Isidore of Seville: ETYMOLOGIARVM SIVE ORIGINVM LIBRI XX

[1] The origin of certain names, that is, whence they come, is not evident to almost all. Accordingly, for the sake of knowing, we have interjected certain things into this work.

DE QVIBVSDAM VOCABVLIS HOMINVM. Licet origo nominum, unde veniant, a philosophis eam teneat rationem, ut per denominationem homo ab humanitate, sapiens a sapientia nominetur, quia prius sapientia, deinde sapiens; tamen claret alia specialis in origine quorundam nominum causa, sicut homo ab humo, unde proprie homo est appellatus. Ex quibus exempli gratia quaedam in hoc opere posuimus.

ON CERTAIN VOCABULARIES OF MEN. Although the origin of names—whence they come—holds this rationale with the philosophers, that by denomination man is named from humanity, the sapient from sapience, because sapience is prior and then the sapient; nevertheless another special cause is clear in the origin of certain names, as homo from humus, whence properly man is so called. Of which, for example’s sake, we have set some in this work.

[2] Aeros, vir fortis et sapiens. Auctor ab augendo dictus. Auctorem autem feminino genere dici non posse.

[2] Aeros, a brave and wise man. Author is said from augmenting (augendo). Moreover, author cannot be said in the feminine gender.

Nam quaedam sunt quae in feminino flecti non possunt, ut cursor. Actor, ab agendo.

For there are certain nouns which cannot be inflected into the feminine, such as cursor. Actor, from acting.

[3] Alumnus ab alendo vocatus, licet et qui alit et qui alitur alumnus dici potest; id est et qui nutrit et qui nutritur; sed melius tamen qui nutritur.

[3] Alumnus, called from nourishing, although both he who nourishes and he who is nourished can be called alumnus; that is, both the one who feeds and the one who is fed; but better, however, is the one who is fed.

[4] Amicus, per derivationem, quasi animi custos.

[4] Friend, by derivation, as if the mind’s custodian.

[5] Dictus autem proprie: amator turpitudinis, quia amore torquetur libidinis: amicus ab hamo, id est, a catena caritatis; unde et hami quod teneant. Amabilis autem, quod sit amore dignus. Amasius, eo quod sit pronus ad amorem.

[5] Properly called: a lover of turpitude, because he is tormented by the love of libido: friend from “hook,” that is, from the chain of charity; whence also “hooks,” because they hold. Amiable, moreover, because he is worthy of love. Amasius, for the reason that he is prone to love.

[6] Astutus ab astu vocatus, quod est callidi et cauti nominis, qui possit sine periculo fortiter aliquid facere. Argutus, quia argumentum cito invenit in loquendo. Acer, in unamquamque formam vegetus ac nimius.

[6] Astute, called from astu (cunning), which is a name of the crafty and the cautious, one who can do something boldly without danger. Argute, because he quickly finds an argument in speaking. Keen, in any and every form lively and excessive.

Alacer, a velocitate et cursu, quasi diceret aliger. Armiger, quod arma gerat. Alacris, laetus: alacer, gestiens et [nullius] rei novitate turbatus.

Alacer, from velocity and running, as if one were to say winged. Arms-bearer, because he bears arms. Alacris, glad: alacer, exultant and not disturbed by the novelty of [any] thing.

Agilis, ab agendo aliquid celeriter, sicut docilis.

Agile, from doing something with celerity, just as docile.

[7] Aemulus, eiusdem rei studiosus, quasi imitator et amabilis. Alias inimicus invenitur. Aequus est secundum naturam iustus dictus, ab aequitate, hoc est ab eo quad sit aequalis; unde et aequitas appellata, ab aequalitate quadam scilicet.

[7] Emulous, a devotee of the same thing, as if an imitator and amiable. Elsewhere it is found as enemy. Aequus is called just according to nature, from equity, that is, from that by which it is equal; whence also equity is so named, namely from a certain equality.

Aequaevus, ab eo quod sit alteri aequalis aevo, id est coaetaneus. Adrogans, eo quod multum rogetur, et ille fastidiosus sit. Audax proprie pro adrogante ponitur.

Aequaevus, from the fact that one is equal to another in age, that is, a coeval. Arrogant, because he is much asked (importuned), and he is disdainful. Audacious is properly used for arrogant.

Animosus, quod sit animis et viribus plenus. Animatus, quasi animo auctus, quasi animo firmatus.

Animosus, because he is full of animus and of strengths. Animatus, as if augmented by animus, as if strengthened by animus.

[8] Aelatus, pro eo quod se ipsum super mensuram suam elevet, dum magnus sibi videtur de his quae agit. Adtollens, quod se elevet et erigat. Ambitiosus, quod honores ambiat.

[8] Elated, because he lifts himself above his own measure, while he seems great to himself on account of the things he does. Extolling, because he elevates and erects himself. Ambitious, because he canvasses for honors.

[9] Avidus dictus ab avendo; avere enim cupere est. Hinc et avarus. Nam quid est avarum esse?

[9] Avid is said from avendo; for avere is to desire. Hence also avaricious. For what is it to be avaricious?

progredi ultra quam sufficit. Avarus ex eo dictus, quod sit avidus auri, et numquam opibus expleatur, et quantum plus habuerit tantum plus cupiat, Flacci super hoc concordante sententia, qui ait (Epp. 1,2,56):

to advance beyond what suffices. Avaricious is so called from this, that he is avid for gold, and is never sated by wealth, and the more he has, by that much the more he desires, with Flaccus’s opinion concurring on this, who says (Epp. 1,2,56):

Semper avarus eget.

The avaricious man is always in want.

Et Sallustius (Cat. 11,3): 'quod neque avaritia e copia, neque inopia minuatur'

And Sallust (Cat. 11,3): 'that neither avarice is diminished by abundance, nor indigence is diminished'

[10] Amarus a sapore translatum nomen habet. Est enim insuavis, nec novit quemquam ad consortium suum aliqua invitare dulcedine. Adulter, violator maritalis pudoris, eo quod alterius torum polluat.

[10] Bitter has a name transferred from savor. For it is unsavory, nor does it know how to invite anyone to its consortium by any sweetness. An adulterer, a violator of marital modesty, because he defiles another’s bed.

[11] Anceps, huc et illuc fluctuans ac dubius istud an illud capiat, et in qua parte declinet anxius. Atrox, quod sit tetris moribus. Abstemius, a temeto, id est vino, quasi abstinens a vino.

[11] Two-headed/ambivalent, fluctuating hither and thither and dubious whether it should take this or that, and anxious into which side it may decline. Atrocious, because it is of foul morals. Abstemious, from temetum, that is, wine, as if abstaining from wine.

[Adfinis.] Ablactatus, quod sit a lacte ablatus.

[Affine.] Ablactated, because he has been taken away from milk.

[12] Aeger, quod agatur infirmitate vel tristitia ad tempus. Aegrotus, quod sit aeger frequentius, sicut iratus et iracundus. Aerumnosus a rumine dictus, quod per inopiam miser factus esuriat et sitiat.

[12] Aeger, because one is acted upon by infirmity or sadness for a time. Aegrotus, because he is sick more frequently, just as irate and irascible. Aerumnosus, said to be from the rumen, because through want, being made wretched, he hungers and thirsts.

[13] Auspex, eo quod avium auspicia intendat, sicut auceps quod aves capiat. Astrosus ab astro dictus, quasi malo sidere natus.

[13] Auspex, because he attends to the auspices of birds, just as auceps because he takes birds. Astrosus, said from astrum, as if born under an evil star.

[14] Aenormis, eo quod normam et mensuram excedat. Abactor est fur iumentorum et pecorum, quem vulgo abigeium vocant, ab abigendo scilicet.

[14] Enormous, because it exceeds the norm and measure. An abactor is a thief of beasts of burden and of cattle, whom commonly they call an abigeius, namely from driving off.

[15] Atratus et albatus: ille a veste nigra, iste ab alba. Advena, eo quod aliunde adveniat. Alienigena, quod alieni generis sit, et non eius ubi est.

[15] Atratus and albatus: the former from a black garment, the latter from a white. Advena, because he arrives from elsewhere. Alienigena, because he is of an alien genus, and not of that of the place where he is.

[Item] Alienigena, qui ex alia gente genitus est, et non ex ea ubi est.

[Item] Alien-born, who is begotten from another people, and not from that in which he is.

[16] Accola, eo quod adveniens terram colat. Agricola, a colendo agro, sicut silvicola. Adsecula, eo quod sequatur aliquem lucri causa.

[16] Accola, because, arriving, he cultivates the land. Agricola, from cultivating the field, just like silvicola. Adsecula, because he follows someone for the sake of profit.

[17] Assiduus dicebatur apud antiquos qui assibus ad aerarium expensum conferendis erat, et in negotiis quoque publicis frequens; unde et per S, non per D scribendus est.

[17] Assiduus was said among the ancients of one who was for contributing payment to the treasury by asses (bronze coins), and also one frequent in public affairs; whence it is to be written with S, not with D.

[18] Adparitor nominatus, quod appareat et videatur et praesto sit ad obsequium. Adtentus, ut aliquid audiens teneat.

[18] Named an Apparitor, because he appears and is seen and is at hand for service. Attentive, so that, hearing something, he may retain it.

[19] Adtonitus, veluti furore quodam instinctus atque stupefactus; dictus autem adtonitus a tonitruum strepitu, quasi tonitru obstupefactus et vicino fulgori aut tactu proximus.

[19] Thunderstruck, as if instigated by a certain fury and stupefied; and it is called adtonitus from the crash of thunder, as if stupefied by thunder and near to the lightning-flash, or closest to the touch.

[20] Adlectus, quod sit palam electus. Abactus, quod sit ab actu remotus. Abortivus, eo quod non oriatur, sed aboriatur et excidat.

[20] Adlected, because he is openly elected. Abacted, because he is removed from action. Abortive, for the reason that he is not born, but is un-born and falls out.

Adoptivus, quia est optatus palam in filium.

Adoptive, because he is openly chosen into a son.

[21] Ambo, ab eo quod est AMFO, nomen de Graeco Latinum factum, littera tertia demutata. Alius [e multis dicitur]. Alter [vero e duobus]. Aequimanus appellatur utraque manu gladium tenens.

[21] Both, from what is AMFO, a name made Latin from Greek, the third letter altered. Alius [is said of many]. Alter [indeed of two]. Aequimanus is appellated one holding a sword in each hand.

[22] Beatus dictus quasi bene auctus, scilicet ab habendo quod vellet et nihil patiendo quod nollet. Ille autem vere beatus est qui et habet omnia quae vult bona, et nihil vult male. Ex his enim duobus beatus homo efficitur.

[22] “Blessed” is said as if “well-augmented,” namely from having what he would wish and suffering nothing that he would not wish. But he is truly blessed who both has all the good things he wills, and wills nothing evil. For from these two a blessed man is made.

[23] Bonus a venustate corporis creditur dictus: postea et ad aninium translatum nomen. Eum autem dicimus bonum cui non praevalet malum: eumque optimum qui peccat minimum.

[23] “Good” is believed to have been so called from the venusty of the body; afterwards the name was transferred also to the mind. We call him good over whom evil does not prevail; and “optimum” him who sins the least.

[24] Benignus est vir sponte ad benefaciendum paratus et dulcis adloquio. Non autem multum distat benignus a bono, quia et ipse ad benefaciendum videtur expositus. Sed in eo differt quia potest bonus esse et tristior, et bene quidem facere et praestare quod poscitur, non tamen suavis esse novit consortio; benignus autem sua cunctos novit invitare dulcedine.

[24] Benign is a man ready of his own accord for well-doing and sweet in address. Nor does the benign man differ much from the good, since he too seems disposed to benefaction. But it differs in this: a good man can be more grave, and indeed do good and supply what is asked, yet he does not know how to be pleasant in companionship; whereas the benign man knows how by his own sweetness to invite all.

[25] Beneficus a benefaciendo alteri dictus; unde et beneficientia vocatur, quae proximo prode est.

[25] Beneficent is said from doing good to another; whence also beneficence is so named, which is of benefit to one’s neighbor.

[26] Benivolus, quia bene vult. Non tamen dicimus benevolus, sicut nec malevolus. Saepe enim ex duabus partibus conpositum nomen aut priorem aut sequentem litteram corrumpit.

[26] Benivolus, because he wishes well. Yet we do not say benevolus, just as neither malevolus. For often a name composed from two parts corrupts either the prior or the following letter.

Nam benevolentia absurdum sonat.

For benevolence sounds absurd.

[27] Blandus, dulcis et invitans ad familiaritatem sui.

[27] Bland, sweet and inviting to familiarity with himself.

[28] Brutus, quasi obrutus, quia sensu caret. Est enim sine ratione, sine prudentia. Vnde et ille Iunius Brutus ex sorore Tarquinii Superbi genitus, cum eundem casum timeret quem frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab avunculo fuerat occisus, utilem temporis stultitiam simulavit.

[28] Brutus, as if overwhelmed, because he lacks sense. For he is without reason, without prudence. Whence also that Junius Brutus, begotten from the sister of Tarquinius the Proud, when he feared the same fate into which his brother had fallen—who, on account of his riches and prudence, had been slain by his maternal uncle—simulated a useful stupidity for the time.

Vnde etiam Brutus est cognominatus, dum vocaretur Iunius.

Whence also he was cognominated Brutus, while he was called Junius.

[29] [Burrus.] Balbus a balando potius quam loquendo dictus. Verba enim non explicat. Inde et blaesus, quia verba frangit.

[29] [Burrus.] “Balbus” is called from bleating rather than from speaking. For he does not explicate words. Thence also “blaesus,” because he fractures words.

[30] Bucco, garrulus, quod ceteros oris loquacitate, non sensu exsuperet. Biliosus, quod sit semper tristis, ab humore nigro qui bilis vocatur.

[30] Bucco, garrulous, because he surpasses the rest by the mouth’s loquacity, not by sense. Biliosus, bilious, because he is always sad, from the black humor which is called bile.

[31] Baburrus, stultus, ineptus. Biothanatus, quod sit bis mortuus. THANATOS enim Graeco sermone mors dicitur.

[31] Baburrus, stupid, inept. Biothanatus, because he is twice-dead. For THANATOS in the Greek tongue is called 'death'.

[32] Clarus, a caelo, quod splendeat. Vnde et clara dies pro splendore caeli. Celsus a caelo dictus, quod sit sublimis et altus, quasi caelestis.

[32] Clear, from the sky (caelum), because it shines. Whence also clear day for the splendor of the sky. Celsus, said from the sky (caelum), because he is sublime and high, as if celestial.

[33] Castus primum a castratione nuncupatus: postea placuit veteribus etiam eos sic nominari qui perpetuam libidinis abstinentiam pollicebantur.

