Historia Augusta: Didius Julianus

I. Didio Iuliano qui post Pertinacem imperium adeptus est, proavus fuit Salvius Iulianus, bis consul, praefectus urbi et iuris consultus, quod magis eum nobilem fecit.

1. Didius Julianus, who after Pertinax obtained the imperial power, had as great-grandfather Salvius Julianus, twice consul, Prefect of the City, and a jurisconsult, which made him the more noble.

2 Mater Clara Aemilia, pater Petronius Didius Severus, fratres Didius proculus et Nummius Albinus, avunculus Salvius Iulianus, avus paternus Insubris Mediolanensis, maternus ex Adrumetina colonia.

2 Mother Clara Aemilia, father Petronius Didius Severus, brothers Didius proculus and Nummius Albinus, maternal uncle Salvius Iulianus, paternal grandfather an Insubrian of Mediolanum, maternal grandfather from the Adrumetan colony.

3 Educatus est apud Domitiam Lucillam, matrem Marci imperatoris.

3 He was educated with Domitia Lucilla, the mother of the emperor Marcus.

4 Inter viginti viros lectus est suffragio matris Marci. quaestor ante annum, quam legitima aetas sinebat, designatus est.

4 He was elected among the Twenty Men by the suffrage of Marcus’s mother. quaestor, before the year which the legitimate age allowed, he was designated.

5 Aedilitatem suffragio Marci consecutus est.

5 He obtained the aedileship by the suffrage of Marcus.

6 Praetor eiusdem suffragio fuit. Post praeturam legioni praefuit in Germania vicensimae secundae Primigeniae.

6 He was Praetor by the suffrage of that same man. After the praetorship he commanded in Germany the Twenty-Second Primigenia Legion.

7 Inde Belgicam sancte ac diu rexit. Ibi Cauchis, Germaniae populis, qui Albam fluvium adcolebant, erumpentibus restitit tumultuariis auxiliis provincialium.

7 Thence he governed Belgica uprightly and for a long time. There he withstood the Chauci, a people of Germania who dwelt by the river Alba (Elbe), when they burst forth, with the tumultuary auxiliaries of the provincials.

8 Ob quae consulatum meruit testimonio imperatoris.

8 On account of which he merited the consulship by the emperor’s testimony.

9 Cattos etiam debellavit. inde Dalmatiam regendam accepit eamque a confinibus hostibus vindicavit. Post Germaniam inferiorem rexit.

9 He also completely defeated the Chatti. Then he received Dalmatia to govern, and he secured it from the neighboring enemies. Afterwards he ruled Lower Germany.

II.

1 Post hoc curam alimentarum in Italiam meruit. Tunc factus est reus per quendam Severum clarissiarium militem coniurationis cum Salvio contra Commodum. Sed a Commodo, quia multos iam senatores occiderat et quidem nobiles ac potentes in causis maiestatis, ne tristius gravaretur, Didius liberatus est accusatore damnato.

1 After this he earned the charge of the alimenta in Italy. Then he was made a defendant by a certain Severus, a clarissarian soldier, on a charge of conspiracy with Salvius against Commodus. But by Commodus—since he had already killed many senators, and indeed nobles and powerful men, in cases of maiestas (treason), lest he be weighed down more grimly—Didius was released, the accuser being condemned.

2 Absolutus iterum ad regendam provinciam missus est.

2 Acquitted, he was again sent to govern a province.

3 Bithyniam deinde rexit, sed non ea fama qua ceteras. Fuit consul cum Pertinace et in proconsulatu Africae eidem successit et semper ab eo collega est et successor appellatus. Maxime eo die, cum filiam suam Iulianus despondens adfini suo ad Pertinacem venisset idque intimasset, dixit : "Observaque debita reverentia, quia collega et successor meus est." statim enim mors Pertinacis secuta est.

3 Bithynia he then ruled, but not with the same fame as the others. He was consul with Pertinax, and in the proconsulship of Africa he succeeded the same man, and he was always by him called colleague and successor. Most notably on that day, when Julianus, betrothing his daughter to his affine, had come to Pertinax and had intimated it, he said : "And observe due reverence, because he is my colleague and successor." For immediately the death of Pertinax followed.

4 Quo interfecto cum Sulpicianus imperator in castris appellari vellet et Iulianus cum genero ad senatum venisset, quem indictum acceperat, cumque clausas valvas invenisset atque illic duos tribunos repperisset, Publicium Florianum et Vectium Aprum, coeperunt cohortari tribuni, ut locum arriperet.

