archiatri.

The same emperors to Praetextatus, Prefect of the City. With the Portico of the Xystus and the Vestal Virgins excepted, as many archiaters shall be established as there are regions of the City. archiaters.

qui scientes annonaria sibi commoda a populi commodis ministrari honeste obsequi tenuioribus malint quam turpiter servire divitibus. (370

who, knowing that annona perquisites are ministered to them from the people's commodities, prefer to honorably attend to the poorer rather than shamefully serve the rich. (370

[368] ian. 30).

[368] jan. 30).

CTh.13.3.8.1

Quos etiam ea patimur accipere, quae sani offerunt pro obsequiis, non ea, quae periclitantes pro salute promittunt. (370

We also allow them to receive those things which the healthy offer by way of attentions, not those which persons in peril promise for health. (370

[368] ian. 30).

[368] Jan. 30).

CTh.13.3.8.2

Theodosian Code 13.3.8.2

Quod si huic archiatrorum numero aliquem aut condicio fatalis aut aliqua fortuna decerpserit, in eius locum non patrocinio praepotentium, non gratia iudicantis alius subrogetur, sed horum omnium fideli circumspectoque delectu, qui et ipsorum consortio et archiatriae ipsius dignitate et nostro iudicio dignus habeatur. de cuius nomine referri ad nos protinus oportebit. dat.

But if either a fatal condition or some fortune should pluck someone from this number of archiatri, let no other be subrogated in his place by the patronage of the prepotent, nor by the favor of the judge, but by the faithful and circumspect selection of all these, one who is held worthy both by their fellowship and by the dignity of the archiatria itself and by our judgment. About whose name it will be necessary to report to us at once. given.

iii kal. feb. treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss.

On the 3rd day before the Kalends of February, at Trier
Valentinian and Valens, Emperors, consuls for the 3rd time.

(370

[368] ian. 30).

[368] Jan. 30).

CTh.13.3.9pr.

Theodosian Code 13.3.9, preface.

Idem aaa. ad olybrium praefectum urbi. si qui in archiatri defuncti est locum promotionis meritis adgregandus, non ante eorum particeps fiat, quam primis qui in ordine repperientur septem vel eo amplius iudicantibus idoneus adprobetur, ita ut, quicumque fuerit admissus, non ad priorum numerum statim veniat, sed eum ordinem consequatur, qui ceteris ad priora subvectis ultimus poterit inveniri.

The same Augusti to Olybrius, Prefect of the City. If anyone is to be added, by merits of promotion, into the place of a deceased archiater, let him not become a participant among them before he is approved as suitable by the first who are found in the order, seven or more acting as judges, with the provision that, whoever shall have been admitted, he is not to come at once into the number of the former, but shall obtain that rank which can be found last, once the others have been borne up to the prior places.

(370 mart. 10).

(370 March 10).

CTh.13.3.9.1

Hisque annonarum compendia, quae eorum sunt meritis dignitatique praestanda, tua sinceritas iuxta dispositionem prius habitam faciat ministrari. dat. vi id. mart.

And to these, the perquisites of the grain‑supply, which are to be provided to them for their merits and dignity, let Your Sincerity cause to be administered according to the disposition previously established. given on March 10.

valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss. (370 mart. 10).

valentinian and valens, augusti, consuls for the 3rd time. (370 march 10).

CTh.13.3.10

Idem aaa. ad principium praefectum urbi. medicis et magistris urbis romae sciant omnes inmunitatem esse concessam, ita ut etiam uxores eorum ab omni inquietudine tribuantur inmunes et a ceteris oneribus publicis vacent, eosdemque ad militiam minime comprehendi placeat, sed nec hospites militares recipiant.

The same Augusti to Principius, Prefect of the City. Let all know that immunity has been conceded to the physicians and the masters of the city of Rome, such that even their wives are granted immune from all disquiet and are exempt from the other public burdens, and that it is our pleasure that these same men not at all be seized for military service, nor should they receive military guests (for billeting).

dat. iii kal. mai.

dated 3 days before the Kalends of May.

valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss. (370 [?] apr. 29).

Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, consuls for the 3rd time (370 [?] Apr. 29).

CTh.13.3.11

Imppp. valens, gratianus et valentinianus aaa. antonio praefecto praetorio galliarum.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian, augusti, to antonius, praetorian prefect of the gauls.

per omnem dioecesim commissam magnificentiae tuae frequentissimis in civitatibus, quae pollent et eminent claritudine, praeceptorum optimi quique erudiendae praesideant iuventuti: rhetores loquimur et grammaticos atticae romanaeque doctrinae. quorum oratoribus viginti quattuor annonarum e fisco emolumenta donentur, grammaticis latino vel graeco duodecim annonarum deductior paulo numerus ex more praestetur, ut singulis urbibus, quae metropoles nuncupantur, nobilium professorum electio celebretur nec vero iudicemus, liberum ut sit cuique civitati suos doctores et magistros placito sibi iuvare compendio. trevirorum vel clarissimae civitati uberius aliquid putavimus deferendum, rhetori ut triginta, item viginti grammatico latino, graeco etiam, si qui dignus repperiri potuerit, duodecim praebeantur annonae.

throughout the whole diocese committed to Your Magnificence, in the most frequented cities, which are powerful and stand out in renown, let the best preceptors preside over the instruction of youth: we speak of rhetors and grammarians of Attic and Roman learning. To their orators let emoluments of 24 annonae from the fisc be granted, to the grammarians, Latin or Greek, a somewhat reduced number of 12 annonae shall be furnished according to custom, so that in the individual cities which are called metropoles the selection of noble professors may be held; nor indeed do we judge that it should be free for each city to aid its own doctors and masters with a stipend at its own pleasure. To the most illustrious city of the Treveri we have thought that something more bountiful should be conferred, namely, that to the rhetor 30 annonae be provided, likewise 20 to the Latin grammarian, and to the Greek also, if any worthy can be found, 12 annonae.

dat. x kal. iun.

Given on the 10th day before the Kalends of June.

valente v et valentiniano aa. conss. (376 mai. 23).

valens 5 and
valentinian, the Augusti, consuls (376 May 23).

CTh.13.3.12

Idem aaa. vindiciano. archiatrorum, qui intra penetralia regalis aulae totius vitae probitate floruerunt, nulla dignitatem sequatur expensa neque eorum fatiget heredes.

The same Emperors to Vindicianus, of the archiatri, who within the penetralia of the regal palace have flourished by the probity of their whole life: let no expense attend their dignity, nor let it weary their heirs.

ab his etiam, qui comitivae honore donati sunt, ut consuetudo poscebat, sordidi muneris interpellatio conquiescat. nam dilecti a patribus adque suscepti honoris ac muneris incrementa servamus. dat.

also, from those who have been endowed with the honor of the comitiva, as custom demanded, let the exaction of a sordid service cease. for we preserve, for those chosen by the fathers, the increments of the honor and the munus that have been undertaken. given.

xviii kal. octob. treviris auxonio et olybrio conss.

on the 18th day before the Kalends of October, at Trier, Ausonius and
Olybrius, consuls.

(379 sept. 14).

(379 September 14).

CTh.13.3.13

Theodosian Code 13.3.13

Imppp. valentinianus theodosius et arcadius aaa. ad pinianum praefectum urbi.

The emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius, Augusti, to Pinianus, prefect of the city.

si quid impetratis subrepticiis in iudicio suo magnificentia tua ita viderit actitatum, ut his legibus, quae ad relationes promulgatae sunt, videatur aliquid inminutum, rescissis omnibus, quae per gratiam gesta videbuntur, eorum tenorem super archiatris ordinandis, quae a divae memoriae patre nostro constituta sunt, a nobis quoque confirmata ex huius auctoritate rescripti faciet omnifariam custodiri. dat. xi kal.

If your Magnificence shall have seen that anything has been acted by subreptitious impetrations in his court,
so that by these laws, which have been promulgated upon relationes (official reports), something seems to have been diminished, with all things rescinded
which shall appear to have been transacted through favor, he will cause the tenor of those [laws] concerning archiatri being appointed, which were established by our father of divine memory and confirmed by us as well, by the authority of this rescript to be guarded in every way. Given on the 11th day before the Kalends.

feb. mediolano valentiniano a. iii et eutropio conss. (387 ian.

Feb. at Milan, when Valentinian Augustus for the 3rd time and
Eutropius were consuls. (387 Jan.

22).

CTh.13.3.14

Idem aaa. cynegio praefecto praetorio. ea, quae principes veteres archiatris sacri palatii, salutaris ac necessariae artis professoribus, sacro et mansuro in aeternum iudicio detulerunt, et antiquorum contemplatione iussorum et laborum praesentium intuitu roborata in perpetuum manere praecipimus nec ulla cuiuspiam improbitate convelli.

The same Augusti, to Cynegius, Praetorian Prefect. Those things which the ancient princes bestowed upon the archi-physicians of the sacred palace, professors of the salutary and necessary art, by a sacred and everlasting judgment, and, strengthened by the contemplation of the commands of the ancients and by the regard for present labors, we order to remain in perpetuity, nor to be torn away by the improbity of anyone.

dat. vi id. mart. constantinopoli valentiniano a. iii et eutropio conss.

given on the 6th day before the ides of march at constantinople, in the consulship of valentinian augustus for the 3rd time and eutropius, consuls.

(387 mart. 10).

(387 Mar. 10).

CTh.13.3.15

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. post alia: archiatrorum privilegia, quae iis vetustis sanctionibus attributa sunt, illibata volumus permanere ac tenere perpetem firmitatem.

Likewise the same Augusti to Rufinus, praetorian prefect. After other matters: we wish the privileges of the archiatrī, which have been attributed to them by ancient sanctions, to remain inviolate and to hold perpetual firmness.

hoc quoque addendum esse censuimus, ut qui egerunt administrationes aut earum honore fungentur vel dimissi e palatio testimonialium suffragio munientur, ad descriptiones senatorias non vocentur, sed ab omnibus muniis absoluti liberi adque securi dignitatis praemiis perfruantur. dat. vii kal.

We have judged that this also must be added: that those who have conducted administrations or will discharge the honor of them, or, having been dismissed from the Palace, are fortified by the suffrage of testimonials, are not to be called to senatorial registrations, but, absolved from all duties, free and secure, may enjoy the rewards of dignity. Given on the 7 Kalends.

august. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss. (393 iul.

aug. constantinople theodosius augustus for the 3rd time and abundantius, consuls. (393 jul.

26).

CTh.13.3.16

Theodosian Code 13.3.16

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. monaxio praefecto praetorio. grammaticos oratores adque philosophiae praeceptores nec non etiam medicos praeter haec quae retro latarum sanctionum auctoritate consecuti sunt privilegia inmunitatesque frui hac praerogativa praecipimus, ut universi, qui in sacro palatio inter archiatros militarunt cum comitiva primi ordinis vel secundi, nulla municipali, nulla curialium collatione, nulla senatoria vel glebali descriptione vexentur, seu indepta administratione seu accepta testimoniali meruerint missionem, sint ab omni functione omnibusque muneribus publicis inmunes nec eorum domus ubicumque positae militem seu iudicem suscipiant hospitandum.

Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Monaxius, Praetorian Prefect. We command that grammarians, orators, and teachers of philosophy, and likewise also physicians, in addition to these privileges and immunities which they have obtained by the authority of enactments previously issued, enjoy this prerogative:
that all who have served in the Sacred Palace among the archiatri (chief-physicians), with a comitiva (retinue) of the first or of the second order, be troubled by no municipal burden, by no contribution of the curiales, by no senatorial or glebalis (landed) enrollment;
whether, having obtained an administratio or having received a testimonial, they have earned a discharge, let them be immune from every function and from all public munera, and let not their houses, wherever situated, receive a soldier or a judge to be lodged.

quae omnia filiis etiam eorum et coniugibus illibata praecipimus custodiri, ita ut nec ad militiam liberi memoratorum trahantur inviti. haec autem et professoribus memoratis eorumque liberis deferenda mandamus. dat.

we order all these things to be kept inviolate also for their sons and spouses, so that not even to the militia are the children
of the aforementioned dragged unwilling. moreover, we command that these things also be conferred upon the aforesaid professors and their children. given.

prid. kal. dec.

the day before the Kalends of December.

constantinopoli constantio et constante conss. (414 nov. 30).

at Constantinople, with Constantius and Constans as consuls. (414 nov. 30).

CTh.13.3.17

Theodosian Code 13.3.17

Idem aa. helioni magistro officiorum. artium liberalium professoribus ac praecipue medicis, qui cum comitivae primi ordinis ac secundi militant dignitate, privilegia et beneficia a retro principibus praestita nec non etiam nova ipsis eorumque filiis clementia nostra detulit, ut cohaerens sanctio protestatur: quae tenaciter observari oportet. dat.

The same Augusti to Helion, Master of the Offices. To the professors of the liberal arts and especially to the medics, who serve with the dignity of the comitiva of the first order and of the second
the privileges and benefits granted by former princes, and also new ones, our clemency has bestowed upon them and their sons, as the annexed sanction attests:
which ought to be steadfastly observed. Given.

prid. kal. dec.

the day before the kalends of december

constantinopoli constantio et constante conss. (414 nov. 30).

at constantinople, with constantius and constans as consuls. (414 nov. 30).

CTh.13.3.18

Codex Theodosianus 13.3.18

Impp. theodosius et valentinianus aa. helioni magistro officiorum. habente propriam firmitatem secundo nostrae maiestatis oraculo, quod de excusandis sive praebendis his quae militantibus debentur hospitiis promulgatum est, illa, quae dudum circa archiatros et magistros sanximus litterarum, observentur.

Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian, Augusti, to Helio, Master of the Offices. Since the second oracle of Our Majesty, which was promulgated concerning the excusing or the furnishing of the lodgings that are owed to those serving as soldiers, has its own firmness, let those things which we formerly sanctioned concerning the archiatri and the masters of letters be observed.

hos enim pro necessariis artibus et liberalibus disciplinis hospitali molestia, quoad viverent, liberari praecipimus. illibata ergo permaneant illa, quae quondam circa archiatros, quos in palatio nostro primi vel secundi ordinis comites militasse constiterit, et circa liberalium litterarum magistros videntur a nobis iustissime constituta. dat.

For we order that these men, on account of the necessary arts and the liberal disciplines, be freed from the burden of hospitality (billeting), as long as they live. Therefore let those provisions remain inviolate which formerly, concerning the archiatri (chief physicians) who shall have been established to have served in our palace as counts of the first or second rank, and concerning the masters of liberal letters, seem to have been most justly established by us. Given.

xiiii kal. septemb. hierio et ardabure conss.

august 19. hierius and
ardaburius, consuls.

(427 aug. 19).

(August 19, 427).

CTh.13.3.19

Idem aa. proculo praefecto urbi. archiatrorum sacri palatii obsequia cogitantes id praesenti sanctione decernimus, ut, si qui ex his aut primi ordinis adepti fuerint comitivam aut maioris gradum dignitatis ascenderint, secundum id, quod eis dudum per sacras constitutiones indultum est, a glebali collatione specialiter inmunes sint, non praeiudicante eis novella lege, per quam iussimus, exceptis quibusdam dignitatibus quae illic nominatae sunt, senatoria munera omnes agnoscere. dat.

The same Augusti, to Proculus, Prefect of the City. Thinking on the services of the archiaters of the sacred palace, we decree by this present sanction that, if any of these either of the first order shall have obtained the comitiva or shall have ascended to a greater grade of dignity, in accordance with that which was long since granted to them by sacred constitutions, they are to be specially immune from the glebal contribution, without the novel law prejudicing them, by which we ordered all to acknowledge senatorial munera, with certain dignities excepted which are named there. Given.

iii id. iul. constantinopoli felice et tauro conss. (428 iul.

3rd day before the Ides of July. at Constantinople. Felix and Taurus, consuls. (July 428

13).