[33] Chaste was at first designated from castration; afterwards it pleased the ancients also thus to name those who pledged perpetual abstinence from lust.

[34] Caeles dictus, quia iter sibi facit ad caelum. Caelebs, conubii expers, qualia sunt numina in caelo, quae absque coniugiis sunt. Et caelebs dictus quasi caelo beatus.

[34] Caeles is so called, because he makes a way for himself to heaven. Caelebs, devoid of connubium, like the numina in heaven, which are without marriages. And caelebs is said as if “heaven-blessed.”

Caelicola, eo quod caelum colat; est enim angelus.

Caelicola, because he inhabits heaven; for he is an angel.

[35] Continens non solum in castitate dicitur, sed et in cibo et potu, in ira quoque et vexatione mentis et detrahendi libidine. Et continens, quod se a multis malis abstineat.

[35] Continent is said not only in chastity, but also in food and drink, likewise in anger and vexation of mind and in the lust for detraction. And continent, because he abstains himself from many evils.

[36] Clemens, misericors, ab eo quod cluat, id est protegat et tueatur, sicut solet patronus clientem.

[36] Clement, merciful, from the fact that he “cluat,” that is, that he protects and watches over, just as a patron is wont for his client.

[37] Concors a coniunctione cordis est appellatus. Nam sicut consors dicitur qui sortem iungit, ita ille concors dicitur qui corde iungitur.

[37] Concors is so named from a conjunction of heart. For just as consort is said of one who joins in a lot, so that one is called concors who is joined in heart.

[38] Contionator. Consolator, adlocutor. Et inde dictus consolator, quod soli se adplicat cui loquitur, et solitudinem levat adloquio suo.

[38] Public orator. Consolator, allocutor. And from this he is called a consolator, because he applies himself to the one alone to whom he speaks, and he lightens solitude by his allocution.

Hinc et solacium.

Hence also solace.

[39] Consultus est qui consulitur; cui contrarius est inconsultus, qui non accipit consilium.

[39] Consulted is he who is consulted; his contrary is unconsulted, who does not receive counsel.

[40] Constans dictus quod undique stat, nec in aliquam partem declinari potest. Confidens, quod sit in cunctis fiducia plenus. Vnde et Caecilius (246):

[40] Constant, so called because it stands firm on every side, nor can it be turned aside into any direction. Confident, because he is in all things full of confidence. Whence also Caecilius (246):

Si confidentiam adhibes, confide omnia.

If you apply confidence, be confident in everything.

[41] Cautus a cavendo dictus. Callidus, fraudulentus, quia celare novit, et male peritus. Callidum autem veteres non pro astuto tantum, sed etiam pro astute docto ponebant.

[41] Cautious, so called from “to beware” (cavere). Callid, fraudulent, because he knows how to conceal, and ill-skilled. Moreover, the ancients used callidum not only for “astute,” but also for “astutely learned.”

Hunc et versutum, ab eo quod animum cito vertat.

He is also called “versutus,” from the fact that he turns his mind quickly.

[42] Cupidus a capiendo multum, id est accipiendo, vocatus. Clamosus, quasi calamosus, a calamo; scilicet quod sonet. Calumniator, falsi criminis accusator; a calvendo, id est frustrando et decipiendo, dictus.

[42] Greedy is called from taking much, that is, receiving. Clamorous, as if “calamosus,” from “calamus”; namely, because it sounds. Calumniator, an accuser of a false crime; said from “calvendo,” that is, frustrating and deceiving.

[43] Calculator, a calculis, id est lapillis minutis, quos antiqui in manu tenentes numeros conponebant.

[43] Calculator, from calculi, that is, tiny pebbles, which the ancients, holding in the hand, used to compose numbers.

[44] Conpilator, qui aliena dicta suis praemiscet, sicut solent pigmentarii in pila diversa mixta contundere. Hoc scelere quondam accusabatur Mantuanus ille vates, cum quosdam versus Homeri transferens suis permiscuisset et conpilator veterum ab aemulis diceretur: Ille respondit: 'Magnarum esse virium clavam Herculi extorquere de manu'

[44] Compiler, one who commingles alien sayings with his own, just as perfumers are accustomed to pound diverse things, mixed together, in a mortar. With this crime that Mantuan bard was once accused, since, translating certain verses of Homer, he had mingled them with his own and was called by rivals a compiler of the ancients: He replied: 'It is of great might to wrench the club from Hercules’ hand.'

[45] Contumax, ab eo quod contemnat. Chromaticus, quia non confunditur nec colorem mutat. Graece enim CHROMA color vocatur.

[45] Contumacious, from the fact that he contemns. Chromatic, because he is not confounded nor does he change color. For in Greek CHROMA is called color.

[46] Contumeliosus, quia velox est et tumet verbis iniuriae. Contentiosus ab intentione vocatus, qui non ratione aliquid, sed sola pertinacia vindicat.

[46] Contumelious, because he is quick and swells with words of injury. Contentious, so called from intentio, who vindicates something not by reason, but by sheer pertinacity.

[47] Contemptibilis, vel quia contemptui habilis, vel quia contemptus et vilis, id est sine honore.

[47] Contemptible, either because fit for contempt, or because despised and vile, that is without honor.

[48] Crudelis, hoc est crudus, quem Graeci OMON appellant per translationem, quasi non coctus nec esui habilis. Est enim asper et durus.

[48] Cruel, that is crude/raw, whom the Greeks call OMON by transference, as if not cooked nor apt for eating. For he is harsh and hard.

[49] Carnifex, quod carnem afficiat. Cruciarius, eo quod sit cruce dignus. Collega a conligatione societatis et amicitiae conplexu dictus.

[49] Executioner, because he affects the flesh. Cruciarius, for the reason that he is worthy of the cross. Colleague, so called from the conligation of society and the embrace of friendship.

[50] Coaetaneus, quasi conpar aetatis. Conplex, quia uno peccato vel crimine alteri est adplicatus ad malum; ad bonum vero numquam dicimus conplicem.

[50] Coetanean, as if a co-equal of age. Accomplice, because by one sin or crime he is attached to another for evil; for good, indeed, we never say accomplice.

[51] Consors, eo quod ad eum pars pertinet bonorum. Nam sortem veteres pro parte ponebant. Consors ergo, quod sit communis sorte, sicut dissors dissimilis sorte.

[51] Consort, because to him a part of the goods pertains. For the ancients used lot (sors) for “part.” Therefore consort, because he is common by lot, just as dissors is dissimilar by lot.

[52] Celer appellatus a celeritate, quia quod usus exigit velocius facit. Confinalis, ab eo quod sit genere vel loco adfinis.

[52] Celer, so called from celerity, because he does more swiftly what use requires. Confinalis, from the fact that it is affine by kind or by place.

[53] Colonus a colonia vel ab agro colendo dictus. Cognitor a cognoscendo causam dictus.

[53] Colonist is called so from colony, or from cultivating the field. Cognitor is called so from coming to know the case.

Curator, quod curam ferat pueris, qui adhuc eius aetatis sunt ut negotia sua satis administrare non possint. Clientes prius colientes dicebantur, a colendis patronis.

Curator, because he bears care for boys, who are still of such an age that they cannot sufficiently administer their own affairs. Clients were formerly called ‘colientes,’ from ‘cultivating’ (honoring) their patrons.

[54] [Captus.] Captivus dicitur quasi capite deminutus; ingenuitatis enim fortuna ab eo excidit, unde et ab iuris peritis capite deminutus dicitur.

[54] [Captured.] A captive is said to be as if capite deminutus; for the fortune of freeborn status falls away from him, whence also by jurists he is called capite deminutus.

[55] Colomis a columna vocatus, eo quod erectus et firmissimus sit.

[55] Colomis, called from column, because he is erect and most firm.

[56] Comtus a coma dictus, quod sit formosus capillis, vel quia comam nutrit.

[56] Comtus, said from coma, because he is beautiful in his hair, or because he nourishes the hair.

[57] Calamistratus, a calamistro, id est aco ferreo in calami similitudine facto, in quo crines obtorquentur, ut crispi sint: quem in cinere calefacere solent qui capillos crispant, ut calamistrati sint.

[57] Calamistrated, from the calamister, that is, an iron needle made in the likeness of a reed, in which hairs are twisted so that they are crisp; which those who curl hair are accustomed to heat in ashes, so that they may be calamistrated.

[58] Corpulentus, quod sit corpore validus et lentis carnibus. Crassus, a sagina corporis, a creando carnes. Comesor, a comedendo satis.

[58] Corpulent, because he is strong in body and with tough flesh. Crass (thick, fat), from the fattening of the body, from creating flesh. Comesor, from eating to satiety.

Est enim gulae ac ventri inmoderate deditus.

For he is immoderately devoted to the gullet and the belly.

[59] Caupo, pessimus de vino aquam faciens. Candidus [bonus, candens].

[59] Innkeeper, the worst, making water out of wine. Candid [good, candescent].

Canus dictus a candido; et candidus quasi candor datus. Studio enim accedit candor. Nam album vocari natura est.

Canus is said to be from candidus; and candidus as if ‘candor given.’ For candor (whiteness) comes with effort. For ‘white’ is called so by nature.

[60] Crispus. Clodus. Curvus.

[60] Crisp. Lame. Curved.

Caecus appellatus, quod careat visum. Est enim luminibus amissis. Caecus est qui utroque oculo non videt.

Blind is called so, because he lacks vision. For he is one with his lights lost. He is blind who does not see with both eyes.

[61] Caducus a cadendo dictus. Idem lunaticus eo quod [certo lunae tempore patiatur]. Confusus a confessione sceleris appellatus. Inde et confusio.

[61] Caducus, named from falling. The same as lunatic, because [he suffers at a certain time of the moon]. Confusus, called from the confession of a crime. Thence also confusion.

[62] Convulsus dicitur, cui sua vi aliqua adimuntur. Vnde et convulsa navis, cui eminentia vi tempestatis adimuntur, ut Vergilius (Aen. 1,383):

[62] “Convulsed” is said of one from whom his own faculties are taken away by some force. Whence also a convulsed ship, from which the projecting parts are taken away by the force of the tempest, as Vergil (Aen. 1,383):

Vix septem convulsae undis,

Scarcely seven, convulsed by the waves,

quasi mutilatae.

as if mutilated.

[63] Consumptus, totus sumptus et devoratus. Conciliatrix ob societatem flagitiosae consensionis dicta, eo quod intercurrat alienumque nundinet corpus. Hanc etiam et lenonem vocant.

[63] Consumed, wholly expended and devoured. Conciliatrix is so called on account of the partnership in a flagitious compact, because she runs between and peddles another’s body. They also call her a pimp.

[64] Circumforanus, qui advocationum causa circum fora et conventus vagatur. Collegiatus. Carpentarius.

[64] Circumforanus, who for the sake of advocations wanders around the forums and assemblies. Collegiate (member of a collegium). Carpenter.

[65] Dominus per derivationem dictus, quod domui praesit. Disertus, doctus, a disserendo dictus: disposite enim disserit. Doctus, a dicendo.

[65] Dominus is so called by derivation, because he presides over the house. Disertus, “learned,” is said from “to dissert/discourse”: for he discourses in an orderly way. Doctus, from “saying.”

Inde et dictor.

Hence also "dictor."

[66] Docilis, non quod sit doctus, sed quia doceri potest: est enim ingeniosus et ad discendum aptus.

[66] Docile, not because he is learned, but because he can be taught: for he is ingenious and apt for learning.

[67] Discipulus a disciplina dictus: disciplina autem a discendo vocata. Dispensator vocatur, cui creditur administratio pecuniarum. Et ideo dispensator quia prius qui dabant pecuniam non numerabant eam, sed adpendebant.

[67] Disciple is so called from discipline; and discipline is named from learning. The dispenser is called the one to whom the administration of money is entrusted. And therefore “dispenser,” because formerly those who gave money did not count it, but weighed it.

[68] Dives ab aere vocatus. Decorus, perfectus, a decem. [Dulcis.] Decens, conpositus, a numero decem dictus.

[68] Rich, called from aes (money). Decorous, perfect, from ten. [Sweet.] Decent, composed, said to be called from the number ten.

Hinc et decorus et decibilis.

Hence both decorous and dicible.

[69] Directus, eo quod in rectum vadit. Dilectus a diligentia. Haec sunt enim signa diligendi.

[69] Direct, because it goes into the straight. Beloved from diligence. For these are the signs of loving.

[70] Delibutus, de oleo unctus, ut athletae solent, vel in cereumate pueri. Hinc et (Ter. Phorm.

[70] Smeared all over, anointed with oil, as athletes are wont, or boys with the ceroma. Hence also (Ter. Phorm.

856) 'delibutum gaudio,' id est perfusum vel plenum. Delicatus, quod sit deliciis pastus, vivens in epulis et nitore corporis.

856) 'drenched with joy,' that is, soaked or full. Delicate, because he is fed on delights, living amid banquets and the splendor of the body.

[71] Defessus, semper infirmus, quasi diu fessus. Debilis, quod per bilem factus sit fragilis. Bilis enim humor est afficiens corpus.

[71] Defessus, always infirm, as if long weary. Debilis, because through bile he has been made fragile. For bile is a humor affecting the body.

Decolor, quod desit illi color.

Discolored, because color is lacking to it.

[72] Desperatus vulgo vocatur malus ac perditus nec iam ullius prosperae spei. Dicitur autem per similitudinem aegrorum qui affecti et sine spe deponuntur. Consuetudo autem erat apud veteres ut desperati ante ianuas suas conlocarentur, vel ut extremum spiritum redderent terrae, vel ut possent a transeuntibus forte curari, qui aliquando simili laboraverant morbo.

[72] Desperate in common speech is called evil and lost and now of no prosperous hope. It is said, moreover, by a similitude of the sick who, affected and without hope, are laid down. There was, moreover, a custom among the ancients that the desperate were set before their doors, either to render their last breath to the earth, or that they might perchance be cured by passers-by who at some time had labored with a similar disease.

[73] Degener, aut ignobilis, aut quod sit inpari genere, aut si dum sit genere optimo natus, inhoneste tamen vivit.

[73] Degenerate: either ignoble, or one who is of unequal lineage, or if, though born of the best lineage, nevertheless he lives dishonorably.

[74] Decrepitus, quod morti propior quasi ad mortis tenebras vertat, sicut crepusculum tempus noctis. Alii dicunt decrepitum non qui senectute avulsus est, sed qui iam crepare desierit, id est loqui cessaverit.

[74] Decrepit, because being nearer to death he, as it were, turns toward the shadows of death, just as the crepuscule is the time of night. Others say “decrepit” is not one who has been torn away by old age, but one who has already ceased to crepare, that is, has ceased to speak.

[75] Depretiatus, ab eo quod sit vilis nec aliquo pretio dignus. Dirus, praeparcus et teter, quasi divina ira in id actus. Nam dirum dicitur quod divina infertur ira.