4 With him slain, when Sulpicianus wished to be acclaimed emperor in the camp, and Julianus had come with his son-in-law to the senate, which he had learned was convened, and when he found the doors shut and there discovered two tribunes, Publicius Florianus and Vectius Aper, the tribunes began to exhort him to seize the opportunity.

5 Quibus cum diceret iam alium imperatorem appellatum, retinentes eum ad praetoria castra duxerunt.

5 When he said to them that already another emperor had been acclaimed, they, detaining him, led him to the praetorian camp.

6 Sed posteaquam in castra ventum est, cum Sulpiciano praef. urbi, socero Pertinacis, contionante sibique imperium vindicante Iulianum e muro ingentia pollicentem nullus admitteret, primum Iulianus monuit praetorianos, nec eum facerent imperatorem, qui Pertinacem vindicaret; deinde scripsit in tabulis se Commodi memoriam restituturum.

6 But after they had come into the camp, while Sulpicianus, prefect of the city, the father-in-law of Pertinax, was haranguing and claiming the imperium for himself, and no one would admit Julianus, who from the wall was promising enormous things, first Julianus warned the Praetorians not to make emperor the man who would avenge Pertinax; then he wrote on tablets that he would restore the memory of Commodus.

7 Atque ita et admissus est et imperator appellatus rogantibus praetorianis, ne Sulpiciano aliquid noceret, quod imperator esse voluisset.

7 And thus he was both admitted and appellated emperor, with the praetorians requesting that he do no harm to Sulpicianus, because he had wished to be emperor.

III.

1 Tunc Iulianus Flavium Genialem et Tullium Crispinum suffragio praetorianorum praef. praetorii fecit stipatusque est caterva imperatoria per Maurentium, qui et ante se Sulpiciano coniunxerat.

1 Then Julianus made Flavius Genialis and Tullius Crispinus praetorian prefects by the suffrage of the Praetorians, and he was escorted by an imperial cohort through Maurentius, who had even previously conjoined himself to Sulpicianus.

2 Sane cum vicena quina milia militibus promisisset, tricina dedit.

2 Indeed, when he had promised to the soldiers twenty-five thousand, he gave thirty thousand.

3 Inde habita contionem militari vespera in senatum venit totumque se senatui permisit factoque senatus consulto imperator est appellatus et tribuniciam potestatem, ius proconsulare in patricias familias relatus emeruit.

3 Then, having held an assembly at the military evening-watch, he came into the senate and wholly committed himself to the senate; and, a senatorial decree having been made, he was styled emperor, and he obtained the tribunician power and the proconsular right, and was adlected into the patrician families.

4 Uxor etiam Mallia Scantilla et filia eius Didia Clara Augustae sunt appellatae.

4 His wife also, Mallia Scantilla, and his daughter Didia Clara were called Augustae.

5 Inde se ad Palatium recepit uxore ac filia illuc vocatis, trepidis invitis eo transeuntibus quasi iam imminens exitium praesagirent.

5 Thence he withdrew to the Palatine, with his wife and daughter summoned thither, they going there in trepidation and unwilling, as if they already presaged imminent destruction.

6 Praef. urbi Cornelium Repentinum, generum suum, fecit in locum Sulpiciani.

6 He made Cornelius Repentinus, his son-in-law, Prefect of the City, in the place of Sulpicianus.

7 Erat interea in odio populi Didius Iulianus ob hoc, quod creditum fuerat emendationem temporum Commodi Pertinacis auctoritate reparandam, habebaturque ita, quasi Iuliani consilio esset Pertinax interemptus.

7 Meanwhile Didius Julianus was in the people’s hatred for this reason, that it had been believed that the emendation of Commodus’s times was to be repaired by Pertinax’s authority, and he was regarded as though Pertinax had been slain by Julianus’s counsel.

8 Et iam hi primum, qui Iulianum odisse coeperant, disseminarunt prima statim die Pertinacis cena despecta luxuriosum parasse convivium ostreis et altilibus et piscibus adornatum. quod falsum fuisse constat;

8 And now those first, who had begun to hate Julianus, disseminated, on the very first day, that, with Pertinax’s dinner despised, he had prepared a luxurious banquet adorned with oysters and fattened fowl and fishes; which is established to have been false;

9 nam Iulianus tantae parsimoniae fuisse perhibetur, ut per triduum porcellum, per triduum leporem divideret, si quis ei forte misisset, saepe autem nulla existente religione holeribus leguminibusque contentus sine carne cenaverit.

