Augustus: RES GESTAE DIVI AVGVSTI

Rerum gestarum divi Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi Rom. subiecit, et impensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque Romanum fecit, incisarum in duabus aheneis pilis, quae su[n]t Romae positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum.

An exemplar set below of the deeds of the deified Augustus, by which he subjected the world to the imperium of the Roman People, and of the expenditures which he made for the Republic and the Roman People, incised on two bronze pillars which are set up in Rome.

1. Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata impensa comparavi.~ per quem rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam in liberatatem vindicavi. Eo [nomi]ne senatus decretis honorif[i]cis in ordinem suum m[e adlegit C. Pansa et A. Hirti]o consulibus, con[sula]rem locum s[imul dan sententiae ferendae, et i]imperium mihi dedit.~ Res publica, n[e quid detrimenti caperet, a] me pro praetore simul cum consulibus pro[viden]dum [iussit. P]opulus autem eodem anno me consulem, cum [cos.

1. At the age of nineteen I raised an army by private counsel and at private expense.~ by which I vindicated the commonwealth, oppressed by the domination of a faction, into liberty. On that [acco]unt the senate, by honorif[i]c decrees, adlected m[e when C. Pansa and A. Hirti]us were consuls, and a con[sula]r place s[imilarly for delivering an opinion, and g]ave me imperium.~ The commonwealth, [lest it take any detriment, b]y me as propraetor together with the consuls [provisi]on [it ordered. T]he people moreover in the same year me consul, when [cos.

uterqu]e in bel[lo ceci]disset, et triumvirum rei publicae costituend[ae creavit].

when both had fallen in war, they created me a triumvir for reconstituting the commonwealth.

2. Qui parentem meum [interfecer]un[t eo]s in exilium expuli iudiciis legitimis ultus eorum [fa]cin[us, e]t postea bellum inferentis rei publicae vici b[is a]cie.

2. Those who killed my parent I expelled into exile by lawful judgments, avenging their crime; and afterwards I defeated in pitched battle twice those who were bringing war against the republic.

3. [B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia ex]ternaque toto in orbe terrarum s[aepe gessi] victorque omnibus v[eniam petentib]us civibus peperci. Exte[rnas] gentes, quibus tuto i[gnosci pot]ui[t, co]nservare quam excidere m[alui]. Millia civium Roma[no]rum [sub] sacramento meo fuerunt circiter [quingen]ta. Ex quibus dedu[xi in coloni]as aut remisi in municipia sua stipen[dis emeri]tis millia aliquant[o plura qu]am trecenta et iis omnibus agros a[dsignavi] aut pecuniam pro p[raemis mil]itiae dedi. Naves cepi sescen[tas praeter] eas, si quae minore[s quam trir]emes fuerunt.

3. Wars on land and sea, civil and external, throughout the whole orb of lands I often waged; and as victor I spared all citizens who were seeking pardon. Foreign peoples, for whom it was safe that pardon be granted, I preferred to conserve rather than to extirpate. Thousands of Roman citizens under my oath were about 500,000. Of these I led out into colonies, or sent back to their own municipia, with their stipends earned, somewhat more than 300,000; and to all of them I assigned fields or gave money in return for the rewards of military service. I captured 600 ships, besides those, if any, which were smaller than triremes.

4. [Bis] ovans triumphavi et tri[s egi] curulis triumphos et appella[tus sum v]iciens et semel imperator. [decernente plu]ris triumphos mihi sena[t]u, qua[ter eis su]persedi. ~ L[aurum de f]asc[i]bus deposui in Capi[tolio votis, quae] quoque bello nuncupaveram, [sol]utis.

4. Twice I triumphed with an ovation and I conducted three curule triumphs and I was hailed imperator twenty-one times. With the senate decreeing more triumphs for me, four times I refrained from them. ~ I laid down the laurel from the fasces in the Capitol, with the vows—which I had also vowed in war—fulfilled.

Ob res a [me aut per legatos] meos auspicis meis terra ma[riqu]e pr[o]spere gestas qui[nquageniens et q]uinquiens decrevit senatus supp[lica]ndum esse dis immortalibus. Dies a[utem, pe]r quos ex senatus consulto [s]upplicatum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX. In triumphis meis] ducti sunt ante currum meum reges aut r[eg]um lib[eri novem.

On account of deeds carried out by me or through my legates, under my auspices, by land and sea, prosperously, fifty-five times the Senate decreed that supplication should be made to the immortal gods. The days, moreover, during which, in accordance with a senatorial decree, supplication was made, were 890. In my triumphs there were led before my chariot kings or the children of kings, nine.

Consul f]ueram terdeciens, cum [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et eram se]p[timum et] tricen[simu]m tribuniciae potestatis.

I had been consul thirteen times, when I wrote these things, and I was in the thirty-seventh year of tribunician power.

5. [Dic]tat[ura]m et apsent[i e]t praesent[i mihi delatam et a popul]o et a se[na]tu [M. Marce]llo e[t] L. Arruntio [cos.] non rec[epi. Non sum] depreca[tus] in s[umma f]rum[enti p]enuria curatio[n]em an[non]ae. [qu] am ita ad[min]ist[ravi, ut] in[tra] die[s] paucos metu et periclo p[r] aesenti civitatem univ[ersam liberarem impensa et] cura mea. Consul[atum] quoqu]e tum annum e[t perpetuum mihi] dela[tum non recepi.]