[75] Depreciated, from the fact that it is vile and worthy of no price. Dire: over-parsimonious and foul, as if driven into that by divine ire. For “dire” is said of that which is inflicted by divine wrath.

Alias dirus, magnus.

In another sense, “dire” means “great.”

[76] Dehiscens, valde hiscens. Hic enim 'de' augentis est, ut (Ter. Heaut.

[76] Dehiscent, very gaping. For here 'de-' is augmentative, as in (Ter. Heaut.

825): 'deamo te, Syre' Despiciens, eo quod deorsum aspiciat vel contemptui habeat. Dolosus, insidiosus vel malignus, ab eo quod deludat. Vt enim decipiat, occultam malitiam blandis sermonibus ornat.

825): 'I love you deeply, Syre' Despising, because he looks downward or holds (someone) in contempt. Deceitful, insidious or malignant, from the fact that he deludes. For, in order that he may deceive, he adorns his hidden malice with bland discourses.

[77] Dubius, incertus; quasi duarum viarum. Delator dictus eo quod detegit quod latebat. Dilator, quia differt ad proferendum.

[77] Dubious, uncertain; as if of two ways. Delator, so called because he detects what was hidden. Dilator, because he defers to bring forward.

Desidiosus, tardus, piger, a desidendo vocatus, id est valde sedendo. Idem et resides a residendo. 'De' enim hic augentis est.

Idle, tardy, sluggish, called from desidendo, that is, from sitting very much. Likewise also resides from residendo. For 'De' here is augmentative.

[78] Delerus, mente defectus per aetatem, APO TOU LEREIN, vel quod a recto ordine et quasi a lira aberret. Lira est enim arationis genus, cum agricolae facta semente dirigunt sulcos, in quos omnis seges decurrit.

[78] Delirious, defective in mind through age, from APO TOU LEREIN, or because he strays from the straight order and, as it were, from the lira. For lira is a kind of plowing, when the farmers, the sowing having been done, straighten the furrows, into which every crop runs down.

[79] Demens, idem qui amens; id est sine mente, vel quod diminutionem habeat mentis. Desipiens, eo quod minus sapere incipit quam quod solebat.

[79] Demented, the same as 'amens'; that is, without mind, or because he has a diminution of mind. Desipiens, because he begins to be less sapient than he used to be.

[80] Damnatus et damnabilis: quorum prior iam addictus est, sequens potest addici. Degulator, quod gulae sit deditus.

[80] Damned and damnable: of which the former is already adjudged, the latter can be adjudged. Guzzler, because he is devoted to the gullet.

[81] Eloquens, profusus eloquio. Exertus, in loquendo expeditus. Exerere enim proferre vel expedire est.

[81] Eloquent, profuse in eloquence. Exertus, unimpeded in speaking. For to exsert is to bring forth or to expedite.

Eruditus, quia non rudis, sed iam doctus.

Erudite, because not rude, but already learned.

[82] Expertus, multum peritus. 'Ex' enim hic pro valde ponitur. Expers vero, qui est extra peritiam et intellectum.

[82] Experienced, very skilled. 'Ex' indeed here is set for 'very.' But expers is one who is outside of expertise and understanding.

Exornatus, valde ornatus. 'Ex' enim pro valde ponitur, sicut excelsus, quasi valde celsus, et eximius, quasi valde eminens.

Exornate, very ornate. For 'ex' is put for 'very', just as 'excelsus', as if 'very lofty', and 'eximious', as if 'very eminent'.

[83] Efficax dictus, quia nullam difficultatem habet in qualibet re facienda. Hinc et efficiens a faciendo dictus. Exspes, quod sit sine spe.

[83] Efficacious is said, because it has no difficulty in doing any matter whatsoever. Hence also efficient, said from doing. Exspes, because it is without hope.

Expers, quia extra partem; caruit enim partem.

Expers, because outside a part; for it lacked a part.

[84] Exsors, quia extra sortem est. Exul, quia extra solum suum est; quasi trans solum missus, aut extra solum vagus. Nam exulare dicuntur, qui extra solum eunt.

[84] Exsors, because it is outside the lot. Exile, because he is outside his own soil; as if sent across the soil, or wandering outside the soil. For those who go outside the soil are said to “exulate.”

[85] Extorris, quia extra terram suam est; quasi exterris. Sed proprie extorris, cum vi expulsus et cum terrore solo patrio eiectus; et extorris, ex terra sua pulsus.

[85] Extorris, because he is outside his own territory; as if “ex-terris.” But properly extorris, when one has been expelled by force and, with terror, cast out from his native soil; and extorris, driven out from his own land.

[86] Extorris, extra terram, aut extra terminos suos, quia exterretur.

[86] Exiled (extorris), outside the land, or outside his own boundaries (termini), because he is frightened out.

[87] Exterminator, non ille qui vulgo dicitur AFANISTHENAI, sed qui deicit et expellit a terminis civitatis. Exterminatus, ab eo quod sit extra terminos suos eiectus. [Sic et] Externus, eo quod sit alienae terrae.

[87] Exterminator, not that which is commonly called AFANISTHENAI, but he who casts down and expels from the boundaries of the city. Exterminated, from the fact that he has been cast out beyond his own boundaries. [So too] Extern, because he is of an alien land.

[88] Egens et egenus, sine gente et sine genere indigentes. [Egenus.] Exiguus, multum egens. 'Ex' enim pro valde ponitur.

[88] Egens and egenus, indigent, without gens and without genus. [Egenus.] Exiguous, very needy. 'Ex' indeed is put for 'very'.

Exilis, tenuis, quod possit quamvis per angustum exire.

Exilis, tenuous, because it is able to go out even through however narrow a passage.

[89] Exesus, quia percomesus; est enim aridus, tenuis, exilis. Exhaustus, quia consumptus est et inanis effectus. Exsanguis, quod sit extra sanguinem.

[89] Eaten-through, because thoroughly eaten; for it is arid, tenuous, exiguous. Exhausted, because it has been consumed and made empty. Exsanguine, because it is outside blood.

[90] Exanimis est mortuus. Exanimis autem et exanimus dicimus, sicut unanimus et unanimis, inermus et inermis, et hoc nostro arbitrio subiacet.

[90] Exanimis means dead. Moreover, we say exanimis and exanimus, just as unanimus and unanimis, inermus and inermis, and this is subject to our discretion.

[91] Exustus dicitur de quo nihil superest; quasi valde ustus. 'Ex' enim pro valde ponitur. Exosus ab odio dictus.

[91] Exustus is said of that from which nothing remains; as if 'thoroughly burned.' 'Ex' indeed is put for 'very.' Exosus is derived from odium, 'hatred.'

Nam antiqui et odi dicebant et osus sum. Hinc est exosus, quo utimur, licet iam osus non dicimus. Exitiosus, eo quod multis exitio sit.

For the ancients said both 'odi' and 'osus sum.' Hence 'exosus,' which we use, although now we do not say 'osus.' 'Exitiosus,' because it is to the ruin of many.

Executor, ab exequendo. Idem et exactor.

Executor, from executing. The same as exactor.

[92] Effractor, quod sit expugnator claustrorum. Efferatus, mente ferina effectus et ultra humanum modum excedens. Effrenatus, ab eo quod sit praeceps et pronus et sine freno rationis.

[92] Effractor, because he is a stormer of locks. Efferatus, made with a feral mind and exceeding beyond the human measure. Effrenatus, from the fact that he is headlong and prone and without the bridle of reason.

[93] Eunuchus Graecum nomen est, quod est spado. Horum quidam coeunt, sed tamen virtus in semine nulla est. Liquorem enim habent et emittunt, sed ad gignendum inanem atque invalidum.

[93] Eunuch is a Greek name, which is a spado. Some of these have intercourse, yet there is no virtue in the semen. For they have a liquid and emit it, but for begetting it is empty and feeble.

[94] Effeta ab eo, quod sit frequenti fetu exhausta. Partus enim eam adsiduus debilem reddit.

[94] Effete, from the fact that she is exhausted by frequent offspring. For continual parturition renders her debilitated.

[95] Facundus dictus, quia facile fari possit. Facetus, qui iocos et lusus gestis et factis conmendat, a faciendo dictus. Frugalis a fruge nominatus, id est a fructu vel parsimonia, sive, ut alii volunt, a modestia et temperantia.

[95] Facundus, “eloquent,” is so called because he can speak easily. Facetious is he who commends jokes and play by gestures and deeds, said to be from “doing.” Frugal is named from frux, that is, from fruit or parsimony, or, as others wish, from modesty and temperance.

[96] Fenerator, qui pecuniam deponit apud debitorem, quasi fenoris actor: nam fenus pecunia est. Fenerator autem Latine dicitur et qui dat mutuum et qui accipit.

[96] Moneylender, one who deposits money with a debtor, as if an agent of interest; for fēnus is money. A moneylender, however, in Latin is said both of him who gives a loan and of him who receives it.

[97] Flamines, pontifices idolorum. Felix dicitur qui felicitatem dat, felix, qui accipit: et felix, per quem datur felicitas, ut felix tempus, felix locus.

[97] Flamines, pontiffs of idols. Felix is said of one who gives felicity, felix of one who receives; and felix of that through which felicity is given, as a felicitous time, a felicitous place.

[98] Fidelis, pro eo quod fit ab eo id quod dicit vel promittit bonum. Facilis, a faciendo, nec tardus. Firmus, unde et formosus.

[98] Faithful, because by him the good thing that he says or promises is done. Facile, from doing, and not tardy. Firm, whence also formous.

Fortis, quia fert adversa vel quaecumque acciderint: sive a ferro, quod sit durus nec molliatur.

Strong, because he bears adverse things or whatever may befall: or from iron, since it is hard and is not softened.

[99] Formosus a forma dictus. Formum enim veteres calidum et fervens dixerunt. Fervor enim sanguinem movet, [et] sanguis pulchritudinem.

[99] Formosus is said from form. For the ancients called formus “hot” and “fervent.” For fervor moves the blood, and blood brings about pulchritude.

[100] Foedus nomen habet ab hirco et haedo, F littera addita. Hunc veteres in gravi significatione ponebant, ut (Virg. Aen. 2,502):

[100] Foul has its name from the he-goat and the kid, with the letter F added. The ancients placed this in a grave signification, as (Virg. Aen. 2,502):

Sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignes.

defiling with blood the fires which he himself had consecrated.

[101] Fragilis dictus eo quod facile frangi potest. Fessus, quasi fissus, nec iam integer salute: est autem generate. Dicimus enim fessus animo, ut (Virg.

[101] Fragile is said because it can easily be broken. Weary, as if fissured, and no longer entire in health: it is, however, general. For we say weary in spirit, as (Virg.

Aen. 8,232):

Aeneid 8,232):

Ter fessus valle resedit;

Thrice, weary, he sat down in the valley;

et fessus corpore, quod magis est proprium; et fessus rerum a casu venientium.

and weary in body, which is more proper; and weary of things coming from chance.

[102] Fatigatus, quasi fatis agitatus. Formidolosus a formo, id est sanguine, dictus, cum se a cute vel a praecordia fugiens contrahit sanguis. Nam timor sanguinem gelat, qui coactus gignit formidinem, unde est illud (Virg.

[102] Fatigated, as if agitated by the fates. Formidable, said to be from formo, that is, “blood,” when the blood, fleeing from the skin or from the precordia, contracts itself. For fear congeals the blood, which, being constrained, engenders formido (dread), whence is that (Virg.

Aen. 3,30):

Aeneid 3,30):

Gelidusque coit formidine sanguis.

and the gelid blood congeals with fear.

Formidolosus autem cum sit timidus, et timendum significat.

Formidable, moreover, since it is timid, also signifies what is to be feared.

[103] Fatuus ideo existimatur dictus, quia neque quod fatur ipse, neque quod alii dicunt intellegit. Fatuos origine duci quidam putant a miratoribus Fatuae, Fauni uxoris fatidicae, eosque primum fatuos appellatos, quod praeter modum obstupefacti sunt vaticiniis illius usque ad amentiam.

[103] “Fatuous” is therefore thought to be so called, because he understands neither what he himself utters, nor what others say. Some think fatuous people derive their origin from the admirers of Fatua, the fatidic wife of Faunus, and that they were first called fatuous because they were stupefied beyond measure by her vaticinations, even unto madness.

[104] Fautor, ab eo quod faveat et consentiat. Fictor appellatus a fingendo et conponendo aliquid, sicut capillos mulierum lenit et pertractat, unguit et nitidat.

[104] Favorer/supporter, from the fact that he favors and assents. Fictor is called so from fashioning and composing something, just as he softens and handles the hair of women, anoints it, and makes it glossy.

[105] Fallax, quod fando, id est loquendo, decipiat. Fervidus, iracundus. Ira enim inflammat.

[105] Fallacious, because by speaking (that is, by talking) he deceives. Fervid, irascible. For anger inflames.

Frendens, quod minando frangat dentes et conprimat. Fremens. Ferox, ab eo quod feritatem exerceat, ut bestia.

Gnashing, because by menacing he breaks the teeth and compresses them. Roaring. Ferocious, from the fact that he exercises ferity, like a beast.

[106] Fur a furvo dictus est, id est a fusco. Nam noctis utitur tempore. Factiosus, inter opprobria, cum seditiosum accipi volumus: cum vero gratiosum ac potentem et quasi magnae factionis.

[106] Thief (fur) is said from furvus, that is, from fuscus, for he uses the time of night. Factious, among reproaches, when we wish to take it as seditious; but, on the other hand, as in favor and powerful, and as if of a great faction.

[107] Facinorosus a facti commisso nominatus: facit enim quod alteri noceat. [Femellarius, feminis deditus, quem antiqui mulierariun appellabant]. Flagitiosus, eo quod frequentius flagitet atque adpetat libidinem.

[107] Facinorous, named from the committing of a deed: for he does what harms another. [Femellarius, devoted to women, whom the ancients called mulierarius]. Flagitious, because he more frequently flagitates and has an appetite for lust.

[108] Furcifer dicebatur olim qui ob levi delicto cogebatur ad hominis ignominiam, magis quam supplicii causa, furcam circa viam ferre, praedicans peccatum suum, et monere ceteros ne qui simile peccarent.

[108] A furcifer was formerly said of one who, on account of a slight delict, was compelled, for a man’s ignominy rather than for the sake of punishment, to carry a fork along the road, proclaiming his sin, and to admonish the others lest anyone commit a like sin.

[109] Futilis, vanus, superfluus, loquax. Et est metaphora a vasis fictilibus, quae cassa et rimosa non tenent quae inieceris.

[109] Futile, vain, superfluous, loquacious. And it is a metaphor from earthenware vessels, which, hollow and cracked, do not hold what you have thrown in.