CTh.13.4.0. De excusationibus artificum

CTh.13.4.0. On the exemptions of craftsmen

CTh.13.4.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad felicem. architectis quam plurimis opus est; sed quia non sunt, sublimitas tua in provinciis africanis ad hoc studium eos impellat, qui ad annos ferme duodeviginti nati liberales litteras degustaverint.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Felix. We have need of very many architects; but since they are lacking, Your Sublimity in the African provinces should impel to this pursuit those who, being nearly eighteen years of age, have tasted liberal letters.

quibus ut hoc gratum sit, tam ipsos quam eorum parentes ab his, quae personis iniungi solent, volumus esse inmunes ipsisque qui discent salarium competens statui. proposita vi kal. sept.

In order that this may be welcome to them, we wish both them themselves and their parents to be immune from those things which are wont to be imposed upon persons, and that for those who will learn a competent salary be set. Posted on the 6th day before the Kalends of September.

karthagine optato et paulino conss. (334 aug. [?] 27 [?]).

at carthage, under optatus and paulinus, consuls. (334 aug. [?] 27 [?]).

CTh.13.4.2

Theodosian Code 13.4.2

Idem a. ad maximum praefectum praetorio. artifices artium brevi subdito comprehensarum per singulas civitates morantes ab universis muneribus vacare praecipimus, si quidem ediscendis artibus otium sit adcommodandum; quo magis cupiant et ipsi peritiores fieri et suos filios erudire. dat.

The same Augustus to Maximus, Praetorian Prefect. We direct that the artificers of the arts contained in the brief subjoined, dwelling in each city, be free from all
public burdens, since indeed leisure ought to be afforded for the thorough-learning of the arts; whereby they may the more desire both themselves to become more expert and their
sons to educate. Given.

iiii non. aug. feliciano et titiano conss.

august 2, in the consulship of felicianus and titianus.

(337 aug. 2).

(337 August 2).

CTh.13.4.3

Impp. constantius et constans aa. ad leontium praefectum praetorio. mechanicos et geometras et architectos, qui divisiones partium omnium incisionesque servant mensurisque et institutis operam fabricationi stringunt, et eos, qui aquarum inventos ductus et modos docili libratione ostendunt, in par studium docendi adque discendi nostro sermone perpellimus.

The Emperors Constantius and Constans, Augusti, to Leontius, the Praetorian Prefect. Mechanics and geometers and architects, who preserve the divisions of all parts and the incisions and, by measures and institutes, constrain their effort to fabrication, and those who, by docile leveling, display the discovered conduits and modes of waters, we impel by our speech to an equal zeal for teaching and learning.

itaque inmunitatibus gaudeant et suscipiant docendos qui docere sufficiunt. dat. prid.

Therefore let them enjoy immunities and
let those who are sufficient to teach undertake those to be taught. Given, the day before.

non. iul. leontio et sallustio conss.

nones of july, leontius and sallustius, consuls.

(344 iul. 6).

(344 July 6).

CTh.13.4.4

Theodosian Code 13.4.4

Impp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad chilonem vicarium africae.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti, to chilo, vicar of africa.

picturae professores, si modo ingenui sunt, placuit neque sui capitis censione neque uxorum aut etiam liberorum nomine tributis esse munificos et ne servos quidem barbaros in censuali adscriptione profiteri, ad negotiatorum quoque collationem non devocari, si modo ea in mercibus habeant, quae sunt propria artis ipsorum. pergulas et officinas in locis publicis sine pensione optineant, si tamen in his usum propriae artis exerceant, neve quemquam hospitem inviti recipiant, lege praescripsimus neve pedaneorum iudicum sint obnoxii potestati arbitriumque habeant consistendi in civitate, quam elegerint, neve ad prosecutiones equorum vel ad praebendas operas devocentur; neve a iudicibus ad efficiendos sacros vultus aut publicorum operum expolitionem sine mercede cogantur. quae omnia sic concessimus, ut, si quis circa eos statuta neglexerit, ea teneatur poena, qua sacrilegi cohercentur.

It has been our pleasure that the professors of painting, provided they are freeborn, be subject as munifici to neither the capitation of their own person nor, under the name of their wives or even their children, to tributes, and that they not even have to declare barbarian slaves in the censual enrollment; that they also not be summoned to the contribution of the merchants, provided they have in their wares those things that are proper to their own art. Let them hold booths and workshops in public places without rent, if indeed in these they exercise the practice of their own art, and we have prescribed by law that they are not to receive any guest against their will, nor be subject to the power of petty judges, and that they have discretion to take up residence in the city which they have chosen, nor be called to the requisitions of horses or to provide labors; nor be compelled by judges to fashion sacred countenances or to polish public works without wages. All which we have so granted, that, if anyone neglects the statutes concerning them, he be held by that penalty by which sacrilegists are constrained.

dat. xii kal. iul.

dated on the 12th day before the Kalends of July.

treviris gratiano a. iii et equitio conss. (374 iun. 20).

At Trier, when Gratian Augustus for the 3rd time and Equitius were consuls. (374 Jun. 20).

CTh.13.5.0. De naviculariis

CTh.13.5.0. On the shipmasters

CTh.13.5.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad volusianum. si navicularius originalis levamentarius fuerit, nihilo minus aput eosdem, aput quos et parentes eius fuisse videntur, firmiter permanebit.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Volusianus. If an original navicularian has been a levamentary, nonetheless he shall remain firmly among those same persons with whom his parents also seem to have been.

dat. xiiii kal. april.

dated 14 days before the Kalends of April.

volusiano et anniano conss. (314 mart. 19).

volusianus and annianus, consuls. (March 19, 314).

CTh.13.5.2

Theodosian Code 13.5.2

Idem a. amabiliano praefecto annonae. navicularios ad consortium pistorum urbicorum nominatos neque ulla hereditatis successione pistoribus obnoxios absolvi ab hoc munere oportebit. quod si hereditario iure forsitan pistoribus teneantur, facultatem habeant, si forte maluerint, obventicias pistorum hereditates eidem corpori reddere aut quibuscumque proximis defuncti cedere, ut ipsi a pistorum consortio liberentur.

The same Augustus, to Amabilianus, Prefect of the Grain Supply. It must be that shipowners (navicularii) who have been nominated to the consortium of the urban bakers and are not, by any succession of inheritance, liable to the bakers, be absolved from this munus. But if perchance they are held to the bakers by hereditary right, let them have the faculty, if they should prefer, to render the windfall (obventitious) inheritances of bakers back to the same corporation or to cede them to whatever nearest kin of the deceased, so that they themselves may be freed from the consortium of the bakers.

quod si hereditatem amplectantur, necesse est successionis ratione pistorii muneris societatem eos suscipere et ex propriis facultatibus onera navicularia sustinere, viro clarissimo praefecto urbi super hac re videlicet disceptante. dat. kal.

but if they should embrace the inheritance, it is necessary by reason of succession that they take up the society of the bakers’ duty and, out of their own resources, sustain the shipowners’ burdens, with the most distinguished man, the Prefect of the City, namely adjudicating concerning this matter. Given on the Kalends.

iun. treviris constantino a. iiii et licinio iiii conss. (315 iun.

Jun. at Trier
under Constantine Augustus and Licinius, consuls for the 4th time. (315 Jun.

1 [dec. 30]).

1 [Dec. 30]).

CTh.13.5.3pr.

Idem a. amabiliano praefecto annonae. si quis navicularius per obreptionem vel quacumque ratione inmunitatem impetraverit, ad excusationem eum admitti nullo modo volumus. (319

The same Augustus to Amabilianus, Prefect of the Annona. If any navicularius, by obreption or by whatever method, has obtained immunity, we by no means wish him to be admitted to an excuse. (319

[315] mai. 28).

[315] May 28).

CTh.13.5.3.1

Sed et si quis patrimonium naviculario muneri obnoxium possidet, licet altioris sit dignitatis, nihil ei honoris privilegia, in hac parte dumtaxat, opitulentur, sed sive pro solido sive pro portione huic muneri teneatur. nec enim aequum est, ut patrimonio huic functioni obnoxio excusato commune onus non omnes pro virili sustineant portione. proposita v kal.

But also if anyone possesses a patrimony obnoxious to the navicularian munus, although he be of higher dignity, let the privileges of honor, in this part only, avail him nothing, but let him be held to this munus whether for the whole or for a portion. For it is not equitable that, with a patrimony excused which is obnoxious to this function, all should not sustain the common onus in their several portion. posted on the 5th day before the Kalends.

iun. constantinopoli constantino a. v et licinio caes. conss.

June, at Constantinople, Constantine, Augustus, for the 5th time, and
Licinius, Caesar, consuls.

(319

[315] mai. 28).

[315] May 28).

CTh.13.5.4

Theodosian Code 13.5.4

Idem a. helpidio. ex quocumque hispaniae litore portum urbis romae navicularii navis intraverit, quae onus dumtaxat fiscale subvexerit, eandem sine interpellatione cuiusquam abire praecipimus nec ulli extraordinario oneri deservire, ut facilius iniuncta sibi possit implere obsequia. dat.

The same emperor to Helpidius. From whatever shore of Spain the ship of a shipowner shall enter the port of the City of Rome, if it has conveyed only a fiscal freight, we order that same vessel to depart without anyone’s interruption and to be subject to no extraordinary burden, so that it may more easily be able to fulfill the services enjoined upon it. Given.

viii id. mart. thessalonicae crispo iii et constantino iii conss. (324 mart.

March 8, at Thessalonica, in the consulship of Crispus and Constantine, each for the 3rd time, consuls. (324 Mar.

8).

CTh.13.5.5pr.

Theodosian Code 13.5.5, preface.

Idem a. ad ablavium praefectum praetorio. navicularios omnes per orbem terrarum per omne aevum ab omnibus oneribus et muneribus cuiuscumque fuerint loci vel dignitatis, securos vacuos inmunesque esse praecipimus, sive decuriones sint sive plebei seu potioris alterius dignitatis, ut a collationibus et omnibus oblationibus liberati integris patrimoniis navicularium munus exerceant. (326 sept.

The same Augustus to Ablavius, Praetorian Prefect. We command that all shipmasters throughout the orb of lands, for all time, be secure, free, and immune from all burdens and services,
of whatever place or rank they may be, whether they be Decurions or plebeians or of some other superior dignity, so that, released from levies and all exactions, with their patrimonies intact, they may exercise the duty of the shipmasters. (326 Sept.

18).

CTh.13.5.5.1

Codex Theodosianus 13.5.5.1

Naves quoque eorum, quantaecumque fuerint, ad aliud munus ipsis invitis teneri non convenit, ad quodcumque litus accesserint; litorum custodibus et vectigalium praepositis exactoribus decurionibus adque rationalibus et iudicibus scituris, quod qui hanc legem violaverit capite punietur. dat. xiiii kal.

Their ships too, whatever their number or size may be, ought not to be held to another duty against their will, to whatever shore they have approached; litorum the custodians of the shores and the overseers of the customs, the collectors, decurions, and rationals and judges shall know that whoever violates this law will be punished with the death penalty. Given on the 14th day before the Kalends.

octob. constantino a. vii et constantio caes. conss.

October, in the 7th consulship of Constantine Augustus and of Constantius Caesar, consuls.

(326 sept. 18).

(September 18, 326).

CTh.13.5.6

Idem a. ad felicem. commoda nobis visa est ea dispositio, quae expresse navicularios in hunc ordinem formavit, ut non promiscue, sed per vicissitudines rite servatas iuges cursus agnoscerent et exiguos implerent, quo ita levamentis alternantis auxilii cunctorum fortunae et tenuiorum potissimum confirmarentur nec necessitas fieret aliquos semper longiora lustrare ac plerisque obnoxios casibus fieri. quod ne ulterius possit accidere, labor omnibus par et iustus adiunctus sit et subsidia pari ratione deferantur nec tenuiores in querellas infructuosae complorationis incurrant.

The same Augustus to Felix. That arrangement seemed advantageous to us, which expressly formed the shipmasters into this order, so that not promiscuously, but
by vicissitudes duly observed they might take on the continuous routes and fill the exiguous ones, whereby thus, by alleviations of alternating aid, the fortunes of all, and especially of the poorer, might be confirmed, and there would not be a necessity that some should always traverse the longer routes and become liable to most mishaps. That this may not be able to happen further, let labor equal and just be joined to all, and let subsidies be delivered in equal fashion, nor let the poorer fall into complaints of unfruitful comploration.

proposita vii id. sept. karthagine optato et paulino conss. (334 sept.

posted on September 7 at Carthage, under the consuls Optatus and Paulinus (September 334).

[?] 7 [?]).

CTh.13.5.7

Theodosian Code 13.5.7

Idem a. naviculariis orientis. pro commoditate urbis, quam aeterno nomine iubente deo donavimus, haec vobis privilegia credidimus deferenda, ut navicularii omnes a civilibus muneribus et oneribus et obsequiis habeantur inmunes et ne honores quidem civicos, ex quibus aliquod incommodum sentiant, subire cogantur. ab administratione etiam tutelae, sive legitimae sive eius, quam magistratus aut provinciae rectores iniungunt, habeantur inmunes.

The same, to the shipowners of the East. For the convenience of the City, which, at God’s bidding, we have endowed with the Eternal Name, we have believed these privileges ought to be conferred upon you: that all shipowners be held immune from civic duties and burdens and services, and that they be not even compelled to undergo civic honors, from which they might feel any inconvenience. From the administration also of guardianship, whether legitimate, or that which magistrates or the governors of a province impose, let them be held immune.

et vacatione legis iuliae et papiae potiantur, ut etiam nullis intervenientibus liberis et viri ex testamento uxorum solidum capiant et ad uxores integra voluntas perveniat maritorum. de proprietate etiam vel hereditate vel qualibet alia civili causa pulsati ne ex rescripto quidem nostro ad extraordinarium iudicium evocentur, sed agentibus in suo foro respondeant. et ad exemplum alexandrini stoli quaternas in frumento centesimas consequantur ac praeterea per singula milia singulos solidos, ut his omnibus animati et nihil paene de suis facultatibus expendentes cura sua frequentent maritimos commeatus.

and let them also obtain exemption from the Julian and Papian law, so that even with no children intervening the men may take the whole (solidum) from the testaments of their wives, and the unimpaired will of the husbands may come to the wives. also, if sued concerning proprietorship or inheritance or any other civil cause whatsoever, let them not be summoned, not even by our rescript, to an extraordinary judgment, but let them answer plaintiffs in their own forum. and, after the example of the Alexandrian fleet, let them receive four hundredths in grain, and besides one solidus for each thousand, so that, encouraged by all these things and expending almost nothing of their own resources, by their care they may frequent the maritime conveyances.

accepta kal. dec. optato et paulino conss.

received on the kalends of december, with optatus and paulinus as consuls.

(334 dec. 1).

(334 Dec. 1).

CTh.13.5.8

Idem a. ad severum. navicularios hispaniarum neque ad extraordinaria teneri officia neque alicubi retentos moras sustinere oportet, sed relatorias traditarum specierum intra decem dies a susceptoribus percipere, cumque ad aliquas insulas portus litora stationes accesserint, ostensis relatoriis nullam prorsus inquietudinem sustinere. dat.

The same Augustus to Severus. The navicularii of the Spains are to be held neither to extraordinary duties nor, if detained anywhere, to endure delays, but
to receive the relatories of the delivered species within ten days from the susceptores; and whenever they have put in to any islands, ports, shores, or stations,
upon the relatories being shown, to undergo no disturbance whatsoever. Given.

xiiii kal. iun. nepotiano et facundo conss.

May 19, in the consulship of Nepotianus and Facundus.

(336 mai. 19).

(336 May 19).

CTh.13.5.9

Theodosian Code 13.5.9

Imp. constantius a. et iulianus caes. olybrio praefecto urbi.

emperors constantius augustus and julian caesar to olybrius, prefect of the city.

nullam vim oportet navicularios sustinere delegatas species annonarias transferentes nec concussiones perpeti nec aliquod genus incommodi, sed venientes ac remeantes omni securitate potiri, decem auri libras multa proponenda his, qui eos inquietare temptaverint. dat. kal.

it is proper that the shipowners transferring the assigned annona commodities should endure no force, nor suffer exactions nor any kind of incommodity, but, coming and returning, enjoy complete security; a fine of ten pounds of gold is to be imposed upon those who shall have attempted to disturb them. given on the Kalends.

iun. romae constantio a. viiii et iuliano caes. ii conss.

june. at rome constantius aug. for the 9th time and julian caes. for the 2nd consuls.