5. I did not accept the Dictatorship, offered to me both in my absence and in my presence, by both the People and the Senate, in the consulship of M. Marcellus and L. Arruntius. I did not refuse, in the utmost scarcity of grain, the curatorship of the annona, which I so administered that within a few days I freed the entire community from present fear and peril, at my own expense and care. The Consulship also, both for that year and in perpetuity, when it was offered to me, I did not accept.

6. [Consulibus M. Vinicio et Q. Lucretio] et postea P. Lentulo et Cn. L[entulo et tertium Paullo Fabio Maximo] e[t Q> Tuberone senatu populoq]u[e Romano consentientibus] ut cu[rator legum et morum maxima potestate solus crearer nullum magistratum contra morem maiorem delatum recepi. Quae tum per me fieri senatus] v[o]luit, per trib[un]ici[a]m p[otestatem perfeci, cuius potes]tatis conlegam et [ips]e ultro [quinquiens mihi a sena]tu[de]poposci et accepi.

6. [In the consulship of M. Vinicius and Q. Lucretius] and afterwards of P. Lentulus and Cn. L[entulus, and for the third time of Paullus Fabius Maximus] a[nd Q. Tubero, with the senate and peo]pl[e of the Romans consenting], that I [be created curator of laws and morals with the greatest power alone, I accepted no magistracy conferred contrary to ancestral custom. What at that time the senate wished to be carried out by me] I willed, I accomplished through the tribu[n]icia[l] p[ower; of which pow]er a colleague, and [my]self of my own accord, [five times from the sen]a[te] I demanded and received.

7. [Tri]umv[i]rum rei pu[blicae c]on[s]ti[tuendae fui per continuos an]nos [decem. P]rinceps s[enatus fui usque ad e]um d[iem, quo scrip]seram [haec, per annos] quadra[ginta. Pon]tifex [maximus, augur, Xvvir]um sacris fac[iundis, VIIvirum ep]ulon[um, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius], fetialis fui.

7. I was a triumvir for reconstituting the Republic for a continuous ten years. I was princeps of the senate up to the day on which I wrote these things, for forty years. I was Pontifex Maximus, augur,
a quindecimvir for the sacred rites, a septemvir of the Epulones, an Arval brother, a member of the Titian sodality, a fetial.

8. Patriciorum numerum auxi consul quintum iussu populi et senatus. Senatum ter legi. Et in consulatu sexto censum populi conlega M. Agrippa egi.

8. I increased the number of patricians, as consul for the fifth time, by order of the people and the Senate. I revised the Senate three times. And in my sixth consulship I conducted the census of the people with my colleague M. Agrippa.

Lustrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum fec[i]. Quo lustro civium Romanorum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexag[i]inta tria millia. ~ Tum [iteru]m consulari com imperio lustrum [s]olus feci C. Censorin[o et C.] Asinio cos. Quo lustro censa sunt civium Romanorum [capita] quadragiens centum millia et ducenta triginta tria mi[llia.

I performed a lustrum after the forty-second year. In that lustrum the heads of Roman citizens registered were 4,063,000 and
sixty-three thousand. ~ Then, with consular imperium, I alone performed a lustrum, when G. Censorin[o and G.]
Asinius were consuls. In that lustrum the [heads] of Roman citizens registered were 4,233,000.

Et tertiu]m consulari cum imperio lustrum conlega Tib. Cae[sare filio] m[eo feci,] Sex. Pompeio et Sex.

And a third lustrum, with consular imperium, I performed with my colleague Tiberius Caesar, my son, in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius and Sextus.

Appuleio cos. Quo lustro ce[nsa sunt]civ[ium Ro]manorum capitum quadragiens centum mill[ia et n]onge[nta tr]iginta et septem millia. Legibus novi[s] m[e auctore l]atis m[ulta e]xempla maiorum exolescentia iam ex nostro [saecul]o red[uxi et ipse] multarum rer[um exe]mpla imitanda pos[teris tradidi.]

Appuleius as consul. In which lustrum the heads of Roman citizens counted were 4,937,000. By new laws, with me as author, I restored many exempla of the ancestors that were already fading from our age, and I myself handed down exempla of many things to be imitated by posterity.

9. Vota p[ro valetudine meo susc]ipi p[er cons]ules et sacerdotes qu[in]to qu[oque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis] votis s[ae]pe fecerunt vivo m[e ludos aliquotiens sace]rdo[tu]m quattuor amplissima colle[gia, aliquotiens consules. Pr]iva[t]im etiam et municipatim univer[si cives unanimite]r con[tinente]r apud omnia pulvinaria pro vale[tu]din[e mea s]upp[licaverunt.]

9. The senate decreed that vows for my health be undertaken by the consuls and the priests every fifth year. Out of these vows, while I was alive, on several occasions the four most distinguished priestly colleges held games, on several occasions the consuls. Privately also and municipally all the citizens unanimously and continually at all the pulvinaria offered supplications for my health.