[110] Fornicarius. Fornicatrix est cuius corpus publicum et vulgare est. Haec sub arcuatis prostrabantur, quae loca fornices dicuntur, unde et fornicariae.

[110] Fornicator. A fornicatrix is she whose body is public and common. These women were prostrated beneath arched places, which places are called fornices (arches), whence also the term fornicariae.

Vergilius (Aen. 6,631):

Virgil (Aeneid 6,631):

Atque adverso fornice.

And on the facing arch.

[111] Fecunda a fetu dicta, quasi fetunda. Est enim partu frequens. Feta.

[111] “Fecund” is said from “fetus,” as if “fetund.” For she is frequent in parturition. “Feta,” a female that has borne.

Flens, quasi lacrimas fluens. Fugitivus nemo recte dicitur nisi qui dominum fugit. Nam si parvulus puer a nutrice aut ab schola discessit, fugitivus non est.

Weeping, as if flowing lachrymae. No one is properly called a fugitive unless he flees his master. For if a little boy has departed from his nurse or from school, he is not a fugitive.

[112] Gloriosus a frequentia claritatis dictus, pro C G littera conmutata. Gloriosus a laurea dictus quae datur victoribus. Gnarus, sciens; cui contrarius ignarus, nesciens.

[112] Glorious is said from the frequency of clarity, with the letter G changed in place of C. Glorious is said from the laurel which is given to victors. Gnarus, knowing; its contrary ignarus, not-knowing.

Gravis, venerabilis. Vnde et contemptibiles leves dicimus. Gravis pro consilio et constantia dictus, quia non levi motu dissilit, sed fixa constantiae gravitate consistit.

Grave, venerable. Whence also we call the contemptible “light.” “Grave” is said with regard to counsel and constancy, because he does not leap apart at a light motion, but stands fast with the fixed gravity of constancy.

[113] [Grandis. Gracilis.] Grandaevus, quod sit grandis aevo. Gratus, gratiam servans.

[113] [Grand, Gracile.] Grandaevus, because he is grand in age. Gratus, preserving grace/favor.

Sed gratus tantum animo: gratissimus et animo et corpore dicitur. Gratificus, ab eo quod gratis faciat bonum. Gratiosus, quod plus unicuique quam meretur tribuit.

But gratus is only of the mind: gratissimus is said both of mind and of body. Gratificus, from the fact that he does good gratis. Gratiosus, because he bestows upon each more than he merits.

[114] Garrulus proprie dicitur, qui vulgo verbosus appellatur. Accedente laetitia nec valentes nec volentes tacere. Sumtum nomen a graculis avibus, qui inportuna loquacitate semper strepunt nec usquam quiescunt.

[114] Garrulous is properly said of one who is vulgarly called verbose. With joy coming on, they are neither able nor willing to be silent. The name is taken from the jackdaw birds, who, with importunate loquacity, are always making a din and nowhere rest.

Ganeo, luxuriosus, et quamquam in occultis locis et subterraneis, quae GANEIA Graeci vocant. Glutto, a gula, id est gulosus.

Ganeo, a debauchee, and likewise the haunts in hidden and subterranean places, which the Greeks call GANEIA. Glutton, from gula (gullet), that is, gluttonous.

[115] Humilis, quasi humo adclinis. Honorabilis, quasi honore habilis, hoc est aptus.

[115] Humble, as if inclined to the ground. Honorable, as if able for honor, that is, apt.

[116] Honestus, quod nihil habeat turpitudinis. Nam quid est honestas nisi honor perpetuus, id est quasi honoris status? Humanus, quod habeat circa homines amorem et miserationis affectum.

[116] Honorable, because it has nothing of turpitude. For what is honorableness if not perpetual honor, that is as it were a status of honor? Humane, because he has toward men love and an affection of commiseration.

Vnde et humanitas dicta, qua nos invicem tuemur.

Whence also humanity is so called, by which we protect one another in turn.

[117] Habilis, quod sit ad habendum commodus atque aptus. Honerosus plus est quam honeratus, sicut scelerosus quam sceleratus. Hirsutus, ab eo quod sit hirtus et pilis horridus.

[117] Habilis, because it is commodious and apt for having. Honerosus is more than honeratus, just as scelerosus than sceleratus. Hirsute, from the fact that it is hirtus and bristling with hairs.

[118] Hypocrita Graeco sermone in Latino simulator interpretatur. Qui dum intus malus sit, bonum se palam ostendit. UPO enini falsum, KRISIS iudicium interpretatur.

[118] Hypocrite in Greek speech is interpreted in Latin as a simulator. One who, while he is evil within, shows himself openly as good. For UPO is interpreted as false, KRISIS as judgment.

[119] Nomen autem hypocritae tractum est specie eorum qui in spectaculis contecta facie incedunt, distinguentes vultum caeruleo minioque colore et ceteris pigmentis, habentes simulacra oris lintea gipsata et vario colore distincta, nonnumquam et colla et manus creta perungentes, ut ad personae colorem pervenirent et populum, dum [in] ludis agerent, fallerent; modo in specie viri, modo in feminae, modo tonsi, modo criniti, anuli et virginali ceteraque specie, aetate sexuque diverso, ut fallant populum, dum in ludis agunt.

[119] But the name of the hypocrite is drawn from the look of those who in spectacles go about with the face covered, marking the countenance with cerulean and minium color and with the other pigments, having linen effigies of the face plastered with gypsum and distinguished with variegated color, sometimes also smearing necks and hands with chalk, so that they might attain the color of the persona and deceive the people while they performed in the games; now in the guise of a man, now of a woman, now shorn, now long‑haired, with a ring and a maidenly and other such appearance, differing in age and sex, so that they may deceive the people while they act in the games.

[120] Quae species argumenti translata est in his qui falso vultu incedunt et simulant quod non sunt. Nam hypocritae dici non possunt, ex quo foras exierint.

[120] This species of argument has been transferred to those who go about with a false countenance and simulate what they are not. For they cannot be called hypocrites once they have gone outside.

[121] Humatus, quod sit humo tectus, id est sepultus.

[121] Inhumed, because he is covered with earth, that is, buried.

[122] Ingeniosus, quod intus vim habeat gignendi quamlibet artem. Inventor dictus [eo] quod in ea quae quaerit invenit. Vnde et ipsa quae appellatur inventio, si verbi originem retractemus, quid aliud resonat nisi quia invenire est in id venire quod quaeritur?

[122] Ingenious, because he has within a force of begetting whatever art. Inventor is called [for this reason], that in that which he seeks he finds. Whence also the very thing which is called invention, if we retrace the origin of the word, what else does it resonate except that to invent is to “come into” that which is sought?

[123] Interpres, quod inter partes medius sit duarum linguarum, dum transferet. Sed et qui Deum [quem] interpretatur et hominum quibus divina indicat mysteria, interpres vocatur [quia inter eam quam transferet].

[123] Interpreter, because he is between the parties, a mediator of two languages, while he translates. But also he who interprets God [whom] and to men to whom he indicates the divine mysteries is called an interpreter [because he is between that which he translates].

[124] Iuridicus [quia legum iura dicit]. Indoles proprie est imago quaedam futurae virtutis. Iustus dictus quia iura custodit et secundum legem vivit.

[124] Juridical [because he declares the rights of the laws]. Indoles properly is a certain image of future virtue. Just is so called because he guards the rights and lives according to the law.

[125] Innox, quod non noceat: innocuus, cui nocitum non sit. Sed apud veteres utrumque indifferens est. Ilaris Graecum nomen est.

[125] Innoxious, because it does not harm: innocuous, to whom harm has not been done. But among the ancients both are indifferent. Ilaris is a Greek name.

Iocundus, eo quod sit semper iocis aptus et hilaritati; a frequentia, sicut iracundus. Iocosus, iocis usus.

Jocund, because he is always apt for jokes and for hilarity; from frequency, just as iracund. Jocose, practiced in jokes.

[126] Inclitus Graecum nomen est. Nam KLUTON Graeci gloriosum dicunt. Inlustris nomen notitiae est, quod clareat multis splendore generis, vel sapientiae, vel virtutis; cuius contrarius est obscure natus.

[126] Inclitus is a Greek name. For the Greeks call KLUTON “glorious.” Illustrious is a name of notice, because it shines clearly to many by the splendor of lineage, or of wisdom, or of virtue; its contrary is obscure-born.

[127] [Idoneus.] Incolomis a columna nomen habet, quasi erectus, fortis et stabilis. Inmarcescibilis, incorruptus et sempiternus; quod sit sine marcore atque languore. Intemeratus, incorruptus et nulla temeritate violatus.

[127] [Suitable.] Incolomis has its name from column, as if upright, strong, and stable. Immarcescible, incorrupt and sempiternal; because it is without withering and languor. Intemerate, incorrupt and violated by no temerity.

Infirmus, quia sine forma.

Infirm, because without form.

[128] Inbecillus, quasi sine baculo fragilis et inconstans. Inanis, levis. Inconstans, quia non est stabilis, sed quod placet et rursus displicet.

[128] Imbecile, as if without a staff, fragile and inconstant. Empty, light. Inconstant, because it is not stable, but that which pleases and then again displeases.

[129] Iactans vel arrogans est, quia maiorum institutis non adquiescit, sed propriam quandam viam iustitiae et sanctitatis inquirit. Iracundus dictus quia accenso sanguine in furorem conpellitur; "ur" enim flamma dicitur, et ira inflammat.

[129] He is boastful or arrogant, because he does not acquiesce in the institutions of the elders, but inquires after a certain personal path of justice and sanctity. The irascible is so called because, with the blood kindled, he is compelled into fury; for "ur" is called flame, and anger inflames.

[130] Incentor, ab eo quod incendat atque inflammet. Incentor, quia prava suggestione ad vitia cor aliorum succendit, et persuadendo inflammat.

[130] Inciter, from the fact that he sets ablaze and inflames. Inciter, because by depraved suggestion he kindles the heart of others toward vices, and by persuading he inflames.

[131] Inexpiabilis, quod numquam expiatur, numquam purgetur. Inlaudabilis, non quia laudatus non sit, sed quia laudari non meruit. Iratus, ira actus.

[131] Inexpiable, because it is never expiated, never purified. Illaudable, not because he has not been praised, but because he did not deserve to be praised. Irate, driven by ire.

[132] Impius, quia sine pietate religionis est. Iniquus proprie dictus quia non est aequus, sed inaequalis est. Inter impium autem et iniquum hoc distare nonnumquam solet, quia omnis impius iniquus, non tamen omnis iniquus est impius.

[132] Impious, because he is without the piety of religion. Iniquitous is properly said because he is not equitable, but is unequal. Between impious and iniquitous, however, this is sometimes wont to differ, because every impious man is iniquitous, yet not every iniquitous man is impious.

Impius namque pro infideli ponitur: et dictus impius quod sit a pietate religionis alienus. Iniquus vero dicitur pro eo quod non est aequus sed pravis operibus maculatur, vel [si] Christianitatis nomine censeatur.

Impious, for indeed, is put for “unfaithful”; and is called impious because he is alien from the piety of religion. Iniquitous, however, is said of one who is not equitable but is stained by depraved deeds, or [if] he be reckoned under the name of Christianity.

[133] Inimicus, quia non amicus, sed adversarius. Duae autem res inimicos faciunt: fraus et terror. Terror, quod timent.

[133] Enemy, because not a friend, but an adversary. Two things, moreover, make enemies: fraud and terror. Terror, because they fear.

Fraudes, malum quod passi sunt.

Frauds, the evil which they have suffered.

[134] Invidus dictus ab intuendo felicitatem alterius. Invidiosus est qui ab alio patitur invidiam. Invisus, odiosus, ob invidia et zelo dictus.

[134] Envious, so called from gazing upon another’s felicity. Invidious is he who suffers envy from another. Hated, odious, so called on account of envy and zeal.

[135] Intestabilis, cuius testimonium non valet et quod dixerit inritum inprobatumque sit. Infamis, non bonae famae. Inprobus dictus quod instat etiam prohibenti.

[135] Intestabilis, one whose testimony does not avail and what he has said is void and disapproved. Infamous, not of good fame. Inprobus is so called because he presses on even one who forbids.

[136] Inportunus, inquietus; quia non habet portum, id est quietem. Vnde et inportuni quasi in naufragium cito feruntur. Infrenis, hoc est qui frenis non regitur, ut (Virg.

[136] Importunate, restless; because he does not have a port, that is, rest. Whence even the importunate are borne quickly as if into shipwreck. Unbridled, that is one who is not governed by reins, as (Virg.

Aen. 4,41):

Aeneid 4,41):

Numidae infreni.

Numidians unbridled.

[137] Infrendens proprie est inter se conprimens dentes. Nam et frendere significat dentibus frangere, unde nefrendes infantes, qui necdum dentes habent. Ingluviosus a gula et voracitate dictus.

[137] Infrendens properly is compressing the teeth together against one another. For frendere also signifies to break with the teeth, whence toothless infants (nefrendes), who do not yet have teeth. Ingluviosus is said from the gullet (gula) and from voracity.

[138] Ingloriosus, quod sit sine gloria, id est sine triumphis. Item inglorius inmemor gloriae. Informis, ingens, non quod non habeat formam, sed quod ultra formam magnitudinem habeat.

[138] Inglorious, because it is without glory, that is, without triumphs. Likewise, inglorious, unmindful of glory. Unshapely, immense, not because it does not have a form, but because it has a magnitude beyond form.

[139] Inveterator, eo quod sit multi veterisque usus in malitia. Inmanis, quia non bonus sed crudelis, [atque] terribilis. Manum enim bonum dicitur.

[139] Inveterator, because he is of much and ancient practice in malice. Inmanis, because not good but cruel, and terrible. For manum is said to mean “good.”

Vnde et KAT ANTIFRASIN dii Manes, minime boni.

Whence also, BY ANTIPHRASIS, the Manes gods are so called, as being by no means good.

[140] Inmunis, minime munificus, ut est in proverbio veteri: 'Inmunem cives odere sui' Item inmunis, qui non facit munia, id est officio non fungitur. Est enim omni privilegio vacuus.

[140] Immunis, least munificent, as it is in an old proverb: 'Citizens hate an immunis of their own.' Likewise, immunis is one who does not do the munia, that is, does not perform the office. For he is free by every privilege.

[141] Indemnis, eo quod sine damno vivat, et sine ulla culpa atque periculo. Iners, sine arte, et ob hoc ne operis quidem ullius. Inermis, vel sine arma, vel sine viribus.

[141] Indemnis, because he lives without damage, and without any fault and peril. Iners, without art (skill), and on this account not even fit for any work whatsoever. Inermis, either without arms, or without strength.

Nam semper arma pro viribus [accipiuntur].

For arms are always [taken up] according to one’s strength.

[142] Ignavus, ignarus viae, id est rationis et vitae. Ignarus, non gnarus, id est inscius, id est sine naribus. Olfecisse enim veteres scisse dicebant.