(357 iun. 1 [mai. ...]).

(357 jun. 1 [may. ...]).

CTh.13.5.10

Theodosian Code 13.5.10

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad ampelium proconsulem africae. navicularios africanos, qui idonea publicis dispositionibus ac necessitatibus ligna convectant, privilegiis concessis dudum rursus augemus.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Ampelius, proconsul of Africa. We again augment the privileges long ago granted to the African shipowners (navicularii) who convey timber suitable for public dispositions and necessities.

dat. xiii id. mart. hadrianopoli divo ioviano et varroniano conss.

given on the 13th day before the ides of march at hadrianopolis, under the consuls the divine jovian and varronianus.

(364 mart. [?] 8?).

(364 March [?] 8?).

CTh.13.5.11

Theodosian Code 13.5.11

Idem aa. ad symmachum praefectum urbi. quisquis ex naviculariorum corpore defugiens solita munia ad honores indebitos venit, in corporis sui consortia revertatur. et cetera.

The same Augusti to Symmachus, prefect of the city. Whoever, fleeing from the corporation of the shipowners and from the customary duties, has come to honors not owed, let him return into the consortia of his own corporation. And the rest.

dat. iii id. ian. mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss.

dated January 11 at Milan, under the consulship of Valentinian and Valens, Augusti.

(365 ian. 11).

(365 jan. 11).

CTh.13.5.12

Idem aa. ad demetrianum praefectum annonae africae. si quis naviculariorum ex nostrae perennitatis indulto fori translationem potuerit optinere, fructu careat impetrati. circa feminarum vero personas veterum statuta teneantur, ut, in quibus foris antiqua eas dispositione constet adscriptas, illic navicularii oneris munus agnoscant.

The same Emperors to Demetrianus, Prefect of the Grain-Supply of Africa. If any of the shipowners can obtain, by the indult of Our Perpetuity, a translation of forum, let him be without the fruit of what has been impetrated. As to the persons of women, however, let the statutes of the ancients be held, that, in whatever fora it is established by ancient disposition that they are inscribed, there they should acknowledge the duty (munus) of the navicularian burden.

ut enim in litibus causisque privatis fora easdem sequi convenit maritorum, ita in publicis necessitatibus originis debent servare rationem. dat. prid.

For just as in litigations and private causes it is fitting that they follow the same fora as their husbands, so in public necessities they ought to observe the rule of their origin. Given, the day before.

id. mai. treviris valentiniano n. p. et victore conss. (369 mai.

on the Ides of May, at Trier, when Valentinian, the Most Noble Boy, and Victor were consuls. (May 369

14).

CTh.13.5.13

Idem aa. ad olybrium praefectum urbi. sicut olim de linteonibus et naviculariis divus constantinus instituit, ita nunc ex omnibus sexaginta ad praesentis necessitatis teneantur impensas, quos tamen idoneos et communis delectus adseruit et facultatum inspectio comprobavit et sententia tuae sublimitatis adstruxit. quibus, si quem aut necessitas fatalis aut inopia repentina aut aliquis casus inviderit, ex vocationibus obnoxiis oportebit idoneum subrogari.

The same Augusti to Olybrius, Prefect of the City. just as once the deified Constantine instituted concerning the linen-workers and the shipmen, so now let sixty out of all be held to the expenses of the present necessity, those whom, however, both the common selection has asserted to be suitable and the inspection of resources has approved and the judgment of your Sublimity has corroborated. for whom, if anyone shall have been deprived by fatal necessity or sudden indigence or some mishap, it will be proper that a suitable person be subrogated from the liable vocations.

sed sollicita inspectione prospiciatur, ne a quoquam amplius postuletur quam necessitas exegit lavacrorum vel instituta iam dudum forma praescripsit. dat. iiii non.

but let it be seen to by solicitous inspection, lest more be demanded from anyone than the necessity of the baths has required or the form long since instituted has prescribed. given on the 4th before the Nones.

dec. treviris valentiniano n. p. et victore conss. (369 dec.

dec. at trier, valentinian, most noble boy, and victor, consuls. (369 dec.

2).

CTh.13.5.14pr.

Theodosian Code 13.5.14pr.

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus, aaa. ad modestum praefectum praetorio.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti. to modestus, prefect of the praetorium.

iuxta eum tenorem, quem a divo principe constantio datum musoniani clarissimae memoriae praefecti praetorio executione constat esse roboratum, intra orientales provincias naviculariorum corpus impleri iubemus, ea videlicet statutorum ratione servata, ut per eminentiam tuam numerus naviculariorum designetur tam intra orientem quam intra aegyptiacas partes, qui praesenti possit indictione compleri, excusandis videlicet pro denum milium modiorum luitione quinquagenis numero iugis in annonaria praestatione dumtaxat, ita ut vestes adque equi ceteraeque canonicae species ab indictione eadem non negentur. (371 febr. 11).

According to that tenor, which, having been given by the deified prince Constantius, is known to have been strengthened by the execution of Musonianus, of most illustrious memory, praetorian prefect, we order that within the eastern provinces the corpus of shipowners be filled, with that rationale of the statutes preserved, namely that through your Eminence the number of shipowners be designated both within the East and within the Egyptian parts, which can be completed in the present indiction, with 50 iuga to be excused, namely for the discharge of 10,000 modii, in the annona prestation only, provided that garments and horses and the other canonical species are not denied from that same indiction. (371 febr. 11).

CTh.13.5.14.1

Theodosian Code 13.5.14.1

Ad conficienda vero competentia navigia a provincialibus cunctis primitus materiae postulentur, reparationem deinceps per singulos annos isdem naviculariis ex concessa iugorum inmunitate curaturis. (371 febr. 11).

Indeed, for the making of suitable ships, materials shall first be demanded from all provincials, thereafter the repair in each year is to be attended to by the same shipowners, by virtue of the granted immunity of the iuga. (371 febr. 11).

CTh.13.5.14.2

Eorundem autem naviculariorum ex fide nobis nomina loca substantiae nuntientur brevibus duplici ratione conscriptis, quot videlicet de veteribus quotque sint et quales recenti adsociati delectu. (371 febr. 11).

But of these same shipowners, in good faith, let the names, the places, [and] the substance be reported to us by briefs written in duplicate in a twofold manner, how many, namely, are from the former and how many and of what sort have been associated by a recent selection. (371 febr. 11).

CTh.13.5.14.3

His autem naviculariis, qui fuerint instituti, servari privilegia africana decernimus, ita ut facultatibus propriis per succedaneas hereditatum vices perpetuo sint obnoxii functioni. (371 febr. 11).

To these shipowners, who shall have been instituted, we decree that the African privileges be observed, so that with their own resources, through the successive turns of inheritances,
they be perpetually subject to the function. (371 febr. 11).

CTh.13.5.14.4

Et sunt corpora, de quibus navicularii ex indictione quinta decima constituendi sunt iuxta sacram iussionem ita: ex administratoribus ceterisque honorariis viris praeter eos, qui intra palatium sacrum versati sunt, de coetibus curialibus et de veteribus idoneis naviculariis et de ordine primipilario. et de senatoria dignitate ut, si qui voluerint freti facultatibus, consortio naviculariorum congregentur. dat.

And there are bodies, from which navicularii are to be appointed from the fifteenth indiction according to the sacred injunction, thus: from administrators
and the other honorary men, except those who have been engaged within the sacred palace; from the curial assemblies and from the veteran, suitable navicularii, and
from the primipilary order; and from senatorial dignity, so that, if any should wish, relying on their resources, they may be gathered into the consortium of the navicularii. given.

iii id. feb. constantinopoli gratiano a. ii et probo conss. (371 febr.

Feb. 11, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Gratian, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Probus. (371 Feb.)

11).

CTh.13.5.15

The Theodosian Code 13.5.15

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. ad hesperium praefectum praetorio.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius, augusti, to hesperius, prefect of the praetorium.

quisquis naviculariorum codicillis optaverit ornari, praebitioni equorum intellegat se esse subdendum. accepta xii kal. aug.

whoever of the shipowners (navicularii) shall have chosen to be adorned with codicils, let him understand that he is to be subjected to the provision of horses.
received on the 12 Kalends of August.

constantinae auxonio et olybrio conss. (379 iul. 21).

at Constantina, with Ausonius and Olybrius as consuls. (379 Jul. 21).

CTh.13.5.16pr.

CTh.13.5.16, preface.

Idem aaa. corpori naviculariorum. delatam vobis a divo constantino et iuliano principibus aeternis equestris ordinis dignitatem nos firmamus.

The same emperors to the body of the shipowners. The dignity of the equestrian order, conferred upon you by the deified Constantine and Julian, eternal princes, we confirm.

quod cum ita sit, si quis contra interdicta innumerabilium sanctionum corporali vos iniuria pulsare audeat, digna expiatione est luiturus ausum inmanis admissi, apparitione quoque sua ultimo supplicio deputanda, cuius monitio hanc debet sollicitudinem sustinere, ut iudices prava forsitan indignatione succensos ab illicitis tempestiva suggestione deducat. (380 febr. 6).

since this is so, if anyone, against the interdicts of innumerable sanctions, should dare to strike you with bodily injury, he shall pay with worthy expiation for the audacity of the monstrous offense committed, and his apparitorial staff also is to be assigned to the ultimate punishment, whose admonition ought to sustain this solicitude, so that judges, perhaps inflamed by perverse indignation, may be led away from unlawful acts by timely suggestion. (380 Feb. 6).

CTh.13.5.16.1

Huic illud additur, ne, qui certum ordinem ex nostra definitione retinetis, ulli vos alteri hominum generi haerere vereamini nec timeatis vos civitatium municipibus innecti. ex nullo itaque nexu, nulla causa, nulla persona decurionum vos obsequia contingent, cum praesertim priscis constitutionibus, quarum series orationis paginis antelata est, magis illud invaluisse perhibeatis, ut plerumque et ordinarios curiales naviculariorum sibi necessitas vindicaret. (380 febr.

To this there is added, that you who retain a certain order by our definition should not fear to adhere to any other kind of men nor be afraid of being enmeshed with the municipes of the cities. Therefore from no bond, by no cause, by no person, shall the duties of service of the decurions befall you, especially since by the ancient constitutions, the series of which has been set forth above in the pages of the oration, you assert that this has rather prevailed: that for the most part even ordinary curiales the necessity of the navicularii would claim for itself. (380 febr.

6).

CTh.13.5.16.2

Quod vero ad negotiationis commodum advehendasque merces spectat ac respicit, in eo sollers cura competentium iudicum providebit, ut optentu nominis vestri non passim ac sine consideratione negotiatorum lateat inmunitas nec ipsi dudum delati beneficii privilegiis fructuque fraudemini. dat. viii id. feb.

But as regards what looks to and has respect to the convenience of negotiation (trade) and to the bringing-in of merchandise, in this the skillful care of the competent judges will provide,
that, under the pretext of your name, an immunity not everywhere and without consideration of the negotiators (merchants) lie hidden, nor you yourselves be defrauded of the privileges
and fruit of the benefit long since conferred. Given on February 6.

treviris gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss. (380 febr. 6).

at trier, under the consulship of the augusti gratian (5) and theodosius (1). (380 feb. 6).

CTh.13.5.17

Idem aaa. ad principium praefectum praetorio. omnes navicularii per omne aevum ab omnibus oneribus et muneribus et collationibus et oblationibus subleventur, cuiuscumque loci fuerint vel dignitatis.

The same Emperors to Principius, Praetorian Prefect. All shipowners shall be relieved for all time from all burdens and public duties and contributions and oblations, of whatever place or dignity they may be.

et quicumque contra istam fecerit legem, seu custos litorum seu vectigalium praepositus seu exactor vel decurio seu rationalis vel iudex cuiuscumque provinciae, exhibitus sublatis universis facultatibus suis capitali sententiae subiugetur. dat. xii kal.

And whoever shall have acted against that law, whether a guardian of the shores or a superintendent of the taxes or an exactor or a decurion or a rationalis or a judge of whatever province, when produced, with all his assets removed, shall be subjected to a capital sentence. Given on the 12th day before the Kalends.

mai. aquileiae honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 apr.

may. at aquileia, honorius, n. p., and evodius, consuls. (386 apr.

20).

CTh.13.5.18

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. alexandro praefecto augustali.

emperors valentinian, theodosius, and arcadius, augusti, to alexander, the augustal prefect.

iudaeorum corpus ac samaritanum ad naviculariam functionem non iure vocari cognoscitur; quidquid enim universo corpori videtur indici, nullam specialiter potest obligare personam. unde sicut inopes vilibusque commerciis occupati naviculariae translationis munus obire non debent, ita idoneos facultatibus, qui ex his corporibus deligi poterunt ad praedictam functionem, haberi non oportet inmunes. dat.

The body of the Jews and the Samaritans is recognized as not being lawfully called to the navicular function;
for whatever seems to be levied upon the entire body can bind no person specifically. Whence
just as the needy and those occupied with cheap commerces ought not to undertake the duty of navicular transport, so
those who are adequate in resources, who can be chosen from these bodies for the aforesaid function, ought not to be held immune. Given.

xii kal. mart. constantinopoli valentiniano a. iiii et neoterio conss.

on february 18 at constantinople, in the consulship of valentinian augustus for the 4th time and
neoterius, consuls.

(390 febr. 18).

(February 18, 390).

CTh.13.5.19

Theodosian Code 13.5.19

Idem aaa. tatiano praefecto praetorio. quae de naviculariis et curialibus ordinasti, maneant illibata adque perpetua; sint perpetuo navicularii, quia, qui merito esse debeant, providisti.

The same Augusti to Tatianus, the Praetorian Prefect. The things which you have ordained concerning the navicularii and the curials shall remain unsullied and perpetual; let there be in perpetuity
navicularii, since you have provided those who by merit ought to be such.

ac si, cum obierint, subolem non relinquent, quilibet in eorum facultatibus qualibet ratione successerit, auctoris sui munus agnoscet. manebit vero in ordine curiali et ei filius in officium curiale succedat. nihil hic subripiendum decerpet ambitio; ipsa denique, si quoquo modo annotatio elicita fuerit, excludatur.

And if, when they have died, they leave no offspring, whoever by any manner shall have succeeded in their faculties shall acknowledge the duty of his author. He shall indeed remain in the curial order, and let his son succeed him into the curial office. Ambition shall here pluck away nothing to be surreptitiously snatched; finally, if in any way an annotation shall have been elicited, let it be excluded.

dat. vi id. sept. veronae valentiniano a. iiii et neoterio conss.

Dated on the 6th day before the Ides of September, at Verona, when Valentinian Augustus for the 4th time and Neoterius were consuls.

(390 sept. 8).

CTh.13.5.20

Theodosian Code 13.5.20

Idem aaa. hypatio praefecto augustali. eum, qui agentum in rebus militiam adeptus est, certis et debitis, eatenus naviculariae inquietudinis suspicione submota, frui privilegiis non vetamus, si nec genere neviculariorum corpori cohaeret nec nauarchiae obnoxias functioni retinet facultates.

The same Augusti, to Hypatius, Augustal Prefect. We do not forbid him who has obtained the military service of the agentes in rebus to enjoy the certain and due privileges, the suspicion of navicular unrest being removed to that extent, provided he is neither by lineage attached to the body of the navicularii (ship-carriers) nor retains faculties/assets liable to the function of the nauarchy (shipmastership).

dat. prid. id. april.

dated the day before the Ides of April.

constantinopoli arcadio a. ii et rufino conss. (392 apr. 12).

at constantinople, arcadius augustus 2 and rufinus, consuls (392 apr. 12).

CTh.13.5.21

Theodosian Code 13.5.21

Idem aaa. apodemio praefecto praetorio illyrici et africae. unusquisque navicularius noverit intra biennium aut securitatem suscepti oneris reportandam aut periculorum adprobandam esse fortunam.

The same emperors to Apodemius, Praetorian Prefect of Illyricum and Africa. Let each shipowner know that within two years either the security of the cargo undertaken is to be reported back, or the fortune of the perils is to be approved.

dat. xv kal. mart.

dated on February 15.

constantinopoli arcadio a. ii et rufino conss. (392 febr. 15).

at Constantinople, Arcadius Augustus 2 and Rufinus, consuls. (392 Feb. 15).