10. Nom[en me]um [sena]tus c[onsulto inc]lusum est in saliare carmen et sacrosanctu[s in perp]etum [ut essem et, q]uoad ivierem, tribunicia potestas mihi [esse, per lege]m sanc[tum est. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in vivi [c]onlegae l]ocum, [populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater meu[s habuer]at, r[ecusavi. Qu]od sacerdotium aliquod post annos, eo mor[t]uo q[ui civilis] m[otus o]ccasione occupaverat, ~ cuncta ex Italia [ad comitia mea] confluen[te mu]ltitudine, quanta Romae nun[q]uam [fertur ante i]d temp[us fuisse], recep[i] P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibu[s].

10. My name, by decree of the senate, was included in the Salian hymn, and it was sanctioned by law that I should be sacrosanct in perpetuity and that, so long as I lived, tribunician power should be mine. I refused to become pontifex maximus in the place of my living colleague, when the people were offering that priesthood to me, which my father had held. That priesthood, however, after some years, upon the death of the man who had seized it on the occasion of civil disturbance, ~ with a multitude flowing together out of all Italy to my comitia, as great as is said never before to have been at Rome up to that time, I received, in the consulship of Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius.

11. Aram [Fortunae] R[educis a]nte aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Cap[enam pro] red[itu me]o senatus consacravit, in qua ponti[fices et] vir[gines Ve]stal[es anni]versarium sacrificium facere [decrevit eo] di[e quo co]nsul[ibus Q. Luc]retio et [M. Vi]nic[i]o in urbem ex [Syria redieram, et diem Augustali]a ex [c]o[gnomine] nos[t]ro appellavit.

11. The senate consecrated an altar of Fortuna Redux before the shrines of Honor and Virtue at the Capena Gate for my return, and decreed that the pontiffs and the Vestal virgins should perform an annual sacrifice there on the day on which, in the consulship of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinicius, I returned into the city from Syria, and it named the day the Augustalia from our cognomen.

12. [Senatus consulto ea occasion]e pars [praetorum e]t tribunorum [plebi cum consule Q.] Lu[cret]io et princi[pi] bus viris [ob]viam mihi mis[s]a e[st in Campan]iam, quo honos [ad ho]c tempus nemini praeter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[is[]ania Gal[liaque, rebu]s in iis provincis prosp[e]re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Nerone P. Qui[ntilio c]o[n]s[ulibu]s, ~ aram [Pacis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro]redi[t]u meo consa[c]randam [censuit] ad campam [Martium, in qua ma]gistratus et sac[er]dotes [et v]irgines V[est]a[les ann]iversarium sacrific]ium facer[e decrevit.]

12. By decree of the senate on that occasion, a part of the praetors and of the tribunes of the plebs, with the consul Q. Lucretius and the leading men, was sent to meet me into Campania, an honor which up to this time has been decreed to no one except me. When, from Hispania and Gaul, the affairs in those provinces having been conducted prosperously, I returned to Rome in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, ~ the senate judged that an Altar of Augustan Peace be consecrated for my return on the Campus Martius, on which it decreed that the magistrates and the priests and the Vestal virgins perform an annual sacrifice.

13. [Ianum] Quirin[um, quem cl]aussum ess[e maiores nostri voluer]unt, cum [p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra marique es]set parta victoriis pax, cum pr[ius quam] nascerer, a co[ndita] u[rb]e bis omnino clausum [f]uisse prodatur m[emori]ae, ter me princi]pe senat]us claudendum esse censui[t].

13. [Janus] Quirinus, whom our ancestors wished to be closed, when through the whole imperium of the Roman people, by land and by sea, peace had been secured by victories—whereas, before I was born, from the founding of the city it is handed down to memory that it had been closed twice in all—thrice, with me as princeps, the senate judged that it should be closed.

14. [Fil]ios meos, quos iuv[enes] mihi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et Lucium Caesares,

14. my sons, whom fortune snatched from me as youths, Gaius and Lucius Caesars,

honoris mei caussa senatus populusque Romanus annum quintum et decimum agentis consules designavit, ut [e]um magistratum inirent post quinquennium. Et ex eo die, quo deducti [s]unt in forum ut interessent consiliis publicis decrevit sena[t]us. Equites [a]utem Romani universi principem iuventutis utrumque eorum parm[is] et hastis argenteis donatum appellaverunt.

for the sake of my honor the Senate and the Roman People designated them consuls while they were in their fifteenth year, so that they might enter upon that magistracy after five years. And from the day on which they were conducted into the forum the Senate decreed that they should take part in public counsels. Moreover, all the Roman Equites styled each of them Prince of the Youth, having been presented with small shields (parmae) and silver spears.

15. Plebei Romanae viritum HS trecenos numeravi ex testamento patris mei. et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellorum manibiis consul quintum dedi, iterum autem in consulatu decimo ex [p]atrimonio meo HS quadringenos congiari viritim pernumer[a]vi, et consul undecimum duodecim frumentationes frumento pr[i]vatim coempto emensus sum. ~ et tribunicia potestate duodecimum quadringenos nummos tertium viritim dedi.

15. To the Roman plebs, to each man, I paid HS 300 from my father’s testament. And in my name I gave HS 400 from the spoils (manubiae) of wars when consul for the 5th time; again, moreover, in my 10th consulship, from my patrimony, I paid out HS 400 as a congiary to each man, and, when consul for the 11th time, I measured out twelve grain-distributions with grain purchased privately. ~ And in the 12th tribunician power I gave 400 coins to each man for the 3rd time.