[142] Ignavus, “ignorant of the way,” that is, of reason and of life. Ignarus, not gnarus (knowing), i.e., unknowing, that is “without nostrils.” For the ancients used to say that “to have smelled out” meant “to have known.”

Ignarus autem duo significat, vel qui ignorat, vel qui ignoratur. Ignarus qui ignorat.

Ignarus, however, signifies two things, either one who is ignorant, or one who is ignored. Ignarus: one who is ignorant.

[143] Inmemor, qui oblitus est: perdidit enim memoriam. Inscius, quia sine scientia est.

[143] Unmindful, one who has forgotten: for he has lost his memory. Unknowing, because he is without science.

[144] Idiota, inperitus, Graecum est. Inperitus, sine peritia. Inconsultus, ab eo quod non accipiat consilium.

[144] Idiot, inexpert, is Greek. Inexpert, without expertise. Inconsult, from the fact that he does not accept counsel.

Inconsultus, quia est sine consilio et inscius rerum atque ignarus. Ineptus, apto contrarius est, quasi inaptus.

Inconsult, because he is without counsel and unknowing of matters and ignorant. Inept is contrary to apt, as if inapt.

[145] Inops, qui sine terra est: opem enim terram intellegimus, quia opem fert fructificando. Alii inopem intellegunt non sepultum, inhumatum, cui nec inane absenti surrexit tumulum.

[145] Inops, he who is without land: for we understand “help” (ops) as the earth, because it brings help by fructifying. Others understand inops as not buried, inhumate, for whom not even an empty tumulus has been raised in his absence.

[146] Ignobilis, eo quod sit ignotus et vilis et obscuri generis, cuius nec nomen quidem scitur. Ircosus, quia sudore corporis foetido putet. Ignotus, ignobilis, vel ex inproviso veniens.

[146] Ignoble, because he is unknown and vile and of obscure lineage, whose very name is not even known. Ircosus, because he stinks with the fetid sweat of the body. Unknown, ignoble, or arriving unexpectedly.

[147] Inprovisus dictus eo quod subito sit et non porro ante visus. Index, proditor ab indicando. Indigena vocatus quod inde sit genitus, id est in eodem loco natus.

[147] Unforeseen is said because it is sudden and not seen far beforehand. Index, a traitor from indicating. Indigene is called because he is begotten from there, that is, born in the same place.

[148] Inpudens, eo quod ab eo pudor et pudicitia procul abest. Inpudicus a podice vocatus. Putorem enim foetorem dicit.

[148] Impudent, because from him pudor and pudicity are far distant. Impudic, named from podex. For he says putor means fetor, that is, stench.

Incestus, propter inlicitam conmixtionem vocatus, quasi incastus; sicut qui virginem sacram, vel adfinitatis suae proximam stupraverit.

Incest, called on account of unlawful commixture, as if unchaste; as one who has defiled a sacred virgin, or a woman nearest to him by affinity.

[149] Internicida est qui falsum testamentum fecit et ob id hominem occidit. Infitiator, negator, quia non fatetur sed contra veritatem mendacio nititur.

[149] An internicidal murderer is one who made a false testament (will) and on account of it killed a man. Infitiator, a negator, because he does not confess but strives against the truth by a lie.

[150] [Inpostor.] Interceptor proprie dicitur qui inter duos de medio tollitur.

[150] [Impostor.] An interceptor is properly said to be one who is taken from the middle between two.

[151] Insidiosus, quod insidiat. Nam proprie insidere est dolose aliquem expectare. Vnde et insidiae nominatae sunt.

[151] Insidious, because he lies in wait. For properly to sit upon (insidere) is to await someone deceitfully. Whence also ambushes (insidiae) are named.

Incincta, id est sine cinctu; quia praecingi fortiter uterus non permittit.

Incincta, that is, without a cincture; because the uterus does not permit being firmly girded.

[152] Investis, id est sine veste; nondum enim habet stolam; quod est signum maritalis virginitatis. Iscurra vocatur quia causa escae quempiam consectatur.

[152] Un-vested, that is, without vesture; for she does not yet have a stola, which is a sign of marital virginity. He is called an iscurra because for the sake of esca (food) he follows someone about.

[153] Katholicus, universalis: Graecum enim est. Karus Graecum nomen est, sicut et caritas, unde et caristia.

[153] Catholic, universal; for it is Greek. Karus is a Greek name, just as caritas (charity), whence also caristia.

[154] Luculentus, ab eo quod sit lingua clarus et sermone splendidus. Lector dicitur a legendo, id est percurrendo. Vnde et navis dicitur legere quicquid transit.

[154] Luculent means, from the fact that one is clear in tongue and splendid in discourse. Lector is said from reading (legere), that is, from running through. Whence also a ship is said to “read” whatever it passes.

Nam 'legit,' transit, praeterit, ut (Virg. Aen. 3,127):

For ‘reads’ means ‘it crosses, it passes by,’ as (Virgil, Aeneid 3, 127):

Crebris legimus freta concita terris.

We skim the straits, agitated by the close-set lands.

Item lector, a colligendo animo quae legit, quasi collector: sicut illud (Virg. Ecl. 3,92):

Likewise, lector, from collecting with the mind the things he reads, as if a collector: just like that (Virgil, Eclogues 3, 92):

Qui legitis flores.

You who gather flowers.

[155] Loquax non est eloquens. Laetus [a latitudine]. Locuples, quasi locis plenus, et possessionum plurimarum possessor, quemadmodum docet Tullius de Republica in libro secundo (16): 'multaque editione ovium et boum, quod tunc erat res in pecore et in locorum possessionibus: ex quo pecuniosi et locupletes vocabantur'

[155] Loquacious is not eloquent. Joyous [from latitude]. Locuples, as if full of places, and a possessor of very many possessions, just as Tullius teaches in the Republic in the second book (16): 'and with much increase of sheep and oxen, since at that time wealth was in livestock and in the possession of places: from which they were called pecunious and locuplete'

[156] Liberalis dictus ab eo quod libenter donet nec murmuret. Largus. Longus a linea dictus, propter quod sit porrectus.

[156] Liberal is so called from the fact that he gladly donates and does not murmur. Lavish. Long is said from line, because it is outstretched.

Longaevus, quasi longi aevi et longi temporis.

Long-lived, as if of long age and long time.

[157] Longanimis, sive magnanimis, eo quod nullis passionibus perturbatur sed ad universa sustinenda patiens est. Cui contrarius est pusillanimis, angustus et in nulla tribulatione subsistens, de quo scribitur (Proverb. 14,17): 'Pusillanimis vehementer insipiens'

[157] Longanimous, or magnanimous, because he is disturbed by no passions but is patient for bearing all things. To this the contrary is the pusillanimous man, narrow, and not standing fast in any tribulation, about whom it is written (Proverbs 14,17): "The pusillanimous is exceedingly foolish."

[158] Levis ob inconstantiam vagationis appellatus, quia levi motu mentis nunc ista, nunc illa desiderat. Lubricus, ab eo quod labitur. Labens, interdum velox, ut (Virg.

[158] Light, called on account of the inconstancy of vagation, because with a light motion of mind he now desires these things, now those. Lubricous, from the fact that he slips. Lapsing, sometimes swift, as (Virg.

Aen. 11,588):

Aeneid 11, 588):

Labere, nympha, polo,

Glide down, nymph, from the sky,

et (Virg. Aen. 4,223):

and (Virgil, Aeneid 4,223):

Labere pinnis.

Glide on wings.

[159] Cursu enim lapsus celerior est. Latro, insessor viarum, a latendo dictus: Aelius autem 'latro est,' inquit, 'latero ob latere, insidiator viae' Lanista, gladiator, id est carnifex, Tusca lingua appellatus, a laniando scilicet corpora.

[159] For a glide is swifter than a run. Latro, a waylayer of roads, is said from “latere,” to lie hidden: but Aelius says, “latro is,” he says, “from latero on account of latere, an ambusher of the road.” Lanista, a gladiator, that is, an executioner, so called in the Tuscan tongue, from laniating, namely, bodies.

[160] Lacessitor per translationem dictus a canibus vel a feris, quae solent lacerando provocare. Leno, conciliator stupri, eo quod mentes miserorum blandiat et deliniendo seducat. Libidinosus, ab eo quod facit quod libet.

[160] Lacessitor, a “provoker,” so called by transference from dogs or wild beasts, which are wont to provoke by lacerating. Leno, a conciliator of debauchery, because he flatters the minds of the wretched and, by delining (soothing), seduces. Libidinous, from the fact that he does what he pleases.

Libidinosus a Libero, qui puellarum [corpore pingitur]. Luxuriosus, quasi solutus in voluptate: unde et membra loco mota luxa dicuntur. Lascivus, quod sit laxus, id est solutus et vanus.

Libidinous from Liber, who is depicted [with the body] of girls. Luxurious, as if loosened in pleasure; whence even limbs moved from their place are called luxated. Lascivious, because he is lax, that is, loosened and vain.

[161] Lymphaticus, quod aquam timeat, quem Graeci UDROFOBEN dicunt. Lymphaticus proprie dicitur qui vitium ex aqua contrahit, cuius vitium est huc atque illuc cursare, aut a fluore aquae sumpto vitio.

[161] Lymphatic, because he fears water, whom the Greeks call a HYDROPHOBE. Lymphatic is properly said of one who contracts a vice/affliction from water, whose disorder is to run here and there, or who has taken on an affliction from the flow of water.

[162] Sed poetae iam hoc genus nominis pro furiosis usurpant. [Languidus.] Luridus, quod sit pallidus, a loro dictus, quod huiusmodi habeat cutem. Leprosus a pruritu nimio ipsius scabiae dictus, unde et per P scribi debet.

[162] But poets now usurp this kind of name for the mad. [Languid.] Lurid, because he is pallid, said from lorum, since he has skin of this sort. Leprous, said from the excessive itch of the scab itself, whence it also ought to be written with a P.

[163] Luscus, quod lucem ex parte sciat, sicut luscitiosus, qui vesperi nihil videt. Luscos coclites dixerunt antiqui, unde et Cyclopas Coclites legimus dictos, quod unum oculum habuisse perhibentur. Lotus, lautus, id est mundus.

[163] Luscus, because he knows the light in part, just like luscitiosus, who sees nothing in the evening. The ancients called the one-eyed coclites, whence we read that the Cyclopes were called Coclites, because they are reported to have had one eye. Lotus, lautus, that is, clean.

Lupa, meretrix, a rapacitate vocata, quod ad se rapiat miseros et adprehendat.

She-wolf, a prostitute, named from rapacity, because she snatches the wretched to herself and apprehends them.

[164] Misericors a conpatiendo alienae miseriae vocabulum est sortitus: et hinc appellata misericordia, quod miserum cor faciat dolentis aliena miseria. Non autem occurrit ubique haec etymologia; nam est in Deo misericordia sine ulla cordis miseria.

[164] Misericors has gotten its term from compassionating another’s misery; and hence it is called misericordia (mercy), because another’s misery makes the heart of the one who grieves a miserable heart. Yet this etymology does not occur everywhere; for in God there is misericordia without any misery of heart.

[165] Mactus, magis auctus gloria; et est nomen tractum a sacris. Quotiens enim tus aut vinum super victimam fundebatur dicebant: 'Mactus est taurus vino vel ture'; hoc est cumulata est hostia et magis aucta.

[165] Mactus, more augmented in glory; and it is a name drawn from the sacred rites. For whenever frankincense or wine was poured over the victim they used to say: "The bull is mactus with wine or with frankincense"; that is, the sacrificial victim has been heaped up and more augmented.

[166] Munificus dicitur vel quia alicui multa munera dat, vel quia munus suum, id est officium quod debet, adinplet: sic et munifex, quia munera fert.

[166] He is called munificent either because he gives many gifts to someone, or because he fulfills his munus, that is, the office which he owes: so also “munifex,” because he bears gifts.

[167] Magnanimis, ab eo quod sit magni animi et magnae virtutis. Cui contrarius est pusillanimis. Magnificus a magna faciendo vocabulum traxit.

[167] Magnanimous, from the fact that one is of great spirit and great virtue. To which the contrary is pusillanimous. Magnificent drew its name from doing great things.

[168] Mansuetus, mitis vel domitus, quasi manu adsuetus. Modestus dictus a modo et temperie, nec plus quicquam nec minus agens. Mitis, lenis et mansuetus et cedens inprobitatibus et ad sustinendam iniuriam tacens, quasi mutus.

[168] Meek, mild or tamed, as if accustomed to the hand. Modest, said from measure and temperance, doing neither anything more nor less. Mild, gentle and tame, yielding to outrages and, for the sustaining of injury, silent, as if mute.

[169] Mutus, quia vox eius non est sermo, nisi mugitus: vocalem enim spiritum per nares quasi mugiens emittit. Memor, vel qui memoria tenet, vel quia memoria tenetur.

[169] Mute, because his voice is not discourse, except bellowing: for he emits the vocal breath through the nostrils, as if bellowing. Mindful, either one who holds by memory, or because one is held by memory.

[170] Magister, maior in statione: nam "steron" Graece statio dicitur. Minister, minor in statione, sive quia officium debitum manibus exequitur.

[170] Master, greater in station; for "steron" in Greek is called "station." Minister, lesser in station, or because he executes with the hands the office that is due.

[171] Maximus, aut meritis, aut aetate, aut honore, aut facundia, aut virtute, aut omnibus magis eximius. Maior. Minor, minimus, a numero monadis, quod post eum non sit alter.

[171] Greatest, either in merits, or in age, or in honor, or in eloquence, or in virtue, or in all, more distinguished. Greater. Lesser, least, from the number of the monad, because after it there is not another.

[172] Modicus, parvus, sed abusive; ceterum rationabilis. Moderatus, a modo scilicet et temperamento. Mediocris, quod modicum illi sufficiat.

[172] Modicus, small, but abusively; otherwise reasonable. Moderatus, from mode, namely, and temperament. Mediocre, because a modicum suffices to it.

[173] Miser proprie [dicitur] eo quod omnem felicitatem amiserit. Secundum autem Ciceronem proprie mortuus, qui in Tusculanis (1,5) miseros mortuos vocat, propter quod iam amiserunt vitam. Miserabilis, quod sit miseriae habilis.

[173] “Wretched” is properly said because he has lost all felicity. According to Cicero, however, it is properly “the dead,” who in the Tusculans (1.5) calls the dead “wretched,” because they have now lost life. “Miserable,” because he is apt for misery.

[174] Mestus, naturaliter tristis, non casu. Est enim a natura animi et mentis, unde et mestus.

[174] Mestus, naturally sad, not by chance. For it is from the nature of the spirit and the mind, whence also “mestus.”

[175] Mendicus dictus quia minus habet unde vitam degat: sive quia mos erat apud antiquos os claudere egenum et manum extendere, quasi manu dicere. Mendax, quod mentem alterius fallat.