9 for Julianus is reported to have been of such parsimony that for three days he would divide a piglet, for three days a hare, if someone perchance had sent it to him; and often, moreover, with no religious scruple existing, content with vegetables and legumes, he dined without meat.

10 Deinde neque cenavit, priusquam sepultus esset Pertinax, et tristissimus cibum ob eius necem sumpsit et primam noctem vigiliis continuavit de tantas necessitates sollicitus.

10 Then he did not dine before Pertinax had been buried, and, most sorrowful, he took food on account of his slaying, and he continued the first night with vigils, anxious over such great necessities.

IV.

1 Ubi vero primum inluxit, senatum et equestrem ordinem in Palatium venientem admisit atque unumquemque, ut erat aetas, vel fratrem vel filium vel parentem adfatus blandissime est.

1 When indeed it first dawned, he admitted the Senate and the Equestrian Order as they were coming into the Palatium, and he addressed each one, according to his age, as either a brother or a son or a parent, most graciously.

2 Sed populus in rostris atque ante curiam ingentibus eum conviciis lacessebat sperans deponi ab eo posse imperium, quod milites dederant. Lapidationem quoque fecere.

2 But the people, on the Rostra and before the Curia, were assailing him with huge insults, hoping that the imperium, which the soldiers had given, could be laid down by him. They also resorted to lapidation.

3 Descendenti cum militibus et senatu in curiam diras imprecati sunt, rem divinam facienti, ne litaret, optarunt.

3 As he was descending with the soldiers and the senate into the curia, they imprecated dire curses upon him; as he was performing the divine rite, they prayed that he might not obtain favorable omens.

4 Lapides etiam in eum iecerunt, cum Iulianus manu eos semper placare cuperet.

4 They also threw stones at him, while Julian kept wishing to placate them with his hand.

5 Ingressus autem curiam, placide et prudenter verba fecit. Egit gratias, quod esset adscitus, quod et ipse et uxor et filia eius Augustorum nomen acceperunt. Patris patriae quoque nomen recepit, argenteam statuam respuit.

5 But on entering the curia, he spoke calmly and prudently. He gave thanks that he had been admitted, that both he himself and his wife and his daughter had received the name of the Augusti. He also received the name Father of the Fatherland, and rejected a silver statue.

6 e senatu in Capitolium pergenti populus obstitit, sed ferro et vulneribus et pollicitationibus aureorum, quos digitis ostendebat ipse Iulianus, ut fidem faceret, summotus atque depulsus est.

6 as he was proceeding from the senate to the Capitol, the people opposed him; but by steel and wounds and by promissory offers of aurei, which Julian himself was showing with his fingers to give assurance, they were removed and driven off.

7 Inde ad circense spectaculum itum est. Sed occupatis indifferenter omnium subsilliis populus geminavit convicia in Iulianum: Pescennium Nigrum, qui iam imperare dicebatur, ad urbis praesidium vocavit.

7 Then they went to the circus spectacle. But with all the benches indiscriminately occupied, the people redoubled their insults against Julianus: they called Pescennius Niger, who was already said to be emperor, to the defense of the city.

8 Haec omnia Iulianus placide tulit totoque imperii sui tempore mitissimus fuit; populus autem in milites vehementissime invehebatur, qui ob pecuniam Pertinacem occidissent. multa igitur, quae Commodus statuerat, Pertinax tulerat, ad conciliandum favorem populi restituit.

8 Julianus bore all these things placidly and throughout the whole time of his reign was most mild; but the people inveighed most vehemently against the soldiers, who had killed Pertinax for money. Therefore many measures which Commodus had enacted and Pertinax had removed he restored, to conciliate the favor of the people.

9 De ipso Pertinace neque male neque bene quicquam egit, quod gravissimum plurimis visum est.

9 About Pertinax himself he did nothing either ill or good, which seemed most grave to very many.

10 Constitit autem propter metum militum de honore Pertinacis tacitum esse.

10 However, it was established that, on account of fear of the soldiers, silence was kept concerning the honor of Pertinax.

1 Et Iulianus quidem neque Brittannicos exercitus neque Illyricos timebat, Nigrum vero misso primipilario occidi praeceperat timens praecipue Syriacos exercitus.