CTh.13.5.22

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. naviculariorum vires ac debitas huic necessitati origines in ipsis provinciis honoratorum fides lecta pensabit mansurumque aliquid definiet vel revocando excusatos vel debitos obligando.

The same Augusti to Rufinus, praetorian prefect. The strength of the navicularii and the origines owed to this necessity shall be weighed by the chosen trustworthiness of the honorati in the provinces themselves, and it shall define what is to endure, either by recalling those excused or by binding those liable.

quos compositis omnibus ad nos referre necesse est scituros a nobis de suo iudicio iudicandum. dat. iii non.

whom, once everything has been set in order, it is necessary to refer to us—they will know that their own judgment must be adjudicated by us. given on the 3rd before the Nones.

sept. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss. (393 sept.

Sept. at Constantinople, in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus for the 3rd time and Abundantius, consuls. (393 Sept.

3).

CTh.13.5.23

The Theodosian Code 13.5.23

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. solos navicularios a vectigali praestatione inmunes esse praecipimus.

The same Augusti to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. We command that only the shipowners (navicularii) be immune from the prestation of the tax (vectigal).

omnes vero mercatores teneri ad supra dictam praestationem in solvendis vectigalibus absque aliqua exceptione decernimus. dat. iii id. decemb.

but we decree that all merchants are held to the above-said prestation in paying the taxes, without any exception. given on december 11.

theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss. (393 dec. 11).

theodosius augustus for the 3rd time and abundantius, consuls. (393 dec. 11).

CTh.13.5.24

Theodosian Code 13.5.24

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. provincialibus africae. ne qua causatio vectigalium nomine relinquatur, hoc observari decernimus, ut nulla omnino exactio naviculariis ingeratur, cum sibi rem gerere probabuntur, sed a praestatione vectigalium habeantur inmunes.

emprs. arcadius and honorius, augs., to the provincials of africa. lest any pretext under the name of vectigals (taxes) be left, we decree that this be observed: that no exaction at all be imposed upon the navicularii (shipowners), when they shall be proven to be conducting business on their own account, but that they be held immune from the prestation of vectigals.

dat. vii kal. iun.

given on the 7th day before the Kalends of June.

mediolano olybrio et probino conss. (395 mai. 26).

at milan, olybrius and probinus, consuls. (395 may 26).

CTh.13.5.25

Codex Theodosianus 13.5.25

Idem aa. ennoio suo salutem. de naviculariis et curialibus aliquid sanxissemus, nisi divi patris nostri super his personis processisset auctoritas. dat.

The same Emperors to their Ennoius, greetings. We would have sanctioned something concerning the navicularii (shipowners) and the curials, had not the authority of our deified father issued concerning these persons. Given.

vii kal. ian. mediolano olybrio et probino conss.

26 December, at Milan, in the consulship of Olybrius and Probinus.

(395 dec. 26).

(December 26, 395).

CTh.13.5.26

Idem aa. eusebio praefecto praetorio. comperimus navicularios susceptas species in negotiationis emolumenta convertere eo, quod abutantur constantinianae legis indulto, quae his ex die susceptarum specierum concluso biennio securitates reportare permisit. quod nos quoque non prohibemus, sed tantum sententiae consultae definitionis addimus, ut intra annum quo susceperint inferant species et eiusdem consulis securitates reportent, quae etiam diem illationis edoceant.

The same Augusti to Eusebius, praetorian prefect. We have learned that the shipmasters convert the assumed commodities into the emoluments of commerce, on the ground that they abuse the indulgence of Constantine’s law, which allowed them, after the completion of a biennium from the day of the assumed commodities, to bring back receipts. Which we also do not forbid; but we add only this to the definition of the consulted opinion, that within a year from when they shall have assumed them they must deliver the commodities and bring back receipts of the same consul, which also make known the day of delivery.

biennium autem propter adversa hiemis et casus fortuitos in reportandis securitatibus non negamus, dummodo intra tempus superius designatum fides peracti constet officii. quod ad omnium notitiam volumus pervenire, ut cognoscant transmissionem vel traditionem intra annum susceptionis esse complectendam. dat.

However, on account of the adversities of winter and fortuitous mishaps in
bringing back the certificates (securitates) we do not deny a biennium, provided that within the time designated above the proof of the duty performed is established. We want this to come to the notice of all, so that they may know that the transmission or delivery is to be comprised within the year of acceptance. Given.

x kal. ian. mediolano arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa. conss.

on the 10th day before the Kalends of January, at Mediolanum, in the consulship of Arcadius (4) and Honorius (3), Augusti.

(396 dec. 23).

(December 23, 396).

CTh.13.5.27

Theodosian Code 13.5.27

Idem aa. ad senatum et populum. post alia: navicularios tertiam urbani canonis portionem inter prima navigationis iubemus deferre exordia. quorum classem incuriae vetustate collapsam praetoriana praefectura restituat, ita ut omnes, qui praedia his obligata muneribus quibuslibet modis vel contractibus impetrarunt, secundum possessionis modum ad commeandi vocentur officium.

The same Emperors to the Senate and People. After other matters: we order the navicularii to deliver the third portion of the urban canon at the very outset of navigation.
Whose fleet, having collapsed through neglect and age, the Praetorian Prefecture shall restore, such that all who have obtained estates bound to these munera by whatever methods or contracts
are summoned to the duty of transport according to the measure of their possession.

et cetera. dat. xvii kal.

and the rest. dated on the 17th before the Kalends.

mai. mediolano caesario et attico conss. (397 apr.

May. At Milan, in the consulship of Caesarius and Atticus. (397 Apr.

15).

CTh.13.5.28

Theodosian Code 13.5.28

Idem aa. messalae praefecto praetorio. post alia: provideatur, ut naves singuli quique naviculariae obnoxii functioni ad necessarium et constitutum modum exaedificare cogantur, ut onera debita et iusta suscipiant. qui scient se de propriis periclitaturos esse fortunis, nisi in his praeparandis debitae capacitatis summam modumque servaverint.

The same Emperors to Messala, praetorian prefect. After other things: let it be provided that each and every person liable to the navicularian function be compelled to construct ships to the necessary and established measure, so that they may undertake the due and just loads. They shall know that they will be imperiled in their own fortunes, unless, in preparing these, they have observed the sum and measure of the due capacity.

dat. xiiii kal. mart.

given on the 14th day before the Kalends of March.

mediolano theodoro v. c. cons. (399 febr. 16).

At Milan, to Theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul. (399 Feb. 16).

CTh.13.5.29

Codex Theodosianus 13.5.29

Idem aa. flaviano praefecto urbi. deprehensae fraudes iure puniuntur. solidos itaque, quos sublimitas tua eruere valuit ab his, qui in navicularios praedas egerunt, volumus naviculariorum commodis reservari.

The same emperors to Flavianus, Prefect of the City. Detected frauds are punished by law. Therefore the solidi which Your Sublimity was able to recover from those who carried out depredations against
the shipowners, we want to be reserved for the benefit of the shipowners.

et ne simpli poena in raptores constituta crescat audacia, in posterum sancimus, ut, quicumque in rapinis fuerit deprehensus, in poenam quadrupli teneatur. proposita romae in foro aproniani viiii kal. feb.

and lest, with a single penalty established against plunderers, audacity grow, in
time to come we sanction that whoever shall be apprehended in rapine be held to the penalty of quadruple. Posted at Rome, in the Forum of Apronianus, 9
Kalends of February.

stilichone et aureliano conss. (400 ian. 24).

under the consuls Stilicho and Aurelian. (400 Jan. 24).

CTh.13.5.30

Idem aa. pompeiano proconsuli africae. venerandae urbis intuitu naviculariis privilegia certa delata sunt, quae quicumque temerare temptaverit, nostra auctoritate propositam multam lege inferre cogatur. dat.

The same Emperors to Pompeianus, proconsul of Africa. In consideration of the venerable city, certain privileges have been conferred upon the navicularii, which whoever shall attempt to violate,
let him be compelled by our authority to incur the penalty set forth by law. Given.

xvii kal. iul. mediolano stilichone et aureliano conss.

june 15, at mediolanum, in the consulship of stilicho and aurelian.

(400 iun. 15).

(400
June 15).

CTh.13.5.31

Theodosian Code 13.5.31

Idem aa. hadriano praefecto praetorio. universa, quae consultis nostris vel decretis illustris praefecturae indulta sunt naviculariis, si nulla melior utiliorque sententia commutavit vel auctoritas sanctionis infregit, firma servari decernimus. dat.

the same emperors to hadrian, praetorian prefect. all the things which by our consultations or by the decrees of the illustrious prefecture have been granted to the shipowners, if no
better and more useful opinion has changed them or the authority of a sanction has infringed them, we decree to be kept firm. given.

xv kal. sept. honorio a. vi et aristaeneto conss.

on the 15th day before the Kalends of September,
honorius augustus for the 6th time and aristaenetus, consuls.

(404 aug. 18).

CTh.13.5.32

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. cum nauarchorum coetus circiter provincias orientis inopia navium titubaret et investigandae classis optentu insularum secessus obiret et navigandi opportunitate transacta iudiciorum indignatio sine transvectionis expectaretur effectu, merito celsitudo tua praefecto augustali et insularum praeside conventis alexandrinae et carpathiae classis summates et nonnullos alios naucleros eo professionis adduxit, ut onus frumentarii commeatus, qui per orientales nauarchos ex alexandrinae civitatis conditis consuerat ad sacratissimam urbem transferri, in suam fidem susceptum ad eadem augustissimae urbis horrea comportarent, solaciis pro mercedula praestitis ex tributariae pensitationis inmunitate vel ex eo, quod vocatur filikon, nec non etiam aliis, quae tuae cognitionis limavit examen; ita ut, super naufragiorum, quae contigerint casibus usitato more habita quaestione, si qui calculus modiationis dicatur tempestate maris deperisse, sub tuae sedis auditione nequaquam feratur acceptus, sed haec dispendii lacuna in omne naviculariorum concilium, pro rata scilicet contingentis muneris, deferatur.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Anthemius, Praetorian Prefect. Since the gathering of the navarchs around the provinces of the East was tottering for want of ships and, under the pretext of investigating the fleet, was resorting to the retreats of the islands, and, the opportunity for sailing having elapsed, the indignation of the courts was being awaited without the effect of transport, your Highness rightly brought it about that the Augustal Prefect and the Governor of the Islands, having convened the leading men of the Alexandrian and Carpathian fleet and certain other shipowners, should be brought to this profession: that they should take upon their own faith the burden of the grain convoy which was accustomed to be transferred by the Eastern navarchs from the storehouses of the city of Alexandria to the most sacred city, and should carry it to the granaries of that same most august city, reliefs being provided, as a small wage, from immunity of tributary payment or from what is called the philikon, and also other benefits which the assay of your cognition has refined; such that, an inquiry having been held in the usual manner concerning shipwrecks which have occurred, if any tally of modiation is said to have perished by a storm of the sea, under the hearing of your seat it shall by no means be received as credited, but this gap of loss shall be laid upon the whole council of the shipowners, pro rata, namely, of the burden that falls to each.

haec igitur nostra lege firmamus. dat. xiiii kal.

We therefore confirm these things by our law. Given on the 14th before the Kalends.

feb. honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss. (409 ian.

Feb. Honorius 8th and Theodosius 3rd, augusti, consuls. (409 Jan.

19).

CTh.13.5.33

Theodosian Code 13.5.33

Idem aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. qui fiscales species susceperit deportandas, si recta navigatione contempta litora devia sectatus eas avertendo distraxerit, capitali poena plectetur. dat.

The same emperors to Anthemius, Praetorian Prefect. Whoever shall have undertaken fiscal species to be transported, if, despising a direct navigation and pursuing out-of-the-way shores, by diverting them has sold them off, let him be punished with a capital penalty. Given.

xiiii kal. aug. constantinopoli honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.

14 days before the Kalends of August, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Honorius (8) and Theodosius (3), the augusti, consuls.

(409 iul. 19).

(409 July 19).

CTh.13.5.34

Theodosian Code 13.5.34

Idem aa. faustino praefecto praetorio. post alia: iudices, qui in portibus dioeceseos suae onusta navigia, cum prosperior flatus invitat, sub praetextu hiemis inmorari permiserint, una cum municipibus et corporatis eiusdem loci fortunarum propriarum feriantur dispendiis. navicularii praeterea poenam deportationis excipiant, si aliquid fraudis eos admisisse fuerit revelatum.

The same Emperors to Faustinus, praetorian prefect. After other matters: judges who, in the ports of their diocese, have allowed laden ships, when a fairer breeze invites,
to linger under the pretext of winter, shall, together with the townsmen and the corporati of the same place, be struck with losses from their own fortunes. Moreover, the shipowners (navicularii) shall incur the penalty of deportation, if it has been revealed that they have admitted any fraud.

dat. xviii kal. sept.

dated on the 18th day before the Kalends of September.

ravennae varane v. c. cons. (410 aug. 15).

at ravenna varanes
a most distinguished man, consul. (410 aug. 15).

CTh.13.5.35

Theodosian Code 13.5.35

Idem aa. seleuco praefecto praetorio. universos, quos naviculariae condicioni obnoxios invenit antiquitas, praedictae functioni conveniet famulari. personas igitur memoratas et eorum heredes et praedia persequenda esse decernimus, ut canon sacratissimae urbis vel expeditionalium portuum necessitas impleatur.

The same emperors to Seleucus, praetorian prefect. All those whom antiquity has found subject to the navicular condition ought to serve the aforesaid function. Therefore we decree that the persons aforesaid and their heirs and estates are to be pursued, so that the canon of the most sacred city or the necessity of the expeditional ports may be fulfilled.

dat. prid. non.

Dated the day before the Nones.

mar. ravennae honorio viiii et theodosio v. aa. conss. (412 mart.

mar. at Ravenna, Honorius for the 9th time and Theodosius for the 5th, Augusti, consuls. (412 mar.

6).

CTh.13.5.36pr.

Theodosian Code 13.5.36, preface.

Idem aa. naviculariis per africam. tributa naviculariis privilegia hac interminatione firmamus, ut, si quis cuiuslibet dignitatis iudicum vel militantum crediderit neglegenda et aditus negaverit petitum a se tuitionis praesidium, patrimonium suum noverit istius functionis oneribus addicendum sine ulla spe veniae, quam de nobis sub annotationis indulto meruerit. (412 mart.

The same Augusti, to the shipowners throughout Africa. We confirm the privileges bestowed upon the shipowners by this threat, that, if any judge or soldier of whatever dignity shall have thought they are to be neglected and shall have denied access to the protective safeguard sought from him,
let him know that his patrimony will be adjudged to the burdens of that function without any hope of pardon, which he might have merited from us under the indulgence of an annotation. (412 March.

17).

CTh.13.5.36.1

Theodosian Code 13.5.36.1

Illud etiam addimus, ut decem librarum auri multa tam naviculariis quam iudicibus nec non proconsuli et vicario spectabilibus viris et viro clarissimo annonae praefecto officiisque eorum proponatur, si umquam ordini memorato, vel ipsi coegerint vel sponte cupienti quod non potest fieri, de centesimis suis auferri permiserint vel de propria substantia quidquam sportulae nomine cuiquam donare vel offerre personae, ut a singulis constitutum multae pondus non ambigant exigendum. accipientem quoque quadruplum fisco nostro iubemus exsolvere. et cetera.

We also add this, that a fine of ten pounds of gold be set forth both to the navicularii (shipowners) and to the judges, and also to the proconsul and to the vicarius, men of spectabilis rank, and to the man of clarissimus rank, the Prefect of the Annona, and to their offices, if ever they shall either themselves have compelled the aforesaid order, or shall have permitted one who of his own accord desires—which cannot be done—to have anything taken from their hundredths, or from their own substance to give or to offer anything under the name of a sportula to any person, so that they may not doubt that from each the fixed weight of the fine is to be exacted. we also order the recipient to pay quadruple to our fisc; and the rest.

dat. xvi kal. april.

dated on the 16th day before the Kalends of April.

ravennae honorio viiii et theodosio v aa. conss. (412 mart. 17).

at ravenna, honorius for the 9th and theodosius for the 5th, augusti, consuls (412 march 17).