[175] Mendicant is so called because he has less whereby to live out his life: or because it was the custom among the ancients to close the mouth of the needy and to extend the hand, as if to speak by the hand. Mendacious, because he deceives another’s mind.

[176] Malignus, quia malitiae votum vel opus peragit. Malus appellatus a nigro felle, quod Graeci MELAN dicunt: unde et melancholici appellantur homines qui et conversationem humanam refugiunt et amicorum carorum suspecti sunt. Malitiosus, deterior malo, quia frequenter malus.

[176] Malignant, because he carries out the vow or the work of malice. Bad is appellated from black bile, which the Greeks call MELAN: whence also men are called melancholics, who both shun human conversation and are suspicious of dear friends. Malicious, worse than bad, because frequently bad.

A malo autem peior dicitur: a bono deterior.

But from bad, “worse” is said; from good, “deterior.”

[177] Melior dictus quasi mollior: non durus aut ferreus: nam melius quasi mollius. Minax, a facie oculorum, quando furiose ardescunt, ut amplius videns pertimescat. Minator et monitor.

[177] Better is said as if softer: not hard or iron; for better as if softer. Menacing, from the face of the eyes, when they blaze furiously, so that, seeing more, one is thoroughly afraid. A threatener and a monitor.

Sed monitor dicitur cum praenuntiat bona: minator, cum nuntiat adversa.

But “monitor” is said when he fore-announces good things; “minator,” when he announces adverse things.

[178] Mulcator, eo quod blandis verbis mulceat ad declinandum animum: translatio a mulso, id est quod acceptum lenire solet fauces dolentis aut oppletum sordibus stomachum.

[178] Mulcator, because he soothes with bland words to turn aside the mind: a transference from mulsum, that is, from that which, when taken, is wont to lenify a sore throat or a stomach clogged with filth.

[179] Metatores appellantur qui castra designant, a metiendo scilicet. Lucanus (1,382):

[179] Metatores are called those who designate the camp, from measuring, of course. Lucan (1,382):

Hesperios audax veniat metator in agros.

Let the bold metator come into the Hesperian fields.

Mollis, quod vigorem sexus enerviati corpore dedecoret, et quasi mulier emolliatur.

Soft, because it disgraces the vigor of the sex with an enervated body, and as if he were softened like a woman.

[180] Macer, a macie: et macies a moechia, eo quod inmoderata libido macros faciat. Mancus, manu ancus.

[180] Meager (macer), from meagerness (macies); and macies from moechia (adultery), because immoderate libido makes people meager. Mancus, bent in the hand (manu ancus).

[181] Moribundus, morientis similis: sicut vitabundus, viventi similis. Quando enim dicimus moriturus est, vere moriturus est: moribundus autem non vere, sed veri similis morientis est.

[181] Moribund, similar to one dying: just as vitabund, similar to one living. For when we say “he is about to die” (moriturus est), he is truly about to die; but “moribund” is not truly so, but is like one truly dying.

[182] Meretrix dicta eo quod pretium libidinis mereatur. Inde et meritoriae tabernae: nam et milites, cum stipendia accipiunt, mereri dicuntur.

[182] Harlot is so called because she earns the price of lust. Hence also “meritorial” taverns; for soldiers too, when they receive stipends, are said to earn (to merit).

[183] Morio [a morte vocatus, eo quod non vigeat intellectu]. Mulio dictus a mulis, eo quod praesidet isdem vehiculis.

[183] Morio [called from death, because he does not thrive in intellect]. Mulio is named from mules, because he presides over the same vehicles.

[184] Nobilis, non vilis, cuius et nomen et genus scitur. Nubilis, ad nubendum habilis. Nemo ab homine tractum, id est ne homo, quod est pro nullo; nullus autem quasi ne ullus.

[184] Noble, not vile, whose both name and lineage are known. Nubile, apt for marrying. Nemo, drawn from homo, that is ‘ne homo,’ which is for ‘no one’; nullus, moreover, as if ‘ne ullus.’

Nullus, ne ullus.

None, not any.

[185] Nihili conpositum est ex nil et hilo. Hilum autem Varro ait significare medullam eius ferulae quam Graeci ASFODELON vocant; et sic dici apud nos nihilum quomodo apud Graecos OUDE GRU.

[185] Nihili is composed from nil and hilum. Hilum, moreover, Varro says signifies the marrow of that ferula which the Greeks call ASFODELON; and thus nihilum is said among us just as among the Greeks OUDE GRU.

[186] Nequam a malo plerique distingunt, alium perniciosum, alium nugam existimantes; ut ait Munatius: 'Hic adulescens nequam, non malus,' id est nugax, non perniciosus. Alii confundunt, quasi utrumque unum idemque significent.

[186] Many distinguish nequam from malus, reckoning the one pernicious, the other a trifle; as Munatius says: 'This young man is nequam, not malus,' that is, a trifler, not pernicious. Others confound them, as though both signify one and the same.

[187] Nequam ex eo quod nec quicquam sit, id est ex eo quod nihil sit, veteres dictum [esse] voluerunt. Neuter, neque ille neque iste; quasi diceret ne uterque.

[187] Nequam from the fact that it is not anything, that is, from the fact that it is nothing, the ancients wanted it to [be] said. Neuter, neither that man nor this; as if he were saying “not either.”

[188] Nefarius, non dignus farre, quo primo cibi genere vita hominum sustentabatur. [Alias nefarius nec dicendus.] [Nutritor, quasi nutu eruditor.] Nefandus, id est nec nominandus quidem.

[188] Nefarious, not worthy of far (spelt), by which, as the first kind of food, the life of men was sustained. [Otherwise nefarious not to be said.] [Nourisher, as if an instructor by a nod.] Nefandous, that is, not even to be named.

[189] Nuntius est [et] qui nuntiat et quod nuntiatur, id est AGGELOS KAI AGGELIA. Sed nuntius ipse homo genere masculino: id vero, quod nuntiat, genere neutro, ut hoc nuntium et haec nuntia.

[189] A nuntius is [both] he who announces and that which is announced, that is, AGGELOS AND ANGELIA. But nuntius, the person himself, is of the masculine gender; whereas that which he announces is of the neuter gender, as “this nuntium” and “these nuntia.”

[190] Nazaraeus, id est sanctus Dei. Nazaraeus olim dicebatur qui sanctam comam nutriebat et nihil contaminatum conspiciebat, abstinens se a vino omnique sicera, quae mentem ab integra sanitate pervertit.

[190] Nazaraean, that is, a holy one of God. A Nazaraean was formerly said of one who nurtured a sacred lock of hair and beheld nothing contaminated, abstaining from wine and from all sicera (strong drink), which turns the mind away from intact soundness.

[191] Nugas autem Hebraeum nomen est. Ita enim in Prophetis est expositum, ubi dicit Sophonias (3,4): 'Nugas, qui a lege recesserunt,' ut nosse possimus linguam Hebraicam omnium linguarum esse matrem.

[191] But Nugas is a Hebrew name. For thus it is expounded in the Prophets, where Zephaniah (3,4) says: 'Nugas, those who have receded from the law,' so that we may be able to know the Hebrew language to be the mother of all languages.

[192] Nugigerulus appellatus ab eo quod sit turpis nuntius.

[192] Nugigerulus is called so from the fact that he is a base messenger.

[193] Neglegens, [quasi] nec legens. Nepos dictus a genere quodam scorpionum qui natos suos consumit, excepto eum, qui dorso eius insiderit; nam rursus ipse qui servatus fuerit consumit patrem: unde homines qui bona parentum per luxuriam consumunt nepotes dicuntur. Hinc quoque nepotatio pro luxuria ponitur, qua certe quaeque res consumuntur.

[193] Negligent, [as if] “not reading.” Nepos is said from a certain kind of scorpion which consumes its offspring, except the one that sits upon its back; for in turn that very one which has been saved consumes the father: whence men who consume the goods of their parents through luxury are called “nepotes.” Hence also “nepotation” is put for luxury, by which indeed things are consumed.

[194] Niger, quasi nubiger: quia non serenus, sed fusco opertus. Vnde et nubilum diem tetrum dicimus.

[194] Black, as if cloud-bearing: because not serene, but overcast with fuscous shade. Whence also we call a nubilous day grim.

[195] Orthodoxus, rectae gloriae. Orator ab ore vocatus, a perorando nominatus, id est dicendo; nam orare dicere est.

[195] Orthodoxus, of right glory. Orator, called from the mouth, named from perorating, that is, from speaking; for to orate is to speak.

[196] Obaudiens, ab aure, eo quod audiat inperantem. Ospes, quod inferat ostio pedem. Ospes, facilis, aptus et ostio patens: unde et ospitalis homo dicitur.

[196] Obedient, from the ear, because he hears the one commanding. Guest/host, because he brings his foot to the door. Guest/host, easy, apt, and open at the door: whence a hospitable man is also called.

[197] Osor, inimicus, ab odio dictus, sicut amator ab amore; et est generis communis. Odibilis, odio aptus. Obsitus, obsessus, id est undique insidiis convallatus.

[197] Hater, enemy, called from odium (hate), just as lover from love; and it is of common gender. Odible, apt to hatred. Beset, besieged, that is, hemmed in on every side by ambushes.

[198] Obscenus, inpurae libidinis, a vitio Obscorum dictus. Obtunsus, hebetior et obclusior, quasi ex omni parte tunsus. Obnixus, contranisus et conabundus.

[198] Obscene, of impure libido, said from the vice of the Obsci. Obtuse, rather duller and more occluded, as if beaten from every part. Obnix, counter-straining and endeavoring.

Obnexus, quia obligatus est nexibus culpae.

Obnexus, because he is obligated by the bonds of guilt.

[199] Oblectator, quasi cum lacte, cum fraude, ut Terentius (Andr. 648):

[199] Oblectator, as if “with milk,” with fraud, as Terence (Andria 648):

Nisi me lactasses amantem.

If you had not tricked me, a lover.

Vnde et oblectare dictum est. Obtrectator, malignus et qui obstringillando officiendoque non sinat quempiam progredi et augescere.

Whence also “to oblect” is said. Obtrectator: a malignant one, who by obstringing and by obstructing does not allow anyone to progress and to augment.

[200] Orbus, quod liberos non habet; quasi oculis amissis. Opifex, quod opus faciat aliquod. Opilio [custos ovium] [ovium pastor quasi ovilio].

[200] Orbus, because he does not have children; as if with eyes lost. Opifex, because he makes some work. Opilio [guardian of sheep] [shepherd of sheep, as if from the sheepfold].

[201] Prudens, quasi porro videns. Praespicax est enim et incertorum praevidet casus. Patiens dictus a pavendo.

[201] Prudent, as if “seeing ahead.” For he is perspicacious and foresees the contingencies of uncertain things. Patient, said to be from “pavere,” to fear.

Pavere enim ferire est. Percutitur enim et tolerat.

For to pave is to strike. For he is struck and tolerates.

[202] Perfectus, cui nihil iam adici potest. Huic nomini apud Grammaticos conparatio non adicitur, quia si dixeris: 'Ille perfectior est,' iste perfectus non erit.

[202] Perfect: to which nothing can now be added. For this name among Grammarians comparison is not added, because if you were to say, 'That man is more perfect,' this one would not be perfect.

[203] Pulcer ab specie cutis dictus, quod est pellis: postea transiit hoc nomen in genus. Nam pulchritudo hominis aut in vultu est, ut (Virg. Aen. 1,589):

[203] Pulcer is said from the appearance of the cutis, which is the skin; afterwards this name passed into the genus. For the pulchritude of a man is either in the face, as (Virg. Aen. 1,589):

Os humerosque deo similis.

His face and shoulders similar to a god.

aut in capillis, ut (Virg. Aen. 1,589):

or in the hair, as (Virg. Aen. 1,589):

Namque ipse decoram
caesariem.

For indeed he himself [had] comely
locks of hair.

aut in oculis, ut (Virg. Aen. 1,591):

or in the eyes, as (Virgil, Aeneid 1,591):

Laetos oculis adflarat honores.

She had breathed joyous honors upon his eyes.

aut in candore, ut (Virg. Aen. 1,592):

or in candor, as (Virgil, Aeneid 1,592):

Quale manus addunt ebori decus.

Such adornment as hands add to ivory.

aut in lineamentis, ut (Cic. Verr. 2,36): 'Te multo plus figura et lineamenta hospitis delectabant,' aut in proceritate, ut Turnus (Virg.

or in the lineaments, as (Cic. Verr. 2,36): 'The figure and the lineaments of the guest delighted you much more,' or in procerity, as Turnus (Virg.

Aen. 11,683):

Aeneid 11,683):

Vertitur in mediis, et tota vertice supra est.

He wheels in the midst, and with his whole vertex is above.

[204] Pellax a perliciendo. Perspicax, splendidus, eo quod perluceat.

[204] Pellacious from enticing. Perspicacious, splendid, because it shines through.

[205] [Perpetuus]. Perennis, ab eo quod sit perpetuus annis. Praesul vocatus quia praeest sollicitudine. Praepositus appellatus eo quod sit subiectorum ac famulantium ordinator vel rector.

[205] [Perpetual]. Perennial, from the fact that it is perpetual in years. "Praesul" is so called because he presides with solicitude. "Praepositus" is styled thus because he is the ordainer or rector of the subject and the serving.

Patroni a patribus dicti sunt, quod huiusmodi affectum clientibus exhibeant ut quasi patres illos regant.

Patrons are called from “fathers,” because they exhibit to clients an affection of this sort, so that they govern them as if fathers.

[206] Paedagogus est cui parvuli adsignantur. Graecum nomen est; et est conpositum ab eo quod pueros agat, id est ductet et lascivientem refrenet aetatem.

[206] A pedagogue is he to whom little children are assigned. It is a Greek name; and it is composed from the fact that he leads boys, that is, he conducts and restrains a lascivient age.

[207] Praesens dictus quod sit prae sensibus, id est coram oculis, qui sensus sunt corporis. Prior, quod primus sit ordine: et primus quasi praeminens. [Primus.

[207] Present is so called because it is before the senses, that is, before the eyes, which are the senses of the body. Prior, because it is first in order: and first as if preeminent. [First.

Postremus.]

Last.]

[208] Potens, rebus late patens: unde et potestas, quod pateat illi quaqua velit, et nemo intercludat, nullus obsistere valeat. Praeopimus, prae ceteris opibus copiosus.

[208] Powerful, broadly patent over things: whence also “potestas” (power), because it is patent to him wherever he wishes, and no one intercludes it, no one is able to resist. Praeopimus, copious in opulence before the rest.

[209] Pecuniosus: Tullius primum eos dictos refert qui plurimam habuissent pecuniam, id est pecora. Ita enim et antiqui eos appellabant; paulatim autem per abusionem nomen aliud devolutum est.