1 And Julianus indeed feared neither the Britannic armies nor the Illyrian, but, with a primipilaris sent, he had ordered Niger to be killed, fearing especially the Syrian armies.

2 Ergo Pescennius Niger in Illyrico, Septimius Severus in Syria cum exercitibus, quibus praesidebant a Iuliano descivere.

2 Therefore Pescennius Niger in Illyricum, and Septimius Severus in Syria, with the armies over which they presided, defected from Julian.

3 Sed cum ei nuntiatum esset Severum descivisse, quem suspectum non habuerat, pertubatus est: ad senatum venit impetravitque, ut hostis Severus renuntiaretur;

3 But when it had been announced to him that Severus had defected, whom he had not held as suspect, he was perturbed: he came to the senate and obtained that Severus be declared an enemy;

4 militibus etiam, qui Severum secuti fuerant, dies praestitutus, ultra quam si cum Severo fuissent, hostium numero haberentur.

4 to the soldiers also, who had followed Severus, a day was appointed, beyond which, if they were with Severus, they would be held in the number of enemies.

5 Missi sunt praeterea legati a senatu consulares ad milites, qui suaderent, ut Severus repudiaretur, et is esset imperator), quem senatus elegerat.

5 Moreover, consular legates were sent by the senate to the soldiers, to persuade that Severus be repudiated, and that he be emperor), whom the senate had elected.

6 Inter ceteros legatus est Vespronius Candidus, vetus consularis, olim militibus invisus ob durum et sordidum imperium.

6 Among the others, Vespronius Candidus was sent as an envoy, an old consular, formerly odious to the soldiers on account of a harsh and sordid command.

7 Missus est sucessor Severo Valerius Catulinus, quasi posset ei succedi, qui militem iam sibi tenebat.

7 A successor was sent to Severus, Valerius Catulinus, as though he could be succeeded, he who already held the soldiery to himself.

8 Missus praeterea Aquilius centurio, notus caedibus senatoriis, qui Severum occideret.

8 Moreover, Aquilius, a centurion, known for senatorial slaughters, was sent, to kill Severus.

9 Ipse autem Iulianus praetorianos in campum deduci iubet, muniri turres, sed milites desides et urbana luxuria dissolutos invitissimos ad exercitium militare produxit, ita ut vicarios operis, quod uni cuique praescribebatur, mercede conducerent.

9 He himself, however, Julianus orders the Praetorians to be led out into the field, and the towers to be fortified; but he brought out to military exercise soldiers slothful and loosened by urban luxury, most unwilling—so much so that they hired vicars (substitutes) for pay for the work that was prescribed to each man.

VI.

1 Et Severus quidem ad urbem infesto agmine veniebat, sed Didius Iulianus nihil cum exercitu praetoriano proficiebat, quem cottidie populus et magis oderat et ridebat.

1 And Severus indeed was coming toward the city with a hostile column, but Didius Julianus was making no progress with the praetorian army, whom the people daily both hated more and ridiculed.

2 Et Iulianus sperans Laetum fautorem Severi, cum per eum Commodi manus evasisset, ingratus tanto beneficio iussit eum occidi. Iussit etiam Marciam unam interfici.

2 And Julianus, hoping that Laetus would be a supporter of Severus, although through him he had escaped the hands of Commodus, ungrateful for so great a benefit, ordered him to be killed. He also ordered one Marcia to be put to death.

3 Sed dum haec egit Iulianus, Severus classem Ravennatem occupat, legati senatus, qui Iuliano promiserant operam suam, ad Severum transierunt.

3 But while Julianus was doing these things, Severus seized the Ravennate fleet, and the legates of the senate, who had promised their own service to Julianus, crossed over to Severus.

4 Tullius Crispinus, praef. praetorio, contra Severum missus, ut classem produceret, repulsus Romam redit.

4 Tullius Crispinus, Praetorian Prefect, sent against Severus to put the fleet to sea, driven back, returns to Rome.

5 Haec cum Iulianus videret, senatum rogavit, ut virgines Vestales et ceteri sacerdotes cum senatu obviam exercitui Severi prodirent et praetentis infulis rogarent, inanem ... contra barbaros milites parans.

5 When Julian saw these things, he asked the senate that the Vestal Virgins and the other priests, together with the senate, go forth to meet the army of Severus and, with fillets held out, beg—he, preparing a vain ... against barbarian soldiers.