Quae mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinquaginta et ducenta. Tribuniciae potestatis duodevicensimum consul XII trecentis et viginti millibus plebis urbanae sexagenos denarios viritim dedi. Et colon[i]s militum meorum consul quintum ex manibiis viritim millia nummum singula dedi.

My donatives (congiaria) reached numbers of people never less than 250,000.
In the eighteenth year of tribunician power, consul for the 12th time, to 320,000 of the urban plebs I gave sixty denarii each.
And to the colonists of my soldiers, as consul for the 5th time, from the spoils I gave individually 1,000 sesterces apiece.

acceperunt id triumphale congiarium in colonis hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. Consul tertium dec[i]mum sexagenos denarios plebei, quae tum frumentum publicum acciebat, dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plura quam ducenta fuerunt.

They received that triumphal congiary in the colonists, about 120,000 persons. As consul for the 13th time I gave sixty denarii apiece to the plebs, who at that time was drawing public grain; those thousands of persons were a little more than two hundred thousand.

16. Pecuniam [pr]o agris, quos in consulatu meo quarto et postea consulibus M. Cr[a]ssao et Cn. Lentulo augure adsignavi militibus, soliv municipis. Ea [s]u[mma s]estertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam [p]ro Italicis praedis numeravi. et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens, quod pro agris provincialibus soliv.

16. Money for the fields which, in my fourth consulship and afterwards, when M. Crassus and Cn. Lentulus Augur were consuls, I assigned to the soldiers, I paid to the municipalities. That sum was about 600,000,000 sesterces, which I counted out for Italian estates. and about 260,000,000, which I paid for provincial fields.

Id primus et [s]olus omnium, qui [d]eduxerunt colonias militum in Italia aut in provincis, ad memoriam aetatis meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, ~ et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L. Le[nt]ulo et M. Messalla consulibus, et L. Caninio ~ et Q. Fabricio co[s.], milit[i]bus, quos emeriteis stipendis in sua municpi[a dedux]i, praem[i]a numerato persolvi. ~ quam in rem sestertium q[uater m]illiens cir[cite]r impendi.

This I, first and [s]ole of all who led out colonies of soldiers in Italy or in
the provinces, did within the memory of my lifetime. And afterwards, under Ti. Nerone and Cn. Pisone as consuls, ~ and D.
Laelio cos., and C. Calvisio and L. Pasieno as consuls, and L. Le[nt]ulo and M. Messalla as consuls, and L.
Caninio ~ and Q. Fabricio co[s.], to the soldiers, whom, with completed stipends, I led down into their own municipalities,
I paid the rewards in ready money. ~ for which matter I expended about four hundred million sesterces.

17. Quater [pe]cunia mea iuvi aerarium, ita ut sestertium milliens et quing[en]ties ad eos qui praerant aerario detulerim. Et M. Lepido et L. Ar[r]untio cos. in aerarium militare, quod ex consilio n[eo] co[ns]titutum est, ex [q]uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena [aut plu]ra sti[pendi]a emeruissent ~ HS milliens et septing[e]nti[ens ex pa]t[rim]onio [m]eo detuli.

17. Four times with my own money I aided the aerarium, such that I delivered 150,000,000 sesterces to those who were in charge of the treasury. And, when M. Lepidus and L. Arruntius were consuls, into the military aerarium, which was constituted on my counsel, from which premiums were to be given to soldiers who had earned out twenty or more stipends ~ I delivered 170,000,000 sesterces from my patrimony.

18. [Ab eo anno q]uo Cn. et P. Lentuli c[ons]ules fuerunt, cum deficerent [vecti]g[alia, tum] centum millibus h[omi]num, tum pluribus multo frume[ntarios et n]umma[rio]s t[ributus ex horr]eo et patr[i]monio m[e]o edidi.

18. From that year in which Cn. and P. Lentulus were consuls, when the revenues were failing, now to one hundred thousand men, now to far more, I issued frumentary and pecuniary distributions from the granary and from my patrimony.

19. Curiam et continens ei Chalcidicum templumque Apollinis in Palatio cum porticibus, aedem divi Iuli, Lupercal, porticum ad circum Flaminium, quam sum appellari passus ex nomine eius qui priorem eodem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum, aedes in Capitolio Iovis Feretri et Iovis Tonantis, ~ aedem Quirini, aedes Minervae et Iunonis reginae et Iovis Libertatis in Aventino, aedem Larum in summa sacra via, aedem deum Penatium in Velia, aedem Iuventatis, aedem Matris Magnae in Palatio feci.

19. The Curia and the Chalcidicum adjoining it and the temple of Apollo on the Palatine with porticoes, the temple of the deified Julius, the Lupercal, the portico by the Circus Flaminius, which I allowed to be called Octavia from the name of him who had formerly built the earlier one on that same ground, the pulvinar by the Circus Maximus, the temples on the Capitoline of Jupiter Feretrius and of Jupiter Tonans, ~ the temple of Quirinus, the temples of Minerva and Juno the Queen and Jupiter Libertas on the Aventine, the temple of the Lares at the top of the Sacra Via, the temple of the Penates on the Velia, the temple of Juventas, the temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine I built.

20. Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensa grandi refeci sine ulla inscriptione nominis mei. Rovos aquarum compluribus locis vetustate labentes refeci, ~ et aquam quae Marcia appellatur duplicavi fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. Forum Iulium et basilicam quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, ~ coepta profligataque poera a patre meo, perfeci, et eandem basilicam consumptam incendio ampliato eius solo sub titulo nominis filiorum m[eorum i]ncohavi, ~ et, si vivus non perfecissem, perfici ab heredibus [meis ius]si. Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sex[tu]m ex [auctori]tate senatus refeci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] tempore [refici debeba]t. Consul septimum viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum refeci pontes]que omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium.

20. I rebuilt the Capitol and the theater of Pompey, both works, at great expense, without any inscription of my name. I repaired the channels of the waters in several places, worn down by age, ~ and I doubled the water that is called the Marcia, by letting a new spring into its channel. The Forum of Julius and the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, ~ works begun and brought near completion by my father, I finished, and the same basilica, consumed by fire, with its site enlarged, under the title of the name of my sons [meorum i] began, ~ and, if I had not completed it while alive, I ordered it to be completed by my heirs [meis ius]si. Eighty-two temples of the gods in the city, in my sixth consulship, by authority of the senate I restored, none omitted which at that time had to be restored. In my seventh consulship I restored the Via Flaminia from the city to Ariminum and all the bridges except the Mulvian and the Minucian.

21. In privato solo Martis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex ma]n[i]biis feci. Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magna ex parte a p[r]i[v]atis empto feci, quod sub nomine M. Marcell[i] generi mei esset. Don[a e]x manibiis in Capitolio et in aede divi Iu[l]i et in aede Apollinis de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consecravi, quae mihi constituerunt HS circiter milliens.

21. On private ground I built the Temple of Mars the Avenger and the Forum of Augustus from the spoils. I built a theater by the temple of Apollo on a site purchased for the most part from private individuals, which was to be under the name of M. Marcellus, my son-in-law. I consecrated gifts from the spoils on the Capitol and in the temple of the deified Julius and in the temple of Apollo and of Vesta and in the temple of Mars the Avenger, which amounted to about 100,000,000 sesterces.

Auri coronari pondo triginta et quinque millia municipiis et colonis Italiae conferentibus ad triumpho[s] meos quintum consul remisi, et postea, quotienscumque imperator a[ppe]llatus sum, aurum coronarium non accepi, decernentibus municipii[s] et colonis aequ[e] beni[g]ne adque antea decreverant.

Coronation gold weighing thirty-five thousand pounds, with the municipalities and colonists of Italy contributing, for my triumphs, when I was consul for the fifth time, I remitted; and afterwards, whenever I was acclaimed imperator, I did not accept coronation gold, although the municipalities and colonists decreed it equally kindly as they had decreed before.

22. Ter munus gladiatorium dedi meo nomine et quinquiens filiorum meorum aut n[e]potum nomine; quibus muneribus depugnaverunt hominum ci[rc]iter decem millia. ~ Bis athletarum undique accitorum spectaculu[m] p[o]pulo pra[ebui me]o nomine et tertium nepo[tis] mei nomine. Ludos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater, ~ aliorum autem m[agistr]atuum vicem ter et viciens.

22. Three times I gave a gladiatorial show in my own name, and five times in the name of my sons or grandsons; in these shows about ten thousand men fought to the finish. ~ Twice I provided to the people, in my own name, a spectacle of athletes summoned from everywhere, and a third time in the name of my grandson. I held games in my own name four times, ~ and in the stead of other magistrates twenty-three times.

~ [Pr]o conlegio Xvvirorum magis[ter con]legii collega M. Agrippa ~ lud[os s]aeclares, C. Furnio C. Silano cos. [feci. C]onsul XIII ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus fec]i, quos p[ost i]d tempus deincep[s] ins[equen]ti[bus] annis [ex senatus consulto et lege fe]cerunt [co]n[su]les.

~ [Fo]r the college of 15 men,
mas[ter of the col]lege, colleague M. Agrippa, ~ I provided the se[c]ular gam[es], in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus. [I h]eld them as c[onsul] 13;
the Ma[rti]al games I f[irst hel]d, which after that time, in the following years, by decree of the senate and by law, the consuls held.

~ [Ven]ation[es] best[ia]rum Africanarum meo nomine aut filio[ru]m meorum et nepotum in ci[r]co aut in foro aut in amphitheatris, popul[o d]edi sexiens et viciens, quibus confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria m[ill]ia et quingentae.

~ Beast-hunts of African beasts in my name or in the name of my sons and grandsons, in the circus or in the forum or in amphitheaters, I gave to the people 26 times, by which about 3,500 beasts were dispatched.

23. Navalis proeli spectaclum populo de[di tr]ans Tiberim, in quo loco nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato [s]olo in longitudinem mille et octingentos pedes ~ in latudine[m mille] e[t] ducenti. In quo triginta rostratae naves triremes a[ut birem]es ~ plures autem minores inter se conflixerunt. Q[uibu]s in classibus pugnaverunt praeter remiges millia ho[minum tr]ia circiter.

23. I gave to the people a spectacle of a naval battle across the Tiber, in the place where now there is the grove of the Caesars, the ground having been excavated to a length of 1,800 feet ~ in widt[h 1,000] a[nd] 200. In it thirty rostrate ships, triremes or biremes, ~ and several smaller ones, fought among themselves. In those fleets about 3,000 men fought, besides the rowers.

