Justinian: DIGESTA

48.20.0. On the goods of the condemned.
Dig. 48.21.0. On the goods of those who, before sentence, have either taken death upon themselves (committed suicide) or have corrupted the accuser.

Dig. 48.22.0. De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis.
Dig.

Dig. 48.22.0. On the interdicted, the relegated, and the deported.
Dig.

48.23.0. De sententiam passis et restitutis.
Dig. 48.24.0. De cadaveribus punitorum.

48.23.0. On those who have suffered sentence and been restored.
Dig. 48.24.0. On the cadavers of the punished.

Dig. 48.1.0. De publicis iudiciis.

Digest 48.1.0. On public prosecutions.

Macer 1 de publ. iudic.

Macer 1 on public prosecutions.

Non omnia iudicia, in quibus crimen vertitur, et publica sunt, sed ea tantum, quae ex legibus iudiciorum publicorum veniunt, ut iulia maiestatis, iulia de adulteriis, cornelia de sicariis et veneficis, pompeia parricidii, iulia peculatus, cornelia de testamentis, iulia de vi privata, iulia de vi publica, iulia ambitus, iulia repetundarum, iulia de annona.

not all trials in which a criminal charge is at issue are public as well, but only those which derive from the statutes of public prosecutions, such as the Julian law on majesty (treason), the Julian law on adulteries, the Cornelian law on assassins and poisoners, the Pompeian law of parricide, the Julian law of peculation (embezzlement), the Cornelian law on testaments (wills), the Julian law on private violence, the Julian law on public violence, the Julian law on ambitus (electoral bribery), the Julian law on repetundae (extortion by officials), the Julian law on the grain supply (annona).

Dig. 48.1.2

Digest 48.1.2

Paulus 15 ad ed. praet.

Paulus Book 15 on the praetor's edict.

Publicorum iudiciorum quaedam capitalia sunt, quaedam non capitalia. capitalia sunt, ex quibus poena mors aut exilium est, hoc est aquae et ignis interdictio: per has enim poenas eximitur caput de civitate. nam cetera non exilia, sed relegationes proprie dicuntur: tunc enim civitas retinetur.

Some public prosecutions are capital, some non-capital. Capital are those from which the penalty is death or exile, that is, interdiction of water and fire: for by these penalties one’s civil status (caput) is removed from the commonwealth. For the rest are not exiles, but are properly called relegations: then, indeed, citizenship is retained.

non capitalia sunt, ex quibus pecuniaria aut in corpus aliqua coercitio poena est.

non-capital are those, from which the penalty is pecuniary or some coercion upon the body.

Dig. 48.1.3

Digest 48.1.3

Ulpianus 35 ad sab.

Ulpian, 35 on Sabinus.

Publica accusatio reo vel rea ante defunctis permittitur.

A public prosecution is permitted with respect to a defendant, male or female, who has previously died.

Dig. 48.1.4

Digest 48.1.4

Paulus 37 ad ed.

Paul 37 on the edict.

Interdum evenit, ut praeiudicium iudicio publico fiat, sicut in actione legis aquiliae et furti et vi bonorum raptorum et interdicto unde vi et de tabulis testamenti exhibendis: nam in his de re familiari agitur.

Sometimes it happens that a prejudgment is made for a public prosecution, as in the action of the Lex Aquilia, and in theft, and in rapine of goods by force, and in the interdict unde vi, and concerning the exhibiting of the tablets of a testament: for in these, the matter concerns the family estate.

Dig. 48.1.5pr.

Digest 48.1.5 pr.

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Is qui reus factus est purgare se debet nec ante potest accusare, quam fuerit excusatus: constitutionibus enim observatur, ut non relatione criminum, sed innocentia reus purgetur.

He who has been made a defendant ought to purge himself, nor can he accuse before he has been excused; for it is observed by the constitutions that the defendant is purged not by the relation of crimes, but by innocence.

Dig. 48.1.5.1

Digest 48.1.5.1

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Illud incertum est, utrum ita demum accusare potest, si fuerit liberatus, an et si poenam subierit: est enim constitutum ab imperatore nostro et divo patre eius post damnationem accusationem quem inchoare non posse. sed hoc puto ad eos demum pertinere, qui vel civitatem vel libertatem amiserunt.

That is uncertain, whether only then he can accuse, if he has been acquitted, or also if he has undergone the penalty: for it has been established by our emperor and by his deified father that, after condemnation, one cannot initiate an accusation. But I think this pertains only to those who have lost either citizenship or liberty.

Dig. 48.1.5.2

Digest 48.1.5.2

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 disputations.

Inchoatas plane delationes ante damnationem implere eis et post damnationem permissum est.

It has plainly been permitted to them to complete delations begun both before condemnation and after condemnation.

Dig. 48.1.6

Digest 48.1.6

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Defuncto eo, qui reus fuit criminis, et poena extincta in quacumque causa criminis extincti debet is cognoscere, cuius de pecuniaria re cognitio est.

Upon the death of him who was defendant in the crime, and the penalty being extinguished, in whatever cause related to the extinguished crime, he ought to take cognizance who has cognizance over the pecuniary matter.

Dig. 48.1.7

Digest 48.1.7

Macer 2 iudic. publ.

Macer Book 2 of Public Prosecutions.

Infamem non ex omni crimine sententia facit, sed ex eo, quod iudicii publici causam habuit. itaque ex eo crimine, quod iudicii publici non fuit, damnatum infamia non sequetur, nisi id crimen ex ea actione fuit, quae etiam in privato iudicio infamiam condemnato importat, veluti furti, vi bonorum raptorum, iniuriarum.

A sentence does not make one infamous from every crime, but from that which had the cause of public judgment. And so from that crime which was not of public judgment, infamy will not follow the condemned, unless that crime was from such an action as also in a private judgment brings infamy upon the condemned, for instance, of theft, of goods carried off by force, of injuries.

Dig. 48.1.8

Digest 48.1.8

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the single book on public prosecutions.

Ordo exercendorum publicorum capitalium in usu esse desiit, durante tamen poena legum, cum extra ordinem crimina probantur.

The order of conducting public capital proceedings has ceased to be in use, the penalty of the laws, however, enduring, since crimes are proven outside the ordinary procedure.

Dig. 48.1.9

Digest 48.1.9

Marcianus 1 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 On public prosecutions.

Sciendum est, si in capitali causa suum servum reum crimine factum quis non defenderit, non eum pro derelicto haberi, et ideo, si absolutus fuerit, non liberum fieri, sed manere domini.

It must be known that, if in a capital cause someone does not defend his slave who has been made a defendant by a crimen, he is not held as derelict, and therefore, if he shall have been absolved, he does not become free, but remains the master’s.

Dig. 48.1.10

Digest 48.1.10

Papinianus 2 def.

Papinian Definitions, book 2.

Inter accusatorem et reum cognitione suscepta excusatio pro absente iustis rationibus admittitur: nec per triduum per singulos dies ter citatus reus damnetur vel de accusatoris absentis praesente reo calumnia pronuntietur.

Between the accuser and the defendant, with a hearing undertaken, an excuse on behalf of an absentee is admitted on just grounds; nor is the defendant to be condemned after being summoned three times on each day over a period of three days, nor is a pronouncement to be made, with the defendant present, concerning the calumny of an absent accuser.

Dig. 48.1.11

Digest 48.1.11

Maecenatus 10 de iudic. publ.

Maecenatus 10 on public trials.

Servus per procuratorem domini aeque ac per dominum defendi potest.

A slave can be defended by the master’s procurator just as by the master.

Dig. 48.1.12pr.

Digest 48.1.12 pr.

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus book 3 on penalties.

Custodias auditurus tam clarissimos viros quam patronos causarum, si omnes in civitate provinciae quam regit agunt, adhibere debet.

When he is about to hear matters of custody, he ought to summon both the most illustrious men and the patrons of causes, if they all practice in the city of the province which he governs.

Dig. 48.1.12.1

Digest 48.1.12.1

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus 3 on penalties.

Et feriatis diebus custodias audiri posse rescriptum est, ita ut innoxios dimittat et nocentes, qui duriorem animadversionem indigent, differat.

And it has been decreed by rescript that on holidays those in custody can be heard, provided that he release the innocent and defer the guilty who need a harsher punishment.

Dig. 48.1.13pr.

Digest 48.1.13pr.

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus 15 responses.

Accusatore defuncto res ab alio, iudicante praeside provinciae, peragi potest.

With the accuser deceased, the matter can be carried through by another, the provincial governor sitting in judgment.

Dig. 48.1.13.1

Digest 48.1.13.1

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus responses, book 15.

Ad crimen iudicii publici persequendum frustra procurator intervenit, multoque magis ad defendendum: sed excusationes absentium ex senatus consulto iudicibus allegantur et, si iustam rationem habeant, sententia differtur.

For the pursuit of a crime in a public proceeding a procurator intervenes in vain, and much more so for defending; but the excuses of absentees, by senatorial decree, are alleged to the judges, and, if they have a just reason, the sentence is deferred.

Dig. 48.1.14

Digest 48.1.14

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinian 16 Responses.

Generi servis a socero veneficii accusatis praeses provinciae patrem calumniam intulisse pronuntiaverat. inter infames patrem defunctae non habendum respondi, quoniam et si publicum iudicium inter liberos de morte filiae constitisset, citra periculum pater vindicaretur.

The slaves of the son-in-law, having been accused of poisoning by the father-in-law, the provincial governor had pronounced that the father had brought a calumny. I responded that the father of the deceased was not to be held among the infamous, since even if a public prosecution between kinsfolk concerning the death of the daughter had been instituted, the father would be vindicated without peril.

Dig. 48.2.0. De accusationibus et inscriptionibus.

Digest 48.2.0. On accusations and inscriptions.

Dig. 48.2.1

Digest 48.2.1

Pomponius 1 ad sab.

Pomponius 1 On Sabinus.

Non est permissum mulieri publico iudicio quemquam reum facere, nisi scilicet parentium liberorumque et patroni et patronae et eorum filii filiae nepotis neptis mortem exequatur.

It is not permitted for a woman, by a public prosecution, to make anyone a defendant, unless, of course, she pursues the death of her parents or children, and of her patron or patroness, and of their son, daughter, grandson, or granddaughter.

Dig. 48.2.2pr.

Digest 48.2.2, beginning.

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinian 1 On Adultery.

Certis ex causis concessa est mulieribus publica accusatio, veluti si mortem exequantur eorum earumque, in quos ex lege testimonium publicorum invitae non dicunt. idem et in lege cornelia testamentaria senatus statuit: sed et de testamento paterni liberti vel materni mulieribus publico iudicio dicere permissum est.

Public accusation has been conceded to women for certain causes, for example if they pursue the death of those men or women against whom, by statute, they do not give testimony in public trials when unwilling. The same, too, the senate established in the Cornelian testamentary law; and moreover it has been permitted to women to speak in a public action concerning the testament of a freedman of their father or of their mother.

Dig. 48.2.2.1

Digest 48.2.2.1

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 on adultery.

Pupillis ex consilio tutorum patris mortem, item pupillae avi sui mortem exequi concessum est. lege autem testamentaria nam de patris quidem testamento pupillis agere divus vespasianus permisit: sed quasi non exhibeantur tabulae, per interdictum possunt experiri.

It has been granted to wards, on the counsel of their tutors, to prosecute their father’s death; likewise to a girl-ward to prosecute the death of her own grandfather. And as to the testamentary law—for concerning the father’s testament the deified Vespasian permitted wards to bring an action—yet, as if the tablets were not being produced, they can proceed by interdict.

Dig. 48.2.3pr.

Digest 48.2.3, preface.

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on adultery.

Libellorum inscriptionis conceptio talis est. " consul et dies. apud illum praetorem vel proconsulem lucius titius professus est se maeviam lege iulia de adulteriis ream deferre, quod dicat eam cum gaio seio in civitate illa, domo illius, mense illo, consulibus illis adulterium commisisse". utique enim et locus designandus est, in quo adulterium commissum est, et persona, cum qua admissum dicitur, et mensis: hoc enim lege iulia publicorum cavetur et generaliter praecipitur omnibus, qui reum aliquem deferunt: neque autem diem neque horam invitus comprehendet.

the conception of the inscription of libelli is such. " the consuls and the day. before that praetor or proconsul lucius titius has declared that he brings maeviam as a defendant under the julian law on adulteries, because he says that she committed adultery with gaius seius in that city, in that man’s house, in that month, under those consuls". for indeed both the place must be designated, in which the adultery was committed, and the person with whom it is said to have been admitted, and the month: for this is provided by the julian law on public prosecutions and is generally prescribed for all who lay an information against someone: nor, however, will he include the day or the hour if unwilling.

Dig. 48.2.3.1

Digest 48.2.3.1

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on adultery.

Quod si libelli inscriptionum legitime ordinati non fuerint, rei nomen aboletur et ex integro repetendi reum potestas fiet.

But if the bills of indictment have not been legitimately ordered, the defendant’s name is expunged, and authority will arise to prosecute the defendant anew from the beginning.

Dig. 48.2.3.2

Digest 48.2.3.2

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on adultery.

Item subscribere debebit is qui dat libellos se professum esse, vel alius pro eo, si litteras nesciat.

Likewise, the one who submits the libels must subscribe that he has professed, or another on his behalf, if he does not know letters.

Dig. 48.2.3.3

Digest 48.2.3.3

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on adultery.

Sed et si aliud crimen obiciat, veluti quod domum suam praebuit, ut stuprum mater familias pateretur, quod adulterum deprehensum dimiserit, quod pretium pro comperto stupro acceperit, et si quid simile, id ipsum libellis comprehendendum erit.

But also, if he alleges another crime, for example, that he provided his house so that a materfamilias should suffer sexual violation, that he released an adulterer caught in the act, that he accepted a price for a discovered act of sexual violation, and if anything similar, that very thing must be comprehended in the written complaints.

Dig. 48.2.3.4

Digest 48.2.3.4

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on adultery.

Si accusator decesserit aliave quae causa ei impedierit, quo minus accusare possit, et si quid simile, nomen rei aboletur postulante reo: idque et lege iulia de vi et senatus consulto cautum est, ita ut liceat alii ex integro repetere reum. sed intra quod tempus, videbimus: et utique triginta dies utiles observandi sunt.

If the accuser has died, or if any other cause has hindered him so that he cannot accuse, and if anything similar, the charge against the defendant is abolished upon the defendant’s request; and this is provided both by the Julian Law on Violence and by a senatorial decree, such that it is permitted for another to take up the defendant anew from the beginning. But within what time-limit, we shall consider; and in any case thirty useful days are to be observed.

Dig. 48.2.4

Digest 48.2.4

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 On Adulteries.

Is, qui iudicio publico damnatus est, ius accusandi non habet, nisi liberorum vel patronorum suorum mortem eo iudicio vel rem suam exequatur. sed et calumnia notatis ius accusandi ademptum est, item his, qui cum bestiis depugnandi causa in harenam intromissi sunt, quive artem ludicram vel lenocinium fecerint, quive praevaricationis calumniaeve causa quid fecisse iudicio publico pronuntiatus erit, quive ob accusandum negotiumve cui facessendum pecuniam accepisse iudicatus erit.

He who has been condemned by a public judgment does not have the right of accusing, unless in that suit he prosecutes the death of his children or of his patrons, or pursues his own claim. But the right of accusing has also been taken away from those noted for calumny, likewise from those who have been sent into the arena for the purpose of fighting with beasts, or who have practiced the theatrical art or pimping, or who shall have been pronounced by public judgment to have done something for the sake of prevarication or calumny, or who shall have been adjudged to have received money for accusing or for the purpose of making trouble for someone in a matter.

Dig. 48.2.5

Digest 48.2.5

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian, book 3 on adultery.

Servos quoque adulterii posse accusari nulla dubitatio est: sed qui prohibentur adulterii liberos homines accusare, idem servos quoque prohibebuntur. sed ex rescripto divi marci etiam adversus proprium servum accusationem instituere dominus potest. post hoc igitur rescriptum accusandi necessitas incumbet domino servum suum: ceterum iuste mulier nupta praescriptione utetur.

There is no doubt that slaves too can be accused of adultery: but those who are forbidden to accuse free men of adultery will likewise be forbidden to accuse slaves as well. But by the rescript of the deified Marcus, the master can even institute an accusation against his own slave. After this rescript, therefore, the necessity of accusing will rest upon the master with respect to his slave; moreover, a lawfully married woman will rightly make use of prescription.

Dig. 48.2.6

Digest 48.2.6

Ulpianus 2 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 2 on the office of the proconsul.

Levia crimina audire et discutere de plano proconsulem oportet et vel liberare eos, quibus obiciuntur, vel fustibus castigare vel flagellis servos verberare.

A proconsul ought to hear and examine light crimes summarily, and either liberate those against whom they are alleged, or chastise with cudgels, or scourge slaves with whips.

Dig. 48.2.7pr.

Digest 48.2.7, beginning.

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Si cui crimen obiciatur, praecedere debet crimen subscriptio. quae res ad id inventa est, ne facile quis prosiliat ad accusationem, cum sciat inultam sibi accusationem non futuram.

If a charge be alleged against anyone, the subscription to the charge ought to precede. This device was invented for that purpose, lest someone readily leap forth to an accusation, since he knows that the accusation will not be without penalty to himself.

Dig. 48.2.7.1

Digest 48.2.7.1

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Cavent itaque singuli, quod crimen obiciant, et praeterea perseveraturos se in crimine usque ad sententiam.

Therefore each individual gives security as to what charge he brings, and, moreover, that he will persevere in the charge up to the sentence.

Dig. 48.2.7.2

Digest 48.2.7.2

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Isdem criminibus, quibus quis liberatus est, non debet praeses pati eundem accusari, et ita divus pius salvio valenti rescripsit: sed hoc, utrum ab eodem an nec ab alio accusari possit, videndum est. et putem, quoniam res inter alios iudicatae alii non praeiudicant, si is, qui nunc accusator exstitit, suum dolorem persequatur doceatque ignorasse se accusationem ab alio institutam, magna ex causa admitti eum ad accusationem debere.

On the same charges of which someone has been acquitted, the governor ought not to allow the same man to be accused; and thus the deified Pius wrote in a rescript to Salvius Valens: but this must be considered, whether he can be accused by the same person, or not even by another. And I think, since matters adjudged between others do not prejudice another, that if he who has now stood forth as accuser pursues his own grievance and shows that he was unaware that an accusation had been instituted by another, he ought, for a weighty cause, to be admitted to the accusation.

Dig. 48.2.7.3

Digest 48.2.7.3

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian, On the Office of the Proconsul, 7.

Si tamen alio crimine postuletur ab eodem, qui in alio crimine eum calumniatus est, puto non facile admittendum eum qui semel calumniatus sit: quamvis filium accusatoris admitti oportere aliam accusationem instituentem adversus eum, quem pater accusaverat divus pius iulio candido rescripsit.