6 Haec tamen agenti Iuliano Plaustius Quintillus consularis augur contradixit adserens non debere imperare eum, qui armis adversario non posset resistere.

6 Nevertheless, to Julian as he was doing these things, Plaustius Quintillus, a consular augur, contradicted, asserting that he ought not to hold the imperium who could not by arms resist the adversary.

7 Cui multi senatores consenserunt. Quare iratus Didius milites e castris petit, qui senatum ad obsequium cogerent aut obtruncarent.

7 To this many senators consented. Wherefore, Didius, angered, sought soldiers from the camp, who would compel the senate to obedience or cut them down.

8 Sed id consilium displicuit. Neque enim decebat, ut, cum senatus hostem Severum Iuliani causa iudicasset, eundem Iulianum pateretur infestum.

8 But that counsel displeased. Nor indeed was it becoming that, when the senate had adjudged Severus an enemy for Julianus’s cause, it should suffer that same Julianus to be hostile.

9 Quare meliore consilio ad senatum venit petitque, ut fieret senatus consultum de participatione imperii; quod statim factum est.

9 Wherefore, with better counsel, he came to the senate and petitioned that a senatus consultum be made concerning the participation of the imperium; which was done immediately.

VII.

1 Tunc omen, quod sibi Iulianus, cum imperium acciperet, fecerat, omnibus venit in mentem.

1 Then the omen, which Julian, when he was receiving the imperium, had made for himself, came to everyone's mind.

2 Nam cum consul designatus de eo sententiam dicens ita pronuntiasset: "Didium Iulianum imperatorem appellandum esse censeo," Iulianus suggessit "adde et Severum," quod cognomentum habvi et proavi sibi Iulianus adsciverat.

2 For when the consul designate, stating his sententia about him, had thus pronounced: "I am of the opinion that Didius Julianus should be called emperor," Julianus suggested, "add also Severus," a cognomen which Julianus had adopted to himself from his grandfather and great-grandfather.

3 Sunt tamen qui dicant, nullum fuisse Iuliani consilium de obtruncando senatu, cum tanta in eum senatus consuluisset.

3 There are, however, those who say that Julian had no counsel about the slaughter of the senate, since the senate had deliberated such great things for him.

4 Post senatus consultum statim Didius Iulianus unum ex praefectis, Tullium Crispinum, misit.

4 After the senatorial decree, at once Didius Julianus sent one of the prefects, Tullius Crispinus.

5 Ipse autem tertium fecit praefectum Veturium Macrinum; ad quem Seuerus litteras miserat, ut esset praef.

5 He himself, moreover, made Veturius Macrinus the third prefect; to whom Severus had sent letters, so that he might be pref.

6 Sed pacem simulatam esse mandatamque caedem Severi Tullio Crispino, praef. praetorii, et populus locutus est et Severus suspicatus.

6 But that the peace had been feigned and that the murder of Severus had been commissioned to Tullius Crispinus, the Praetorian Prefect, both the people said and Severus suspected.

7 Denique hostem se Iuliano Severus esse maluit quam participem consensu militum.

7 Finally, Severus preferred to be an enemy to Julianus rather than a partner by the consensus of the soldiers.

8 Severus autem statim et ad plurimos Romam scripsit et occulte misit edicta, quae proposita sunt.

8 But Severus immediately both wrote to very many in Rome and secretly sent edicts, which were posted.

9 Fuit praeterea in Iuliano haec amentia, ut per magos pleraque faceret, quibus putaret vel odium populi deleniri vel militum arma compesci.

9 There was, moreover, in Julian this madness: that he would do most things through magicians, by which he thought either the people’s odium might be soothed or the soldiers’ arms restrained.

10 Nam et quasdam non convenientes Romanis sacris hostias immolaverunt et carmina profana incantaverunt et ea, quae ad speculum dicunt fieri, in quod pueri praeligatis oculis incantato vertice respicere dicuntur, Iulianus fecit.

10 For they even immolated certain victims not fitting to Roman sacra and intoned profane incantations; and those things which they say are done at a mirror—into which boys, with their eyes bound, are said to look back, the crown of the head having been enchanted—Julian performed.

11 Tuncquem puer vidisse dicitur et adventum Severi et Iuliani decessionem.

11 Then the boy is said to have seen both the advent of Severus and the decease of Julian.

VIII.