[209] Pecunious: Tullius reports that at first those were called thus who had possessed the very most pecunia, that is, cattle. For so even the ancients used to call them; but little by little, through abusion, the name has devolved to another sense.

[210] Pervicax proprie dicitur qui in proposito suo ad victoriam perseverat. Antiqui enim vicam dicebant quam nos victoriam. Credo quod inde dicatur herba vicia, id est victorialis.

[210] “Pervicax” is properly said of one who perseveres in his purpose unto victory. For the Ancients used to say vica for what we call victoria, “victory.” I believe that from there the herb vicia (vetch) is so named, that is, “victorial.”

[211] Pernix a pernitendo tractum est: id est in conatibus perseverando. Alii pernicem velocem intellegunt pedibus. Nam pernicitas pedum est, ut (Virg.

[211] Pernix is drawn from pernitendo: that is, by persevering in endeavors. Others understand pernix as swift in the feet. For pernicity of the feet is meant, as (Virg.

Aen. 11,718):

Aeneid 11,718):

Pernicibus ignea plantis:

fiery with swift feet:

sicut celeritas pinnarum est, ut (Virg. Aen. 3,243):

just as the celerity of pinions is, as (Vergil, Aeneid 3, 243):

Celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae.

and with swift flight they glided beneath the stars.

[212] Piger, quasi pedibus aeger. Est enim tardus ad incedendum: quod nomen per usum transiit ad animum. Pernox, pervigilans nocte.

[212] Lazy, as if ailing in the feet. For he is tardy at advancing: by usage the name has passed over to the mind. Pernox, pervigilant at night.

[Perseverans.] Pertinax, inpudenter tenens, quasi pertinens.

[Persevering.] Pertinacious, impudently holding, as if pertinent.

[213] Petulans nunc quidem pro audace et inprobo ponitur: olim autem acerbi flagitatores et proprie argentariorum [coactorum] pueri, quod pretia rerum crebrius et asperius exigebant, a petendo petulantes vocati.

[213] Petulant is now indeed used for audacious and shameless; but formerly it meant harsh demanders, and properly the boys of the money‑changers’ [collectors’], because they would exact the prices of goods more frequently and more severely, and from seeking/demanding (petere) they were called petulant.

[214] Procax, proprie idem quod petax. Nam procare est petere; unde et petitores nuptiarum proci dicuntur.

[214] Procacious, properly the same as petacious. For to procare is to seek; whence also the petitioners for marriage are called proci (suitors).

[215] Prodigus, sumtuosus atque consumtor, qui omnia porro agit et quasi proicit. Profugus proprie dicitur qui procul a sedibus suis vagatur, quasi porro fugatus. Peregrinus, longe a patria positus, sicut alienigena.

[215] Prodigal, sumptuous and a consumer, who drives everything forth and, as it were, throws it away. Profugus is properly said of one who wanders far from his seats, as if driven forward afar. Peregrine, placed far from his fatherland, like an alien-born.

[216] Proiectus, quasi longe et procul iactatus; sicut et produxit, quasi porro illum duxit; et provocavit, quasi porro illum vocavit. Proiectus, porro eiectus ac proiactatus, unde et (Virg. Aen. 3,699):

[216] Projected, as if thrown far and at a distance; just so also “produxit,” as if he led him forth; and “provocavit,” as if he called him forth. “Proiectus,” moreover ejected and hurled forth, whence also (Virg. Aen. 3,699):

Proiectaque saxa;

and projected rocks;

id est porro iactata.

that is, cast forth.

[217] Proscriptus, cuius bona palam et aperte scribuntur. Praescriptus ordinem significat, sicut et praescriptiones apud iurisconsultos.

[217] Proscribed, whose goods are recorded publicly and openly. Prescript signifies order, just as also the prescriptions among the jurisconsults.

[218] Procinctus, expeditus et armatus; unde et 'in procinctu', id est cum belli causa arma sumebant. Praecinctus, eo quod ante se ponat aliquid, quo praecingitur. Vnde et de Domino dictum est (Iohann. 13,5): 'Praecinctus est linteo, et lavit pedes discipulorum suorum'

[218] Procinctus, unencumbered and armed; whence also 'in procinctu', that is, when for the cause of war they used to take up arms. Praecinctus, from the fact that he puts before himself something with which he is girded. Whence also it is said of the Lord (John 13:5): 'He was girt with a linen cloth, and he washed the feet of his disciples'.

[219] Praedo est qui populando alienam provinciam invadit: praedo ab abigendo praedas dictus; et praedo qui praedam habet. Praedator, hoc est cui de praeda debetur ahiquid.

[219] A raider is one who, by pillaging, invades another’s province: raider is so named from driving away prey; and a raider is one who has prey. A predator, that is, one to whom something is owed from the prey.

[220] Plagiator, APO TOU PLAGIOU, id est oblico, quod non certa via grassatur sed pelliciendo dolis. Piratae sunt praedones maritimi, ab incendio navium transeuntium quas capiebant dicti. Nam PURA ignis est.

[220] Plagiator, APO TOU PLAGIOU, that is, oblique, because he does not go about by a sure path but by luring with deceits. Pirates are maritime brigands, said to be named from the burning of passing ships which they captured. For PURA is fire.

[221] Pugillator, qui de manu in manu nummorum aliquid subtrahit. Peculator, pro eo quod sit pecuniae publicae defraudator. Proditor, pro eo quod detegit.

[221] Pugillator, one who, as coins pass from hand to hand, subtracts something. Peculator, so called because he is a defrauder of the public money. Traitor, so called because he betrays.

Item proditor perditor, ut (Virg. Aen. 1,252):

Likewise, betrayer, destroyer, as (Virgil, Aeneid 1,252):

Vnius ob iram
prodimur.

On account of the wrath of one
we are betrayed.

[222] Perfidus, quia fraudulentus est et sine fide, quasi perdens fidem. Periurus, quia perpere iurat, id est male iurat. Periurus autem in verbo R non habet.

[222] Perfidious, because he is fraudulent and without faith, as if losing faith. Perjurer, because he swears perversely, that is, he swears badly. Perjurer, however, does not have an R in the word.

Nam peiuro et deiero dicimus.

For we say “I perjure” and “I forswear.”

[223] Praevaricator, malae fidei advocatus, et qui vel in accusando nocitura, vel in defendendo profutura praetereat aut inutiliter dubieque ponat mercedis gratia licet corruptus. Cicero: 'Quid enim tam praevarum?' id est valde varum.

[223] Prevaricator, an advocate of bad faith, namely one who either, in accusing, pretermits things that would be noxious, or, in defending, pretermits things that would be profitable, or sets them forth uselessly and dubiously for the sake of a fee, albeit corrupted. Cicero: 'For what is so praevarum?' that is, very bow‑legged.

[224] Pellax, dolosus et fallax, a pelle, id est vultu. Foris enim, ut fallat, arridet, sed nequitiam intus gerit. Profanus, quasi porro a fano.

[224] Pellax, deceitful and fallacious, from pellis, that is, the countenance. For outwardly, in order to deceive, he smiles, but he bears wickedness within. Profane, as if “farther away from the shrine.”

Sacris enim illi non licet interesse.

For he is not permitted to take part in the sacred rites.

[225] Parricida proprie dicitur interfector parentis, quamvis quidam veteres hunc parenticidam dixerunt, quoniam parricidium et homicidium quocumque intellegi possit, cum sint homines hominibus pares.

[225] Parricide is properly said of the slayer of a parent, although certain ancients called this one “parenticide,” since parricide and homicide can be understood of anyone whatsoever, as humans are equals to humans.

[226] Persecutor non semper pro malo intellegitur; unde et persecutus, perfecte secutus.

[226] Persecutor is not always understood for a bad thing; whence also persecutus, “perfectly followed.”

[227] Publicanus est qui vectigalia publica exigit. Vel qui per publica negotia saeculi lucra sectantur, unde et cognominati sunt.

[227] A publican is one who exacts the public revenues. Or those who, through public business of the age, pursue lucre, whence they are also cognominated.

[228] Peccator a pelice, id est meretrice vocatus, quasi pelicator; quod nomen apud antiquos tantum flagitiosum significabat, postea transiit hoc vocabulum in appellationem omnium iniquorum.

[228] Sinner was named from a pelix, that is, a meretrix (prostitute), as if “pelicator”; which name among the ancients signified only the flagitious, afterwards this vocable passed into the appellation of all the iniquitous.

[229] Prostitutae, meretrices a prosedendo in meritoriis vel fornicibus. Pelex apud Graecos proprie dicitur, a Latinis concuba. Dicta autem a fallacia, id est versutia, subdolositate vel mendacio.

[229] Prostitutes, meretrices, are from pro-sitting (pro-sedendo) in meritoria or in fornicēs. Pelex among the Greeks is properly said, among the Latins concubine. It is called from fallacy, that is, versutia, subdolosity, or mendacity.

[230] Procurvus, quasi per longum curvus. Pavidus est quem vexat trepidatio mentis. Habet cordis pulsationem, cordis motum.

[230] Procurved, as if curved along its length. Pavid is he whom trepidation of mind vexes. He has a pulsation of the heart, a motion of the heart.

Nam pavere ferire est, unde et pavimentum.

For “pavere” is “to strike,” whence also “pavement.”

[231] Petro autem et rupex a duritia saxorum nominantur. Pusillanimis, pusillo animo. Petulcus dictus ab adpetendo; unde etiam et meretrices petulcas vocamus.

[231] Petra and rupes are named from the hardness of rocks. Pusillanimous, with a small spirit. Petulant is said from desiring (to seek, appetere); whence also we call prostitutes petulant.

[Productus.] [Pisinnus.]

[Prolonged.] [Tiny.]

[232] Quaestor a quaerendo dictus, quasi quaesitor. Quaestuosus. Querimoniosus.

[232] Quaestor from “seeking” (quaerere), as if “quaesitor.” Lucrative. Querimonious.

Querulus, quia querellam infert.

Querulous, because he brings a complaint.

[233] Quietus, quod sit ipse sibi animo securus, neminem tangens.

[233] Quiet, because he is himself to himself secure in mind, touching no one.

[234] Religiosus ait Cicero (Deor. Nat. 2,72) a relegendo appellatus; qui retractat et tamquam relegit ea quae ad cultum divinum pertineant.

[234] “Religious,” says Cicero (On the Nature of the Gods 2.72), is named from “relegere”; one who re-tracts and, as it were, re-reads the things that pertain to divine cult.

Hi sunt dicti religiosi ex relegendo, tamquam ex elegendo elegentes, ex diligendo diligentes, ex intellegendo intellegentes.

These are said to be called religious from “re-reading” (relegere), just as from “choosing” (eligere) come the elegant, from “esteeming/cherishing” (diligere) the diligent, from “understanding” (intellegere) the intelligent.

[235] Rationator dictus vir magnus; quia de omnibus rebus, quas esse mirabiles constat, possunt reddere rationem. Retractator, repetitor; nam retractare est repetere quod omiseras.

[235] Rationator, called a great man; because concerning all things which are agreed to be marvelous, they are able to render a reasoned account. Retractator, a repeater; for to retract is to repeat what you had omitted.

[236] Resipiscens, eo quod mentem quasi post insaniam recipit, aut quia resapit qui sapere desierat. Castigat enim se ipsum dementiae, et confirmat animum suum ad rectius vivendum, cavens ne iterum corruat.

[236] Resipiscent, because he, as it were, takes back his mind after insanity, or because he re-savors (re-sapits) who had ceased to be wise. For he castigates himself for dementia, and confirms his mind to live more rightly, taking care lest he fall again.

[237] Repentinus, a repente. Repens autem et adverbium et nomen potest esse. Robustus, fortis, validus; a fortitudine roboreae arboris appellatus.

[237] Repentinus, from repente. Repens moreover can be both an adverb and a noun. Robust, strong, valid; named from the fortitude of the oaken tree.

Rapidus, velox pedibus. Raptor, eo quod corruptor. Inde et rapta eo quod corrupta.

Rapid, swift of feet. Raptor, because corrupter. Hence also rapta, because corrupted.

[238] Reus a re, de qua obnoxius est, et reatum a reo [est] nuncupatum. Reus maiestatis primum dictus qui adversus rempublicam aliquid egisset, aut quicumque hostibus consensisset. Dictus autem reus maiestatis, quia maius est laedere patriam quam civem unum.

[238] The defendant (reus) is from the thing (res) on account of which he is bound, and reatus (guilt/charge) has been named from reus. A defendant of majesty (treason) was first so called who had done something against the republic, or whoever had agreed with the enemies. He was called a defendant of majesty, because it is a greater thing to injure the fatherland than a single citizen.

Postea etiam et ii rei maiestatis dicti sunt qui adversus maiestatem principis egisse viderentur, vel qui leges inutiles reipublicae detulerant, vel utiles abrogaverant.

Afterwards also those too were called defendants for treason who seemed to have acted against the majesty of the princeps, or who had proposed laws useless to the republic, or had abrogated useful ones.

[239] Rixosus a rictu canino dictus. Semper enim ad contradicendum paratus est, et iurgio delectatur, et provocat contendentem. Rusticus dictus quod rus operetur, id est terram.

[239] Rixosus is so called from a canine rictus. For he is always ready for contradicting, and takes delight in wrangling, and provokes one who contends. Rustic is so called because he works the rus, that is, the land.

[240] Sapiens dictus a sapore; quia sicut gustus aptus est ad discretionem saporis ciborum, sic sapiens ad dinoscentiam rerum atque causarum; quod unumquodque dinoscat, atque sensu veritatis discernat. Cuius contrarius est insipiens, quod sit sine sapore, nec alicuius discretionis vel sensus.

[240] Sapient is said to be named from savor; for just as taste is apt for the discrimination of the savor of foods, so the sapient man is apt for the recognition of things and of causes: that he may know each thing, and discern it by a sense of truth. Its contrary is the insipient, as being without savor and without any discernment or sense.

[241] Studiosus. Sanctus a veteri consuetudine appellatus eo quod hi, qui purificari volebant, sanguine hostiae tangebantur, et ex hoc sancti nomen acceperunt.

[241] Studious. Holy, so called from ancient consuetude, because those who wished to be purified were touched by the blood of the sacrificial victim, and from this they received the name “saints.”

[242] Sincerus, quasi sine corruptione, cui contrarius insincerus, vitiatus, corruptus. Supremus, summus, ab eo quod superemineat. Vnde et 'Supreme Pater' dicimus.

[242] Sincere, as if “without corruption,” whose contrary is insincere, vitiated, corrupted. Supreme, highest, from the fact that it superemines (stands out above). Whence also we say 'Supreme Father'.

[Suavis.] Sublimis ab altitudine vocatus honoris. Nam proprie sublime dicitur quod in alto est, ut (Virg. Aen.