If, however, he be proceeded against on another charge by the same person who in a different charge had brought a calumnious accusation against him, I think the one who has once calumniated should not easily be admitted; although the deified Pius wrote by rescript to Julius Candidus that the son of the accuser ought to be admitted, instituting another accusation against him whom the father had accused.

Dig. 48.2.7.4

Digest 48.2.7.4

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Idem imperator rescripsit servos ibi puniendos, ubi deliquisse arguantur, dominumque eorum, si velit eos defendere, non posse revocare in provinciam suam, sed ibi oportere defendere, ubi deliquerint.

The same emperor wrote back by rescript that slaves are to be punished there where they are charged to have committed the delict, and that their master, if he wishes to defend them, cannot recall them to his own province, but must defend them there where they have committed the delict.

Dig. 48.2.7.5

Digest 48.2.7.5

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian, Book 7 on the Office of the Proconsul.

Cum sacrilegium admissum esset in aliqua provincia, deinde in alia minus crimen, divus pius pontio proculo rescripsit, postquam cognoverit de crimine in sua provincia admisso, ut reum in eam provinciam remitteret, ubi sacrilegium admisit.

When sacrilege had been committed in some province, and then a lesser crime in another, the deified Pius wrote back to Pontius Proculus that, after he has taken cognizance of the crime committed in his own province, he should remit the defendant to that province in which he committed the sacrilege.

Dig. 48.2.8

Digest 48.2.8

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 on public prosecutions.

Qui accusare possunt, intellegemus, si scierimus, qui non possunt. itaque prohibentur accusare alii propter sexum vel aetatem, ut mulier, ut pupillus: alii propter sacramentum, ut qui stipendium merent: alii propter magistratum potestatemve, in qua agentes sine fraude in ius evocari non possunt: alii propter delictum proprium, ut infames: alii propter turpem quaestum, ut qui duo iudicia adversus duos reos subscripta habent nummosve ob accusandum vel non accusandum acceperint: alii propter condicionem suam, ut libertini contra patronos:

Who can accuse, we shall understand, if we know who cannot. And so some are prohibited from accusing on account of sex or age, as a woman, as a pupil (ward); others on account of the sacrament, such as those who draw stipend/pay (in military service); others on account of magistracy or power, in the exercise of which they cannot, without fraud, be summoned into court; others on account of their own delict, such as the infamous; others on account of base gain, such as those who have two prosecutions subscribed against two defendants, or have accepted money for accusing or for not accusing; others on account of their condition, such as freedmen against their patrons:

Dig. 48.2.9

Digest 48.2.9

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Alii propter suspicionem calumniae, ut illi, qui falsum testimonium subornati dixerunt:

Others on account of suspicion of calumny, as those who, having been suborned, gave false testimony:

Dig. 48.2.10

Digest 48.2.10

Hermogenianus 6 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 6 of the Epitome of Law.

Nonnulli propter paupertatem, ut sunt qui minus quam quinquaginta aureos habent.

Some persons, on account of poverty, such as those who have less than fifty aurei.

Dig. 48.2.11pr.

Digest 48.2.11 beginning.

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer Book 2 on public prosecutions.

Hi tamen omnes, si suam iniuriam exequantur mortemve propinquorum defendent, ab accusatione non excluduntur.

Yet all these, if they prosecute their own injury or defend the death of their relatives, are not excluded from bringing an accusation.

Dig. 48.2.11.1

Digest 48.2.11.1

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 on public trials.

Liberi libertique non sunt prohibendi suarum rerum defendendarum gratia de facto parentium patronorumve queri, veluti si dicant vi se a possessione ab his expulsos, scilicet non ut crimen vis eis intendant, sed ut possessionem recipiant. nam et filius non quidem prohibitus est de facto matris queri, si dicat suppositum ab ea partum, quo magis coheredem haberet, sed ream eam lege cornelia facere permissum ei non est.

Children and freedmen are not to be prevented, for the sake of defending their own property, from complaining about the de facto acts of their parents or patrons, for example if they say that they have been expelled by force from possession by them—namely, not so as to lay against them the crime of violence, but so as to recover possession. For even a son is not, indeed, forbidden to complain of the de facto act of his mother, if he says that an infant was substituted by her, in order that she might the more have a coheir; but it is not permitted to him to make her a defendant under the Cornelian law.

Dig. 48.2.11.2

Digest 48.2.11.2

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 On Public Prosecutions.

Ab alio delatum alius deferre non potest: sed eum, qui abolitione publica vel privata interveniente aut desistente accusatore de reis exemptus est, alius deferre non prohibetur.

What has been delated by one cannot be delated by another; but another is not prohibited from delating him who has been exempted from the roll of defendants by a public or private abolition intervening, or by the accuser’s desistance.

Dig. 48.2.12pr.

Digest 48.2.12pr.

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 on public prosecutions.

Hos accusare non licet: legatum imperatoris, id est praesidem provinciae, ex sententia lentuli dicta sulla et trione consulibus: item legatum provincialem eius dumtaxat criminis, quod ante commiserit, quam in legationem venerit: item magistratum populi romani eumve, qui rei publicae causa afuerit, dum non detractandae legis causa abest.

These persons it is not permitted to accuse: the legate of the emperor, that is, the governor of a province, as set forth in the opinion of Lentulus, when Sulla and Trio were consuls: likewise a provincial legate, but only for that crime which he committed before he came into the legation: likewise a magistrate of the Roman people, or one who has been absent for the sake of the Republic, provided he is not absent for the sake of evading the law.

Dig. 48.2.12.1

Digest 48.2.12.1

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 On Public Prosecutions.

Hoc beneficio etiam in reos recepti uti possunt, si abolitione interveniente repeti se non debere contendant, secundum epistulam divi hadriani ad glabrionem consulem scriptam.

By this benefit even those who have been taken into the class of defendants may avail themselves, if, an abolitio intervening, they contend that they ought not to be proceeded against again, according to the letter of the deified Hadrian written to Glabrio the consul.

Dig. 48.2.12.2

Digest 48.2.12.2

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 on public trials.

Lege iulia iudiciorum publicorum cavetur, ne eodem tempore de duobus reis quis quereretur nisi suarum iniuriarum causa.

By the Julian Law of Public Trials it is provided that no one may complain at the same time against two defendants, unless for the cause of his own injuries.

Dig. 48.2.12.3

Digest 48.2.12.3

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 On Public Trials.

Si servus reus postulabitur, eadem observanda sunt, quae si liber esset, ex senatus consulto cotta et messala consulibus.

If a slave is demanded as a defendant, the same things are to be observed as if he were free, by virtue of the senatus consultum, in the consulship of Cotta and Messala.

Dig. 48.2.12.4

Digest 48.2.12.4

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 on public trials

Omnibus autem legibus servi rei fiunt excepta lege iulia de vi privata, quia ea lege damnati partis tertiae bonorum publicatione puniuntur, quae poena in servum non cadit. idemque dicendum est in ceteris legibus, quibus pecuniaria poena irrogatur vel etiam capitis, quae servorum poenis non convenit, sicuti relegatio. item nec lex pompeia parricidii, quoniam caput primum eos adprehendit, qui parentes cognatosve aut patronos occiderint: quae in servos, quantum ad verba pertinet, non cadunt: sed cum natura communis est, similiter et in eos animadvertetur.

By all other laws, however, slaves become defendants, except under the Lex Julia on private violence, because by that law the condemned are punished by the publication of a third part of their goods, which penalty does not fall upon a slave. And the same is to be said in the other laws by which a pecuniary penalty is imposed, or even one of status (capitis), which does not accord with the punishments of slaves, such as relegation. Likewise, neither does the Lex Pompeia on parricide, since its first chapter apprehends those who have killed parents, kinsmen, or patrons: which, so far as the words go, do not fall upon slaves; but since the nature is common, punishment will likewise be visited upon them as well.

item cornelia iniuriarum servum non debere recipi reum cornelius sulla auctor fuit: sed durior ei poena extra ordinem imminebit.

Likewise, in the Cornelian law of injuries, Cornelius Sulla was the sponsor that a slave ought not to be admitted as a defendant; but a harsher penalty will threaten him by extraordinary procedure.

Dig. 48.2.13

Digest 48.2.13

Marcianus 1 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 1 on public prosecutions.

Mulierem propter publicam utilitatem ad annonam pertinentem audiri a praefecto annonae deferentem divus severus et antoninus rescripserunt. famosi quoque accusantes sine ulla dubitatione admittuntur. milites quoque, qui causas alienas deferre non possunt, qui pro pace excubant, vel magis ad hanc accusationem admittendi sunt.

The deified Severus and Antoninus wrote back that, for public utility, a woman pertaining to the grain supply, bringing information to the prefect of the grain supply, is to be heard. Those infamous as well, when accusing, are admitted without any doubt. Soldiers too—who cannot bring others’ causes, who keep watch for peace—are all the more to be admitted to this accusation.

servi quoque deferentes audiuntur.

Slaves too, bringing accusations, are heard.

Dig. 48.2.14

Digest 48.2.14

Paulus 2 de off. procons.

Paulus Book 2 on the office of the proconsul.

Senatus censuit, ne quis ob idem crimen pluribus legibus reus fieret.

The Senate decreed that no one be made a defendant under multiple laws on account of the same crime.

Dig. 48.2.15

Digest 48.2.15

Ulpianus 56 ad ed.

Ulpian, 56 On the Edict.

In eum, cuius dolo malo hominibus coactis damni quid datum esse dicatur, non debet cogi actor omissa actione civili crimen intendere.

Against the one by whose malicious fraud, with persons coerced, it is said that some damage has been caused, the plaintiff ought not to be compelled, with the civil action set aside, to bring a criminal charge.

Dig. 48.2.16

Digest 48.2.16

Ulpianus 2 de off. cons.

Ulpian, 2 On the Office of the Proconsul

Si plures existant, qui eum in publicis iudiciis accusare volunt, iudex eligere debet eum qui accuset, causa scilicet cognita aestimatis accusatorum personis vel de dignitate, vel ex eo quod interest, vel aetate vel moribus vel alia iusta de causa.

If several exist who wish to accuse him in public judgments, the judge ought to choose the one who shall prosecute, the case, namely, having been examined, with the persons of the accusers assessed either as to dignity, or from the fact of interest, or age, or morals, or for another just cause.

Dig. 48.2.17

Digest 48.2.17

Modestinus 6 diff.

Modestinus Differences 6.

Si servum dominus in crimine capitali defendat, sistendum satisdato promittere iubetur.

If a master defends a slave on a capital charge, he is ordered to promise, upon giving surety, to produce him for appearance.

Dig. 48.2.18

Digest 48.2.18

Modestinus 17 resp.

Modestinus 17 responses.

Cum titia testamentum gaii fratris sui falsum arguere minaretur et sollemnia accusationis non implevit intra tempus a praeside praefinitum, praeses provinciae iterum pronuntiavit non posse illam amplius de falso testamento dicere: adversus quas sententias titia non provocavit, sed dixit se post finitum tempus de irrito testamento dicere. quaero, an titia, quae non appellavit adversus sententiam praesidis, possit ad falsi accusationem postea reverti. respondit nihil aperte proponi, propter quod adversus sententiae auctoritatem de falso agens audienda sit.

When Titia threatened to charge the will of Gaius, her brother, as forged, and did not fulfill the formalities of the accusation within the time pre-set by the governor, the provincial governor declared again that she could no longer speak about the forged will; against which rulings Titia did not appeal, but said that after the time had expired she was speaking about a void will. I ask whether Titia, who did not appeal against the governor’s sentence, can afterward revert to an accusation of falsum. He replied that nothing is set forth explicitly on account of which she, proceeding on falsum against the authority of the sentence, should be heard.

Dig. 48.2.19pr.

Digest 48.2.19, beginning.

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on cognitions.

Divi fratres rescripserunt non debere cogi heredes accusatorum exequi crimina.

The deified brothers wrote in a rescript that the heirs of accusers ought not to be compelled to pursue the charges.

Dig. 48.2.19.1

Digest 48.2.19.1

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on hearings.

Item non oportere compelli accusatorem plures reos facere divus hadrianus rescripsit.

likewise, the deified Hadrian rescripted that an accuser ought not to be compelled to make several defendants.

Dig. 48.2.20

Digest 48.2.20

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus 2 On Penalties.

Ex iudiciorum publicorum admissis non alias transeunt adversus heredes poenae bonorum ademptionis, quam si lis contestata et condemnatio fuerit secuta, excepto repetundarum et maiestatis iudicio, quae etiam mortuis reis, cum quibus nihil actum est, adhuc exerceri placuit, ut bona eorum fisco vindicentur: adeo ut divus severus et antoninus rescripserunt, ex quo quis aliquod ex his causis crimen contraxit, nihil ex bonis suis alienare aut manumittere eum posse. ex ceteris vero delictis poena incipere ab herede ita demum potest, si vivo reo accusatio mota est, licet non fuit condemnatio secuta.

From offenses admitted under public trials, the penalties of ademption (taking away) of goods do not otherwise pass against heirs than if the suit has been joined and a condemnation has followed—except in the court of extortions (repetundae) and of treason (majesty), which it has been decided may still be prosecuted even with the defendants dead, with whom nothing has been done, so that their goods are claimed for the fisc; to such a degree that the deified Severus and Antoninus rescripted that, from the time someone has contracted a charge in any of these causes, he can alienate nothing from his goods or manumit anyone. But from other offenses the penalty can begin from the heir only if, while the defendant was alive, an accusation was set in motion, even if no condemnation followed.

Dig. 48.2.21

Digest 48.2.21

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 Responses.

Capitis reus suspenso crimine causam fisco deferre non prohibetur.

A defendant on a capital charge, the accusation being suspended, is not prohibited from referring his case to the fiscus.

Dig. 48.2.22

Digest 48.2.22

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinian, 16 Responses.

Alterius provinciae reus apud eos accusatur et damnatur, apud quos crimen contractum ostenditur. quod etiam in militibus esse observandum optimi principes nostri generaliter rescripserunt.

A defendant of another province is accused and condemned before those among whom it is shown that the crime was contracted. Our best emperors have rescripted generally that this is to be observed also in the case of soldiers.

Dig. 48.3.0. De custodia et exhibitione reorum.

Digest 48.3.0. On the custody and production of the accused.

Dig. 48.3.1

Digest 48.3.1

Ulpianus 2 de off. procons.

Ulpian 2 on the office of the proconsul.

De custodia reorum proconsul aestimare solet, utrum in carcerem recipienda sit persona an militi tradenda vel fideiussoribus committenda vel etiam sibi. hoc autem vel pro criminis quod obicitur qualitate vel propter honorem aut propter amplissimas facultates vel pro innocentia personae vel pro dignitate eius qui accusatur facere solet.

Concerning the custody of defendants, the proconsul is accustomed to determine whether the person ought to be received into prison, or delivered to a soldier, or entrusted to sureties, or even to himself. He is wont to do this either according to the quality of the crime that is alleged, or on account of honor, or because of very ample resources, or because of the innocence of the person, or on account of the dignity of the one who is accused.

Dig. 48.3.2pr.

Digest 48.3.2, preface.

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 on adultery.

Si servus capitali crimine postuletur, lege publicorum cavetur, ut sistendum vel a domino vel ab extero satisdato promittatur: quod si non defendatur, in vincula publica coici iubetur, ut ex vinculis causam dicat.

If a slave is prosecuted on a capital charge, it is provided by the law on public trials that a promise be made, with surety given, that he will be produced, either by the master or by an outsider: but if he is not defended, he is ordered to be cast into the public chains, so that he may plead his case from custody.

Dig. 48.3.2.1

Digest 48.3.2.1

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 On Adultery.

Solet itaque tractari, an postea domino permittendum sit oblata satisdatione servum suum vinculis liberare. dubitationem auget edictum domitiani, quo cautum est abolitiones ex senatus consulto factas ad huiusmodi servos non pertinere. nam et lex ipsa prohibet eum absolvi, priusquam de eo iudicetur.

It is therefore accustomed to be discussed, whether thereafter it should be permitted to the master, a surety having been offered, to free his slave from bonds. the edict of Domitian increases the doubt, by which it is provided that abolitions made by senatus consultum do not pertain to servants of this kind. for the law itself also forbids him to be absolved before judgment is given concerning him.

sed haec interpretatio perdura, pernimium severa est in eo, cuius dominus absens fuit vel quod per inopiam illo momento temporis satisdationem implere non potuit: neque enim pro indefenso derelictus recte dici potest, qui dominum praesentem non habuit vel habuit paratum defendere, pauperem tamen. quod utique facilius admitti poterit, si non post longum temporis spatium hoc desideretur.

but this interpretation, enduring, is excessively severe in the case of one whose master was absent, or because through indigence at that moment of time he was not able to fulfill the satisdation: for he cannot rightly be said to have been left as undefended who did not have his master present, or had him ready to defend, yet poor. which indeed will be able to be admitted more easily, if this is not sought after a long space of time.

Dig. 48.3.2.2

Digest 48.3.2.2

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinian 1 On Adulteries.

Qui exhibendi postulati sunt propter aliam causam, alterius criminis, quod ante admissum est, rei non recipiuntur ex senatus consulto. quod in privatis quoque causis et hominibus sub fideiussore factis observatur, nisi ex hoc temporalis actio in periculum cadat.

Those who have been demanded to be produced for another cause are not admitted as defendants for a different crime which had been previously admitted, by a senatus-consult. This is observed also in private cases and for persons furnished under a surety, unless by this a time-limited action would fall into danger.

Dig. 48.3.3

Digest 48.3.3

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Divus pius ad epistulam antiochensium graece rescripsit non esse in vincula coiciendum eum, qui fideiussores dare paratus est, nisi si tam grave scelus admisisse eum constet, ut neque fideiussoribus neque militibus committi debeat, verum hanc ipsam carceris poenam ante supplicium sustinere.

The deified Pius, in reply in Greek to the letter of the Antiochenes, wrote that the one who is prepared to furnish sureties is not to be cast into bonds, unless it is established that he has committed so grave a crime that he ought to be entrusted neither to sureties nor to soldiers, but rather to endure this very punishment of prison before the penalty.

Dig. 48.3.4

Digest 48.3.4

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si quis reum criminis, pro quo satisdedit, non exhibuerit, poena pecuniaria plectitur. puto tamen, si dolo non exhibeat, etiam extra ordinem esse damnandum. sed si neque in cautione neque in decreto praesidis certa quantitas comprehensa est, ac nec consuetudo ostenditur, quae certam formam habet, praeses de modo pecuniae, quae inferri oporteat, statuet.

If anyone does not produce the accused of the charge for which he has given surety, he is punished with a pecuniary penalty. I think, however, that if he fails to produce by fraud (dolus), he is also to be condemned outside the ordinary course (extra ordinem). But if neither in the caution (security) nor in the decree of the governor (praeses) a definite amount is included, and no custom is shown which has a fixed form, the governor will determine the measure of money that ought to be paid in.

Dig. 48.3.5

Digest 48.3.5

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 on public trials.

Si confessus fuerit reus, donec de eo pronuntietur, in vincula publica coiciendus est.