24. In templis omnium civitatium prov[inci]ae Asiae victor ornamenta reposui, quae spoliatis tem[plis i]s cum quo bellum gesseram privatim possederat. Satatuae [mea]e pedestres et equestres et in quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse sustuli ~ exque ea pecunia dona aurea in aede Apollinis meo nomine et illorum, qui mihi statuarum honorem habuerunt, posui.

24. In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, as victor I replaced the ornaments, which, with the temples
despoiled, the man with whom I had waged war had possessed privately. Statues of me, on foot and on horseback and in
quadrigae, of silver, stood in the city about 80, which I myself removed ~ and from that money I placed golden gifts in
the temple of Apollo in my name and of those who had had the honor of statues to me, I placed.

25. Mare pacavi a praedonibus. Eo bello servorum, qui fugerant a dominis suis et arma contra rem publicam ceperant, triginta fere millia capta dominis ad supplicium sumendum tradidi. Iuravit in mea verba tota Italia sponte sual et me be[lli] quo vici ad Actium ducem depoposcit.

25. I pacified the sea from pirates. In that war, of slaves who had fled from their masters and had taken up arms against the republic,
nearly thirty thousand captured I handed over to their masters to have punishment exacted. All Italy swore in my words
of its own accord, and demanded me as leader for the war by which I conquered at Actium.

Iuraverunt in eadem ver[ba provi]nciae Galliae, Hispaniae, Africa, Sicilia, Sardinia. Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senatores plures quam DCC, in ii[s qui vel antea vel pos]tea consules facti sunt ad eum diem quo scripta su[nt haec LX]X[XIII, sacerdo]tes ci[rc]iter CLXX.

They swore to the same
words the provinces of Gaul, Hispania, Africa, Sicily, Sardinia. Those who then served under my standards,
there were more than 700 senators, among these those who either earlier or later were made consuls up to the day
on which these things were written 73, and priests about 170.

26. Omnium prov[inciarum populi Romani], quibus finitimae fuerunt gentes quae non p[arerent imperio nos]tro, fines auxi. Gallias et Hispanias provincias, i[tem Germaniam qua inclu]dit Oceanus a Gadibus ad ostium Albis flumin[is pacavi. Alpes a re]gione ea, quae proxima est Hadriano mari, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i. nulli genti bello per iniuriam inlato.

26. Of all the provinces of the Roman people, whose borders were contiguous with nations that did not obey our command, I increased the boundaries.
The provinces of Gaul and of Spain, likewise the Germany which is enclosed by the Ocean, I pacified from Gades to the mouth of the river Elbe.
The Alps, from that region which is nearest to the Adriatic Sea, to the Tuscan Sea, I caused to be pacified.
Upon no nation was war brought on through injustice.

Cla[ssis m]ea per Oceanum] ab ostio Rheni ad solis orientis regionem usque ad fi[nes Cimbroru]m navigavit, ~ quo neque terra neque mari quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adit, Cimbrique et Charydes et Semnones et eiusdem tractus alli Germanorum popu[l]i per legatos amicitiam mean et populi Romani petierunt. Meo iussu et auspicio ducti sunt [duo] exercitus eodem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam, quae appel[latur Eudaemon, [maxim]aeque hos[t]ium gentis utr[iu]sque cop[iae] caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In Aethiopiam usque ad oppidum Nabata pervent[um]est, cui proxima est Meroe.

My fl[eet] through the Ocean] from the mouth of the Rhine to the region of the rising sun as far as the [borders of the Cimbri] sailed, ~ a place which neither by land nor by sea had any Roman approached before that time; and the Cimbri and the Charydes and the Semnones and other German peoples of the same tract sought my friendship and that of the Roman People through legates. By my order and under my auspices [two] armies were led at nearly the same time into Aethiopia and into Ar[a]bia, which is ca[l]led Eudaemon, and the very grea[t] forces of the enemy nation of e[ach] si[de] were cut down in the battle line and [s]ever[al] towns were captured. Into Aethiopia it was arriv[ed] as far as the town of Nabata, next to which is Meroe.

In Arabiam usque in fines Sabaeorum pro[cess]it exercitus ad oppidum Mariba.

Into Arabia up to the borders of the Sabaeans the army proceeded to the town Mariba.

27. Aegyptum imperio populi [Ro]mani adieci. Armeniam maiorum, interfecto rege eius Artaxe, c[u]m possem facere provinciam, malui maiorum nostrorum exemplo regn[u]m id Tigrani, regis Artavasdis filio, nepoti autem Tigranis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er], qui tum mihi priv[ig]nus erat. Et eandem gentem postea d[e]sciscentem et rebellantem domit[a]m per Gaium filium meum regi Ariobarzani, regis Medorum Artaba[zi] filio, regendam tradidi ~ et post eius mortem filio eius Artavasdi.

27. I added Egypt to the imperium of the Roman people. Greater Armenia, its king Artaxes having been slain, although I could make it a province, I preferred, after the example of our ancestors, to hand over that kingdom to Tigranes, son of King Artavasdes and grandson of King Tigranes, through Tiberius Nero, who at that time was my stepson. And that same nation afterwards, seceding and rebelling, once it had been subdued by my son Gaius, I entrusted to be governed to King Ariobarzanes, son of Artabazus, king of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes.