[Sweet.] Sublime, called from the altitude of honor. For properly “sublime” is said of that which is on high, as (Virgil, Aen.

1,259):

Sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli.

And you will bear him aloft to the stars of heaven.

[243] Speciosus, ab specie vel aspectu; sicut formosus a forma. Sollers, quod sit sollicitus in arte et utilis. Sollers enim apud antiquos dicebatur, qui erat omni bona arte instructus.

[243] Speciosus, from species or aspect; just as formosus from forma. Sollers, because he is solicitous in art and useful. For among the ancients sollers was said of one who was instructed in every good art.

Terentius (Eun. 478):

Terence (Eun. 478):

Adulescentem sollertem dabo.

I will give a skillful adolescent.

[244] Superstitiosos ait Cicero (Nat. Deor. 2,72) appellatos 'qui totos dies precabantur et inmolabant, ut sibi sui liberi superstites essent' Sollicitus, quia sollers et citus atque inrequietus.

[244] Cicero says (On the Nature of the Gods 2.72) that those ‘who spent whole days praying and immolating, so that their own children might survive them’ were appellated superstitious. Solicitous, because skillful and quick and restless.

Sedulus familiare verbum Terenti; hoc est sine dolo: alias adsiduus.

Sedulous, a familiar word in Terence; that is, without guile: otherwise assiduous.

[245] Sodales dicuntur qui ad symbolum convenire consueverunt, quasi suadentes. Ipsi et socii dicuntur propter periculi aut operis societatem, quasi in una caliga et in uno vestigio manentes.

[245] Sodales are called those who are accustomed to convene for the contribution, as if persuading. They themselves also are called associates on account of the society of peril or of work, as if remaining in one caliga and in one footprint.

[246] Stultus, hebetior corde, sicut quidam ait (Afran. 416):

[246] A fool, duller in heart, as a certain man says (Afran. 416):

Ego me esse stultum existimo: fatuum esse non opino,

I reckon myself to be a fool: I do not opine that I am fatuous,

id est obtunsis quidem sensibus, non tamen nullis. Stultus est qui per stuporem non movetur iniuria; saevitiam enim perfert nec ultus est, nec ulla ignominia commovetur dolore.

that is, with blunted senses indeed, yet not none. A stupid man is one who, through stupor, is not moved by injury; for he endures savagery and has not taken vengeance, nor is he stirred to pain by any ignominy.

[247] Segnis, id est sine igni, ingenio carens. 'Se' autem sine significat, ut sedulus sine dolo. Securus, quasi sine cura; id est frigidus, per quod inutiles accipimus.

[247] Sluggish (segnis), that is, without fire, lacking ingenuity. 'Se,' moreover, signifies 'without,' as sedulous is 'without guile.' Secure, as if 'without care'; that is, frigid, on account of which we regard them as useless.

[248] Stupidus, saepius stupens. Superbus dictus quia super vult videri quam est; qui enim vult supergredi quod est, superbus est.

[248] Stupid, more often stupefied. Proud is said because he wishes to seem above (super) what he is; for he who wishes to overstep what he is, is proud.

[249] Susurro de sono locutionis appellatus, quia non in facie alicuius, sed in aure loquitur de altero detrahendo.

[249] Susurro is appellated from the sound of locution, because he speaks not to someone’s face, but into the ear, in order to detract from another.

[250] Seditiosus, qui dissensionem animorum facit et discordias gignit, quam Graeci DIASTASIN dicunt. Severus, quasi saevus verus; tenet enim sine pietate iustitiam.

[250] Seditious, who makes dissension of minds and engenders discords, which the Greeks call DIASTASIN. Severe, as if “truly savage”; for he holds justice without piety.

[251] Simulator dicitur a simulacro; gestat enim similitudinem eius, quae non est ipse.

[251] A simulator is said from simulacrum; for he bears the similitude of that which he himself is not.

[252] Suasor [a suadendo quem vult decipere]. [Studiosus.] Scrupulosus, animi minuti et asperi. Scrupo est enim arena durior. Sacrilegus dicitur ab eo quod sacra legit, id est furatur.

[252] Persuader [from persuading the one whom he wishes to deceive]. [Studious.] Scrupulous, of a minute and rough spirit. For a scruple is harder than sand. A sacrilegious man is so called from the fact that he gathers sacred things, that is, he steals them.

Sicarius vocatur quia ad perpetrandum scelus telis armatus est. Sica enim gladius est, a secando vocatus.

Sicarius is so called because, for perpetrating a crime, he is armed with missiles/weapons; for a sica is a sword, named from cutting.

[253] Scaevus, sinister atque perversus, APO TOU SKAIOU. Est enim pessimi et crudelis animi. Scenicus, qui in theatro agit.

[253] Scaevus, sinister and perverse, APO TOU SKAIOU. For he is of a very bad and cruel mind. Scenic, one who performs in the theater.

Theatrum enim scena est. Scorta, quod a Graecis quoque SKUTE vocabantur: quo defricantur pelles quibus corruptela fit.

For the theater is a scene. Harlots, because by the Greeks too they were called SKUTE: with which pelts are rubbed, whereby corruption/defilement comes about.

[254] Spurcus, quod sit inpurus. Scelerosus, sceleribus plenus; ut lapidosus locus et arenosus. Plus est autem scelerosus quam sceleratus.

[254] Filthy, because it is impure. Scelerous (full of crimes); as a stony place and a sandy one. Moreover, scelerous is more than scelerate.

[255] Sator, seminator vel pater, a semine. Scurra, qui sectari quempiam solet cibi gratia. A sequendo igitur inde scurras appellatos.

[255] Sower, seminator, or father, from seed. Scurra, one who is accustomed to follow someone for the sake of food. From following (sequendo), therefore, scurrae have been so named.

Idem assecla, a sequendo. Satelles, quod adhaereat alteri, sive a lateris custodia.

Likewise, a follower, from following. Satellite (attendant/bodyguard), because it adheres to another, or from the custody of the side (flank).

[256] Suffectus, in loco alterius soppositus, quasi suffactus. Vnde et consulem suffectum dicimus eum qui pro alio substituitur.

[256] Suffect, put in the place of another, as if “suffacted.” Whence also we call a suffect consul him who is substituted in place of another.

[257] Secundus, quia secus pedes: et tractus est sermo a sequentibus servis pedisequis. Vnde et secunda fortuna dicitur, quod secundum nos est, id est prope nos. Inde et res secundae, id est prosperae.

[257] Second, because it is “along the feet”; and the usage is drawn from the following servants, the foot-followers (pedisequi). Whence also “second fortune” is said, because it is “secundum” us, that is, near to us. Hence also “second things,” that is, prosperous circumstances.

Secundae autem a sequendo sunt dictae.

But “secundae” are so called from “following.”

[258] Stipulator, promissor. Stipulare enim promittere est, ex verbis iurisperitorum.

[258] Stipulator, promisor. For to stipulate is to promise, according to the words of the jurists.

[259] Sanus, a sanguine, quia sine pallore est.

[259] Sane, from sanguine (blood), because he is without pallor.

[260] [Sospes.] Subtilis ab extenuatione dictus. Sequester dicitur qui certantibus medius intervenit, qui apud Graecos O MESOS dicitur, apud quem pignera deponi solent. Quod vocabulum ob sequendo factum est, quod eius, qui electus sit, utraque pars fidem sequatur.

[260] [Safe and sound.] Subtle, so called from extenuation. A sequester is called one who intervenes as a middleman between those contending, who among the Greeks is called O MESOS, with whom pledges are wont to be deposited. Which vocable was formed from following, because both parties follow the good faith of him who has been chosen.

[261] Sessilis, quod non videtur stare, sed sedere. Surdus, a sordibus humoris aure conceptis; et quamvis multis casibus accidat, nomen tamen aeger ex praedicto vitio retinet.

[261] Sessile, because it does not seem to stand, but to sit. Surd (deaf), from the filth of moisture collected in the ear; and although it happens from many causes, nevertheless the sufferer retains the name from the aforesaid defect.

[262] Siccus, quod sit exsucatus; sive per antiphrasin, quod sit sine suco. Sepultus dictus est eo quod sit sine palpatione, vel sine pulsu, id est sine motu.

[262] Dry, because it is desiccated; or by antiphrasis, because it is without juice. Buried is said because it is without palpation, or without pulse, that is, without motion.

[263] Saio ab exigendo dictus. Sutor a suendis pellibus nominatus. Subulcus, porcorum pastor; sicut bubulcus, a cura boum.

[263] The serjeant is so called from exacting. The shoemaker is named from sewing hides. The swineherd, a shepherd of pigs; just so the oxherd, from the care of oxen.

[264] Tutor, qui pupillum tuetur, hoc est intuetur; de quo in consuetudine vulgari dicitur: 'Quid me mones? Et tutorem et paedagogum olim obrui'

[264] Tutor, who protects the pupil, that is, looks upon him; about whom in vulgar usage it is said: 'Why do you advise me? I was once overwhelmed with both a tutor and a pedagogue'

[265] Testes dici quod testamento adhiberi solent; sicut signatores, quod testamentum signent.

[265] Witnesses are so called because they are accustomed to be adjoined to a testament; just as signatories, because they sign the testament.

[266] Tetricus, mons in Sabinis asperrimus. Vnde et tristes homines tetricos dicimus. Taciturnus, in tacendo diuturnus.

[266] Tetricus, a mountain among the Sabines, most harsh. Whence also we call sad men tetric. Taciturn: long in keeping silence.

[267] Trutinator, examinator, ex iudicii libra perpendens recta; translatione a trutina, quae est gemina ponderum lances. Tristis.

[267] Weigher, examiner, perpending from the balance of judgment the right things; by transference from trutina, which is the twin pans of weights. Sad.

[268] Tenax, nummi cupidior, quod teneat. Interdum et pertinax.

[268] Tenacious, more covetous of coin, because he holds onto it. Sometimes also pertinacious.

[269] [Truculentus.] Torvus, terribilis, eo quod sit torto vultu et turbulento aspectu, ut: 'torva leaena,' et (Virg. Aen. 3,677):

[269] [Truculentus.] Truculent, grim, terrible, because he has a contorted countenance and a turbulent aspect, as: 'grim lioness,' and (Virgil, Aeneid 3,677):

Cernimus adstantes nequiquam lumine torvo.

We discern the bystanders, in vain, with a grim glare.

[270] Turbidus, terribilis. Teter, ob obscura tenebrosaque vita. Teterrimus, pro fero nimium.

[270] Turbid, terrible. Foul, on account of an obscure and tenebrous life. Most foul, for excessively ferocious.

Tetrum enim veteres pro fero dixerunt, ut Ennius (Ann. 607): 'tetros elephantos' Terribilis, quia terrorem habet et timetur.

For the ancients used ‘teter’ in place of ‘fierce,’ as Ennius (Ann. 607): ‘tetros elephantos.’ Terrible, because it has terror and is feared.

[271] Tergiversator, quod animum quasi tergum vertat huc et illuc, nec [facile] qualis sit intellegitur.

[271] Tergiversator, because he turns his mind as if a back, this way and that, and it is not [easily] understood of what sort he is.

[272] Temulentus a temeto, id est vino, dictus. Timidus, quod timeat diu, id est sanguine; nam timor sanguinem gelat, qui coactus gignit timorem.

[272] Temulent is so called from temetum, that is, wine. Timid, because he fears for a long time, that is, in the blood; for fear congeals the blood, which, when coagulated, begets fear.

[273] Turpis, quod sit informis et torpeat.

[273] Turpid, because it is formless and torpid.

[274] Vir, a virtute. Vtilis, ab utendo bene sua, vel quod bene quid utere possit; sicut docilis, quod doceri possit.

[274] Man, from virtue. Useful, from using well one’s own things, or because someone can use something well; just as docile, because he can be taught.

[275] Verus, a veritate; hinc et verax. Maior est veritas quam verus, quia non veritas a vero, sed verus a veritate descendit.

[275] True, from truth; hence also veracious. Truth is greater than true, because not truth from the true, but the true descends from truth.

[276] Veridicus, quia verum dicit et veritatis adsertor est. Verecundus, quia verum factum erubescit.

[276] Veridical, because he speaks the truth and is an assertor of truth. Verecund, because he blushes at a true deed.

[277] Venustus, pulcher, a venis, id est sanguine. [Viridis, vi et suco plenus, quasi vi rudis.] [Vivens, vivus.] Varius, quasi non unius viae, sed incertae mixtaeque sententiae. Versutus, eo quod eius mens in quolibet actu ad quamlibet fraudem facile vertitur; unde et versutia dicitur contorta sententia.

[277] Venust, beautiful, from veins, that is, blood. [Green, full of force and sap, as if “raw in force.”] [Living, alive.] Various, as if not of one way, but of an uncertain and mixed judgment. Versute, because his mind in any act is easily turned to any fraud; whence also versutia is called a contorted judgment.

[278] Plautus (Epid. 371):

[278] Plautus (Epidicus 371):

Versutior [est] quam rota figularis.

More wily [is] than a potter's wheel.

[279] [Vilis, a villa; nullius enim urbanitatis est.] Versipellis, eo quod in diversa vultum et mentem vertat. Inde et versutus et callidus. Violentus, quia vim infert.

[279] [Vile, from villa; for it is of no urbanity.] Versipellis, because he turns his face and mind in different directions. Hence also versutus and callidus. Violent, because he inflicts force.

Vecors, mali cordis et malae conscientiae.

Mad, of an evil heart and an evil conscience.

[280] Vagus, quia sine via. Vanus a Venere etymologiam trahit. Item vanus inanis, falsus, eo quod memoria evanescat.

[280] Vague, because without a way. Vain draws its etymology from Venus. Likewise, vain: inane, false, because it evanesces from memory.

[281] Vesanus, non probe sanus. Vinolentus, qui et satis bibit et difficile inebriatur. Vexatus, id est portatus; ab eo quod est veho, vecto, vexo, ut vexasse sit portasse.

[281] Vesanus, not properly sane. Vinolentus, one who both drinks enough and is with difficulty inebriated. Vexatus, that is, carried; from that which is veho, vecto, vexo, so that vexasse is to have carried.

Veneficus, eo quod venenum mortis causa paravit, aut praestitit, aut vendidit.

Venefice, for the reason that he prepared venom as a cause of death, or furnished it, or sold it.

[282] Vector, quasi vehitor. Est autem vector et qui vehit et qui vehitur. Venator, quasi venabulator, a venatione scilicet, quo bestias premit.

[282] Vector, as if “vehitor.” Moreover, a vector is both he who conveys and he who is conveyed. Venator, as if “venabulator,” from venation, namely, whereby he presses/drives the beasts.

Quattuor autem sunt venatorum officia: vestigatores, indagatores, alatores, pressores.

Four, moreover, are the offices of hunters: vestigators, indagators, alators, pressors.