If the defendant has confessed, until judgment is pronounced concerning him, he is to be consigned to the public prison.

Dig. 48.3.6pr.

Digest 48.3.6 pr.

Marcianus 2 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 2 on public prosecutions.

Divus hadrianus iulio secundo ita rescripsit et alias rescriptum est non esse utique epistulis eorum credendum, qui quasi damnatos ad praesidem remiserint. idem de irenarchis praeceptum est, quia non omnes ex fide bona elogia scribere compertum est.

The deified Hadrian thus issued a rescript to Julius Secundus, and elsewhere it has been rescripted, that one is not at all to trust the letters of those who have sent persons as though condemned to the praeses (governor). The same has been prescribed concerning the irenarchs, because it has been found that not all write elogia (reports) in good faith.

Dig. 48.3.6.1

Digest 48.3.6.1

Marcianus 2 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus Book 2, On Public Trials.

Sed et caput mandatorum exstat, quod divus pius, cum provinciae asiae praeerat, sub edicto proposuit, ut irenarchae, cum adprehenderint latrones, interrogent eos de sociis et receptatoribus et interrogationes litteris inclusas atque obsignatas ad cognitionem magistratus mittant. igitur qui cum elogio mittuntur, ex integro audiendi sunt, etsi per litteras missi fuerint vel etiam per irenarchas perducti. sic et divus pius et alii principes rescripserunt, ut etiam de his, qui requirendi adnotati sunt, non quasi pro damnatis, sed quasi re integra quaeratur, si quis erit qui eum arguat.

But there also exists a head (chapter) of the mandates which the deified Pius, when he was presiding over the province of Asia, set forth under an edict: that the irenarchs, when they have apprehended brigands, should interrogate them about accomplices and harborers, and send the interrogations, enclosed and sealed in letters, to the magistrate’s cognition. Therefore those who are sent with an elogium (written charge) must be heard afresh, even if they have been sent by letters or even conducted by irenarchs. Thus both the deified Pius and other emperors rescripted, that even concerning those who have been noted as to be sought (wanted), inquiry be made not as if they were condemned, but as if the matter were intact, provided there will be someone to accuse him.

et ideo cum quis anakrisin faceret, iuberi oportet venire irenarchen et quod scripserit, exsequi: et si diligenter ac fideliter hoc fecerit, collaudandum eum: si parum prudenter non exquisitis argumentis, simpliciter denotare irenarchen minus rettulisse: sed si quid maligne interrogasse aut non dicta rettulisse pro dictis eum compererit, ut vindicet in exemplum, ne quid et aliud postea tale facere moliatur.

and therefore, when someone makes an anakrisis, it ought to be ordered that the irenarch come and execute what he has written; and if he has done this diligently and faithfully, he is to be commended; if rather imprudently, with the arguments not having been thoroughly sought out, simply to denote that the irenarch has reported too little; but if he has found that he questioned with malice, or has reported as said things not said, he should punish him by way of example, lest he thereafter also attempt to do anything else of that sort.

Dig. 48.3.7

Digest 48.3.7

Macer 2 de off. praesid.

Macer Book 2 on the Office of the Governor.

Solent praesides provinciarum, in quibus delictum est, scribere ad collegas suos, ubi factores agere dicuntur, et desiderare, ut cum prosecutoribus ad se remittantur: et id quoque quibusdam rescriptis declaratur.

Provincial presidents, in the provinces in which a delict has been committed, are accustomed to write to their colleagues, in the place where the perpetrators are said to be active, and to request that they be sent back to them with the prosecutors; and this too is declared by certain rescripts.

Dig. 48.3.8

Digest 48.3.8

Paulus l.S. de poen. milit.

Paulus in the single book On the Punishments of Soldiers.

Carceri praepositus si pretio corruptus sine vinculis agere custodiam vel ferrum venenumve in carcerem inferri passus est, officio iudicis puniendus est: si nescit, ob neglegentiam removendus est officio.

The one set over the prison, if corrupted for a price, has kept custody without bonds or has allowed iron or poison to be brought into the prison, is to be punished by the judge’s authority: if he was unaware, he is to be removed from office on account of negligence.

Dig. 48.3.9

Digest 48.3.9

Venonius 1 de off. procons.

Venonius 1 on the office of the proconsul.

De militibus ita servatur, ut ad eum remittantur, si quid deliquerint, sub quo militabunt: is autem, qui exercitum accipit, etiam ius animadvertendi in milites caligatos habet.

Concerning soldiers, it is thus observed: that, if they have committed any delinquency, they are sent back to him under whom they will serve; and he who receives the army also has the right of punishing the rank-and-file soldiers.

Dig. 48.3.10

Digest 48.3.10

Venonius 2 de off. procons.

Venonius 2 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Ne quis receptam custodiam sine causa dimittat, mandatis ita cavetur: " si quos ex his, qui in civitatibus sunt, celeriter et sine causa solutos a magistratibus cognoveris, vinciri iubebis et his, qui solverint, multam dices. nam cum scierint sibi quoque molestiae futurum magistratus, si facile solverint vinctos, non indifferenter de cetero facient".

Lest anyone release a custody once received without cause, it is thus provided in the mandates: " if you learn that any of those who are in the cities have been quickly and without cause released by magistrates, you will order them to be bound, and upon those who have released them you will pronounce a fine. For when the magistrates know that trouble will also await themselves, if they have readily released the bound, they will not act indifferently hereafter".

Dig. 48.3.11pr.

Digest 48.3.11 beginning.

Celsus 37 Dig.

Celsus 37 Digest.

Non est dubium, quin, cuiuscumque est provinciae homo, qui ex custodia producitur, cognoscere debeat is, qui ei provinciae praeest, in qua provincia agitur.

There is no doubt that, of whatever province a person is, who is produced from custody, he who presides over that province in which the matter is being conducted ought to take cognizance.

Dig. 48.3.11.1

Digest 48.3.11.1

Celsus 37 Dig.

Celsus 37 Digest.

Illud a quibusdam observari solet, ut, cum cognovit et constituit, remittat illum cum elogio ad eum, qui provinciae praeest, unde is homo est: quod ex causa faciendum est.

It is commonly observed by some that, when he has taken cognizance and decided, he sends that man back with an elogium to the one who presides over the province from which the man is: which should be done when there is cause.

Dig. 48.3.12pr.

Digest 48.3.12, beginning.

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on cognitions.

Milites si amiserint custodias, ipsi in periculum deducuntur. nam divus hadrianus statilio secundo legato rescripsit, quotiens custodia militibus evaserit, exquiri oportere, utrum nimia neglegentia militum evaserit an casu, et utrum unus ex pluribus an una plures, et ita demum adficiendos supplicio milites, quibus custodiae evaserint, si culpa eorum nimia deprehendatur: alioquin pro modo culpae in eos statuendum. salvio quoque legato aquitaniae idem princeps rescripsit in eum, qui custodiam dimisit aut ita sciens habuit, ut possit custodia evadere, animadvertendum: si tamen per vinum aut desidiam custodis id evenerit, castigandum eum et in deteriorem militiam dari: si vero fortuito amiserit, nihil in eum statuendum.

If soldiers lose persons in custody, they themselves are brought into jeopardy. For the deified Hadrian wrote in reply to Statilius Secundus, the legate, that whenever a person in custody has escaped from soldiers, it ought to be inquired whether he escaped through excessive negligence of the soldiers or by chance, and whether one [prisoner] escaped from several [guards] or a single [guard let] several [prisoners escape]; and only then are the soldiers, from whom those in custody have escaped, to be subjected to punishment, if their excessive fault is detected; otherwise, a decision is to be made against them according to the measure of the fault. The same emperor also wrote in reply to Salvius, legate of Aquitania, that punishment should be inflicted upon the one who let the prisoner go, or who so knowingly kept him as to allow the prisoner to escape; if, however, this happened through drink or the guard’s idleness, he is to be chastised and transferred to a worse service; but if he lost him by sheer chance, nothing is to be decreed against him.

Dig. 48.3.12.1

Digest 48.3.12.1

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on cognitions.

Si paganos evaserit custodia, idem puto exquirendum, quod circa militum personas explorandum rettuli.

If civilians have escaped custody, I think the same is to be inquired into as I have related should be explored concerning the persons of soldiers.

Dig. 48.3.13

Digest 48.3.13

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus, 6 On Cognitions.

In eos, qui, cum recepti essent in carcerem, conspiraverint, ut ruptis vinculis et effracto carcere evadant, amplius, quam causa ex qua recepti sunt reposcit, constituendum est quamvis innocentes inveniantur ex eo crimine, propter quod impacti sunt in carcere, tamen puniendi sunt: eos vero, qui conspirationem eorum detexerint, relevandos.

As to those who, after they have been received into prison, have conspired that, with their bonds broken and the prison broken open, they might escape, a heavier penalty is to be established than the cause for which they were received requires; although they may be found innocent of the charge on account of which they were thrust into prison, nevertheless they are to be punished; but those who have detected their conspiracy are to be relieved.

Dig. 48.3.14pr.

Digest 48.3.14pr.

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus 4 on penalties.

Non est facile tironi custodia credenda: nam ea prodita is culpae reus est, qui eam ei commisit.

Custody is not easily to be entrusted to a tyro: for, if it is betrayed, he is liable for the fault who entrusted it to him.

Dig. 48.3.14.1

Digest 48.3.14.1

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus 4 On Penalties.

Nec uni, sed duobus custodia committenda est.

Nor to one, but to two must custody be committed.

Dig. 48.3.14.2

Digest 48.3.14.2

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus 4 on penalties.

Qui si neglegentia amiserint, pro modo culpae vel castigantur vel militiam mutant: quod si levis persona custodiae fuit, castigati restituuntur. nam si miseratione custodiam quis dimiserit, militiam mutat: fraudulenter autem si fuerit versatus in dimittenda custodia, vel capite punitur vel in extremum gradum militiae datur. interdum venia datur: nam cum custodia cum altero custode simul fugisset, alteri venia data est.

Those who, if through negligence they have lost the person in custody, are, according to the measure of the fault, either castigated or change their military service: but if the person under custody was of slight standing, they are, after chastisement, reinstated. For if someone has released the person from custody out of compassion, he changes his military service; but if he has acted fraudulently in releasing the person from custody, he is either punished with capital punishment or is assigned to the lowest grade of military service. Sometimes pardon is granted: for when the person in custody had fled at the same time with another guard, pardon was given to the other.

Dig. 48.3.14.3

Digest 48.3.14.3

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus 4 on punishments.

Sed si se custodia interfecerit vel praecipitaverit, militi culpae adscribitur, id est castigabitur.

But if the one in custody has killed himself or hurled himself headlong, the blame is ascribed to the soldier, that is, he will be castigated.

Dig. 48.3.14.4

Digest 48.3.14.4

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus book 4 on penalties.

Quod si ipse custos custodiam interfecerit, homicidii reus est:

But if the guard himself kills the person in his custody, he is guilty of homicide:

Dig. 48.3.14.5

Digest 48.3.14.5

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus 4 On Punishments.

Ergo si casu custodia defuncta dicatur, testationibus id probandum est et sic venia dabitur.

Therefore, if it is said that custody failed by accident, this must be proved by testimonies, and thus pardon will be granted.

Dig. 48.3.14.6

Digest 48.3.14.6

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus 4 on penalties.

Solet praeterea amissa culpa custodia, si tamen intersit eam adprehendi, tempus causa cognita militi dari ad eam requirendam, applicito ei alio milite.

Besides, when custody has been lost through fault, if nevertheless it is of concern that the detainee be apprehended, time, the case having been examined, is usually given to the soldier to seek her, another soldier being attached to him.

Dig. 48.3.14.7

Digest 48.3.14.7

Modestinus 4 de poen.

Modestinus Book 4 On Penalties.

Quod si fugitivum domino reddendum prodiderit, si facultates habeat, domino pretium reddere iuberi saturninus probat.

But if he has disclosed a fugitive to be returned to the master, Saturninus approves that, if he has means, he be ordered to pay the price to the master.

Dig. 48.4.0. Ad legem iuliam maiestatis.

Digest 48.4.0. On the Julian law of treason.

Dig. 48.4.1pr.

Digest 48.4.1, preface.

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Proximum sacrilegio crimen est, quod maiestatis dicitur.

The crime next to sacrilege is that which is called majesty (treason).

Dig. 48.4.1.1

Digest 48.4.1.1

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Maiestatis autem crimen illud est, quod adversus populum romanum vel adversus securitatem eius committitur. quo tenetur is, cuius opera dolo malo consilium initum erit, quo obsides iniussu principis interciderent: quo armati homines cum telis lapidibusve in urbe sint conveniantve adversus rem publicam, locave occupentur vel templa, quove coetus conventusve fiat hominesve ad seditionem convocentur: cuiusve opera consilio malo consilium initum erit, quo quis magistratus populi romani quive imperium potestatemve habet occidatur: quove quis contra rem publicam arma ferat: quive hostibus populi romani nuntium litterasve miserit signumve dederit feceritve dolo malo, quo hostes populi romani consilio iuventur adversus rem publicam: quive milites sollicitaverit concitaveritve, quo seditio tumultusve adversus rem publicam fiat:

But the crime of treason is that which is committed against the Roman people or against its security. By this is held liable the one by whose agency, with malicious deceit, a plan shall have been undertaken whereby hostages would perish without the order of the princeps: whereby armed men with weapons or stones are in the city or meet against the commonwealth, and places or temples are occupied, or an assembly or meeting is held, or men are summoned to sedition: or by whose agency, with evil counsel, a plan shall have been undertaken whereby any magistrate of the Roman people, or one who has imperium or power, is killed: or whereby someone bears arms against the commonwealth: or whoever has sent a messenger or letters to the enemies of the Roman people, or has given a signal, or has done anything with malicious deceit whereby the enemies of the Roman people are aided by counsel against the commonwealth: or whoever has solicited or stirred up the soldiers, whereby a sedition or tumult is made against the commonwealth:

Dig. 48.4.2

Digest 48.4.2

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations

Quive de provincia, cum ei successum esset, non discessit: aut qui exercitum deseruit vel privatus ad hostes perfugit: quive sciens falsum conscripsit vel recitaverit in tabulis publicis: nam et hoc capite primo lege maiestatis enumeratur.

Or whoever, from a province, when a successor had been assigned to him, did not depart: or who deserted the army, or as a private citizen fled over to the enemies: or whoever, knowing it to be false, has written or has read it out in the public tablets: for this too is enumerated in the first chapter of the law of Majesty.

Dig. 48.4.3

Digest 48.4.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Lex duodecim tabularum iubet eum, qui hostem concitaverit quive civem hosti tradiderit, capite puniri. lex autem iulia maiestatis praecipit eum, qui maiestatem publicam laeserit, teneri: qualis est ille, qui in bellis cesserit aut arcem tenuerit aut castra concesserit. eadem lege tenetur et qui iniussu principis bellum gesserit dilectumve habuerit exercitum comparaverit: quive, cum ei in provincia successum esset, exercitum successori non tradidit: quive imperium exercitumve populi romani deseruerit: quive privatus pro potestate magistratuve quid sciens dolo malo gesserit: quive quid eorum, quae supra scripta sunt, facere curaverit:

The law of the Twelve Tables orders that whoever has stirred up the enemy or has handed over a citizen to the enemy be punished with death. Moreover, the Julian law of Majesty prescribes that he who has injured the public majesty be held liable: such as he who has retreated in warfare or has held a citadel or has surrendered a camp. By the same law he is also liable who, without the order of the Princeps, has waged war or has held a levy or has assembled an army: or who, when a successor had arrived to him in a province, did not hand over the army to the successor: or who has deserted the command or the army of the Roman people: or who, being a private person, has knowingly and with malicious intent conducted anything as if by official authority or magistracy: or who has taken care that any of the things written above be done:

Dig. 48.4.4pr.

Digest 48.4.4pr.

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola Book 4 of the Rules.

Cuiusque dolo malo iureiurando quis adactus est, quo adversus rem publicam faciat: cuiusve dolo malo exercitus populi romani in insidias deductus hostibusve proditus erit: factumve dolo malo cuius dicitur, quo minus hostes in potestatem populi romani veniant: cuiusve opera dolo malo hostes populi romani commeatu armis telis equis pecunia aliave qua re adiuti erunt: utve ex amicis hostes populi romani fiant: cuiusve dolo malo factum erit, quo rex exterae nationis populo romano minus obtemperet: cuiusve opera dolo malo factum erit, quo magis obsides pecunia iumenta hostibus populi romani dentur adversus rem publicam. item qui confessum in iudicio reum et propter hoc in vincula coniectum emiserit.

By whose malicious deceit anyone has been compelled by oath to act against the commonwealth: or by whose malicious deceit the army of the Roman people will have been led into ambush or betrayed to the enemies: or it is said that by someone’s malicious deceit something was done, whereby the enemies come less into the power of the Roman people: or by whose agency with malicious deceit the enemies of the Roman people will have been aided with supplies, arms, missiles, horses, money, or any other thing: and that from friends there become enemies of the Roman people: or by whose malicious deceit it will have been brought about that a king of a foreign nation obeys the Roman people less: or by whose agency with malicious deceit it will have been done, that more hostages, money, draft-animals be given to the enemies of the Roman people against the commonwealth. Likewise, whoever shall have released a defendant confessed in court and on this account thrown into chains.

Dig. 48.4.4.1

Digest 48.4.4.1

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola Book 4 of the Rules.

Hoc crimine liberatus est a senatu, qui statuas imperatoris reprobatas conflaverit.

He was acquitted by the senate of this charge, though he had melted down the emperor’s statues that had been disapproved.

Dig. 48.4.5pr.

Digest 48.4.5pr.

Marcianus 5 reg.

Marcian 5 reigned.

Non contrahit crimen maiestatis, qui statuas caesaris vetustate corruptas reficit.

He does not incur the charge of lèse‑majesté who restores statues of Caesar corrupted by age.

Dig. 48.4.5.1

Digest 48.4.5.1

Marcianus 5 reg.

Marcianus Book 5 of the Rules.

Nec qui lapide iactato incerto fortuito statuam attigerit, crimen maiestatis commisit: et ita severus et antoninus iulio cassiano rescripserunt.

Nor has he who, having thrown a stone at random by chance, struck a statue, committed the crime of lèse-majesté: and thus Severus and Antoninus replied by rescript to Julius Cassianus.

Dig. 48.4.5.2

Digest 48.4.5.2

Marcianus 5 reg.

Marcian 5 Rules.

Idem pontio rescripsit non videri contra maiestatem fieri ob imagines caesaris nondum consecratas venditas.

The same wrote back to Pontius that it does not seem to be an offense against majesty on account of having sold images of Caesar not yet consecrated.

Dig. 48.4.6

Digest 48.4.6

Venonius 2 de iudic. publ.

Venonius 2 on public trials

Qui statuas aut imagines imperatoris iam consecratas conflaverint aliudve quid simile admiserint, lege iulia maiestatis tenentur.