~ Quo interfecto, Tig[ra]ne>m< qui erat ex regio genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id regnum misi. Provincias omnis, quae trans Hadrianum mare vergunt ad orien[te]m, Cyrenasque, iam ex parte magna regibus eas possidentibus, et antea Siciliam et Sardiniam occupatas bello servili reciperavi.

~ With him slain, Tig[ra]ne>m<, who was sprung from the royal stock of the Armenians, I sent into that kingdom. I recovered all the provinces which, across the Adriatic Sea, verge toward the east, and Cyrene as well—kings already possessing them in great part—and previously Sicily and Sardinia, seized in the Servile War.

28. Colonias in Africa Sicilia [M]acedonia utraque Hispania Achai[a] Asia S[y]ria Gallia Narbonensi Pi[si]dia militum deduxi. Italia autem XXVIII [colo]nias, quae vivo me celeberrimae et frequentissimae fuerunt, me [auctore] deductas habet.

28. I settled colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Narbonese Gaul, Pisidia. Italy, moreover, has 28 colonies, which in my lifetime were most celebrated and most populous, established on my authority.

29. Signa militaria complur[a per] alios d[u]ces ami[ssa] devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi ex Hispania et [Gallia et a Dalm]ateis. Parthos trium exercitum Romanorum spolia et signa re[ddere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam populi Romani petere coegi. Ea autem si[gn]a in penetrali, quod e[s]t in templo Martis Ultoris, reposui.

29. I recovered military standards, lost through other leaders, with the enemies defeated, from Spain and from Gaul and from the Dalmatians.
I compelled the Parthians to return to me the spoils and the standards of three Roman armies and, as suppliants, to seek the friendship of the Roman people.
Moreover, those standards I placed in the inner shrine, which is in the temple of Mars the Avenger.

30. Pannoniorum gentes, qua[s a]nte me principem populi Rpmani exercitus numquam ad[it], devictas per Ti. [Ne]ronem, qui tum erat privignus et legatus meus, imperio populi Romani s[ubie]ci protulique fines Illyrici ad r[ip]am fluminis Dan[uv]i. Citr[a] quod [D]a[cor]u[m tra]n[s]gressus exercitus meis a[u]sp[icis vict]us profligatusque [es]t, et pos[tea tran]s Dan[u]vium ductus ex[ercitus me]u[s] Da[cor]um gentis im[peri]a p[opuli] R[omani perferre coegit].

30. The peoples of the Pannonians, whom before me as princeps the army of the Roman People had never approached, having been conquered through Tiberius Nero, who at that time was my stepson and my legate, I subjected to the imperium of the Roman People, and I extended the confines of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube. On this side of which, a Dacian army, having crossed over, under my auspices was conquered and routed; and afterwards, my army, led across the Danube, compelled the nation of the Dacians to bear the commands of the Roman People.

31. Ad me ex In[dia regum legationes saepe missae sunt nunquam visae ante id t]em[pus] apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]cem. Nostram amic[itiam petie]run[t] per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sarmatarum qui su[nt citra fl]umen Tanaim [et] ultra reg[es. Alba]norumque rex et Hiberorum e[t Medorum] .

31. To me from In[dia legations of kings were often sent, never seen before that t]im[e] in the presence of an[y] R[oman lea]der. They sought our amity [th]roug[h] envoys, the B[a]starna[e and the Scythi]ans and the kings of the Sarmatians who are on thi[s side of the r]iver Tanais [and] beyond, kin[gs. And the Al]banian king and of the Iberians an[d of the Medes] .

32. Ad me supplices confug[erunt] reges Parthorum Tirida[te]s et post[ea] Phrat[es] regis Phrati[s] filiu[s]. ~ Medorum Ar[tavasdes, Adiabenorum] Artaxares, Britannorum Dumnobellaunus et Tin[commius, Sugambr]orum Maelo, Marcomannorum Sueborum [Segime]rus. Ad [me re]x Parthorum Phrates, Orod[i]s filius, filios suos nepot[esque omnes] misit in Italiam, non bello superatu[s], sed amicitiam nostram per [libe]ror[um] suorum pignora petens. Plurimaeque aliae gentes exper[tae sunt p. R.] fidem me principe, quibus antea cum populo Roman[o nullum extitera]t legationum et amicitiae [c]ommercium.

32. To me, as suppliants, fled the kings of the Parthians, Tirida[te]s, and after[wards] Phrat[es], son of King Phrat[es] filiu[s]. ~ Of the Medes, Ar[tavasdes; of the Adiabeni] Artaxares; of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tin[commius; of the Sugambri] Maelo; of the Marcomannic Suebi, [Segime]rus. To [me ca]me the king of the Parthians, Phrates, son of Orod[i]s; he sent his sons and grand[sons all] into Italy, not overco[me] in war, but seeking our amity through the pledges of his [chi]ld[ren]. And very many other nations expe[rienced the R. P.] good faith with me as princeps, for whom before with the Roman peo[ple there had exis]ted no commerce of legations and of amity [c]ommerce.