CTh.13.5.37

Idem aa. naviculariis per africam. post alia: si ulla dignitas vel apparitio frumenti curam sustinens dirigendi a naviculario magistrove navis aliquid accepisse detegitur, probato crimini pro motu iudicis poena non desit. et cetera.

The same emperors to the shipowners throughout Africa. After other things: if any dignitary or apparitor, bearing the care of directing the grain, is discovered to have received anything from a shipowner or the master of a ship,
with the crime proven, let a penalty not be lacking at the judge’s initiative. And the rest.

dat. xvi kal. april.

given 16 days before the kalends of april.

ravennae honorio viiii et theodosio v aa. conss. (412 mart. 17).

at ravenna, in the consulship of honorius 9 and theodosius 5, the augusti, consuls. (412 march 17).

CTh.13.5.38pr.

Codex Theodosianus 13.5.38, preface.

Idem aa. albino praefecto urbi. dissimulationi et corruptelae urbani vel annonarii officii exquisitis remediis mansuetudo nostra prospexit, ut, si quando navicularius extra modum centesimarum diametrum incidisset, intra quinque dies, ex quo portum venerabilis urbis esset ingressus, adhibitis tribus illustribus viris urbana praefectura, praesente quoque annonario cognitore, quid evenisset detrimenti, inquireret et quicumque in hac fraude fuisset inventus, sub elogio, adiuncto idoneo executore, mox ad africam adque ad viri clarissimi praefecti annonae iudicium deduceretur, soluturus instantia memorati, quidquid debere fuerit deprehensus. (414 sept.

The same emperors to Albinus, urban prefect. Our clemency has provided, with carefully chosen remedies, against the concealment and corruption of the urban or annona office, that, if ever a shipowner had fallen beyond the measure of the hundredth’s allowance for shrinkage, within five days from the time he had entered the harbor of the venerable city, with three Illustrious Men of the Urban Prefecture brought in, and with the annona inquisitor also present, an inquiry should be made into what loss had occurred; and whoever should be found in this fraud, under a writ, with a suitable executor attached, should at once be led to Africa and to the judgment of the Most Renowned Man, the Prefect of the Annona, to pay, at the insistence of the aforesaid, whatever he should be discovered to owe. (414 Sept.

17).

CTh.13.5.38.1

Theodosian Code 13.5.38.1

Hac itaque lege decernimus, ut, si ultra diem praefinitum permiserit navicularium protelari, quinque libras auri se adque officium suum sciat aerario nostro debere inferre. apparitionem quoque praefecturae urbanae multa trium librarum auri feriendam esse censuimus. praefectus annonae duas libras auri sacris largitionibus inferre cogetur, nisi eius praecipue instantia intra diem constitutum fuerit adcelerata cognitio.

By this law, therefore, we decree that, if he has permitted a shipowner to be delayed beyond the pre-fixed day, let him know that he, and his officium, must pay into our treasury five pounds of gold. the apparitio also of the Urban Prefecture we have judged to be struck with a fine of three pounds of gold. The Prefect of the Annona will be compelled to pay two pounds of gold into the Sacred Largesses, unless by his especial urgency the hearing has been accelerated within the set day.

huiusmodi igitur inquisitio etiam diebus feriatis et devotionum absque ulla observatione peragenda est. dat. xv kal.

Therefore, an inquiry of this kind must be carried through even on holidays and days of devotions, without any observance whatsoever. Given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

oct. ravennae constantio et constante conss. (414 sept.

Oct., at Ravenna, in the consulship of Constantius and Constans (414 Sept.

17).

CTh.13.6.0. De praediis naviculariorum

CTh.13.6.0. On the estates of the shipowners

CTh.13.6.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad decretum naviculariorum. alienationes possessionum a naviculariis factas fugiendi muneris gratia praeiudicare vobis non sinimus.

The Emperor Constantine Augustus, to the decree of the shipowners. We do not permit alienations of possessions made by shipowners for the sake of fleeing the duty to prejudice you.

ideoque volumus, ut comparatores supra scriptarum possessionum interpellato praefecto annonae ad id obsequium compellantur, cui se obnoxios esse fecerunt. dat. v kal.

and therefore we wish that the purchasers of the above‑written possessions, once the Prefect of the Annona has been notified, be compelled to that service
to which they made themselves liable. Given on the 5th day before the Kalends.

nov. constantino a. vii et constantio caes. conss.

nov. in the consulship of constantine augustus for the 7th time and constantius caesar, consuls.

(326 oct. 28).

(326 Oct. 28).

CTh.13.6.2

Theodosian Code 13.6.2

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad symmachum praefectum urbi. post alia: patrimonia naviculariorum, quae quolibet genere in extraneorum dominia demigrarunt, in corporis sui ius proprietatemque remeent.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Symmachus, Prefect of the City. After other matters: let the patrimonies of the navicularii, which by whatever kind have migrated into the dominions of outsiders, return into the right and proprietorship of their own corpus.

dat. iii id. iun. mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss.

Given on June 11 at Milan; Valentinian and Valens, Augusti,
consuls.

(365 ian. 11).

(365 Jan. 11).

CTh.13.6.3

Theodosian Code 13.6.3

Idem aa. ad musifilum vicarium africae. adversus petitionem naviculariorum de suo iure certantium spatium non praescribat annorum, etiam illis adsertionibus remotis, quibus nonnulli amplexantur quae divorum principum consecuti fuere permissu. sed et si est quidquam naviculario iuri obnoxium, quod domus nostrae proprietatem spectat, tolerare praecipimus navicularias functiones.

The same emperors to Musifilus, vicar of Africa. Against the petition of the shipowners contending about their right, let no span of years be prescribed, even with those assertions set aside, by which some embrace the things which they had obtained by the permission of the deified princes. But also, if there is anything subject to the navicularian law that concerns the property of our house, we command the navicularian functions to be tolerated.

dat. prid. kal.

given, on the day before the Kalends.

aug. vangionibus valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (368?

Aug., at the Vangiones, when Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, were consuls (368?).

370? 373? iul.

370? 373? jul.

31).

CTh.13.6.4

Theodosian Code 13.6.4

Idem aa. ad dracontium vicarium africae. post alia: naviculariae facultates naviculario corpori reddantur, si bona rite retinentes subire eorum onera nolint, quorum possessione fruuntur. ceterum si sponte cognoscunt naviculariam functionem sine exceptione potioris vel cuiuscumque, bona ad se transmissa sine inquietudine possideant, cum pro rata ex parte debitis fungantur officiis.

The same Augusti to Dracontius, Vicar of Africa. After other matters: let the navicular assets be returned to the navicular corporation, if those duly retaining the goods are unwilling to undergo the burdens of those whose possession they enjoy. But if they of their own accord acknowledge the navicular function, without exception in favor of a superior or of anyone whatsoever, let them possess without disturbance the goods transmitted to them, provided that they discharge the duties owed pro rata on their part.

et cetera. dat. iiii kal.

and the rest. given on the 4th day before the Kalends.

mai. remis lupicino et iovino conss. (367 apr.

may. at reims, under the consuls lupicinus and jovinus. (367 apr.

28).

CTh.13.6.5

Theodosian Code 13.6.5

Idem aa. ad aurelianum praefectum annonae. temporibus praescriptionem in vindicatione rerum ad navicularios pertinentium cognoscat tua gravitas esse succisam. domum etiam mansuetudinis nostrae in his, quae naviculario nomine obnoxia sunt, agnoscere praecipimus debitam functionem.

The same Augusti to Aurelianus, Prefect of the Annona. Let Your Gravity know that the prescription by times in the vindication of things pertaining to the navicularii has been cut off. We further command the household of Our Clemency, in those matters which are liable under the name of the navicularius, to acknowledge the due function.

dat. iii kal. octob.

dated on the 3rd day before the Kalends of October

lupicino et iovino conss. (367 sept. 29).

lupicinus and jovinus, consuls. (367 sept. 29).

CTh.13.6.6

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad provinciales afros.

the emperors valentinian, valens, and gratian, augusti, to the african provincials.

fundi omnes ad naviculariorum dominium pertinentes et ad aliorum iura translati fisco vel re publica vel naviculario vel quolibet alio distrahente sive donante vel ad filios vel propinquos vel extraneos transferente, etsi ad navicularios translati sint, reddantur dominis actione in rem et persecutione concessa, nisi maluerint hi, ad quos res pervenerint, onus agnoscere, cui erat ille obnoxius, cuius nomine vindicatio competit, evictionis ac melioratae rei perceptorumque fructuum inspectione habita. et cetera. dat.

all estates pertaining to the dominium of the naviculars and transferred to the rights of others by the fisc or the res publica or a navicular or any other person disposing by sale or by gift, or transferring to sons or relatives or outsiders, even if they have been transferred to naviculars, shall be restored to their owners, with an action in rem and the right of pursuit granted, unless those to whom the property has come should prefer to acknowledge the burden to which he was subject, in whose name the vindication is competent, due consideration being had of eviction and of the improved condition of the thing and of the fruits received. and the rest. given.

vii id. april. treviris modesto et arinthaeo conss. (372 apr.

the 7th day before the ides of april. at trier modestus and arintheus consuls. (372 apr.

7).

CTh.13.6.7pr.

Theodosian Code 13.6.7, preface.

Idem aaa. chiloni proconsuli africae. in his, quae navicularii vendunt, quoniam intercipere contractum emendi vendendique fas prohibet, emptor navicularii functionem pro modo portionis comparatae subeat, res enim oneri addicta est, non persona mercantis.

The same emperors to Chilo, proconsul of Africa. In those things which the shipowners sell, since it is not permitted by right to intercept the contract of buying and selling, the purchaser shall undergo the shipowner’s function according to the measure of the portion acquired; for the thing is bound to the burden, not the person of the merchant.

neque navicularium ilico iubemus fieri eum, qui aliquid comparavit, sed eam partem quae empta est pro suo modo ac ratione esse munificam. nec enim totum patrimonium ad functionem navicularii muneris occupandum erit, quod habuerit qui rei exiguae mercator accessit, sed illa portio, quae ab initio navicularii fuit, ad pensionem huius functionis sola tenenda est, residuo patrimonio, quod ab hoc vinculo liberum est, otioso et inmuni servando. (375 aug.

nor do we order that he who has acquired something immediately become a navicularius, but that that part which has been bought be subject to the munus according to its own measure and reckoning. For neither will the whole patrimony of the one who, as a merchant, has engaged in a trifling matter be seized for the performance of the munus of the navicularius, but that
portion which from the beginning belonged to the navicularius alone is to be held to the payment of this function, the remaining patrimony, which is free from this bond,
being kept idle and immune. (375 Aug.

3).

CTh.13.6.7.1

Codex Theodosianus 13.6.7.1

Domos vero, quarum cultu decus urbium potius quam fructus adquiritur, ubi a naviculariis veneunt, pro tanto modo ad hanc pensionem obligari placet, quantum habebant emolumentum, cum pecunia mutuarentur. ubi vero spatia loci et exiguitas nullam habuit pensionem aut extructio, cuius est ardua difficilisque molitio aut decus sumptuosum, aut, ut est plerumque liberale institutum, habitationem quis suam ornamento urbis adiecit, nolumus munificentiam quae postea addita est improbam licitationem aestimationis excipere, sed vetusta potius loci species et pensio cogitetur quam cultus hodiernus, qui per industriam hominis animosi accessit. dat.

But as to houses, by whose cultivation the ornament of cities rather than profit is acquired, when they are sold by the shipowners, it is our pleasure that they be bound to this payment only to such an extent as they had emolument when they borrowed money.
But where the dimensions of the site and its narrowness entailed no payment, or the erection, whose undertaking is arduous and difficult, or a sumptuous adornment, or, as is for the most part a liberal institution, someone has added his dwelling as an ornament of the city, we do not wish the munificence which was afterward added to incur an unscrupulous bidding-up of the appraisal, but rather that the ancient appearance of the place and the pension be considered than the present-day cultivation, which has accrued through the industry of a high-spirited man. given.

iii non. aug. post cons.

3 days before the nones of august, after the consulship.

gratiani a. iii et equiti v. c. (375 aug. 3).

Gratian, Augustus for the 3rd time, and Equitius, a most distinguished man. (375 Aug. 3).

CTh.13.6.8

Theodosian Code 13.6.8

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. messalae praefecto praetorio. hi, qui fundos naviculariae functioni adscriptos a naviculariis acceperunt quolibet ad se titulo transeuntes, secundum agri opinionem, quae antiquitus habetur adscripta, naviculariam functionem suscipere cogantur.

emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to messala, praetorian prefect. those who have received from the navicularii estates adscript to the navicularian function,
passing over to themselves under whatever title, according to the land’s opinion (assessment), which from ancient times is held as adscript, shall be compelled to undertake
the navicularian function.

neque eas condiciones sibi aestiment profuturas, quas venditor minus idoneus in se receperit impositas ementis arbitrio, hac tamen ratione servata, ut, si ad minus idoneum fuerit translata possessio, etiam auctores transscripti praedii teneantur obnoxii sitque hoc in promptu, ut damnis fiscalibus primitus ab idoneis consulatur. et cetera. dat.

nor let them reckon those conditions to be advantageous to themselves, which a less suitable seller has undertaken upon himself, imposed at the buyer’s discretion, this
however proviso being preserved: that, if the possession has been transferred to a less suitable person, even the grantors of the transferred estate be held liable, and let this be
at the ready: that for fiscal damages there be recourse first to the suitable (solvent) parties. And the rest. Given.

xiiii kal. mart. mediolano theodoro v. c. cons.

february 16, at milan, in the consulship of theodorus, a most distinguished man.

(399 febr. 16).

(399 Feb. 16).

CTh.13.6.9

Theodosian Code 13.6.9

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. sebastio comiti. post alia: navalem haeresim in omnibus volumus custodiri, ut usque ante viginti annos quaecumque possessiones sub hastaria sorte distractae sunt et propter contractum publicum navali fuerant haeresi separatae, si huic oneri ante eas subiacuisse constiterit, rursus ad debitam functionem teneantur obnoxiae.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Sebastianus, Count. After other matters: we wish the naval levy to be maintained in all respects, so that, for up to twenty years back, whatever properties were sold under the auction-spear lot and had been set apart by the naval levy on account of a public contract, if it is established that they had previously been subject to this burden, shall again be held liable to the due performance.

et cetera. dat. prid.

etc. dated the day before.

id. mai. ravennae honorio a. xi et constantio ii conss. (417 mai.

the Ides of May at Ravenna, Honorius Augustus,
in the consulship of Honorius for the 11th time and Constantius for the 2nd, (May.

14).

CTh.13.6.10pr.

Theodosian Code 13.6.10, preface.

Idem aa. proculo praefecto praetorio. si quod praedium in quolibet africani cespitis loco per quinquaginta annorum curricula ad navalem functionem nulla sollicitudo revocavit nec pulsatum aliquando intra designatam annorum seriem super hac parte constiterit ac praedictae annositatis cursum sine ulla navalis haeresis conventione transcenderit, nullis patimur sollicitudinibus agitari. (423 mai.

The same Emperors to Proculus, praetorian prefect. If any estate in any place of African turf, through the course of 50 years, no solicitation has recalled to the naval function, nor has it at any time been pressed in court within the designated series of years on this matter, and has passed the course of the aforesaid years without any compact with a naval association, we allow it to be agitated by no solicitudes. (May 423

18).

CTh.13.6.10.1

Theodosian Code 13.6.10.1

Illud quoque penitus abolendum esse censemus, ut, quem non personae alicuius super navicularia functione probamenta confutarant, ulla chartarum post quinquaginta annorum seriem molestia rediviva conveniat. dat. xv kal.

We also deem that this must be utterly abolished: that anyone whom the proofs of some person concerning the navicularian function had not refuted should not be met by any revived vexation of papers after a series of 50 years. given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

iun. ravennae asclepiodoto et mariniano conss. (423 mai.

June, at Ravenna, Asclepiodotus and Marinianus consuls. (423 May.

18).