Those who have melted down statues or images of the emperor already consecrated, or have committed anything else similar, are held liable under the Julian law of treason.

Dig. 48.4.7pr.

Digest 48.4.7, beginning.

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Famosi, qui ius accusandi non habent, sine ulla dubitatione admittuntur ad hanc accusationem.

The infamous, who do not have the right to accuse, are admitted without any doubt to this accusation.

Dig. 48.4.7.1

Digest 48.4.7.1

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus Book 12 of the Pandects.

Sed et milites, qui causas alias defendere non possunt: nam qui pro pace excubant, magis magisque ad hanc accusationem admittendi sunt.

But soldiers too, who cannot defend other causes: for they who keep watch for peace are all the more to be admitted to this accusation.

Dig. 48.4.7.2

Digest 48.4.7.2

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Servi quoque deferentes audiuntur et quidem dominos suos: et liberti patronos.

Slaves too, when denouncing, are heard, and indeed against their own masters: and freedmen against their patrons.

Dig. 48.4.7.3

Digest 48.4.7.3

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Hoc tamen crimen iudicibus non in occasione ob principalis maiestatis venerationem habendum est, sed in veritate: nam et personam spectandam esse, an potuerit facere, et an ante quid fecerit et an cogitaverit et an sanae mentis fuerit. nec lubricum linguae ad poenam facile trahendum est: quamquam enim temerarii digni poena sint, tamen ut insanis illis parcendum est, si non tale sit delictum, quod vel ex scriptura legis descendit vel ad exemplum legis vindicandum est.

This crime, however, is not to be handled by judges on the pretext of reverence for the princely majesty, but in truth: for the person too must be considered—whether he could have done it, and whether he had done anything before, and whether he intended it, and whether he was of sane mind. Nor should a slip of the tongue be easily dragged to punishment: for although the rash are worthy of punishment, nevertheless, as with madmen, indulgence must be shown to them, if the offense is not of such a kind as either derives from the writing of the law or is to be punished according to the example of the law.

Dig. 48.4.7.4

Digest 48.4.7.4

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus book 12 of the Pandects.

Crimen maiestatis facto vel violatis statuis vel imaginibus maxime exacerbatur in milites.

The crime of lèse-majesté is most aggravated, in the case of soldiers, by an act, or by the violation of statues or images.

Dig. 48.4.8

Digest 48.4.8

Papinianus 13 resp.

Papinian, book 13 of Responses.

In quaestionibus laesae maiestatis etiam mulieres audiuntur. coniurationem denique sergii catilinae iulia mulier detexit et marcum tullium consulem indicium eius instruxit.

in inquiries of lèse-majesty, even women are heard. finally, a woman, iulia, uncovered the conspiracy of sergius catilina, and marcus tullius the consul furnished his case with her testimony.

Dig. 48.4.9

Digest 48.4.9

Hermogenianus 5 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 5 epit. of law.

Eorum, qui maiestatis crimine damnati sunt, libertorum bona liberis damnatorum conservari divus severus decrevit et tunc demum fisco vindicari, si nemo damnati liberorum existat.

As to those who have been condemned for the crime of majesty (treason), the deified Severus decreed that the goods of their freedmen be preserved for the children of the condemned, and only then be vindicated to the fiscus, if none of the condemned’s children exists.

Dig. 48.4.10

Digest 48.4.10

Hermogenianus 6 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 6 epitome of law.

Maiestatis crimine accusari potest, cuius ope consilio dolo malo provincia vel civitas hostibus prodita est.

He can be accused of the crime of maiestas (treason), by whose aid, counsel, or malicious deceit a province or a city has been betrayed to the enemies.

Dig. 48.4.11

Digest 48.4.11

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, 8 Disputations.

Is, qui in reatu decedit, integri status decedit: extinguitur enim crimen mortalitate. nisi forte quis maiestatis reus fuit: nam hoc crimine nisi a successoribus purgetur, hereditas fisco vindicatur. plane non quisque legis iuliae maiestatis reus est, in eadem condicione est, sed qui perduellionis reus est, hostili animo adversus rem publicam vel principem animatus: ceterum si quis ex alia causa legis iuliae maiestatis reus sit, morte crimine liberatur.

He who dies while under accusation, dies of unimpaired status: for the crime is extinguished by mortality. Unless perhaps someone was a defendant for treason (maiestas): for in this charge, unless he be purged by his successors (heirs), the inheritance is claimed by the fisc. Clearly not everyone who is a defendant under the Julian Law of Treason (lex Iulia maiestatis) is in the same condition, but he is who is a defendant for perduellio, animated with a hostile mind against the commonwealth or the princeps; however, if someone is a defendant for another ground under the Julian Law of Treason, by death he is freed from the charge.

Dig. 48.5.0. Ad legem iuliam de adulteriis coercendis.

Digest 48.5.0. On the julian law for restraining adulteries.

Dig. 48.5.1

Digest 48.5.1

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian 1 On adultery.

Haec lex lata est a divo augusto.

This law was passed by the deified Augustus.

Dig. 48.5.2pr.

Digest 48.5.2, preface.

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, 8 Disputations.

Ex lege iulia servatur, ut, cui necesse est ab adultero incipere, quia mulier ante denuntiationem nupsit, non alias ad mulierem possit pervenire, nisi reum peregerit. peregisse autem non alias quis videtur, nisi et condemnaverit.

Under the Julian law it is observed that he who must begin with the adulterer, because the woman married before denunciation, cannot otherwise reach the woman unless he has completed the case against the defendant; and one is not considered to have completed it unless he has also convicted him.

Dig. 48.5.2.1

Digest 48.5.2.1

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, book 8

Marito iure mariti accusanti illa praescriptio obicitur, si legem prodidisse dicatur ob hoc, quod adgressus accusationem adulterii destitit.

To a husband accusing by the right of a husband, that praescription is opposed, if he is said to have betrayed the statute on this account: that, having undertaken the accusation of adultery, he desisted.

Dig. 48.5.2.2

Digest 48.5.2.2

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, book 8.

Lenocinii quidem crimen lege iulia de adulteris praescriptum est, cum sit in eum maritum poena statuta, qui de adulterio uxoris suae quid ceperit, item in eum, qui in adulterio deprehensam retinuerit.

Indeed, the crime of lenocinium is prescribed by the Julian Law on Adulterers, since a penalty is set against that husband who has taken anything from the adultery of his wife, and likewise against one who has retained her when she has been caught in adultery.

Dig. 48.5.2.3

Digest 48.5.2.3

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Ceterum qui patitur uxorem suam delinquere matrimoniumque suum contemnit quique contaminationi non indignatur, poena adulterum non infligitur.

Moreover, upon one who allows his wife to commit a delinquency and contemns his marriage, and who is not indignant at the contamination, the penalty for adulterers is not inflicted.

Dig. 48.5.2.4

Digest 48.5.2.4

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian Disputations, Book 8.

Qui hoc dicit lenocinio mariti se fecisse, relevare quidem vult crimen suum, sed non est huiusmodi compensatio admissa. ideo si maritum velit reus adulterii lenocinii reum facere, semel delatus non audietur.

He who says that he did this by the husband’s lenocinium indeed wishes to lighten his crime, but no compensation of this kind is admitted. Therefore, if a defendant for adultery wishes to make the husband a defendant for lenocinium, once denounced he will not be heard.

Dig. 48.5.2.5

Digest 48.5.2.5

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Si publico iudicio maritus uxorem ream faciat, an lenocinii allegatio repellat maritum ab accusatione? et putem non repellere: lenocinium igitur mariti ipsum onerat, non mulierem excusat.

If in a public prosecution a husband makes his wife a defendant, does an allegation of lenocinium repel the husband from the accusation? And I think it does not repel: therefore the husband’s lenocinium burdens himself, it does not excuse the woman.

Dig. 48.5.2.6

Digest 48.5.2.6

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Book 8 of the Disputations.

Unde quaeri potest, an is, qui de adulterio cognoscit, statuere in maritum ob lenocinium possit? et puto posse. nam claudius gorgus vir clarissimus uxorem accusans cum detectus est uxorem in adulterio deprehensam retinuisse, et sine accusatore lenocinio damnatus est a divo severo.

Whence it can be asked whether he who takes cognizance of adultery can render judgment against the husband on account of pandering; and I think he can. For Claudius Gorgus, a most illustrious man, while accusing his wife, when he was found to have retained his wife after she had been caught in adultery, was condemned, even without an accuser, for pandering by the deified Severus.

Dig. 48.5.2.7

Digest 48.5.2.7

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Extraneus autem nequaquam lenocinium obiciens, posteaquam reus factus est, se relevabit, nec maritum poenae subiciet.

But an outsider who alleges lenocinium will by no means, once he has become a defendant, relieve himself, nor will he subject the husband to the penalty.

Dig. 48.5.2.8

Digest 48.5.2.8

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Si simul ad accusationem veniant maritus et pater mulieris, quem praeferri oporteat, quaeritur. et magis est, ut maritus praeferatur: nam et propensiore ira et maiore dolore executurum eum accusationem credendum est, in tantum, ut et si pater praevenerit et libellos inscriptionum deposuerit, marito non neglegente nec retardante, sed accusationem parante et probationibus instituente atque muniente, ut facilius iudicantibus de adulterio probetur, idem erit dicendum.

If the husband and the woman’s father should come at the same time to the accusation, the question arises whom it is proper to prefer. And the stronger view is that the husband be preferred: for he is to be believed as one who will carry out the accusation with more impassioned wrath and with greater pain—indeed, to such an extent that even if the father has anticipated and has filed the bills of indictment, while the husband is not negligent nor delaying, but is preparing the accusation and setting it up and buttressing it with proofs, so that adultery may be more easily proved to the judges, the same must be said.

Dig. 48.5.2.9

Digest 48.5.2.9

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, book 8.

Sed et quotiens alii, qui post maritum et patrem accusare possunt, ad accusandum prosiliunt, lege expressum est, ut is, cuius de ea re notio est, de iusto accusatore constituat.

But also whenever others, who after the husband and the father are able to accuse, spring forth to accuse, it is expressly set forth by law that the one who has jurisdiction over that matter shall constitute the rightful accuser.

Dig. 48.5.3

Digest 48.5.3

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Nisi igitur pater maritum infamem aut arguat aut doceat colludere magis cum uxore quam ex animo accusare, postponetur marito.

Unless, therefore, the father either argues that the husband is infamous or demonstrates that he is colluding more with the wife than accusing from the heart, he will be postponed to the husband.

Dig. 48.5.4pr.

Digest 48.5.4, beginning.

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Book 8 of the Disputations.

Si maritus praevenerit accusareque instituerit, tempora non cedunt patri, quod accusationem instituere non potest, sic tamen, ut, quoad unus occupet, utrique tempora cedant, ubi vero maritus occupavit, residua tempora ei, qui occupare non potest, non cedant. quod et in eo dici potest, qui ab adultero vel adultera coepit: nam adversus eum, adversus quem non coepit, desinunt ei tempora cedere. haec in maritis et patribus dicta sunt.

If the husband has anticipated and has instituted an accusation, the time periods do not accrue to the father, because he cannot institute an accusation; provided, however, that, until one of them occupies (preempts) it, the periods accrue to both; but once the husband has occupied, the remaining periods do not accrue to him who cannot occupy. The same can be said of one who has begun against the adulterer or the adulteress: for, as against the one against whom he has not begun, the periods cease to accrue to him. These things have been said concerning husbands and fathers.

Dig. 48.5.4.1

Digest 48.5.4.1

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Extraneis autem, qui accusare possunt, accusandi facultas post maritum et patrem conceditur: nam post sexaginta dies quattuor menses extraneis dantur et ipsi utiles.

But to outsiders, who can accuse, the faculty of accusing is granted after the husband and the father: for after 60 days, four months are given to outsiders and are likewise effective for them.

Dig. 48.5.4.2

Digest 48.5.4.2

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian Disputations 8.

Si ante extraneus instituerit accusationem, an supervenienti marito permittatur accusatio, quaeritur. et magis arbitror hoc quoque casu maritum audiendum, si non neglegentia praeventus est. et ideo et si accusatione instituta absoluta sit mulier extraneo accusante, tamen marito debet permitti restaurare accusationem, si idoneas causas allegare possit, quibus impeditus non instituit accusationem.

If before an outsider has instituted an accusation, the question is whether leave to accuse should be permitted to the supervening husband. And I rather judge that in this case too the husband should be heard, if he has not been forestalled through negligence. And therefore, even if, the accusation having been instituted, the woman has been absolved with an outsider accusing, nevertheless the husband ought to be permitted to restore the accusation, if he can allege suitable causes by which, being impeded, he did not institute the accusation.

Dig. 48.5.5

Digest 48.5.5

Iulianus 86 Dig.

Julian 86 Digest

Nuptam mihi adulterii ream postulari posse in priore matrimonio commissi dubium non est, cum aperte lege iulia de adulteriis coercendis caveatur, si quidem vidua sit, de cuius adulterio agetur, ut accusator liberum arbitrium habeat, adulterum an adulteram prius accusare malit: si vero nupta sit, ut prius adulterum peragat, tunc mulierem.

There is no doubt that my wife can be demanded as a defendant for adultery committed in her prior marriage, since it is plainly provided by the Lex Julia on restraining adulteries: namely, if she be a widow, about whose adultery action is brought, that the accuser have free discretion whether he prefers to accuse the adulterer or the adulteress first; but if she be married, that he prosecute the adulterer first, then the woman.

Dig. 48.5.6pr.

Digest 48.5.6pr.

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinian, 1 On Adultery.

Inter liberas tantum personas adulterium stuprumve passas lex iulia locum habet. quod autem ad servas pertinet, et legis aquiliae actio facile tenebit et iniuriarum quoque competit nec erit deneganda praetoria quoque actio de servo corrupto: nec propter plures actiones parcendum erit in huiusmodi crimine reo.

Only among free persons who have suffered adultery or stuprum does the Julian law have scope. But as regards female slaves, the action of the Aquilian law will readily lie, and an action for injuries likewise is available, nor should the praetorian action too, on account of a corrupted slave, be denied; nor, because there are multiple actions, should leniency be shown to the defendant in a crime of this sort.

Dig. 48.5.6.1

Digest 48.5.6.1

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 on adultery.

Lex stuprum et adulterium promiscui et kataxrystikwteron appellat. sed proprie adulterium in nupta committitur, propter partum ex altero conceptum composito nomine: stuprum vero in virginem viduamve committitur, quod graeci fvoran appellant.

The law calls stuprum and adultery indiscriminately and, more improperly (kataxrystikwteron). But properly, adultery is committed with a married woman, because of offspring conceived from another, as the composite name indicates; whereas stuprum is committed with a virgin or a widow, which the Greeks call phthoran.

Dig. 48.5.6.2

Digest 48.5.6.2

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 on adultery.

Filius familiae maritus ab eo, qui sui iuris est, in ea lege non separatur. divus quoque hadrianus rosiano gemino rescripsit et invito patre filium hac lege reum facere.

A husband who is a son under paternal power is not, under that statute, set aside by one who is sui iuris. The deified Hadrian also wrote in reply to Rosianus Geminus that, even with his father unwilling, the son may, under this law, make a defendant.

Dig. 48.5.6.3

Digest 48.5.6.3

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 On Adultery.

Maritus etsi duo reos ex alio crimine habeat, poterit iure viri tertium accusare, quoniam ea causa non cedit in numerum ceterarum.

A husband, even if he has two defendants on another charge, can, by the right of a husband, accuse a third, since that cause does not enter into the number of the others.

Dig. 48.5.7

Digest 48.5.7

Marcianus 10 inst.

Marcianus 10 Institutes.

Qui pupillam suam duxit uxorem contra senatus consultum, nec matrimonium est hoc et potest adulterii accusari, qui tutor vel curator fuit et intra vicensimum sextum annum duxit uxorem non a patre desponsam vel destinatam vel testamento denominatam.

He who has taken his own female pupil to wife contrary to the senatorial decree—this is not a marriage, and he can be accused of adultery—namely one who was tutor or curator and, within his 26th year, took to wife a woman not betrothed by her father nor designated or named by testament.

Dig. 48.5.8

Digest 48.5.8

Marcianus not. in pap. 2 de adult.

Marcianus, in the Notes on Papinian, book 2, on Adultery.

Incesti commune crimen adversus duos simul intentari potest.

The common crime of incest can be prosecuted against two persons at the same time.

Dig. 48.5.9pr.

Digest 48.5.9, beginning.

Marcianus 2 de adult.

Marcianus 2 on adulteries.

Qui domum suam, ut stuprum adulteriumve cum aliena matre familias vel cum masculo fieret, sciens praebuerit vel quaestum ex adulterio uxoris suae fecerit: cuiuscumque sit condicionis, quasi adulter punitur.

Whoever has knowingly provided his house so that debauchery (stuprum) or adultery be committed with another man’s materfamilias (wife) or with a male, or has made profit from the adultery of his own wife: of whatever condition he may be, he is punished as an adulterer.

Dig. 48.5.9.1

Digest 48.5.9.1

Marcianus 2 de adult.

Marcianus 2 on adultery.

Appellatione domus habitationem quoque significari palam est.

It is manifest that by the appellation “house” habitation also is signified.

Dig. 48.5.10pr.

Digest 48.5.10, preface.

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian 4 On Adulteries.

Et si amici quis domum praebuisset, tenetur.

And even if someone had provided a friend's house, he is liable.

Dig. 48.5.10.1

Digest 48.5.10.1

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian, 4 On Adultery.

Sed et si quis in agro balneove stuprum fieri praebuisset, comprehendi debet.

But also, if anyone in a field or in a bath had provided for stupration to occur, he ought to be apprehended.

Dig. 48.5.10.2

Digest 48.5.10.2

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian, 4 On Adulteries.

Sed et si in domum aliquam soliti fuerint convenire ad tractandum de adulterio, etsi eo loci nihil fuerit admissum, verum tamen videtur is domum suam, ut stuprum adulteriumve committeretur, praebuisse, quia sine colloquio illo adulterium non committeretur.

But also, if they have been accustomed to assemble in some house to treat concerning adultery, although nothing has been perpetrated in that place, nevertheless it seems that he has provided his house so that debauchery or adultery might be committed, because without that colloquy the adultery would not be committed.

Dig. 48.5.11pr.

Digest 48.5.11 pr.

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian, Book 2 on Adultery.

Mater autem familias significatur non tantum nupta, sed etiam vidua.

However, the materfamilias is understood to signify not only a married woman, but also a widow.

Dig. 48.5.11.1

Digest 48.5.11.1

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian Book 2 On Adultery.

Mulieres quoque hoc capite legis, quod domum praebuerunt vel pro comperto stupro aliquid acceperunt, tenentur.

Women too are held liable under this head of the law, because they provided a house or received something for an ascertained act of illicit intercourse.

Dig. 48.5.11.2

Digest 48.5.11.2

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinianus book 2 On adultery.

Mulier, quae evitandae poenae adulterii gratia lenocinium fecerit aut operas suas in scaenam locavit, adulterii accusari damnarique ex senatus consulto potest.