33. A me gentes Parthorum et Medoru[m per legatos] principes earum gentium reges pet[i]tos acceperunt: Par[thi Vononem, regis Phr]atis filium, regis Orodis nepotem. Medi Arioba[rzanem,] regis Artavazdis filium, regis Ariobarzanis nepotem.

33. From me the nations of the Parthians and of the Medes [by envoys] received as kings the princes of those nations who had been reques[t]ed: the Par[thians Vonones, son of King Phr]aates, grandson of King Orodes. The Medes Arioba[rzanes,] son of King Artavazdes, grandson of King Ariobarzanes.

34. In consulatu sexto et septimo, po[stquam b]ella [civil]ia oxstinxeram, perconsensum universorum [potitus reru]m om[n]ium, rem publicam ex pea potestate ~ in senat[us populique Rom]ani [a]rbitrium transtuli. Quo pro merito meo senatu[s consulto Au]gust[us appe]llatus sum et laureis postes aedium mearum v[estiti] publ[ice coronaq]ue civica super ianuam meam fixa est ~ [et clu]peus [aureu]s in [c]uria Iulia positus, quem mihi senatum pop[ulumq]ue Rom[anu]m dare virtutis clement[iaequ]e iustitiae et pieta[tis caus]sa testatu[m] est pe[r e]ius clupei [inscription]em. Post id tem[pus a]uctoritate [omnibus praestiti, potest]atis au[tem n]ihilo ampliu[s habu]i quam cet[eri qui m]ihi quoque in ma[gis]tra[t]u conlegae f[uerunt].

34. In my sixth and seventh consulship, af[ter I h]ad ex[ting]uished the [civil] wars, through the consent of all [I gained control of a]ll thi[n]gs, and I transferred the commonwealth from my power ~ into the arbitrium of the senat[e and Roman peop]le. For which service of mine, by a decree of the sena[te I was ca]lled Au[gust]us, and the doorposts of my house were v[ested] with laurels publi[cly, and the] civic crown was fixed above my door ~ [and a sh]ield of [gold] was set in the [J]ulian Curia, which the senate and the Roman pe[ople] declared, by the inscription of that shield, to have given to me for the sake of virtue, clemenc[y and] justice and p[iet]y. After that ti[me I] excelled all in authority, but I had no mo[re pow]er than the oth[ers who] were also colleagues to me in ma[gist]ra[te].

35. Tertium dec[i]mum consulatu[m cum gereba]m, sena[tus et e]quester order populusq[ue] Romanus universus [appell]av[it me pat]re[m p]atriae idque in vestibu[lo a]edium mearum inscribendum et in c[u]ria [Iulia e]t in foro Aug. sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi ex s.c. pos[it]ae [sunt, decrevit. Cum scri]psi haec, annus agebam septuagensu[mum sextum].

35. When I was holding the thirteenth consulship, the senate and the equestrian order and the entire Roman people hailed me as Father of the Fatherland, and decreed that this be inscribed in the vestibule of my house and in the Curia Julia and in the Forum of Augustus beneath the quadrigae which were set up for me by decree of the senate. When I wrote these things, I was in my seventy-sixth year.

App. I. Summa pecun[i]ae, quam ded[it vel in aera]rium [vel plebei Romanae vel di]missis militibus: denarium sexien[s milliens].

APP. 1. The sum of money which he gave either into the aerarium or to the Roman plebs or to discharged soldiers: 600,000,000 denarii.

App. II. Opera fecit nova aedem Martis, [Iovis] Ton[antis et Feretri, Apollinis], divi Iuli, Quirini, Minervae, [Iunonis Reginae, Iovis Libertatis], Larum, deum Penatium, ~ Iuv[entatis, Matris Magnae, Lupercal, pulvina]r ad circum, ~ curiam cum Ch[alcidico, forum Augustum, basilica]m Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, ~[p]or[ticum Octaviam, nemus trans T]iberim Caesarum.

App. II. He made new works: the temple of Mars, of [Jupiter] the Thun[derer and Feretrius, of Apollo], of the deified Julius, of Quirinus, of Minerva, [of Juno the Queen, of Jupiter of Liberty], of the Lares, of the gods the Penates, ~ of Yo[uth, of the Great Mother, the Lupercal, a pulvi]nar by the circus, ~ the curia with the Ch[alcidicum, the Forum of Augustus, the Basil]ica Julia, the Theater of Marcellus, ~ the [P]or[tico of Octavia, a grove across the T]iber of the Caesars.

App. III. Refecit Capito[liam sacra]sque aedes [nu]m[ero octoginta] duas, thea[t]rum Pompei, aqu[aram r]iv[as, vi]am Flamin[iam].

App. 3. He restored the Capitol and the sacred temples, eighty-two in number, the Theater of Pompey, the channels of the aqueducts, the Flaminian Way.

App. IV. Impensa p[raestita in spec]tacul[a] sca[enica et munera] gladiatorum at[que athletas et venationes et] naumachi[am] et donata pe[c]unia [colonis municipiis oppidis] terrae motu incendioque consumpt[is] a[ut viritim] a[micis senat]oribusque, quorum census explevit, in[n]umera[bili]s.

App. 4. The expense provided for scenic spectacles and the munera of gladiators, and athletes, and venations, and a naumachy, and the money donated to colonies, municipia, and towns consumed by earthquake and by fire, or individually to friends and to senators, whose census he completed—was innumerable.