CTh.13.7.0. De navibus non excusandis

CTh.13.7.0. On ships not to be excused

CTh.13.7.1

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. cunctis per aegyptum intimetur viginti librarum auri multae esse subdendos eos, qui naves suo nomine vel defensione a transvectionibus publicis excusare temptaverint, publica iactura navium quoque dominis feriendis, qui neglectis necessitatibus publicis potiorum voluerunt patrociniis excusari.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Eutychianus, Praetorian Prefect. Let it be intimated to all throughout Egypt that those who have attempted to excuse ships, under their own name or under a plea of defense, from public transports are to be subjected to a mulct of 20 pounds of gold, and, bringing loss upon the public, the owners of the ships also are to be struck—those who, with public necessities neglected, wished to be excused by the patronages of the more powerful.

dat. prid. id. mart.

given on the day before the ides of march.

constantinopoli theodoro v. c. cons. (399 mart. 14).

at constantinople
to theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul. (399 mar. 14).

CTh.13.7.2

Theodosian Code 13.7.2

Idem aa. longiniano praefecto praetorio. multi naves suas diversorum nominibus et titulis tuentur. cui fraudi obviantes praecipimus, ut, si quis ad evitationem publicae necessitatis titulum crediderit adponendum, sciat navem esse fisco sociandam.

The same Emperors to Longinianus, Praetorian Prefect. many protect their ships under the names and titles of various persons. Countering this fraud, we order that, if
anyone, for the evasion of a public necessity, has thought a title should be affixed, let him know that the ship is to be joined to the fisc.

nam ut privatos quoque non prohibemus habere navigia, ita fraudi locum esse non sinimus, cum omnes in commune, si necessitas exegerit, conveniat utilitatibus publicis oboedire et subvectionem sine dignitatis privilegio celebrare. nisi igitur intra triginta dies haec fraus fuerit remota, universa navigia, quae ad exceptiones confugiunt, dominis auferantur. dat.

For just as we do not forbid private individuals also to have vessels, so we do not allow room for fraud, since it is fitting that all in common, if necessity shall have demanded, obey public utilities and carry out transport without the privilege of dignity. Therefore, unless within thirty days this fraud shall have been removed, all vessels which take refuge in exceptions shall be taken away from their owners. Given.

iii id. ian. ravennae arcadio a. vi et probo conss. (406 ian.

Jan. 11 at Ravenna, with Arcadius Augustus for the 6th time and Probus as consuls. (406 Jan.

11).

CTh.13.8.0. Ne quid oneri publico imponatur

CTh.13.8.0. That nothing be imposed on the public burden

CTh.13.8.1

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. rufino praefecto praetorio. oneri publico sarcinam privatam ne quis imponat nec audeat portitores frumenti ad suscipiendum onus aliqua necessitate compellere.

Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. Let no one impose a private burden upon the public burden, nor let anyone dare to compel the porters of grain
to undertake a load under any pretext of necessity.

hoc enim facto adque commisso non in dispendium solum adque naufragii damnum tenebitur obligatus, verum etiam publicae cohercitionis experietur vigorem. dat. v id. ian.

for by this having been done and committed, he will be held bound not only to loss and to the damage of shipwreck, but he will also experience the vigor of public coercition. given 5 days before the Ides of January.

constantinopoli olybrio et probino conss. (395 ian. 9).

at Constantinople Olybrius and Probinus
consuls. (395 Jan. 9).

CTh.13.9.0. De naufragiis

CTh.13.9.0. On shipwrecks

CTh.13.9.1

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad modestum praefectum praetorio.

Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian, Augusti, to Modestus, Praetorian Prefect.

si quis navicularius naufragium sustinuisse adfirmat, provinciae iudicem, eius videlicet, in qua res agitur, adire festinet ac probet aput eum testibus eventum relatioque ad sublimissimam referatur praefecturam, ita ut intra anni spatium veritate relata remedium ex indulgentia consequatur. quod si per huiusmodi neglegentiam praefinitum anni spatium fortasse claudatur, supervacuas serasque actiones emenso anno placuit non admitti. dat.

If any shipmaster affirms that he has sustained a shipwreck, let him hasten to approach the judge of the province—namely, of that in which the matter is transacted—and let him prove the event before him by witnesses, and let a relatio be referred to the most exalted Prefecture, in such a way that, within the space of a year, the truth having been reported, he may obtain a remedy from indulgence. But if through negligence of this sort the pre-defined space of a year should perhaps be closed, it has been decreed that superfluous and belated actions, after the year has elapsed, are not to be admitted. Given.

proposita beryti non. iun. modesto et arinthaeo conss.

published at Berytus on the Nones of June, when Modestus and Arintheus were consuls.

(372 iun. 5).

(372 June 5).

CTh.13.9.2

Theodosian Code 13.9.2

Idem aaa. ad demetrianum praefectum annonae africae. si quando causatio est de impetu procellarum, medium ex his nautis numerum navicularius exhibeat quaestioni, quos eum in navi pro modo capacitatis constat habuisse, quo eorum tormentis plenior veritas possit inquiri.

The same Augusti, to Demetrianus, Prefect of the Annona of Africa. If ever there is a plea on account of the onset of tempests, the shipowner shall produce to the inquiry half the number from among those sailors whom it is established that he had on the ship according to the measure of its capacity, so that by their tortures a fuller truth may be inquired.

de casu autem navis, quae ad urbem romam directa fuerit, intra annum quidquid acciderit iudiciis publicetur, de his vero, quae ad portus expeditionales longius vel constantinopolim sint profectae, intra biennium oblato praedicto numero nautarum super fide casus examen agitetur. addimus etiam, ut, si intra praefinitum tempus nulla fuerit delata querimonia, omnis posthac deplorationum aditus obstruatur. accepta aquileiae, lecta actis.

but as for the mishap of a ship that has been directed to the city of Rome, whatever has occurred within one year shall be published in the courts, but as to those which have set out to expeditionary ports farther away or to Constantinople, within two years, upon the presentation of the aforesaid number of sailors, an examination concerning the credibility of the occurrence shall be conducted. We also add that, if within the predefined time no complaint has been brought, every access thereafter for complaints shall be barred. Received at Aquileia, read into the acts.

(a. 372/5....).

(in the year 372/5....).

CTh.13.9.3pr.

CTh.13.9.3 preface.

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. naviculariis afris salutem.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius, augusti, to the african navicularii, greeting.

quotiens obruta vel submersa fluctibus navi examen adhibetur praefecti annonae duorum vel trium quaestione destrictum, purgandi in alios nautas licentia offeratur. quid est enim, quod non abunde intra praefinitum numerum sollers quaesitor inveniat? circa magistros navium, quibus est scientia plenior, inmoretur; qui si fatali sorte defuerint, in alios inquisitio transferetur.

whenever, the ship having been overwhelmed or submerged by the waves, an examen is applied by the Prefect of the Annona, drawn tight to the interrogation of two or three, a license of purgation by shifting onto other sailors shall be offered. For what is there that a skillful inquisitor would not abundantly find within the pre-defined number? Let him linger about the masters of ships, in whom the knowledge is fuller; if they have been lacking by fatal lot, the inquest shall be transferred onto others.

(380 febr. 6).

(380 february 6).

CTh.13.9.3.1

Theodosian Code 13.9.3.1

Sane si universos violentia tempestatis obruerit, ne veritas lateat, sequimur constantinianae legis providam sanctionem, ut adfectionibus naviculariorum intra iudicia constitutis super eorum quaeratur interitu, quos navicularius naufragio perisse contendit. cuius rei examen placuit unius lustri spatio terminari, (380 febr. 6).

Surely, if the violence of the tempest has overwhelmed everyone, lest the truth lie hidden, we follow the provident sanction of the Constantinian law, that, once the shipowners’ claims have been established within the courts, inquiry be made concerning the death of those whom the shipowner contends to have perished by shipwreck. The examination of this matter it has pleased to be limited to the span of one five-year period, (380 Feb. 6).

CTh.13.9.3.2

Ut omnis in posterum .... ut a duarum semis centesimarum, quae ex hibernis oneribus postulantur a vobis, petitio conquiescat. (380 febr. 6).

That all in the future .... that the demand for two-and-a-half percent (centesimae), which is exacted from you from the winter burdens, may cease. (380 febr. 6).

CTh.13.9.3.3

Placuit sane, ut, novembri mense navigatione subtracta, aprilis, qui aestati est proximus, susceptionibus adplicetur. cuius susceptionis necessitas ex kal. aprilib.

It has indeed been decreed that, with seafaring withdrawn in the month of November, April, which is nearest to summer, be assigned to the collections. the necessity of which collection is from the Kalends of April.

in diem kal. octob. mansura servabitur; in diem vero iduum earundem navigatio porrigetur.

it shall be kept in force until the day of the Kalends of October (October 1); but navigation shall be extended to the day of the Ides of the same (October 15).

(380 febr. 6).

(February 6, 380).

CTh.13.9.3.4

Theodosian Code 13.9.3.4

Et quia ordinem vestrum ampliari etiam hominum adiectione gaudemus, quoscumque vacuos publico invenerit officio, in complexum vestri ordinis adplicate, dummodo is, qui in municipalibus manet causis, nominatione ordinis non teneatur. dat. viii id. feb.

And because we rejoice that your order be enlarged even by the addition of men, whoever shall be found free of public office, attach into the embrace of your order, provided that he who remains in municipal causes is not held by the nomination of the order. Given on the 8th day before the Ides of February.

treviris gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss. (380 febr. 6).

at trier
with gratian for the 5th time and theodosius for the 1st, augusti, consuls. (380 feb. 6).

CTh.13.9.4pr.

Theodosian Code 13.9.4, preface.

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. tatiano praefecto praetorio.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to tatianus, praetorian prefect

quae in naufragiis pereunt, nolumus nobis cum possessoribus, vel senatoribus vel privatis, esse communia, si quidem naufragii detrimentum fiscus agnoscat; quod interdum non grandis dispendii esse monstratur, si vexatam fluctibus navem levis iactura defendat quam si pondere suo gravatam pelagi unda submergat. (391 iul. 18).

what perish in shipwrecks, we do not wish to be common to us with
possessors, whether senators or private persons, provided indeed that the detriment of the shipwreck the fiscus acknowledges; which is sometimes shown not to be of great expense, if a light jettison should defend a ship vexed by the waves rather than that, weighed down by its own weight, a billow of the sea should submerge it. (391 July 18).

CTh.13.9.4.1

Theodosian Code 13.9.4.1

Ubi vero non est testis periculi, restituantur damna naufragii et dispendia prosecutoris fraudibus inferantur, ut ad eorum iniuriam retorqueantur, qui minus idoneos nominarunt, non ad eos redeant, quos semel constiterit fuisse devotos. dat. xv kal.

Where, however, there is no witness of the danger, let the losses of the shipwreck be restored, and let the costs be imposed on account of the prosecutor’s frauds, so that they be turned back to the injury of those who named men less suitable, and not return to those whom it has once been established were bound. given 15 kal.

aug. constantinopoli tatiano et symmacho conss. (391 iul.

august at constantinople
under the consuls tatianus and symmachus. (391 july

18).

CTh.13.9.5

Theodosian Code 13.9.5

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. ad senatum et populum. post alia: navicularios, quos vis adversa naufragii prohibuerit suscepta deferre, vel de oneribus pravitate submersis vel de diametris aliisque iacturis, quia excludere casus et inclementem non possumus cohibere fortunam, praefectus annonae et vicarius urbis fidem probare gestorum congrua iudicatione compellant, moram et neglegentiam punituri.

the emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to the senate and the people. after other things: the shipowners, whom the adverse force of shipwreck has prevented from carrying what they undertook, whether because the cargos were sunk through depravity or because of the yard-arms (diametra) and other jettisons, since we cannot exclude mishaps and cannot restrain inclement fortune, the prefect of the annona and the vicar of the city shall compel to prove the good faith of what was done by a fitting judication, intending to punish delay and negligence.

dat. xvii kal. mai.

Dated 17 days before the Kalends of May.

mediolano caesario et attico conss. (397 apr. 15).

at milan, in the consulship of caesarius and atticus. (397 apr. 15).

CTh.13.9.6

Theodosian Code 13.9.6

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. naviculariis per africam. post alia: de submersis navibus decernimus, ut levato velo istae causae cognoscantur.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to the navicularii throughout Africa. After other matters: concerning sunken ships we decree that, with the veil lifted, these cases be examined.

et si quisquam de talibus negotiis aliquid accepisse detegitur, iudex, aput quem constiterit, his conquerentibus qui nudantur pro qualitatibus personarum multandi removendi proscribendi habeat potestatem. si vero causarum talium cognitores, libelli datione vel planaria interpellatione commoniti, intra metas temporis constituti, hoc est intra biennium causis talibus veteri lege praescriptum, has causas audire neglexerint et legitimum tempus fuerit elapsum, praeiudicium noceat eatenus cognitori, ut naviculario propter vitium iudicis absoluto mediam oneris eius partem, propter cuius probandam amissionem legitimo dumtaxat tempore cognitio petebatur, iudex cogatur inferre, residuam vero officium eius exsolvat. dat.

and if anyone is uncovered to have received anything from such negotiations, the judge, before whom it shall have been established, upon the complaints of those who are stripped, shall have the power, according to the qualities of the persons, to fine, remove, and proscribe. but if the cognitors of such causes, having been admonished by the giving of a libellus or by a planary interpellation, within the bounds of the time established, that is, within two years prescribed by the ancient law for such causes,
have neglected to hear these causes and the lawful time shall have elapsed, let a prejudgment harm the cognitor to this extent: that, the navicularius (shipowner) having been acquitted on account of the fault of the judge, the judge be compelled to pay in half of his burden, for the proving of whose loss the cognition was being sought only within the lawful time; but let his office discharge the residue. given.

xvi kal. april. ravennae honorio viiii et theodosio v aa. conss.

March 17, at Ravenna, in the consulship of Honorius for the 9th time and Theodosius for the 5th, Augusti, consuls.

(412 mart. 17).

(412 March 17).

CTh.13.10.0. De censu sive adscriptione

CTh.13.10.0. On the census or adscription

CTh.13.10.1 [=brev.13.2.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad populum. quoniam tabularii civitatum per collusionem potentiorum sarcinam ad inferiores transferunt, iubemus, ut, quisquis se gravatum probaverit, suam tantum pristinam professionem agnoscat etc.

Emperor Constantine Augustus, to the people. Since the tabularii of the cities, through the collusion of the more powerful, transfer the burden onto the lower orders, we order that whoever shall have proved himself aggrieved acknowledge only his own former profession, etc.

pp. xv. kal. febr. romae, constantino a. iii.

posted on January 18 at Rome, under Constantine Augustus, in his 3rd consulship.

et licinio iii. coss.

and Licinius, consuls for the 3rd time.

interpretatio. si tabularii aut hi, quibus exactionis libri traduntur, potentiores voluerint relevare et, quod relevaverint, inferioribus addiderint, is, qui gravatum se probaverit, non amplius dissolvat, quam secundum censum se ostenderit suscepisse

interpretation. If the tabularii (record-keepers) or those to whom the books of exaction are delivered, being more powerful, should wish to relieve, and should add what they have relieved onto the inferiors, he who shall have proved himself aggrieved shall not disburse more than, according to the census, he has shown that he undertook.

CTh.13.10.2

Theodosian Code 13.10.2

Idem a. ad eusebium virum perfectissimum praesidem lyciae et pamfyliae. plebs urbana, sicut in orientalibus quoque provinciis observatur, minime in censibus pro capitatione sua conveniatur, sed iuxta hanc iussionem nostram inmunis habeatur, sicuti etiam sub domino et parente nostro diocletiano seniore augusto eadem plebs urbana inmunis fuerat. dat.

The same Augustus to Eusebius, a man of most perfect rank, governor of Lycia and Pamphylia. The urban plebs, as is observed also in the eastern provinces is not at all to be assessed in the censuses for their capitation, but according to this our injunction is to be held immune, just as also under our lord and parent Diocletian, the senior Augustus, that same urban plebs was immune. Given.

kal. iun. constantino a. iii et licinio iii conss.

On the Kalends of June, when Constantine Augustus for the 3rd time and Licinius for the 3rd time were consuls.