1 Et Crispinus quidem cum occurrisset praecursoribus Severi, Iulio Laeto auctore a Severo interemptus est.

1 And Crispinus indeed, when he had encountered the precursors of Severus, was slain by Severus, with Julius Laetus as the author-instigator.

2 Deiecta sunt etiam consulta senatus Iulianus convocato senatu quaesitisque sententiis, quid facto opus esset, certi nihil comperit a senatu.

2 The senatus-consults were also struck down; Julianus, with the senate convened and opinions solicited as to what needed to be done, learned nothing certain from the senate.

3 Sed postea sponte sua gladiatores Capuae 0 iussit armari per Lollianum Titianum, et Claudium Pompeianum ad participatum evocavit, quod et gener imperatoris fuisset et diu militibus praefuisset. Sed hoc ille recusavit senem se et debilem luminibus respondens.

3 But afterwards, of his own accord, he ordered the gladiators at Capua 0 to be armed through Lollianus Titianus, and he summoned Claudius Pompeianus to a participation in power, because he had both been the emperor’s son-in-law and had long been in command of the troops. But he refused this, replying that he was an old man and feeble of eyesight.

4 Transierant et ex Umbria milites ad Severum.

4 Even soldiers from Umbria had gone over to Severus.

5 Et praemiserat quidem litteras Severus, quibus iubebat interfectores Pertinacis servari.

5 And Severus had indeed sent ahead letters, in which he was ordering that the assassins of Pertinax be kept alive.

6 Brevi autem desertus est ab omnibus Iulianus et remansit in Palatio cum uno de praefectis suis Geniali et genero Repentino.

6 Shortly, however, Julianus was deserted by everyone and remained in the Palace with one of his prefects, Genialis, and his son-in-law, Repentinus.

7 Actum est denique, ut Iuliano senatus auctoritate abrogaretur imperium. Et abrogatum est, appellatusque statim Severus imperator, cum fingeretur quod veneno se absumpsisset Iulianus.

7 It was finally brought to pass that, by the authority of the senate, the imperial power was abrogated from Julianus. And it was abrogated, and Severus was forthwith proclaimed emperor, while it was being feigned that Julianus had destroyed himself by poison.

8 Missi tamen a senatu, quorum curam per militem gregarium in Palatio idem Iulianus occisus est fidem Caesaris implorans, hoc est Severi.

8 However, those sent by the senate, in whose care the same Julian, in the Palace, was killed by a common soldier while imploring the good faith of the Caesar, that is, of Severus.

9 Filiam suam potitus imperio dato patrimonio emancipaverat, quod ei cum Augustae nomine statim sublatum est.

9 Having obtained the imperium, he had emancipated his own daughter, with a patrimony bestowed; which was immediately taken away from her together with the name Augusta.

10 Corpus eius a Severo uxori Manliae Scantillae ac filiae ad sepulturam est redditum et in proavi monumenta translatum militario quinto via Labicana.

10 His body was restored by Severus to his wife Manlia Scantilla and to his daughter for sepulture, and was transferred into the monuments of his great-grandfather at the fifth milestone on the Via Labicana.

IX.

1 Obiecta sane sunt Iuliano haec : quod gulosus fuisset, quod aleator, quod armis gladiatoriis exercitus esset. Eaque omnia senex fecerit, cum antea numquam adulescens his esset vitiis infamatus. Obiecta est etiam superbia, cum ille etiam in imperio fuisset humillimus.

1 These things, indeed, were alleged against Julian : that he had been gluttonous, that he was a dice‑player, that he had been trained in gladiatorial arms. And he did all these things as an old man, whereas earlier, as a youth, he had never been defamed by these vices. Pride too was alleged, although he was most humble even in the imperium.

2 Fuit autem contra humanissimus ad convivia, benignissimus ad suscriptiones, moderatissimus ad libertatem.

2 He was, however, on the contrary, most humane at banquets, most benign in subscriptions, most moderate toward liberty.

3 Vixit annis quinquaginta sex mensibus quattuor.

3 He lived fifty-six years and four months.

2 Imperavit mensibus duobus diebus quinque.

2 He reigned for two months and five days.

4 Reprehensum in eo praecipue, quod eos, quos regere auctoritate sua debuerat, regendae rei p. sibi praesules ipse fecisset.

4 He was especially reproved in this: that those whom he ought to have governed by his own authority he himself had made, for himself, presidents for the governing of the republic.