A woman who, for the purpose of avoiding the penalty for adultery, has engaged in pandering, or has hired out her services to the stage, can, by a decree of the Senate, be accused and convicted of adultery.

Dig. 48.5.12pr.

Digest 48.5.12, preface.

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinianus in the single book On Adultery.

Miles, qui cum adultero uxoris suae pactus est, solvi sacramento deportarique debet.

A soldier, who has made a pact with the adulterer of his wife, ought to be released from the sacrament (military oath) and to be deported.

Dig. 48.5.12.1

Digest 48.5.12.1

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the Single Book On Adultery.

Militem, qui sororis filiam in contubernio habuit, licet non in matrimonium, adulterii poena teneri rectius dicetur.

A soldier who kept his sister’s daughter in concubinage, albeit not in marriage, will more correctly be said to be liable to the penalty for adultery.

Dig. 48.5.12.2

Digest 48.5.12.2

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the single book On Adultery.

Ea, quae inter reas adulterii recepta esset, absens defendi non potest.

She who has been received among the defendants of adultery cannot be defended while absent.

Dig. 48.5.12.3

Digest 48.5.12.3

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the single book On Adultery.

Socer cum nurum adulterii accusaturum se libellis praesidi datis testatus fuisset, maluit accusatione desistere et lucrum ex dote magis petere. quaeritur, an huiusmodi commentum eius admitti existimes. respondit: turpissimo exemplo is, qui nurum suam accusare instituisset, postea desistere maluit contentus lucrum ex dote retinere tamquam culpa mulieris dirempto matrimonio: quare non inique repelletur, qui commodum dotis vindictae domus suae praeponere non erubuit.

When a father-in-law, after attesting that he would accuse his daughter-in-law of adultery by petitions submitted to the governor, preferred to desist from the accusation and rather to seek profit from the dowry, the question is raised whether you think a contrivance of this kind should be admitted. He responded: most disgraceful in precedent, the man who had set out to accuse his daughter-in-law later preferred to desist, content to retain profit from the dowry as though, by the woman’s fault, the marriage had been dissolved: therefore he will not unjustly be repelled, who did not blush to put the advantage of the dowry before the vindication of his household.

Dig. 48.5.12.4

Digest 48.5.12.4

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the single book On Adulteries.

Adulterii reum intra quinque annos continuos a die criminis admissi defuncta quoque muliere postulari posse palam est.

It is clear that one accused of adultery can be prosecuted within five continuous years from the day the crime was committed, even if the woman has died.

Dig. 48.5.12.5

Digest 48.5.12.5

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian in the single book on adultery.

Quidam accusare volebat adulterii mulierem et postulabat, ne sibi computarentur dies, quos in custodiam fecisset: me hoc admittente exstitit qui mihi contradiceret. cuius opinionem an tu probes, rogo maturius mihi scribas. respondit: opinionem tuam et verba legis et sententia adiuvant, cui placuit utiles dies accusatori computandos esse, id est quibus potuit accusationis sollemnia implere.

A certain man wished to accuse a woman of adultery and requested that the days which he had spent in custody not be counted to him; as I was admitting this, there arose someone who contradicted me. Whether you approve his opinion, I ask that you write to me promptly. He replied: both the words of the law and its sense support your opinion, which held that useful days are to be counted to the accuser, that is, those in which he was able to fulfill the solemnities of the accusation.

quare sine dubio dies, quibus quis in custodia fuit, extra computationem utilium dierum existimanti tibi constitutos contradici non debuit.

Wherefore, without doubt, the days during which one was in custody ought not to have been contradicted to you, who deem them constituted outside the computation of useful days.

Dig. 48.5.12.6

Digest 48.5.12.6

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian in the single book On Adulteries.

Sexaginta dies, qui marito accusanti utiles computantur, feriatis quoque diebus, si modo facultatem praesidis adeundi accusator habuit, numerari certum est, quoniam de plano quoque libellus dari potest. quod privilegium si amisit, non prohibetur intra alios quattuor menses querellam suam apud iudicem deferre.

Sixty days, which are counted as useful to a husband who is accusing, are counted on holidays as well, provided that the accuser had the opportunity of approaching the governor, since a petition can also be submitted summarily. If he has lost that privilege, he is not forbidden to bring his complaint before the judge within another four months.

Dig. 48.5.12.7

Digest 48.5.12.7

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinianus in the single book On Adulteries.

Quaerebatur, an iure mariti possit accusare vir eam feminam, quae, cum ei desponsa fuisset, alii in matrimonium a patre fuisset tradita. respondit: novam rem instituere huiusmodi accusatorem existimo, qui adulterii crimen obicere desiderat propter hoc tantum, quod priori sibi desponsa puella a patre in matrimonium alii fuerit tradita.

It was asked whether, by a husband’s right, a man can accuse that woman who, although she had been betrothed to him, had been handed over in marriage by her father to another. He answered: I consider that such an accuser is instituting a novel action, who desires to impute the crime of adultery for this sole reason, that a girl previously betrothed to himself has been handed over in marriage by her father to another.

Dig. 48.5.12.8

Digest 48.5.12.8

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinianus, in the single book On Adultery.

Defuncto marito adulterii rea mulier postulatur, quae propter impuberem filium vult dilatationem ab accusatore impetrare: an debeat audiri? respondi: non videtur mihi confugere ea mulier ad iustam defensionem, quae aetatem filii praetendit ad eludendam legitimam accusationem: nam non utique crimen adulterii, quod mulieri obicitur, infanti praeiudicat, cum possit et illa adultera esse et impubes defunctum patrem habuisse.

With her husband deceased, a woman is prosecuted as a defendant for adultery, who, on account of a prepubescent son, wishes to obtain a delay from the accuser: should she be heard? I replied: it does not seem to me that that woman resorts to a just defense who puts forward the age of her son to elude a legitimate accusation; for the charge of adultery which is alleged against the woman does not, of course, prejudice the infant, since it is possible both that she is an adulteress and that the prepubescent had a deceased father.

Dig. 48.5.12.10

Digest 48.5.12.10

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinianus in the Single Book On Adultery.

Volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, quae post commissum adulterium in eodem matrimonio perseveraverit, contradictum est. quaero, an iuste responsum sit. respondit: ignorare non debuisti durante eo matrimonio, in quo adulterium dicitur esse commissum, non posse mulierem ream adulterii fieri: sed nec adulterum interim accusari posse.

Objection was made to me when I wished to bring as a defendant for adultery the woman who, after the adultery had been committed, had persisted in the same marriage. I ask whether the reply was just. He replied: You ought not to have been ignorant that, while that marriage endures in which the adultery is said to have been committed, the woman cannot be made a defendant for adultery; and neither can the adulterer in the meantime be accused.

Dig. 48.5.12.11

Digest 48.5.12.11

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the single book on adultery.

Licet ei mulier, qui in suspicionem adulterii incidit, nupsisse dicatur, non ante accusari poterit, quam adulter fuerit convictus: alioquin ad hoc vel maxime viri confugient volentes bene concordatum sequens matrimonium dirimere, ut dicant cum adultero mulierem nuptias contraxisse.

Even if it is said that the woman married the man who has fallen under suspicion of adultery, she cannot be accused before the adulterer has been convicted; otherwise men, wishing to dissolve a subsequent well-concordant marriage, would most especially resort to this, by saying that the woman contracted nuptials with her adulterer.

Dig. 48.5.12.12

Digest 48.5.12.12

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian in the single book On Adultery.

Mulier cum absentem virum audisset vita functum esse, alii se iunxit: mox maritus reversus est. quaero, quid adversus eam mulierem statuendum sit. respondit tam iuris quam facti quaestionem moveri: nam si longo tempore transacto sine ullius stupri probatione falsis rumoribus inducta, quasi soluta priore vinculo, legitimis nuptiis secundis iuncta est, quod verisimile est deceptam eam fuisse nihil vindicta dignum videri potest: quod si ficta mariti mors argumentum faciendis nuptiis probabitur praestitisse, cum hoc facto pudicitia laboretur, vindicari debet pro admissi criminis qualitate.

When a woman had heard that her absent husband had died, she joined herself to another; soon the husband returned. I ask what ought to be decreed against that woman. He responded that a question both of law and of fact is raised: for if, a long time having passed and without proof of any unchastity, led on by false rumors, as if released from the prior bond, she was joined in legitimate second nuptials, since it is likely that she was deceived, no punishment seems warranted; but if the feigned death of the husband shall be proved to have supplied a pretext for contracting the marriage, since by this act chastity is impaired, she ought to be punished according to the quality of the crime committed.

Dig. 48.5.12.13

Digest 48.5.12.13

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the single book On Adultery.

Ream adulterii uxorem duxi: eam damnatam mox repudiavi. quaero, an causam discidii praestitisse videor. respondit: cum per legem iuliam huiusmodi uxorem retinere prohibearis, non videri causam te discidii praestitisse palam est.

I took as wife a woman arraigned for adultery; her, once condemned, I soon repudiated. I ask whether I appear to have supplied a cause for the divorce. He responded: since by the Julian law you are prohibited from retaining a wife of this sort, it is clear that you do not seem to have supplied the cause of the divorce.

quare ita ius tractabitur quasi culpa mulieris facto divortio.

therefore the law will be handled as though the divorce had been effected by the woman’s fault.

Dig. 48.5.13

Digest 48.5.13

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian, book 1, On Adultery.

Haec verba legis " ne quis posthac stuprum adulterium facito sciens dolo malo" et ad eum, qui suasit, et ad eum, qui stuprum vel adulterium intulit, pertinent.

These words of the law, " let no one hereafter commit stuprum or adultery knowingly with malicious intent," apply both to him who persuaded and to him who committed stuprum or adultery.

Dig. 48.5.14pr.

Digest 48.5.14pr.

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian, 2 on Adultery.

Si uxor non fuerit in adulterio, concubina tamen fuit, iure quidem mariti accusare eam non poterit, quae uxor non fuit, iure tamen extranei accusationem instituere non prohibebitur, si modo ea sit, quae in concubinatum se dando matronae nomen non amisit, ut puta quae patroni concubina fuit.

If she was not a wife in the adultery, but was nonetheless a concubine, then indeed by the right of a husband he will not be able to accuse her—she who was not a wife; yet by the right of an outsider the instituting of a prosecution will not be prohibited, provided only that she be one who, by giving herself into concubinage, did not lose the name of matron, as, for instance, she who was the concubine of her patron.

Dig. 48.5.14.1

Digest 48.5.14.1

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Plane sive iusta uxor fuit sive iniusta, accusationem instituere vir poterit: nam et sextus caecilius ait, haec lex ad omnia matrimonia pertinet, et illud homericum adfert: nec enim soli, inquit, atridae uxores suas amant. ou monoi fileous aloxous meropwn anvrwpwn atreidai.

Clearly, whether the wife was lawful or unlawful, the husband will be able to institute an accusation: for Sextus Caecilius also says that this law pertains to all matrimonies, and he adduces that Homeric line: “for not alone,” he says, “do the Atridae love their wives.” “Not alone do the sons of Atreus love the wives of mortal men.”

Dig. 48.5.14.2

Digest 48.5.14.2

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Sed et in ea uxore potest maritus adulterium vindicare, quae volgaris fuerit, quamvis, si vidua esset, impune in ea stuprum committeretur.

But a husband can also prosecute adultery in the case of that wife who has been made common (vulgar), although, if she were a widow, fornication (stuprum) would be committed against her with impunity.

Dig. 48.5.14.3

Digest 48.5.14.3

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Divi severus et antoninus rescripserunt etiam in sponsa hoc idem vindicandum, quia neque matrimonium qualecumque nec spem matrimonii violare permittitur.

The deified Severus and Antoninus wrote in a rescript that this same is to be vindicated even in the case of a fiancée, because neither marriage of whatever kind nor the hope of marriage is permitted to be violated.

Dig. 48.5.14.4

Digest 48.5.14.4

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian book 2 On Adultery.

Sed et si ea sit mulier, cum qua incestum commissum est, vel ea, quae, quamvis uxoris animo haberetur, uxor tamen esse non potest, dicendum est iure mariti accusare eam non posse, iure extranei posse.

But even if she is the woman with whom incest has been committed, or the one who, although she was regarded as a wife in intention, nevertheless cannot be a wife, it must be said that by the right of a husband he cannot accuse her, by the right of an outsider he can.

Dig. 48.5.14.5

Digest 48.5.14.5

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Iudex adulterii ante oculos habere debet in inquirere, an maritus pudice vivens mulieri quoque bonos mores colendi auctor fuerit: periniquum enim videtur esse, ut pudicitiam vir ab uxore exigat, quam ipse non exhibeat: quae res potest et virum damnare, non rem ob compensationem mutui criminis inter utrosque communicare.

The judge in an adultery case ought to have before his eyes, when inquiring, whether the husband, living chastely, has also been an auctor for the woman to cultivate good morals: for it seems most iniquitous that the man should demand chastity from his wife which he does not exhibit himself: which circumstance can also condemn the husband, and does not, on account of the compensation of a mutual crime, make the matter common between the two.

Dig. 48.5.14.6

Digest 48.5.14.6

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian book 2 on adultery.

Si quis uxorem suam velit accusare dicatque eam adulterium commisisse antequam sibi nuberet, iure viri accusationem instituere non poterit, quia non, cum ei nupta est, adulterium commisit. quod et in concubina dici potest, quam uxorem quis postea habuit, vel in filia familias, cuius coniunctioni pater postea concessit.

If anyone should wish to accuse his wife and should say that she committed adultery before she married him, he will not be able to institute an accusation by a husband’s right, because she did not commit adultery when she was married to him. The same can be said also in the case of a concubine whom someone afterwards had as a wife, or in the case of a daughter under paternal power, to whose union the father later consented.

Dig. 48.5.14.7

Digest 48.5.14.7

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian, book 2 On adultery.

Si quis plane uxorem suam, cum apud hostes esset, adulterium commisisse arguat, benignius dicetur posse eum accusare iure viri: sed ita demum adulterium maritus vindicabit, si vim hostium passa non est: ceterum quae vim patitur, non est in ea causa, ut adulterii vel stupri damnetur.

If someone indeed alleges that his wife, when she was among the enemy, committed adultery, it will be said more indulgently that he is able to accuse by the right of a husband; but only then will the husband prosecute the adultery, if she did not suffer the force of the enemy: otherwise, she who suffers force is not in such a case that she should be condemned of adultery or of sexual misconduct.

Dig. 48.5.14.8

Digest 48.5.14.8

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Si minor duodecim annis in domum deducta adulterium commiserit, mox apud eum aetatem excesserit coeperitque esse uxor, non poterit iure viri accusari ex eo adulterio, quod ante aetatem nupta commisit, sed vel quasi sponsa poterit accusari ex rescripto divi severi, quod supra relatum est.

If one under twelve years, having been led into the house, commits adultery, and soon with him passes the age and begins to be a wife, she cannot, by the husband’s right, be accused for that adultery which she committed when married before the age; but she can be accused as if a betrothed woman, by the rescript of the deified Severus, which was related above.

Dig. 48.5.14.9

Digest 48.5.14.9

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Sed et si qua repudiata, mox reducta sit non quasi eodem matrimonio durante, sed quasi alio interposito, videndum est, an ex delicto, quod in priore matrimonio admisit, accusari possit. et puto non posse: abolevit enim prioris matrimonii delicta reducendo eam.

But also, if some woman, having been repudiated, is soon taken back, not as though the same marriage were continuing, but as though another had been interposed, it must be considered whether she can be accused on account of the delict which she committed in the prior marriage. And I think she cannot: for by taking her back he has abolished the delicts of the prior marriage.

Dig. 48.5.14.10

Digest 48.5.14.10

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian, book 2 on adultery.

Idem dicendum est, si stupri velit accusare eam quam postea duxit uxorem: sero enim accusat mores, quos uxorem ducendo probavit.

The same must be said, if he wishes to accuse of sexual misconduct the woman whom he afterwards took to wife: for he accuses too late the morals which, by taking her as wife, he approved.

Dig. 48.5.15pr.

Digest 48.5.15pr.

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola Rules, book 4.

Is, cuius ope consilio dolo malo factum est, ut vir feminave in adulterio deprehensi pecunia aliave qua pactione se redimerent, eadem poena damnatur, quae constituta est in eos, qui lenocinii crimine damnantur.

He, by whose aid, counsel, or malicious deceit it has been brought about that a man or a woman caught in adultery should redeem themselves by money or by any other kind of pact, is condemned to the same penalty that is established for those who are convicted of the crime of lenociny.

Dig. 48.5.15.1

Digest 48.5.15.1

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola 4th book of the Rules.

Si vir infamandae uxoris suae causa adulterum subiecerit, ut ipse deprehenderet, et vir et mulier adulterii crimine tenentur ex senatus consulto de ea re facto.

If a husband, for the purpose of defaming his wife, has planted an adulterer so that he himself might catch him, both the man and the woman are held on the charge of adultery by a senatorial decree (senatus consultum) passed on that matter.

Dig. 48.5.15.2

Digest 48.5.15.2

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola, Rules, Book 4.

Marito primum, vel patri eam filiam quam in potestate habet, intra dies sexaginta divortii accusare permittitur nec ulli alii intra id tempus agendi potestas datur: ultra eos dies neutrius voluntas exspectatur.

First, the husband, or the father of that daughter whom he has in his power, is permitted within sixty days to accuse concerning the divorce, and to no other within that time is power to act given: beyond those days, the will of neither is awaited.

Dig. 48.5.15.3

Digest 48.5.15.3

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola book 4 of the Rules.

Iure mariti qui accusant, calumniae periculum non evitant.

Those who accuse in a husband's right do not avoid the peril of calumny.

Dig. 48.5.16pr.

Digest 48.5.16, beginning.

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Si maritus sit in magistratu, potest praeveniri a patre: atquin non oportet. et putat pomponius debere dici, quoad maritus magistratum gerit, patris quoque accusationem impediendam, ne praeripiatur marito ius, quod cum eo aequale habet: igitur non cedent sexaginta dies patri, cum accusare non potest.

If the husband is in magistracy, he can be pre‑empted by the father; but that ought not to be. And Pomponius thinks it should be said that, so long as the husband holds magistracy, the father’s accusation too must be impeded, lest the right be snatched from the husband, which he holds on equal terms with him; therefore the sixty days will not run for the father, since he cannot accuse.

Dig. 48.5.16.1

Digest 48.5.16.1

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian, book 2 on adultery.

Legis iuliae de adulteriis capite septimo ita cavetur: " ne quis inter reos referat eum, qui tum sine detrectatione rei publicae causa aberit": neque enim aequum visum est absentem rei publicae causa inter reos referri, dum rei publicae operatur.

In the seventh chapter of the Julian law on adultery it is thus provided: "that no one include among the defendants him who is then absent for the sake of the Republic, without evasion": for it did not seem equitable that someone absent for the Republic be entered among the defendants, while he is working for the Republic.