(313 iun. 1).

(June 1, 313).

CTh.13.10.3

Theodosian Code 13.10.3

Imp. constantius a. ad dulcitium consularem aemiliae. si quis praedium vendere voluerit vel donare, retinere sibi transferendos ad alia loca colonos privata pactione non possit.

The Emperor Constantius Augustus to Dulcitius, consular of Aemilia. If anyone should wish to sell an estate or to donate it, he cannot by private paction retain for himself colonists to be transferred to other places by private paction.

qui enim colonos utiles credunt, aut cum praediis eos tenere debent aut profuturos aliis derelinquere, si ipsi sibi praedia prodesse desperant. dat. iii kal.

for those who believe the coloni to be useful ought either to hold them with the estates, or leave them to profit others,
if they themselves despair that the estates will be of profit to themselves. given on the 3rd day before the Kalends.

mai. mediolano constantio a. viiii et iuliano caes. ii conss.

May. At Milan: in the consulship of Constantius Augustus for the 9th time and Julian Caesar for the 2nd.

(357 mai. 30).

(357 May 30).

CTh.13.10.4

Theodosian Code 13.10.4

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad viventium praefectum praetorio galliarum. in virginitate perpetua viventes et eam viduam, de qua ipsa maturitas pollicetur aetatis nulli iam eam esse nupturam, a plebeiae capitationis iniuria vindicandas esse decernimus; item pupillos in virili sexu usque ad viginti annos ab istiusmodi functione inmunes esse debere, mulieres autem, donec virum unaquaeque sortitur.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Viventius, Praetorian Prefect of the Gauls. Those living in perpetual virginity, and that widow whose very maturity of age promises that she will now be married to no one, we decree are to be vindicated from the injustice of the plebeian capitation; likewise, male wards in the virile sex up to twenty years ought to be immune from a function of this kind, but women, until each one obtains a husband.

dat. x kal. dec.

given on the 10th day before the Kalends of December.

valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (368? 370?

valentinian and valens, augusti, consuls. (368? 370?

nov. 22).

CTh.13.10.5 [=brev.13.2.2]

Codex Theodosianus 13.10.5 [= Breviarium 13.2.2]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad florentium pf. p. galliarum.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Florentius, Praetorian Prefect of the Gauls.

si quis census inquisitione completa gravatum se esse credat, apud provinciae iudicem pulset, quem mavult, ex die clausi renuntiatique census spatia praestituta dinumerans; ut, si necessitatibus publicis occupatus domesticis commodis defuit, quum census agitatus est, intra anniversarii temporis circulum fiducia competitionis assistat, si vero praesentem sciat se esse censitum, intra quinque menses, quibuscumque* viribus fultus immineat, ultra non habeat huius vocis arbitrium. dat. iii.

If anyone, the census inquisition having been completed, believes himself to have been burdened, let him bring suit before the judge of the province, whichever he prefers, reckoning the prescribed intervals from the day the census was closed and reported;
so that, if, occupied by public necessities, he was lacking to his domestic conveniences when the census was conducted, within the circle of the anniversary period let him stand with the confidence of a contestation; but if he knows that he was assessed while present, within five months, supported by whatsoever* forces, let him press, and let him not have the discretion of this plea beyond that. given on the 3rd.

non. iun. remis, lupicino et iovino coss.

on the Nones of June, at Reims, in the consulship of Lupicinus and Jovinus.

interpretatio. si aliquis in causa publica occupatus, quum descriptio agitaretur, per absentiam suam se esse gravatum queratur, intra anni spatium apud iudicem loci querelas suas allegare debebit. nam si praesentem fuisse constat, non plus quam quinque menses ad exsequendas querelas suas sibi noverit fuisse concessum, quibus transactis agendi copia denegetur

interpretation. if anyone, occupied in a public cause, when an assessment was being conducted, should complain that through his absence he has been burdened, within the span of a year he must allege his complaints before the judge of the place. for if it is established that he was present, let him know that not more than five months were conceded to him for prosecuting his complaints, upon the elapsing of which the opportunity of proceeding shall be denied.

CTh.13.10.6

Idem aa. et gratianus a. ad viventium praefectum praetorio. nulla vidua, nemo pupillus ex utroque sexu, donec eos ingrediatur annos, qui iam tutoribus curatoribusve publicis non egeant, exactionem plebis agnoscat. simili autem devotione habeantur immunes et si quae se sacrae legis obsequio perpetuo dedicarunt.

The same Augusti and Gratian Augustus to Viventius, Praetorian Prefect. no widow, no ward of either sex, until they enter those years in which
they no longer need public tutors or curators, shall acknowledge the exaction of the plebs. with similar devotion let those also be held
immune who have dedicated themselves to the perpetual obedience of the sacred law.

dat. iii kal. april.

dated on the 3rd day before the kalends of April (March 30).

treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss. (370 mart. 30).

at trier, when valentinian and valens, emperors, were consuls for the 3rd time (370 mar. 30).

CTh.13.10.7

Idem aaa. ad modestum praefectum praetorio. sicubi subscriptorum modo sorte fatali morientibus de scripto aliquid fuerit inminutum contraque in vicina vel contermina eius vel in eodem vel ubilibet simili substantia ratione nascendi ultra conscriptorum numeris adcreverit, modus censuum intraque servetur, ut ex eo, qui superest, ille, qui defuerit, suppleatur.

The same Augusti to Modestus, Praetorian Prefect. Wherever, by the fatal lot as the subscribed are dying, anything of the written roll shall have been diminished,
and conversely in a neighboring or coterminous holding of his, or in the same, or anywhere with similar substance, by reason of birth there shall have increased beyond the numbers of the conscripted,
let the measure of the censuses be preserved within bounds, so that from that which is in surplus, that which has been lacking may be supplied.

hoc autem ut rite celebretur, auctoritas tua iudicibus tantum, id est rectoribus provinciarum, permittat potestatem, ita ut iidem, cum querimonia defensorum vel plebeiorum ad eos fuerit nuntiata, exhibitis partibus secundum fidem rerum coram cognoscant ac stabilitatem census finita altercatione componant, eos tantum, qui mortui videbuntur, ex adcrescentibus repleturi. ceterum illos, qui relictis censibus aufugerunt, ad excusationem pertinere non est aequum, quando quidem eum, qui videbitur aufugisse, constat esse revocandum. dat.

but in order that this may be duly celebrated, let your authority grant power to judges only, that is, to the governors of the provinces, in such a way that the same, when a complaint of the defenders or of the plebeians has been reported to them, with the parties produced, may take cognizance in person according to the faith of the facts and, the altercation finished, may compose the stability of the census, replenishing only those who will seem to have died from the accretions. moreover, it is not equitable that those who have fled, leaving their censuses, pertain to an excuse, since indeed it is established that the one who will seem to have fled must be recalled. given.

xvii kal. feb. constantinopoli gratiano a. ii et probo conss.

17 days before the Kalends of February, at Constantinople
gratian augustus, in his 2nd consulship, and probus, consuls.

(371 ian. 16).

(371 Jan. 16).

CTh.13.10.8pr.

CTh.13.10.8, preface.

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. ad populum.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, Augusti, to the people.

nemo aliquid inmune possideat; sit irritum, si quid domui nostrae tale concessimus; exaequationes censuum, quas consensus provinciarum, quas nostra responsa, quas censorum et peraequatorum officia, quas auctoritates denique ordinariorum et amplissimorum iudicum necessaria emendatione vel constitutione probaverant, inconcussa aeternitate permaneant. inmunitates vero specialiter datae, iugatio vel capitatio libris publicis et civitatum ac provinciarum encautariis sine aliqua probatione factae penes fruentes ereptae in functionem pristinam redeant. (383 mart.

Let no one possess anything immune; let it be void, if we have granted anything of that sort to our house; let the equalizations of the census-assessments, which the consensus of the provinces, which our responses, which the duties of the censors and of the peraequators, which, finally, the authorities of the ordinaries and most distinguished judges had approved by necessary emendation or constitution, remain in unshaken perpetuity. Immunities, however, granted in particular, made in the public books and in the encautaria registers of the cities and provinces for iugatio (land apportionment) or capitation without any proof, having been wrested from those enjoying them, shall return to their former function. (383 March.

5).

CTh.13.10.8.1

His nostrae serenitatis edictis civitatum tabulariis erit flamma supplicium, si cuiusquam fraude ambitu potestate iniusta cuiuspiam profiteretur inmunitas, ac non secundum praecedentem definitionem omnes omnino, abolita specialium inmunitatium gratia, necessitas tributariae functionis firmata censorum peraequatorum provincialium iudicum peraequatione constrinxerit. dat. iii non.

By these edicts of Our Serenity, for the tabularii of the cities the punishment shall be fire, if by anyone’s fraud, bribery (ambitus), or someone’s unjust power immunity should be professed; and if it does not, in accordance with the preceding definition, bind absolutely all—the favor of special immunities having been abolished—the necessity of the tributary function, with the equalization of the peraequating censors and of the provincial judges having been established, shall constrain them. Given 3 Nones.

mar. mediolano merobaude ii et saturnino conss. (383 mart.

mar. at milan
merobaude 2 and saturninus, consuls. (383 mar.

5).

CTh.13.11.0. De censitoribus, peraequatoribus et inspectoribus

CTh.13.11.0. On censitors, equalizers, and inspectors

CTh.13.11.1

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. eutropio praefecto praetorio.

the emperors gratian, valentinian and theodosius, augusti, to eutropius, praetorian prefect.

si quis sacrilega vitem falce succiderit aut feracium ramorum fetus hebetaverit, quo declinet fidem censuum et mentiatur callide paupertatis ingenium, mox detectus capitale subibit exitium et bona eius in fisci iura migrabunt. illo videlicet vitante calumniam, qui forte detegitur laborasse pro copia ac reparandis agrorum fetibus, non sterilitatem aut inopiam procurasse. dat.

If anyone should cut down a vine with a sacrilegious sickle or should dull the offspring (yield) of the fertile branches, in order to evade the good faith of the censuses and craftily to feign a device of poverty, soon, once detected, he shall undergo capital destruction, and his goods shall migrate into the rights of the fisc. That man, namely, avoids calumny who perchance is discovered to have labored for abundance and for repairing the yields of the fields, not to have procured sterility or want. Given.

prid. non. iun.

June 4.

constantinopoli eucherio et syagrio conss. (381 iun. 4).

at constantinople, in the consulship of eucherius and syagrius (381 june 4).

CTh.13.11.2

Idem aaa. et arcadius a. cynegio praefecto praetorio. cum antea per singulos viros, per binas vero mulieres capitis norma sit censa, nunc binis ac ternis viris, mulieribus autem quaternis unius pendendi capitis adtributum est.

the same augusti and arcadius augustus, to cynegius, praetorian prefect. whereas previously the norm of the head-tax was assessed per single men, but by pairs of women, now to men in twos and threes, and to women in fours, the paying of one head has been assigned.

quocirca sublimis auctoritas tua huiusmodi censibus per comanensium et ariarathensium armeniae secundae, amasenorum helenoponti et diocaesarensium cappadociae secundae urbes salubris ac temperatae peraequationis modum monumentis publicis iubebit adnecti. dat. vi k. april.

wherefore your lofty authority will order that, for assessments of this sort,
across the cities of the comanenses and ariarathenses of second armenia, of the amaseni of helenopontus and of the diocaesareans of second cappadocia,
the mode of a salubrious and tempered equalization be annexed to the public records. given on the 6th day before the kalends of april.

constantinopoli honorio et evodio conss. (386 mart. 27).

at constantinople, in the consulship of Honorius and
Evodius. (386 March 27).

CTh.13.11.3

Theodosian Code 13.11.3

Idem aaa. cynegio praefecto praetorio. si peraequatore misso aliquis aut procuratorem suum retraxerit aut colonum ad contumaciam retractionis armaverit, ad eum censuum modum, quem vel eo vel procuratore illius absente peraequator adposuerit, ad nostrae sanctionis auctoritatem tenebitur.

the same emperors to cynegius, praetorian prefect. if, an equalizer having been sent, someone either has withdrawn his procurator or has armed a colonus for the contumacy of retraction, he shall be held, by the authority of our sanction, to that measure of the taxes which the equalizer shall have set, he himself or his procurator being absent.

dat. vi kal. april.

Given on March 27.

constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 mart. 27).

at constantinople, honorius, most noble boy, and evodius, consuls. (386 march 27).

CTh.13.11.4

Codex Theodosianus 13.11.4

Imppp. theodosius, arcadius et honorius aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio.

the emperors theodosius, arcadius and honorius, augusti, to rufinus, praetorian prefect.

qui fundum aliquem, velut afanticorum mole depressum, cupit aliquatenus relevari, omne nihilominus patrimonium suum admisso patiatur inspectore censeri. quod quidem etiam ad singularum civitatium legationes convenit custodiri, ut scilicet omne territorium censeatur, quotiens defectorum levamen exposcitur, ut squalida adque ieiuna in culta adque opima compensent. nemini autem citra nostram conscientiam in quantolibet modo tributariam suspendere liceat functionem.

Whoever desires that some estate, as though pressed down by the mass of public functions, be in some measure relieved, must nevertheless allow his whole patrimony to be assessed, an inspector having been admitted. This, indeed, is also proper to be observed with respect to the legations of the several cities, namely that the whole territory be assessed whenever alleviation for defaulters is sought, so that the squalid and meager may be compensated by the cultivated and opulent. Moreover, let it be permitted to no one, without our knowledge, to suspend the tributary function, to whatever extent.

quod enim ad tempus differri iubebit, aut perpetuo amittitur aut sub acerbiore reliquorum mole repetendum est. dat. iii non.

for whatever he orders to be deferred for a time is either lost perpetually, or must be exacted again under the harsher mass of arrears. given on the 3rd day before the Nones.

april. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss. (393 apr.

april. at constantinople theodosius, augustus for the 3rd time, and abundantius, consuls. (393 apr.

3).

CTh.13.11.5

Codex Theodosianus 13.11.5

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. qui gravatos se a peraequatoribus conqueruntur et iniusto oneri inpares esse proclamant, competitionis habeant facultatem, ut, quid remissum gratia, quid interceptum fuerit fraude, convincant et ex eo levamen accipiant, quod per deformia et criminosa commercia sibi impositum esse deplorant, ut aliis demeretur.

The same Augusti, to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. Those who complain that they are burdened by the equalizers (assessors) and proclaim that they are unequal to an unjust burden,
let them have the faculty of contestation, so that they may prove what has been remitted by favor, what has been intercepted by fraud, and from that receive relief, that
which they lament has been imposed upon themselves through disgraceful and criminal dealings (commerce), in order that it might be deducted for others.

sed in eo tempus placuit definiri, ne plures frustra litibus premerentur, si nullis intercepta metis actio tolleretur. quare cum fuerint traditi codices et completa peraequatio, intra annum cui videbitur de iniusto onere conqueratur, iniquitatem peraequatoris accuset ac praestitam gratiam habita competitione convincat, ut, quod ei fuerat superfusum, ille cognoscat, quem debitae functioni fraus clandestina subtraxerat. emenso autem eo tempore actio denegabitur sequestratis minoribus, qui fuerint indefensi; his etiam, qui aberunt causa rei publicae.

but it has pleased that a time be defined in this, lest more people be pressed by lawsuits to no purpose, if an action, intercepted by no bounds, were brought. therefore, when the registers have been delivered and the equalization (peraequatio) completed, let whoever it shall seem good to complain within a year about the unjust burden, accuse the inequity of the peraequator, and, a competition being held, prove the grace/favor that was bestowed, so that he may recognize that what had been over-poured upon him pertains to that one whom clandestine fraud had withdrawn from the due function. but when that time has elapsed, an action will be denied, with minors excepted who shall have been undefended; also for those who were absent on account of the affairs of the commonwealth.

qui tamen ex eo tempore quae sunt statuta custodient, ex quo ad agendum habere potuerint facultatem. dat. iii kal.

who nevertheless will keep the statutes from the time from which they shall have been able to have the faculty for proceeding. given on the 3rd day before the Kalends.

dec. constantinopoli d. n. theodosio a. iii et abundantio v. c. conss. (393 nov.

Dec. at Constantinople, when our lord Theodosius, Augustus, for the 3rd time, and Abundantius, a most distinguished man, were consuls. (393 Nov.

29).

CTh.13.11.6pr.

Theodosian Code 13.11.6, preface.

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. herodi. actus stratoris, qui possessores iuris emphyteutici sub peraequationis colore turbavit, iubemus aboleri, alio ad id negotium dirigendo.

The emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to herodes. We order the acts of the strator, who disturbed possessors of the emphyteutic right under the color of equalization, to be abolished, with another being directed to that business.

quem observare conveniet, ut pristinis dominis, si quidem idonei comprobantur, cuncta restituat, novis vero ad redhibenda omnia, quae per eum vel suspensa vel minuta vel dilata sunt, strenuus exactor incumbat. (396

whom it will be fitting to observe, so that to the former owners, if indeed they are approved as suitable, he may restore everything; but upon the new owners let a strenuous exactor press for the returning of all things which through him have been either suspended or diminished or deferred. (396

[394] febr. 14).

[394] Feb. 14).

CTh.13.11.6.1

Si quid etiam latioribus ac fecundioribus fundis addi in praestatione potest, tenax inquisitor incumbat. in omnibus vero subsignationem facultatium, quae in huiusmodi locationibus prima est quaerenda, suscipiat. dat.

If anything also can be added to the prestation from broader and more fertile estates, let the tenacious inquisitor apply himself.
In all cases indeed, let him undertake the subsignature/registration of resources, which in lettings of this sort is the first thing to be sought. Given.

xvi kal. mart. arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa. conss.

on the 16th day before the Kalends of March, when Arcadius for the 4th time and Honorius for the 3rd time, Augusti, were consuls.

(396

[394] febr. 14).

[394] Feb. 14).

CTh.13.11.7

Theodosian Code 13.11.7

Idem aa. hilariano. peraequationem omnibus necessariam esse non ignoramus, ideoque praecipimus, ut nullus electus contra iudicium culminis tui rescripti se privilegii alicuius auctoritate defendat, quoniam per cognitos ac probatos viros compendia provincialium iudicum volumus ordinari. dat.

the same emperors to hilarianus. we are not ignorant that peraequation is necessary for all, and therefore we prescribe that no elected person defend himself against the judgment of your eminence by the authority of some privilege of a rescript, since we wish the compendia of the provincial judges to be ordered through men known and approved. given.

xiiii kal. april. mediolano arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa. conss.

march 19, at Milan, when Arcadius for the 4th time and Honorius for the 3rd time, augusti, were consuls.

(396 mart. 19).

(396 Mar. 19).

CTh.13.11.8

Theodosian Code 13.11.8

Idem aa. eusebio praefecto praetorio. peraequatores ac discussores, quorum nobis data sunt nomina, si incurrerint culpam neglegentiae vel gratiae, non solum honorum iacturam, verum etiam annonarum in quadruplum multam subire debebunt, ea vero, quae in damnum provincialium fuerint accepisse convicti, in quadruplum cogentur exsolvere. dat.

The same Augusti to Eusebius, Praetorian Prefect. The peraequators and discussors, whose names have been given to us, if they should incur the blame of negligence
or of favor, shall have to undergo not only the loss of honors, but also a fine of annonae in fourfold; and indeed those who shall be convicted to have received things to the damage
of the provincials shall be compelled to pay back in fourfold. Given.

iiii kal. april. mediolano arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa. conss.

on the 4th day before the kalends of april, at milan, arcadius for the 4th time and honorius for the 3rd, the augusti, consuls.

(396 mart. 29).

(396 March 29).

CTh.13.11.9

Idem aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. qui per impotentiam fundos opimos ac fertiles occuparunt, cum quaestuosis uberibusque pro rata portione suscipiant infecundos. quoniam itaque legati hieropolitanae civitatis succisos esse prosecuti sunt, huiusmodi possessionum retentatores cum opimis fundis et minus idoneos suscipiant, quo eiusmodi aequalitate servata et ante dictae curiae vires possint in posterum respirare et fisci indemnitas custodiri.

The same Augusti to Eutychianus, praetorian prefect. Those who through overbearing power have occupied opulent and fertile estates must, along with the lucrative and abundant ones, in a pro rata portion also take up the unfruitful. Since, therefore, the envoys of the city of Hieropolis have represented that they have been cut down, the retainers of possessions of this sort shall, together with the opulent estates, also assume the less suitable ones, in order that, with such equality maintained, both the strength of the aforesaid curia may hereafter breathe again and the indemnity of the fisc may be safeguarded.

dat. non. mar.

given on the nones of march.

constantinopoli honorio. a. iiii et eutychiano conss. (398 mart.

at constantinople, honorius, augustus, for the 4th time, and eutychianus, consuls. (398 march.

7).

CTh.13.11.10

Idem aa. messalae praefecto praetorio. quoniam ex multis gentibus sequentes romanam felicitatem se ad nostrum imperium contulerunt, quibus terrae laeticae administrandae sunt, nullus ex his agris aliquid nisi ex nostra adnotatione mereatur. et quoniam aliquanti aut amplius quam meruerant occuparunt aut colludio principalium vel defensorum vel subrepticiis rescriptis maiorem, quam ratio poscebat, terrarum modum sunt consecuti, inspector idoneus dirigatur, qui ea revocet, quae aut male sunt tradita aut improbe ab aliquibus occupata.

The same Emperors to Messala, Praetorian Prefect. Since from many nations those who follow Roman felicity have betaken themselves to our dominion,
to whom laetic lands are to be administered, let no one derive anything from these fields except by our adnotation. And since some either
have seized more than they had merited, or by the collusion of principal officials or of defenders, or by surreptitious rescripts, have obtained a greater measure of lands than reason demanded,
let a suitable inspector be dispatched, who shall recall those things which have either been ill granted or dishonestly by some
occupied.

dat. non. april.

given on the nones of april.

mediolano theodoro v. c. cons. (399 apr. 5).

at milan, to theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul. (399 apr. 5).

CTh.13.11.11

Idem aaa. longiniano praefecto praetorio. per hoc quinquennium multos comites ac peraequatores nec non etiam discussores per diversas provincias constat esse directos, quos nihil profuisse utilitatibus publicis cognovimus.

The same Augusti to Longinianus, Praetorian Prefect. During this five-year period many counts and peraequators, and also even discussors, are established to have been dispatched through the various provinces, whom we have learned have profited the public interests nothing at all.

ideoque sublimitas tua eorum actus diligenti examinatione perpendat et si quos neglegenter invenerit iniuncta curasse, ablatis codicillis primitus et refusis faciet in duplum quae perceperunt emolumenta redhibere. si quos vero rapacitate plectenda a provincialibus aliquid abstulisse constiterit, direpta in quadruplum redhibere compellas. dat.

and therefore Your Sublimity should weigh their acts by diligent examination,
and if you shall have found any to have cared for the things enjoined negligently, after the codicils have first been taken away and returned, you shall cause them to restore in double the emoluments which they have received.
But if it shall have been established that any, with rapacity to be punished, have taken anything from the provincials, you shall compel them to restore the plundered things fourfold.
Given.

v id. feb. ravennae arcadio a. vi et probo conss. (406 febr.

5 days before the Ides of February at Ravenna, Arcadius Augustus for the 6th time and Probus, consuls. (406 Feb.

9).

CTh.13.11.12

Theodosian Code 13.11.12

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. cunctis per provincias administratoribus nostra insinuetur praeceptio, ut, si quando e re publica visum fuerit discussiones inspectionesque aut aliquid simile agitari, ei iniungant, qui vicarianae potestati, comitivae orientis aut augustalitati parendo statuta peregit stipendia, ita ut, si quis ex his, quos palam expressimus, super hoc officii munere excusando nostrum impetravit oraculum aut post elicuerit, nequaquam id admittatur.

The emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Anthemius, praetorian prefect. Let our precept be made known to all administrators throughout the provinces,
that, if ever it shall seem to be for the public interest that investigations and inspections or anything similar be conducted, they should enjoin it upon someone who, in obeying the vicarian authority, the Comitiva of the East, or the Augustality, has completed the prescribed terms of service,
with the result that, if any of those whom we have explicitly specified has obtained our oracle for excusing himself from this duty of office, or should later elicit it, by no means shall that be admitted.

his enim ita rite digestis et ab hominibus gnaris administrabuntur publica munia et altioris adque inhabilis fortunae homines incompetentia obsequia declinabunt. dat. x kal.

for with these things thus duly arranged, public duties will be administered by men who are knowing,
and men of higher and unfit fortune will avoid incompetent services. Given 10 days before the Kalends.

feb. constantinopoli honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss. (409 ian.

feb. at Constantinople, under Honorius 8 and Theodosius 3, the Augusti, consuls. (409 ian.

23).

CTh.13.11.13

Idem aa. iohanni praefecto praetorio. loca, quae praestationem suam implere non possunt, praecipimus adaequari, ut, quid praestare possint, mera fide et integra veritate scribatur, id vero quod impossibile est e vasariis publicis auferatur. et primo quidem veteribus dominis adscribi praedia ipsa conveniet, quorum si personae eorumve heredes non potuerint repperiri, vicinos vel peregrinos volentes, modo ut sint idonei, dominos statuendos esse censemus.

The same emperors to John, praetorian prefect. We command that places which cannot fulfill their prestation be equalized, so that what they can render
may be written in pure good faith and unimpaired truth, but that which is impossible be removed from the public registers. And first indeed it will be fitting that the estates themselves
be ascribed to their former owners; if the persons of these or their heirs cannot be found, we judge that willing neighbors or foreigners,
provided that they are suitable, must be established as owners.

in tantum autem omnium animos beneficiis provocamus, ut id, quod defectae possessioni inspectoris arbitrio adscribitur, biennii inmunitate relevetur, ut nec idonea praedia alterius glebae sarcina in posterum praegraventur. dat. viii id. iun.

We moreover provoke to such an extent the minds of all by benefactions, that that which is assigned to a failing possession by the inspector’s judgment is relieved by an immunity of two years, so that fit estates may not hereafter be overburdened by the burden of another glebe. dat. 8th day before the Ides of June.

ravennae honorio viiii et theodosio v. aa. conss. (412 iun. 6).

At Ravenna, in the consulship of Honorius 9 and Theodosius 5, Augusti. (June 6, 412).

CTh.13.11.14

Codex Theodosianus, 13.11.14

Idem aa. ursacio comiti rerum privatarum. peraequationem agapii in perpetuum manere censemus. dat.

The same emperors to Ursacius, Count of the Private Property. We decree that the equalization of Agapius is to remain in perpetuity. Given.

iiii non. iul. ravennae theodosio a. vii et palladio conss.

July 4 at Ravenna,
in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus for the 7th time and Palladius, consuls.

(416 iul. 4).

(416 July 4).

CTh.13.11.15

Theodosian Code 13.11.15

Idem aa. sebastio comiti primi ordinis. post alia: si qui aliarum possessionum dominus desertum praedium suum inspici forte voluerit, universa loca quae possidet etiamsi idonea sunt, peragrari patietur, ut sarcina destitutae possessionis, in quantum inspectio deprehenderit, possit melioribus sociari peraequatoque omni patrimonio nihil de desertis postea conqueratur. tantum enim his praediis aperta et absoluta levamenta praestamus, quorum aut domini omnino non extant aut paupertate mediocres ipsa tantum praedia habere monstrantur.

The same emperors to Sebastius, count of the first order. After other things: if any lord of other possessions should by chance wish his deserted praedium to be inspected, he shall allow all the places which he possesses, even if they are suitable, to be traversed, so that the burden of the forsaken possession, to the extent that the inspection has discovered, may be able to be associated with better ones; and with the whole patrimony equalized, let him thereafter make no complaint about the deserted (lands). For we furnish open and absolute alleviations only to those praedia whose lords either do not exist at all or who, being of moderate poverty, are shown to have only the praedia themselves.

dat. prid. id. mart.

Given on the day before the Ides of March.

ravennae honorio a. xi et constantio ii conss. (417 mart. 14).

at Ravenna, Honorius, in his 11th, and Constantius, in his 2nd, consuls. (417 March 14).

CTh.13.11.16

Theodosian Code 13.11.16

Idem aa. sebastio comiti primi ordinis. competitionis obreptione seclusa aput eum possessio firma permaneat, cui a peraequatore semel eam traditam fuisse constiterit. reliqua vero temporis ante acti a novo domino fiscum postulare non patimur, ne alterius culpa alter incipiat subiacere dispendio.

The same emperors, to Sebastian, count of the first rank. With the obreption of a competing claim excluded, firm possession shall remain with him, for whom it has been established that it was once delivered by the peraequator. But we do not permit the fisc to demand from the new owner the arrears for the time previously elapsed, lest one begin to be subject to loss through another’s fault.

si quis vero privatus aut obligatam sibi possessionem, quae deserta huc usque permansit, aut ex aliquo titulo deberi sibi iure confirmat, allegationes suas sine mora vel per se vel per aliam personam legibus ordinatam aput spectabilitatem tuam publicare debebit, ita ut, si aequitatis ratione suadente ad petitorem fuerit translata possessio, is, qui eam a peraequatore susceperat, rei melioratae receptis sublevetur expensis. verum ne sub specie litis dominationes semel constitutae turbentur, duorum mensum spatium censemus debere servari, intra quod is, qui putat sibi rem probabili ratione competere, debitas exerat actiones. quod si tempus adscriptum silentio fuerit interveniente transactum, nullum penitus repetendi volumus esse principium.

If any private person, or one to whom a possession has been obligated, which has remained deserted up to now, or who confirms in law that it is owed to him from some title,
must publish his allegations without delay, either in person or through another person constituted by the laws, before your Spectability,
in such wise that, if—equity’s reasoning persuading—possession shall have been transferred to the petitioner, he who had received it from the peraequator
shall be relieved by reimbursement, upon receipt, of the expenses of the improved thing. But, lest under the guise of litigation dominions once established be disturbed, a span of two
months we judge ought to be observed, within which he who thinks the thing pertains to himself with a probable rationale shall exercise the due actions. But if
the appointed time shall have elapsed, silence intervening, we will that there be absolutely no beginning of reclamation.

quod si quis eo tempore, quo peraequator praedium alicui addicit, de suo iure vel per se vel per homines suos non crediderit actitandum, duorum mensum curriculis evolutis in perpetuum conquiescat. et cetera. dat.

But if anyone, at the time when the peraequator adjudges a praedium to someone, has not believed that action must be pursued concerning his own right, either by himself or through his men, then, with the courses of two months having elapsed, let him rest in perpetuity. And so forth. Given.

prid. id. mart. ravennae honorio a. xi et constantio ii conss.

the day before the ides of march, at ravenna, when honorius in his 11th and constantius in his 2nd were consuls.

(417 mart. 14).

(417 March 14).

CTh.13.11.17

Idem aa. sebastio comiti primi ordinis. post alia: illa, quae ante viginti retro annos speciali impetratione diversis petitionibus inspecta claruerint, ab spectabilitate tua convenit iterari, quatenus, aliorum cessante iudicio intra provinciam sibi commissam, tuo omnia finiantur arbitrio. eas quoque possessiones, quae ante viginti similiter annos speciale beneficium de recisione meruerunt, studiose peragrare debebis, ut, utrum e re sint postulata remedia vel his aliquid deceat functionis adiungi, aestimatio fida demonstret.

Likewise the same Augusti, to Sebastio, count of the first order. After other things: those matters which, twenty years back, by a special impetration, upon diverse petitions examined, have become clear, ought to be gone through again by your Spectability, so that, the judgment of others ceasing within the province committed to you, all things may be finished by your arbitration. those estates also, which likewise twenty years before earned a special beneficium for recision, you must diligently traverse, so that a faithful estimation may show whether the remedies requested are to the advantage, or whether something of function (public exaction) ought to be added to these.

et cetera. dat. prid.

and so forth. given on the day before.

id. mai. ravennae honorio a. xi et constantio ii conss. (417 mai.

ides of may.
at ravenna, in the consulship of honorius for the 11th time and constantius for the 2nd. (417 may.

14).