Dig. 48.5.16.2

Digest 48.5.16.2

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 On Adultery.

Necessario adicitur " sine detrectatione": ceterum si quis evitandi criminis id egit, ut rei publicae causa abesset, nihil illi commentum hoc proficiat.

It is necessarily added " sine detrectatione": otherwise, if anyone did this to evade the charge, namely to be absent for the sake of the commonwealth, let this contrivance profit him nothing.

Dig. 48.5.16.3

Digest 48.5.16.3

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Quod si quis praesens sit, vice tamen absentis habetur ( ut puta qui in vigilibus vel urbanis castris militat), dicendum est deferri hunc posse: neque enim laborare habet, ut se repraesentet.

But if someone is present, yet is held in the stead of an absentee (for instance, one who serves in the vigiles or in the urban camp), it must be said that a deferment can be granted to him: for he does not have to labor to present himself.

Dig. 48.5.16.4

Digest 48.5.16.4

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian, 2 On Adultery.

Et generaliter dicendum est eorum demum absentiam excusatam esse, qui in alia provincia rei publicae causa absunt, quam in ea in qua deferuntur. proinde si quis in provincia, in qua agit, adulterium commiserit, accusari poterit, nisi sit ea persona, quae ad praesidis cognitionem non pertinet.

And generally it must be said that only the absence of those is excused who are away in another province on account of the res publica, rather than in that in which they are denounced. Accordingly, if anyone in the province in which he serves has committed adultery, he can be accused, unless he is a person who does not pertain to the governor’s cognizance.

Dig. 48.5.16.5

Digest 48.5.16.5

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Si negaverint se pater et maritus accusaturos intra diem sexagensimum, an statim incipiant tempora extraneo cedere? et primus pomponius putat admitti ad accusationem extraneum posse statim atque isti negaverint. cui adsentiendum puto: fortius enim dicitur eum, qui se negaverit acturum, postea non audiendum.

If the father and the husband deny that they will bring an accusation within the sixtieth day, do the periods at once begin to cede to an outsider? And Pomponius, for his part, thinks that an outsider can be admitted to the accusation immediately once those men have denied. To this I think one should assent: for the stronger position is that he who has denied that he will act is not to be heard thereafter.

Dig. 48.5.16.6

Digest 48.5.16.6

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian book 2 on adultery.

Lex iulia de adulteriis specialiter quosdam adulterii accusare prohibet, ut minorem annis viginti quinque: nec enim visus est idoneus accusator, qui nondum robustae aetatis est. quod ita verum est, si non matrimonii sui iniuriam exequatur: ceterum si suum matrimonium vindicare velit, quamvis iure extranei ad accusationem veniat, tamen audietur: nec enim ulla praescriptio obicitur suam iniuriam vindicanti. sane si iuvenali facilitate ductus vel etiam fervore aetatis accensus ad accusationem prosilit, accusanti ei non facile calumniae poena irrogabitur.

The Julian law on adulteries specifically prohibits certain persons from accusing of adultery, such as one under twenty-five years: for he is not seen as a suitable accuser who is not yet of robust age. This is true in this way, if he is not prosecuting the injury to his own marriage; but if he should wish to vindicate his own marriage, although he comes to the accusation by the right of an outsider, nevertheless he will be heard: for no prescription is opposed to one vindicating his own injury. Indeed, if, led by youthful facility or even inflamed by the ardor of age, he leaps forth to an accusation, the penalty of calumny will not easily be imposed upon him as accuser.

minorem viginti quinque annis etiam eum accipimus, qui vicensimum quintum annum aetatis agit.

we also count as under twenty-five years even one who is in his twenty-fifth year of age.

Dig. 48.5.16.7

Digest 48.5.16.7

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Praescriptiones, quae obici solent accusantibus adulterii, ante solent tractari, quam quis inter reos recipiatur: ceterum posteaquam semel receptus est, non potest praescriptionem obicere.

Prescriptions, which are wont to be opposed to accusers of adultery, are usually handled before anyone is received among the defendants; but after he has once been received, he cannot oppose a prescription.

Dig. 48.5.16.8

Digest 48.5.16.8

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian Book 2 on Adultery.

Si in viduitate mulier perseverat, in accusatoris est arbitrio, a quo velit incipere, utrum ab adultero an ab adultera.

If the woman persists in widowhood, it is at the accuser’s discretion from whom he wishes to begin, whether from the adulterer or from the adulteress.

Dig. 48.5.16.9

Digest 48.5.16.9

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Si quis et adulterum et adulteram simul detulit, nihil agit poteritque, quasi neutrum detulerit, rursus a quo velit initium facere, quia nihil agit prima delatione.

If anyone reports both the adulterer and the adulteress at the same time, he achieves nothing, and may, as if he had reported neither, make a fresh start with whichever one he wishes, because the first delation achieves nothing.

Dig. 48.5.17

Digest 48.5.17

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian, 1 On Adultery.

Qui uxori repudium miserit, postea denuntiare, ne seio nuberet, et, si denuntiaverit, et ab ea incipere potest.

Whoever has sent repudiation to his wife can thereafter give notice that she not marry Seius, and, if he has given notice, one can also commence from it.

Dig. 48.5.18pr.

Digest 48.5.18pr.

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, 2 on the Julian law on adultery.

Denuntiasse qualiter accipiamus, utrum ad iudicem an vero simpliciter? ego, etsi non denuntiavit ad iudicem, sufficere credo, si adulterii se acturum denuntiaverit.

How are we to take “to have given notice”: whether to the judge or indeed simply? I, even if he did not give notice to the judge, believe it suffices if he has given notice that he will prosecute for adultery.

Dig. 48.5.18.1

Digest 48.5.18.1

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, Book 2 on the Julian law on adultery.

Quid ergo, si non quidem denuntiavit, verum libellos accusatoris dedit, antequam nuberet, eaque, cum id cognovisset, nupsit, vel ignorans? puto non videri ei denuntiatum: idcirco non posse accusatorem ab ea incipere.

What then, if he did not indeed denounce, but did deliver the accuser’s libels before she married, and she, when she had learned this, married—or in ignorance? I think it is not seen as denounced to her; therefore the accuser cannot begin with her.

Dig. 48.5.18.2

Digest 48.5.18.2

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian Book 2 on the Julian Law on Adultery.

Quid ergo, si tantum denuntiavit, ne nuberet, sed non addidit, quare, num recte nupsisse videatur? sed melius est illud sequi, ut eius denuntiatio videatur electionem accusatori reservare, qui crimen denuntiavit. omnino igitur si fecit adulterii criminis commemorationem in denuntiatione, etsi iudicem non monstravit, magis putamus mulierem, quasi denuntiationem praecesserit, posse accusari.

What then, if he only gave notice that she should not marry, but did not add why—does she seem to have married rightly? But it is better to follow this: that his denunciation be seen to reserve the election to the accuser who denounced the crime. Therefore, generally, if he made a mention (commemoration) of the crime of adultery in the denunciation, although he did not designate a judge, we rather think the woman can be accused, as though a denunciation had preceded.

Dig. 48.5.18.3

Digest 48.5.18.3

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, 2 on the Lex Julia on adulteries

Quid tamen si specialiter, cum quo adulterium fecerit, denuntiationi complexus est, mox velit eam ex alterius persona accusare? magis est, ut non debeat audiri: neque enim crimen quod denuntiavit obicit.

But what, however, if specifically he has included in the denunciation the one with whom she committed adultery, and soon wishes to accuse her in the person of another? The more correct view is that he ought not to be heard; for he does not impute the crime which he denounced.

Dig. 48.5.18.4

Digest 48.5.18.4

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian book 2 on the Julian law concerning adultery.

Sed et si per procuratorem denuntiaverit, puto posse eum accusationem si velit instituere sufficereque procuratoris denuntiationem.

But even if he has given notification through a procurator, I think that he can, if he wishes, institute the accusation, and that the procurator’s notification suffices.

Dig. 48.5.18.5

Digest 48.5.18.5

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian book 2 on the Julian Law on adultery.

Ergo et si per actores denuntiaverit, id est per servum dominus denuntiaverit, rata erit denuntiatio.

Therefore, even if he has given notification through agents, that is, if the master has given notification through a slave, the notification will be valid.

Dig. 48.5.18.6

Digest 48.5.18.6

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, Book 2 on the Julian Law concerning Adultery.

Quaeritur, an alius adulteram, alius adulterum postulare possit, ut, quamvis ab eodem ambo simul postulari non possint, a diversis tamen singuli possint. sed non ab re est hoc probare diversos accusatores admitti posse, dum, si ante denuntiationem nupserit, prior mulier accusari non possit. exspectabit igitur mulier sententiam de adultero latam: si absolutus fuerit, mulier per eum vincet nec ultra accusari potest: si condemnatus fuerit, mulier non est condemnata, sed aget causam suam, fortassis et optinere vel gratia vel iustitia vel legis auxilio possit.

It is asked whether one person can prosecute the adulteress and another the adulterer, so that, although both cannot be prosecuted at the same time by the same person, yet individually they can be by different persons. But it is not out of place to establish this—that different accusers can be admitted—provided that, if before the denunciation she has married, the earlier woman cannot be accused. The woman will therefore await the sentence delivered concerning the adulterer: if he has been acquitted, the woman will prevail through him and cannot be accused any further; if he has been condemned, the woman is not condemned, but will plead her own case, and perhaps may prevail either by favor or by justice or by the aid of the law.

quid enim, si adulter inimicitiis oppressus est vel falsis argumentis testibusque subornatis apud praesidem gravatus, qui aut noluit aut non potuit provocare, mulier vero iudicem religiosum sortita pudicitiam suam defendet?

What then, if the adulterer has been oppressed by enmities or overborne before the governor by false proofs and suborned witnesses, who either did not wish or was not able to appeal, while the woman, having drawn a scrupulous judge, will defend her chastity?

Dig. 48.5.18.7

Digest 48.5.18.7

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, Book 2 on the Julian law concerning adultery.

Sed si antequam condemnetur.

But if before he is condemned.

Dig. 48.5.19

Digest 48.5.19

Macer 1 de publ. iudic.

Macer 1 on public trials.

Vel antequam cum eo agi coepit,

Or even before suit was begun against him,

Dig. 48.5.20pr.

Digest 48.5.20, beginning.

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian 2 on the Lex Julia concerning Adultery.

Adulter diem suum obierit, constitutum est etiam mortuo adultero sine praescriptione mulierem posse accusari.

If the adulterer has died, it has been established that, even with the adulterer dead, the woman can be accused without prescription.

Dig. 48.5.20.1

Digest 48.5.20.1

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, 2 on the Julian law on adultery.

Sed et si non mors, sed poena alia reum subtraxerit, adhuc dicimus posse ad mulierem veniri.

But also, if not death but some other penalty has removed the defendant, we still say that it is possible to proceed against the woman.

Dig. 48.5.20.2

Digest 48.5.20.2

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian 2 on the Julian law concerning adultery.

Si eo tempore, quo eligebatur reus, adultera nupta non fuit, quo autem absolvatur, nupta invenitur: dicendum est hanc absoluto quoque adultero posse accusari, quia eo tempore, quo adulter eligebatur, nupta non fuit.

If at the time when the defendant was being selected, the adulteress was not a married woman, but at the time when he is absolved she is found to be married: it must be said that she also can be accused, even with the adulterer having been absolved, because at the time when the adulterer was being selected, she was not married.

Dig. 48.5.20.3

Digest 48.5.20.3

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian 2 on the Lex Julia concerning adultery.

Nupta non potest accusari, non tantum ab eo, qui adulterum accusavit nec optinuit, sed nec ab alio quidem, si adulter absolutus est. proinde si per collusionem cum adultero constituerit fueritque absolutus, dedit mulieri nuptae adversus omnes securitatem. plane si nupta esse desierit, accusari poterit: neque enim aliam lex tuetur quam eam, quae nupta est, quamdiu nupta erit.

A married woman cannot be accused, not only by him who accused the adulterer and did not prevail, but not even by another, if the adulterer has been acquitted. Accordingly, if by collusion she has arranged with the adulterer and he has been acquitted, he has given the married woman security against all. Clearly, if she has ceased to be married, she can be accused: for the law protects no one other than her who is married, so long as she shall be married.

Dig. 48.5.21

Digest 48.5.21

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinian, 1 On Adultery.

Patri datur ius occidendi adulterum cum filia quam in potestate habet: itaque nemo alius ex patribus idem iure faciet: sed nec filius familias pater:

To the father is given the right of killing the adulterer together with his daughter whom he has in his power: therefore no one else among fathers will do the same by right: but neither is a son under family power a father:

Dig. 48.5.22

Digest 48.5.22

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian book 1 on adultery.

( sic eveniet, ut nec pater nec avus possint occidere) nec immerito: in sua enim potestate non videtur habere, qui non est suae potestatis.

( thus it will come to pass that neither father nor grandfather can kill) nor without merit: for he does not seem to have another in his own power who is not himself in his own power.

Dig. 48.5.23pr.

Digest 48.5.23, beginning.

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus Book 1 on Adultery.

Nec in ea lege naturalis ab adoptivo pater separatur.

Nor under that law is the natural father separated from the adoptive father.

Dig. 48.5.23.1

Digest 48.5.23.1

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 On Adulteries.

In accusationem viduae filiae non habet pater ius praecipuum.

In the accusation of a widowed daughter, the father does not have a preeminent right.

Dig. 48.5.23.2

Digest 48.5.23.2

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinian, Book 1 On Adultery.

Ius occidendi patri conceditur domi suae, licet ibi filia non habitat, vel in domo generi: sed domus et pro domicilio accipienda est, ut in lege cornelia de iniuriis.

The right of killing is conceded to the father in his own house, although the daughter does not dwell there, or in the house of the son-in-law; but “house” also is to be taken as “domicile,” as in the Cornelian law on injuries.

Dig. 48.5.23.3

Digest 48.5.23.3

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinian 1 On Adulteries.

Sed qui occidere potest adulterum, multo magis contumelia poterit iure adficere.

But one who can kill an adulterer can, much more, by right afflict him with contumely.

Dig. 48.5.23.4

Digest 48.5.23.4

Papinianus 1 de adult.

Papinianus 1 on adultery.

Ideo autem patri, non marito mulierem et omnem adulterum remissum est occidere, quod plerumque pietas paterni nominis consilium pro liberis capit: ceterum mariti calor et impetus facile decernentis fuit refrenandus.

For this reason, however, to the father, not to the husband, it has been allowed to kill the woman and every adulterer, because for the most part the piety of the paternal name adopts counsel on behalf of the children; but the husband’s heat and impetus, readily deciding, had to be reined in.

Dig. 48.5.24pr.

Digest 48.5.24, beginning.

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian 1 On Adultery.

Quod ait lex " in filia adulterum deprehenderit", non otiosum videtur: voluit enim ita demum hanc potestatem patri competere, si in ipsa turpitudine filiam de adulterio deprehendat. labeo quoque ita probat, et pomponius scripsit in ipsis rebus veneris deprehensum occidi: et hoc est quod solo et draco dicunt en ergw.

That the law says "if he shall have caught an adulterer in his daughter" does not seem idle: for he intended that this power should belong to the father only if he catches his daughter in the very turpitude, in the act of adultery. Labeo also approves thus, and Pomponius wrote that one caught in the very matters of Venus is to be killed: and this is what Solon and Draco call en ergw.

Dig. 48.5.24.1

Digest 48.5.24.1

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian, 1 On Adulteries.

Sufficit patri, si eo tempore habeat in potestate, quo occidit, non quo in matrimonio collocavit: finge enim postea redactam in potestatem.

It suffices for the father, if at that time he has her in his power at which he killed, not at that at which he placed her in marriage: for imagine, indeed, that afterwards she was brought back into his power.

Dig. 48.5.24.2

Digest 48.5.24.2

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian 1 on adultery.

Quare non, ubicumque deprehenderit pater, permittitur ei occidere, sed domi suae generive sui tantum, illa ratio redditur, quod maiorem iniuriam putavit legislator, quod in domum patris aut mariti ausa fuerit filia adulterum inducere.

Wherefore the father is not permitted to kill wherever he may apprehend, but only in his own house or that of his son-in-law; this rationale is given, that the legislator considered it a greater injury that the daughter should have dared to introduce an adulterer into the house of her father or of her husband.

Dig. 48.5.24.3

Digest 48.5.24.3

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian 1 On Adultery.

Sed si pater alibi habitet, habeat autem et aliam domum, in qua non habitet, deprehensam illo filiam, ubi non habitat, occidere non poterit.

But if the father dwells elsewhere, and also has another house in which he does not dwell, he will not be able to kill a daughter apprehended by him there, where he does not dwell.

Dig. 48.5.24.4

Digest 48.5.24.4

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian, Book 1 On Adultery.

Quod ait lex " in continenti filiam occidat", sic erit accipiendum, ne occiso hodie adultero reservet et post dies filiam occidat, vel contra: debet enim prope uno ictu et uno impetu utrumque occidere, aequali ira adversus utrumque sumpta. quod si non affectavit, sed, dum adulterum occidit, profugit filia et interpositis horis adprehensa est a patre qui persequebatur, in continenti videbitur occidisse.

As the law says " on the spot let him kill the daughter," it is to be understood thus: that he is not to, having killed the adulterer today, hold back and after some days kill the daughter, or the reverse; for he ought to kill both almost with one stroke and one impulse, having taken up equal wrath against each. But if he did not aim at this, and while he was killing the adulterer the daughter fled, and after some hours had intervened she was apprehended by the father who was pursuing her, he will be seen to have killed her on the spot.

Dig. 48.5.25pr.

Digest 48.5.25, beginning.

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 public.

Marito quoque adulterum uxoris suae occidere permittitur, sed non quemlibet, ut patri: nam hac lege cavetur, ut liceat viro deprehensum domi suae ( non etiam soceri) in adulterio uxoris occidere eum, qui leno fuerit quive artem ludicram ante fecerit in scaenam saltandi cantandive causa prodierit iudiciove publico damnatus neque in integrum restitutus erit, quive libertus eius mariti uxorisve, patris matris, filii filiae utrius eorum fuerit ( nec interest, proprius cuius eorum an cum alio communis fuerit) quive servus erit.

It is permitted also to a husband to kill the adulterer of his wife, but not just anyone, as to a father: for by this law it is provided that it be lawful for a man to kill, in his own house ( not also in his father-in-law’s), the one caught in adultery with his wife, who has been a pimp or who has previously practiced the theatrical art or has come forth upon the stage for the purpose of dancing or singing, or has been condemned by a public judgment and not restored to his former condition (in integrum), or who has been a freedman of that husband or of the wife, or of the father, mother, son, or daughter of either of them ( and it makes no difference to which of them he belonged as his own, or whether he was held in common with another), or who is a slave.

Dig. 48.5.25.1

Digest 48.5.25.1

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 public.

Et praecipitur, ut is maritus, qui horum quem occiderit, uxorem sine mora dimittat.

And it is prescribed that the husband who has killed any one of these shall dismiss his wife without delay.

Dig. 48.5.25.2

Digest 48.5.25.2

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 Public Prosecutions.

Ceterum sui iuris an filius familias sit maritus, nihil interesse a plerisque dictum est.

Moreover, most have said that it makes no difference whether the husband is sui iuris or a son under paternal power.

Dig. 48.5.25.3

Digest 48.5.25.3

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 Public Prosecutions.

Illud in utroque ex sententia legis quaeritur, an patri magistratum occidere liceat? item si filia ignominiosa sit aut uxor contra leges nupta, an id ius nihilo minus pater maritusve habeat? et quid, si pater maritus leno vel aliqua ignominia notatus est?

That question, in both cases and according to the sense of the law, is raised: whether it is permitted for a father to kill a magistrate? Likewise, if a daughter is ignominious or a wife married contrary to the laws, does the father or husband nonetheless have that right? And what if the father or husband is a pimp or marked by some ignominy?

et rectius dicetur eos ius occidendi habere, qui iure patris maritive accusare possunt.

and more correctly it will be said that those have the right of killing who can accuse by the right of a father or of a husband.

Dig. 48.5.26pr.

Digest 48.5.26pr.

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, Book 2 on the Julian Law on Adultery.

Capite quinto legis iuliae ita cavetur, ut viro adulterum in uxore sua deprehensum, quem aut nolit aut non liceat occidere, retinere horas diurnas nocturnasque continuas non plus quam viginti testandae eius rei causa sine fraude sua iure liceat.

In the fifth chapter of the Julian law it is thus provided, that a husband, having apprehended an adulterer with his own wife, whom he either does not wish or is not permitted to kill, may lawfully detain him for continuous day-and-night hours not more than twenty for the purpose of attesting that matter, without fraud on his part.

Dig. 48.5.26.1

Digest 48.5.26.1

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian 2 on the Lex Julia on adultery.

Ego arbitror etiam in patre id servandum, quod in marito expressum est.

I judge that in the case of the father also that is to be observed which has been expressed in regard to the husband.

Dig. 48.5.26.2

Digest 48.5.26.2

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, 2 on the Julian Law on Adultery.

Sed et si non in domo sua deprehenderit maritus, poterit retinere.

But even if the husband apprehends them not in his own house, he may detain them.

Dig. 48.5.26.3

Digest 48.5.26.3

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, book 2 on the Lex Julia on adultery.

Sed semel remissus adulter reduci non potest.

But once released, the adulterer cannot be brought back.

Dig. 48.5.26.4

Digest 48.5.26.4

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, 2 on the Julian law on adultery.

Quid ergo si evaserit, an reductus custodiri viginti horis possit? et putem hic magis dicendum reductum retineri posse, testandae rei gratia.

What then if he has escaped—can he, when brought back, be kept in custody for twenty hours? And I would think that here it should rather be said that, once brought back, he can be retained, for the sake of attesting the matter.

Dig. 48.5.26.5

Digest 48.5.26.5

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. de adult.

Ulpian, book 2 on the Julian Law concerning adultery.

Quod adicitur " testandae eius rei gratia", ad hoc pertinet, ut testes inducat testimonio futuros accusatori deprehensum reum in adulterio.

What is added, " for the sake of attesting that matter," pertains to this: that he introduce witnesses who will be for testimony to the accuser that the defendant was apprehended in adultery.

Dig. 48.5.27pr.

Digest 48.5.27, beginning.

Ulpianus 3 disp.

Ulpian 3 Disputations.

Constante matrimonio ab iis, qui extra maritum ad accusationem admittuntur, accusari mulier adulterii non potest: probatam enim a marito uxorem et quiescens matrimonium non debet alius turbare atque inquietare, nisi prius lenocinii maritum accusaverit.

While the marriage stands, a woman cannot be accused of adultery by those who, apart from the husband, are admitted to bring an accusation: for a wife approved by the husband and a quiescent marriage ought not to be disturbed and disquieted by another, unless he has first accused the husband of lenocinium.

Dig. 48.5.27.1

Digest 48.5.27.1

Ulpianus 3 disp.

Ulpian 3 Disputations.

Derelictam vero a marito accusationem etiam ab alio excitari utile est.

Indeed, it is expedient that an accusation deserted by the husband be also stirred up by another.

Dig. 48.5.28pr.

Digest 48.5.28, preface.

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian, book 3 on adultery.

Si postulaverit accusator, ut quaestio habeatur de servo adulterii accusato, sive voluit ipse interesse sive noluit, iubent iudices eum servum aestimari, et ubi aestimaverint, tantam pecuniam et alterum tantum eum, qui nomen eius servi detulerit, ei ad quem ea res pertinet dare iubebunt.

If the accuser has requested that a quaestio be held concerning a slave accused of adultery, whether he wished himself to be present or did not wish, the judges order that that slave be appraised; and when they have appraised him, they will order that he who has brought forward the name of that slave give to him to whom the matter pertains that amount of money and as much again.

Dig. 48.5.28.1

Digest 48.5.28.1

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adulteries.

Sed dispiciamus, cui ista poena praestanda sit, quia lex eum nominavit " ad quem ea res pertinebit". igitur bonae fidei emptorem, quamvis ab eo emerit qui dominus non est, recte dicemus eum esse, ad quem ea res pertinet.

But let us examine to whom that penalty ought to be rendered, since the law designated him " to whom that thing will pertain". therefore we shall rightly say that the good‑faith purchaser, although he bought from one who is not the owner, is the one to whom the thing pertains.

Dig. 48.5.28.2

Digest 48.5.28.2

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Eum quoque, qui pignori accepit, magis admittimus in eadem causa esse, scilicet quia intererat eius quaestionem non haberi.

We also more readily admit that he who has taken it in pledge is in the same position, namely because it was in his interest that the investigation not be held.

Dig. 48.5.28.3

Digest 48.5.28.3

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian book 3 on adultery.

Sed et si usus fructus in servo alienus sit, inter dominum et fructuarium dividi debet aestimatio.

But also, if a usufruct should be in another’s slave, the estimation ought to be divided between the owner and the usufructuary.

Dig. 48.5.28.4

Digest 48.5.28.4

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian, book 3 on adultery.

Et si communis plurium servus erit, utique inter eos quoque erit aestimatio dividenda.

And if a slave is common to several persons, assuredly the valuation too must be divided among them.

Dig. 48.5.28.5

Digest 48.5.28.5

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian book 3 on adultery.

Si liber homo, dum servus existimatur, tortus sit, quia et ipse condicionem suam ignorat: magis admittit caecilius actionem utilem ipsi dandam adversus eum, qui per calumniam appetit, ne impunita sit calumnia eius ob hoc, quod liberum hominem quasi servum deduxit in quaestionem.

If a free man, while he is supposed to be a slave, has been tortured, because he himself also is ignorant of his condition: Caecilius rather admits that a useful action be given to him against the one who prosecutes by calumny, lest his calumny go unpunished, on this ground, that he brought a free man, as if a slave, into examination.

Dig. 48.5.28.6

Digest 48.5.28.6

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Haberi quaestionem lex iubet de servis ancillisve eius, de quo vel de qua quaereretur, parentisve utriusque eorum, si ea mancipia ad usum ei a parentibus data sint. divus autem hadrianus cornelio latiniano rescripsit et de exteris servis quaestionem haberi.

The law orders that a quaestio be held of the slaves, male or female, of the person about whom inquiry is being made, and of the parents of each of them, if those mancipia (slaves) have been given to him for use by their parents. Moreover, the deified Hadrian replied by rescript to Cornelius Latinianus that a quaestio is to be held also of external slaves.

Dig. 48.5.28.7

Digest 48.5.28.7

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Quaestioni interesse iubentur reus reave et patroni eorum et qui crimen detulerit, interrogandique facultas datur patronis.

They are ordered to be present at the inquest: the defendant, whether male or female, and their patrons, and the one who has brought the charge; and to the patrons the faculty of interrogating is given.

Dig. 48.5.28.8

Digest 48.5.28.8

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 On Adultery.

De eo quoque servo, in quo usum fructum reus habuit, magis est, ut quaestio haberi possit: licet enim servus eius non fuerit, in servitute tamen fuisse videtur: nec tam proprietatis causa ad quaestionem quam ministerii pertinet.

Concerning that slave also, in whom the accused had a usufruct, the better view is that an examination may be held: for although he was not his slave, nevertheless he appears to have been in servitude; and it pertains to the examination not so much by reason of ownership as of service.

Dig. 48.5.28.9

Digest 48.5.28.9

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Ergo et si bona fide serviat reo servus alienus, admittet quis interrogari eum per quaestionem posse.

Therefore, even if another’s slave serves the defendant in good faith, one will admit that he can be interrogated by torture.

Dig. 48.5.28.10

Digest 48.5.28.10

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adulteries.

Sed et si servus sit, cui fideicommissa libertas debetur vel statuta speratur, torqueri eum posse magis est.

But even if he is a slave, to whom fideicommissary liberty is owed or statutory liberty is hoped for, it is rather the case that he can be tortured.

Dig. 48.5.28.11

Digest 48.5.28.11

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Iubet lex eos homines, de quibus quaestio ita habita est, publicos esse: proinde in communi partem publicamus: in proprio, cuius usus fructus alienus est, nudam proprietatem: in quo tantum usum fructum habuit reus, magis est, ut perceptio usus fructus ad publicum incipiat pertinere: alienum servum utique non publicabimus. ratio autem publicandorum servorum ea est, ut sine ullo metu verum dicant et ne, dum timeant se in reorum potestatem regressuros, obdurent in quaestione.

The law orders that those persons, about whom a quaestio has thus been held, be public property: accordingly, in a thing held in common we make the share public; in a thing proper (owned) to one, of which the usufruct is alien, the bare proprietorship; where the defendant had only the usufruct, it is rather the case that the receipt of the usufruct begins to pertain to the public; another’s slave we will certainly not make public. The rationale for making the slaves public is this: that, without any fear, they may speak the truth, and lest, while they fear that they will return into the defendants’ power, they become obdurate in the interrogation.

Dig. 48.5.28.12

Digest 48.5.28.12

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Non tamen prius publicantur, quam quaestio de illis habita fuerit.

They are not, however, made public before an inquiry concerning them has been held.

Dig. 48.5.28.13

Digest 48.5.28.13

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian, book 3 On adulteries.

Sed et si negaverint, nihilo minus publicantur: ratio enim adhuc eadem est, ne, dum hi sperant se in potestatem dominorum reversuros si negaverint, spe meriti collocandi in mendacio perseverent.

But even if they should deny it, they are nonetheless confiscated to the state: for the rationale is still the same, lest, while they hope that, if they deny, they will return into the power of their masters, they persist in a lie by the hope of earning reinstatement.

Dig. 48.5.28.14

Digest 48.5.28.14

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 on adultery.

Sed et servi accusatoris, si de his quaestio habita sit, publicantur: eius enim servi ne mentiantur, merito a dominio eius recedunt. extranei vero non habent cui gratificentur.

But also the slaves of the accuser, if an inquisition has been held concerning them, are made public: for his slaves, lest they lie, rightly withdraw from his dominion. Outsiders’ slaves, however, have no one whom they might gratify.

Dig. 48.5.28.15

Digest 48.5.28.15

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian 3 On Adultery.

Si reus vel rea absoluti fuerint, aestimari per iudices lex damnum voluit, sive mortui fuerint, quantae pecuniae ante quaestionem fuerint, sive vivent, quantae pecuniae in his damnum datum fuerit factumve esset.

If the defendant, whether male or female, shall have been acquitted, the law willed the damage to be assessed by the judges: whether they shall have died—of what sum of money they were before the inquiry—or, if they live, of what sum of money the damage in them has been inflicted or would have been done.

Dig. 48.5.28.16

Digest 48.5.28.16

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpian, 3 On Adultery.

Notandum est, quod capite quidem novo cavetur, si servus adulterii accusetur et accusator quaestionem in eo haberi velit, duplum pretium domino praestari lex iubet, at hic simplum.

It must be noted that, whereas in a new chapter it is provided that, if a slave is accused of adultery and the accuser wishes a quaestio (inquiry by torture) to be held upon him, the law orders double the price to be paid to the master, here, however, only the single price.

Dig. 48.5.29

Digest 48.5.29

Marcianus 1 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 on public trials.

Quod ex his causis debetur, per condictionem, quae ex lege descendit, petitur.

What is owed from these causes is sought by a condiction, which descends from statute.

Dig. 48.5.30pr.

Digest 48.5.30 pr.

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian, 4 On Adultery.

Mariti lenocinium lex coercuit, qui deprehensam uxorem in adulterio retinuit adulterumque dimisit: debuit enim uxori quoque irasci, quae matrimonium eius violavit. tunc autem puniendus est maritus, cum excusare ignorantiam suam non potest vel adumbrare patientiam praetextu incredibilitatis: idcirco enim lex ita locuta est " adulterum in domo deprehensum dimiserit", quod voluerit in ipsa turpitudine prehendentem maritum coercere.

The law has curbed a husband’s pandering, who, having caught his wife in adultery, kept her and dismissed the adulterer: for he ought also to be angry with his wife, who has violated his marriage. Then, moreover, the husband is to be punished, when he cannot excuse his ignorance or adumbrate his forbearance under the pretext of incredibility: for this reason the law has thus spoken, "if he has dismissed an adulterer apprehended in the house," because it wished to coerce the husband catching them in the very act of turpitude.

Dig. 48.5.30.1

Digest 48.5.30.1

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian Book 4 on adultery.

Quod ait lex, adulterii damnatum si quis duxerit uxorem, ea lege teneri, an et ad stuprum referatur, videamus: quod magis est. certe si ob aliam causam ea lege sit condemnata, impune uxor ducetur.

What the law says—that if anyone has taken to wife a woman condemned for adultery, he is held by that law—let us see whether it is also referred to stuprum, which is more likely. Certainly, if she has been condemned by that law for another cause, a wife will be taken with impunity.

Dig. 48.5.30.2

Digest 48.5.30.2

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian, 4 on adultery.

Plectitur et qui pretium pro comperto stupro acceperit: nec interest, utrum maritus sit qui acceperit an alius quilibet: quicumque enim ob conscientiam stupri accepit aliquid, poena erit plectendus. ceterum si gratis quis remisit, ad legem non pertinet.

He is also punished who has accepted a price for a discovered adultery: nor does it matter whether the one who received it is the husband or any other whatsoever; for whoever has received anything on account of knowledge of the adultery must be punished with a penalty. But if someone remitted it gratis, it does not pertain to the law.

Dig. 48.5.30.3

Digest 48.5.30.3

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian 4 on adulteries.

Qui quaestum ex adulterio uxoris suae fecerit, plectitur: nec enim mediocriter deliquit, qui lenocinium in uxore exercuit.

He who has made profit from the adultery of his wife is punished; for he has by no means offended in a moderate degree, who has practiced pandering with respect to his wife.

Dig. 48.5.30.4

Digest 48.5.30.4

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian 4 on adultery.

Quaestum autem ex adulterio uxoris facere videtur, qui quid accepit, ut adulteretur uxor: sive enim saepius sive semel accepit, non est eximendus: quaestum enim de adulterio uxoris facere proprie ille existimandus est, qui aliquid accepit, ut uxorem pateretur adulterari meretricio quodam genere. quod si patiatur uxorem delinquere non ob quaestum, sed neglegentiam vel culpam vel quandam patientiam vel nimiam credulitatem, extra legem positus videtur.

He is deemed to be making profit from his wife’s adultery who has received something so that his wife commit adultery: whether he has received it repeatedly or once, he is not to be exempted; for he is properly to be considered as making profit from his wife’s adultery who has received anything in order that he allow his wife to be adulterous, in a certain meretricious kind. But if he allows his wife to offend not for profit, but through negligence or fault or a certain forbearance or excessive credulity, he seems to be placed outside the law.

Dig. 48.5.30.5

Digest 48.5.30.5

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian, 4 On Adultery.

Sex mensuum haec fit separatio, ut in nupta quidem ex die divortii sex menses computentur, in vidua vero ex die commissi criminis: quod significari videtur rescripto ad tertullum et maximum consules. praeterea si ex die divortii sexaginta dies sint, ex die vero commissi criminis quinquennium praeteriit, debuit dici nec mulierem posse accusari, ut, quod dantur sex menses utiles, sic sit accipiendum, ne crimen quinquennio continuo sopitum excitetur.

This separation of six months is made as follows, that in the case of a married woman, indeed, six months are counted from the day of divorce, but in the case of a widow from the day the crime was committed: which seems to be signified by the rescript to Tertullus and Maximus, consuls. moreover, if from the day of divorce sixty days have elapsed, but from the day the crime was committed a five-year period has passed, it ought to be said that not even the woman can be accused, so that, since six useful months are given, thus it is to be understood, lest a crime, lulled asleep by a continuous five-year period, be reawakened.

Dig. 48.5.30.6

Digest 48.5.30.6

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian 4 on adultery.

Hoc quinquennium observari legislator voluit, si reo vel reae stuprum adulterium vel lenocinium obiciatur. quid ergo, si aliud crimen sit quod obiciatur, quod ex lege iulia descendit, ut sunt qui domum suam stupri causa praebuerunt et alii similes? et melius est dicere omnibus admissis ex lege iulia venientibus quinquennium esse praestitutum.

The legislator wished this five-year period to be observed, if stuprum, adultery, or pandering is alleged against a male or female defendant. What then, if there is some other charge that is alleged, which descends from the Julian law—such as those who have provided their house for the purpose of stuprum and others like them? And it is better to say that for all offenses coming under the Julian law a five-year period has been prescribed.

Dig. 48.5.30.7

Digest 48.5.30.7

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian, 4 on adultery.

Quinquennium autem ex eo die accipiendum est, ex quo quid admissum est, et ad eum diem, quo quis postulatus postulatave est, et non ad eum diem, quo iudicium de adulteriis exercetur.

Moreover, the five-year period is to be taken from that day on which something was committed, and up to that day on which someone, whether man or woman, has been charged, and not up to that day on which the judicial proceeding concerning adulteries is conducted.

Dig. 48.5.30.8

Digest 48.5.30.8

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpianus 4 on adultery.

Hoc amplius senatus consulto adiectum est, ut, si plures eundem postulaverint, eius, qui perseveraverit reum reamve facere, postulationis dies prima exigatur, scilicet ut qui accusat suos libellos accusatorios exspectet, non alienos.

Furthermore, by a senatus consultum it was added that, if several should have demanded the same person, the first day for postulation be assigned to him who has persisted in making the man or woman a defendant, namely, that he who accuses is to await his own accusatory libelli, not those of another.

Dig. 48.5.30.9

Digest 48.5.30.9

Ulpianus 4 de adult.

Ulpian 4 on adultery.

Eum autem, qui per vim stuprum intulit vel mari vel feminae, sine praefinitione huius temporis accusari posse dubium non est, cum eum publicam vim committere nulla dubitatio est.

But as for him who by force has inflicted sexual violation upon either a male or a female, it is not doubtful that he can be accused without any limitation of time, since there is no doubt that he commits public violence.

Dig. 48.5.31pr.

Digest 48.5.31, proem.

Paulus 1 de adult.

Paulus 1 on adultery.

Pater sine periculo calumniae non potest agere.

A father cannot bring an action without the peril of calumny.

Dig. 48.5.31.1

Digest 48.5.31.1

Paulus 1 de adult.

Paulus 1 on adultery.

Sexaginta dies a divortio numerantur: in diebus autem sexaginta et ipse sexagensimus est.

Sixty days are counted from the divorce; moreover, within the sixty days the sixtieth day itself is included.

Dig. 48.5.32

Digest 48.5.32

Paulus 2 de adult.

Paulus book 2 on adulteries.

Quinquennium non utile, sed continuo numerandum est. quid ergo fiet, si prior mulier rea facta sit et ideo adulter eodem tempore reus fieri non potuit et diu tracta lite quinquennium transierit? quid si is, qui intra quinquennium quem postulaverat, non peregerit aut praevaricatus est et alius eundem repetere velit et quinquennium transactum sit?

The five-year period is to be reckoned not as “useful” time, but continuously. What, then, will happen if the woman was first made a defendant, and therefore the adulterer could not be made a defendant at the same time, and, the suit having been drawn out for a long while, the five-year period has passed? What if he who, within the five-year period, had filed the charge did not carry it through or has prevaricated, and another wishes to repeat the action against the same person and the five-year period has elapsed?

aequum est computationi quinquennii eximi id tempus, quod per postulationem praecedentem consumptum sit.

It is equitable that from the computation of the five-year period there be exempted that time which has been consumed by the preceding postulation.

Dig. 48.5.33pr.

Digest 48.5.33pr.

Macer 1 de publ. iudic.

Macer 1 on public prosecutions

Nihil interest, adulteram filiam prius pater occiderit an non, dum utrumque occidat: nam si alterum occidit, lege cornelia reus erit. quod si altero occiso alter vulneratus fuerit, verbis quidem legis non liberatur: sed divus marcus et commodus rescripserunt impunitatem ei concedi, quia, licet interempto adultero mulier supervixerit post tam gravia vulnera, quae ei pater infixerat, magis fato quam voluntate eius servata est: quia lex parem in eos, qui deprehensi sunt, indignationem exigit et severitatem requirit.

It makes no difference whether the father killed the adulteress daughter first or not, so long as he kills both: for if he kills only one, he will be liable under the Cornelian law. But if, one having been killed, the other was wounded, he is not, by the words of the law, released: yet the deified Marcus and Commodus rescripted that impunity be granted to him, because, although after the adulterer was slain the woman survived despite such grave wounds which the father had inflicted on her, she was preserved more by fate than by his will: for the law demands equal indignation against those who are caught and requires severity.

Dig. 48.5.33.1

Digest 48.5.33.1

Macer 1 de publ. iudic.

Macer 1 On Public Prosecutions.

Cum alterum ex adulteris elegerit maritus, alterum non ante accusare potest, quam prius iudicium finietur, quia duos simul ab eodem accusari non licet. non tamen prohibetur accusator simul cum adultero vel adultera eum quoque accusare, qui domum suam praebuit vel consilio fuit, ut crimen redimeretur.

When the husband has chosen one of the adulterers, he cannot accuse the other before the first trial is finished, because it is not permitted that two be accused at the same time by the same person. Nevertheless, the accuser is not prohibited from, together with the adulterer or adulteress, also accusing the one who provided his house or gave counsel, so that the crime might be redeemed.

Dig. 48.5.34pr.

Digest 48.5.34pr.

Marcianus 1 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 1 on public prosecutions.

Si quis adulterium a servo suo commissum dicat in eam, quam uxorem habuit, divus pius rescripsit accusare potius mulierem eum debere, quam in praeiudicium eius servum suum torquere.

If anyone should say that adultery was committed by his slave against the woman whom he had as his wife, the deified Pius, by rescript, declared that he ought rather to accuse the woman than to torture his own slave to her prejudice.

Dig. 48.5.34.1

Digest 48.5.34.1

Marcianus 1 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 1 on public prosecutions

Si quis adulterum non dimiserit, sed retinuerit, forsan filium in noverca vel etiam libertum vel servum in uxore, ex sententia legis tenetur, quamvis verbis non continetur. quae autem retinetur, punitur. sed si dimissam reduxerit, verbis non tenetur: sed tamen dicendum est, ut teneatur, ne fraus fiat.

If anyone does not dismiss the adulterer but retains him—perhaps a son with his stepmother, or even a freedman or a slave with his wife—he is held under the sense of the law, although he is not contained by its words. But the woman who is retained is punished. Yet if he should take back the woman dismissed, he is not held by the words; nonetheless it must be said that he is to be held, lest fraud be perpetrated.

Dig. 48.5.34.2

Digest 48.5.34.2

Marcianus 1 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 1 On Public Prosecutions

Si uxor ex adulterio viri praemium acceperit, lege iulia quasi adultera tenetur.

If a wife has accepted a reward from the adultery of her husband, she is held by the Julian law as if an adulteress.

Dig. 48.5.35pr.

Digest 48.5.35pr.

Modestinus 1 reg.

Modestinus 1 Rules.

Stuprum committit, qui liberam mulierem consuetudinis causa, non matrimonii continet, excepta videlicet concubina.

He commits stuprum who keeps a free woman for the purpose of consuetude, not of matrimony, the concubine, namely, being excepted.

Dig. 48.5.35.1

Digest 48.5.35.1

Modestinus 1 reg.

Modestinus book 1 of the Rules.

Adulterium in nupta admittitur: stuprum in vidua vel virgine vel puero committitur.

Adultery is committed with a married woman; stuprum is committed with a widow or a virgin or a boy.

Dig. 48.5.36

Digest 48.5.36

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Book 8 of the Rules.

Accusaturus adulterii si quid circa inscriptionem erraverit, si tempora largiantur, emendare non prohibetur, ne causa aboleatur.

One who is about to accuse of adultery, if he has erred in anything concerning the inscription, is not prohibited, if the time limits allow, to emend it, lest the case be abolished.

Dig. 48.5.37

Digest 48.5.37

Papinianus 3 quaest.

Papinian 3 questions.

Si minor annis adulterium commiserit, lege iulia tenetur, quoniam tale crimen post pubertatem incipit.

If a minor in years has committed adultery, he is held by the Julian law, since such a crime begins after puberty.

Dig. 48.5.38

Digest 48.5.38

Papinianus 5 quaest.

Papinian, Questions 5.

Filium familias publico iudicio adulterium in uxorem sine voluntate patris arguere constitutum est: vindictam enim proprii doloris consequitur.

It is established that a son under paternal power may, by public prosecution, charge his wife with adultery without his father’s consent: for he pursues vindication of his own grievance.

Dig. 48.5.39pr.

Digest 48.5.39, preface.

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian, 36 Questions

Si adulterium cum incesto committatur, ut puta cum privigna nuru noverca, mulier similiter quoque punietur: id enim remoto etiam adulterio eveniret.

If adultery is committed together with incest, for instance with a stepdaughter, a daughter-in-law, or a stepmother, the woman likewise also will be punished: for that would occur even with the adultery removed.

Dig. 48.5.39.1

Digest 48.5.39.1

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian, Questions, book 36.

Stuprum in sororis filiam si committatur, an adulterii poena sufficiat mari, considerandum est. occurrit, quod hic duplex admissum est, quia multum interest, errore matrimonium illicite contrahatur an contumacia iuris et sanguinis contumelia concurrant.

If stuprum be committed with one’s sister’s daughter, it must be considered whether the penalty of adultery is sufficient for the male. It occurs that here the admitted wrong is twofold, because it makes much difference whether by error a matrimony is illicitly contracted, or whether contumacy against the law and an affront to blood-kinship concur.

Dig. 48.5.39.2

Digest 48.5.39.2

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian 36 Questions.

Quare mulier tunc demum eam poenam, quam mares, sustinebit, cum incestum iure gentium prohibitum admiserit: nam si sola iuris nostri observatio interveniet, mulier ab incesti crimine erit excusata.

Wherefore a woman will only then endure the same penalty as males, when she has committed incest prohibited by the law of nations: for if the observance of our law alone intervenes, the woman will be excused from the crime of incest.

Dig. 48.5.39.3

Digest 48.5.39.3

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian 36 Questions.

Nonnumquam tamen et in maribus incesti crimina, quamquam natura graviora sunt, humanius quam adulterii tractari solent: si modo incestum per matrimonium illicitum contractum sit.

Sometimes, however, even in males the crimes of incest, although by nature more grave, are wont to be handled more humanely than those of adultery: provided that the incest has been contracted through an illicit marriage.

Dig. 48.5.39.4

Digest 48.5.39.4

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian 36 Questions.

Fratres denique imperatores claudiae crimen incesti propter aetatem remiserunt, sed distrahi coniunctionem illicitam iusserunt, cum alias adulterii crimen, quod pubertate delinquitur, non excusetur aetate. nam et mulieres in iure errantes incesti crimine non teneri supra dictum est, cum in adulterio commisso nullam habere possint excusationem.

Finally, the brother emperors remitted Claudia’s charge of incest on account of her age, but they ordered the illicit conjunction to be broken apart, although otherwise the crime of adultery, which is delinquent at puberty, is not excused by age. For it has been said above that women erring in law are not held by the crime of incest, whereas, when adultery has been committed, they can have no excuse.

Dig. 48.5.39.5

Digest 48.5.39.5

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinianus, Questions, Book 36.

Idem imperatores rescripserunt post divortium, quod cum noverca bona fide privignus fecerit, non esse crimen admittendum incesti.

The same emperors wrote in a rescript that, after a divorce, what a stepson has done with his stepmother in good faith is not to be admitted as the crime of incest.

Dig. 48.5.39.6

Digest 48.5.39.6

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian, 36 Questions.

Idem pollioni in haec verba rescripserunt: " incestae nuptiae confirmari non solent: et ideo abstinenti tali matrimonio poenam praeteriti delicti, si nondum reus postulatus est, remittimus".

The same wrote back to Pollio in these words: " incestuous nuptials are not wont to be confirmed; and therefore, to one abstaining from such a marriage, we remit the penalty of the past delict, if the defendant has not yet been formally accused".

Dig. 48.5.39.7

Digest 48.5.39.7

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian 36 questions.

Incestum autem, quod per illicitam matrimonii coniunctionem admittitur, excusari solet sexu vel aetate vel etiam puniendi correctione, quae bona fide intervenit, utique si error allegetur, et facilius, si nemo reum postulavit.

Incest, however, which is committed through an illicit conjunction of marriage, is wont to be excused by sex or by age, or even by a corrective of punishment that has intervened in good faith, especially if error is alleged, and more readily if no one has prosecuted the accused.

Dig. 48.5.39.8

Digest 48.5.39.8

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian Questions, book 36.

Imperator marcus antoninus et commodus filius rescripserunt: " si maritus uxorem in adulterio deprehensam impetu tractus doloris interfecerit, non utique legis corneliae de sicariis poenam excipiet". nam et divus pius in haec verba rescripsit apollonio: " ei, qui uxorem suam in adulterio deprehensam occidisse se non negat, ultimum supplicium remitti potest, cum sit difficillimum iustum dolorem temperare et quia plus fecerit, quam quia vindicare se non debuerit, puniendus sit. sufficiet igitur, si humilis loci sit, in opus perpetuum eum tradi, si qui honestior, in insulam relegari".

The emperor Marcus Antoninus and his son Commodus wrote back: " if a husband, carried by the impulse of grief, has killed his wife caught in adultery, he will not, to be sure, incur the penalty of the Cornelian Law on assassins". For the deified Pius also wrote back to Apollonius in these words: " to him who does not deny that he killed his own wife caught in adultery, the ultimate punishment can be remitted, since it is most difficult to temper a just grief, and let him be punished rather because he has done more than was right than because he ought not to have avenged himself. it will therefore suffice, if he is of humble station, that he be consigned to perpetual labor; if he is more honorable, that he be relegated to an island".

Dig. 48.5.39.9

Digest 48.5.39.9

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinianus 36 Questions.

Liberto patroni famam lacessere non facile conceditur: sed si iure mariti velit adulterii accusare, permittendum est, quomodo si atrocem iniuriam passus esset. certe si patronum, qui sit ex eo numero, qui deprehensus ab alio interfici potest, in adulterio uxoris deprehenderit, deliberandum est, an impune possit occidere. quod durum nobis esse videtur: nam cuius famae, multo magis vitae parcendum est.

It is not easily conceded to a freedman to assail the fame of his patron; but if by the right of a husband he wishes to accuse of adultery, it must be permitted, just as if he had suffered an atrocious injury. Certainly, if he should apprehend his patron—who is of that class who, when caught by another, can be slain—in adultery with his wife, it is to be deliberated whether he can kill with impunity. This seems harsh to us: for he whose fame is to be spared, much more is his life to be spared.

Dig. 48.5.39.10

Digest 48.5.39.10

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian, 36 Questions.

Si quis in honore ministeriove publico sit, reus quidem postulatur, sed differtur eius accusatio et cautionem iudicio sistendi causa promittit in finem honoris. et hoc ita tiberius caesar rescripsit.

If anyone is in a public honor or ministry, he is indeed demanded as a defendant, but his accusation is deferred, and he gives a caution (surety) for the purpose of appearing in judgment until the end of the honor. And Tiberius Caesar rescripted thus.

Dig. 48.5.40pr.

Digest 48.5.40pr.

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 responses.

Vim passam mulierem sententia praesidis provinciae continebatur: in legem iuliam de adulteriis non commisisse respondi, licet iniuriam suam protegendae pudicitiae causa confestim marito renuntiari prohibuit.

A woman who had suffered force was held by the sentence of the provincial governor: I responded that she had not committed an offense under the Julian law on adulteries, although she forbade that her injury be forthwith reported to her husband for the sake of protecting modesty.

Dig. 48.5.40.1

Digest 48.5.40.1

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 Responses.

Nupta quoque muliere, tametsi lenocinii vir prior non postuletur, adulterii crimen contra adulterum ab extrario poterit inferri.

Even if the woman is married, although the husband is not first prosecuted for lenocinium, the charge of adultery can be brought against the adulterer by an outsider.

Dig. 48.5.40.2

Digest 48.5.40.2

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 responses.

In matrimonio quoque defuncta uxore vir iure adulterum inter reos recipi postulat.

In matrimony also, with the wife deceased, the husband by right demands that the adulterer be received among the accused.

Dig. 48.5.40.3

Digest 48.5.40.3

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian, 15 responses.

Nupta, priusquam adulter damnetur, adulterii non postulatur, si nuptias denuntiatio vel ad domum mulieris missa non praecessit.

A married woman, before the adulterer is condemned, is not prosecuted for adultery, if a denunciation to the nuptials or one sent to the woman’s house did not precede.

Dig. 48.5.40.4

Digest 48.5.40.4

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus 15 Responses.

Mulierem ob latronum societatem exulare iussam citra poenae metum in matrimonio retineri posse respondi, quia non fuerat adulterii damnata.

I responded that a woman ordered to be exiled on account of association with robbers could be retained in marriage without fear of penalty, because she had not been condemned for adultery.

Dig. 48.5.40.5

Digest 48.5.40.5

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian, Book 15 of Responses

Praescriptione quinque annorum crimen incesti coniunctum adulterio non excluditur.

By a five-year prescription the crime of incest, when conjoined with adultery, is not excluded.

Dig. 48.5.40.6

Digest 48.5.40.6

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 responses.

Duos quidem adulterii, marem et feminam, propter commune crimen simul non iure nec a viro postulari convenit. cum tamen duobus denuntiatum fuisset ab eo, qui postea desistere volebat, abolitionem esse necessariam in utriusque personam respondi.

Indeed, it is not proper in law that two for adultery, the male and the female, on account of the common crime, be proceeded against together, nor that they be prosecuted by the husband. However, when notice had been given to both by him who later wished to desist, I replied that abolition was necessary with respect to the person of each.

Dig. 48.5.40.7

Digest 48.5.40.7

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 Responses.

Incesti commune crimen adversus duos simul intentari potest.

The common crime of incest can be brought simultaneously against two.

Dig. 48.5.40.8

Digest 48.5.40.8

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus 15 Responses

De servis quaestionem in dominos incesti postulatos ita demum habendam respondi, si per adulterium incestum esse contractum dicatur.

I replied that the examination by torture of slaves against masters accused of incest is to be held only if it is said that the incest was contracted through adultery.

Dig. 48.5.41pr.

Digest 48.5.41, beginning.

Paulus 19 resp.

Paulus Replies 19

Quaesitum est, an ea, quam maritus adulterii crimine se accusaturum minatus est nec quicquam egit vel iure mariti vel iure publico, nubere possit ei, quem in ea reum adulterii destinavit. paulus respondit nihil impedire, quo minus ei, quem suspectum maritus habuit, ea de qua quaeritur nubere possit.

It was asked whether a woman, whom her husband threatened that he would accuse on the charge of adultery and yet did nothing either by the right of a husband or by public law, could marry the man whom he had designated as the defendant for adultery in that matter. paulus answered that nothing prevents the one whom the husband held as suspect from being married by the woman in question.

Dig. 48.5.41.1

Digest 48.5.41.1

Paulus 19 resp.

Paulus, Responses 19.

Item quaeritur, an idem maritus destitisse videatur vel lenocinium commisisse, qui eandem reduxit uxorem. paulus respondit eum, qui post crimen adulteri intentatum eandem uxorem reduxit, destitisse videri et ideo ex eadem lege postea accusandi ei ius non superesse.

Likewise it is asked whether the same husband appears to have desisted or to have committed pandering, who took back the same wife. paulus answered that he who, after a charge of adultery had been instituted, took back the same wife, appears to have desisted and therefore that, under the same law, the right of accusing does not thereafter remain to him.

Dig. 48.5.42

Digest 48.5.42

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Book 1 of the Sentences.

In crimine adulterii nulla danda dilatio est, nisi ut personae exhibeantur, aut iudex ex qualitate negotii motus hoc causa cognita permiserit.

In the crime of adultery, no delay is to be granted, unless for the purpose that the persons be produced, or the judge, moved by the quality of the matter, with the case known, has permitted this.

Dig. 48.5.43

Digest 48.5.43

Tryphonus 2 disp.

Tryphonus 2 Disputations.

Si is, qui ius anulorum impetravit, adulterium commisit in patroni uxorem aut in patronam suam, aut in eius eive, cuius libertus patris aut matris, filii filiaeve fuit: an ut libertus puniri debeat? et si deprehensus sit in adulterio, an impune occidatur? et magis probo subiciendum poenae libertinorum, quoniam lege iulia de adulteriis coercendis ad tuenda matrimonia pro libertinis eos haberi placuit et deteriorem causam per istud beneficium patronorum haberi non oportet.

If someone who has obtained the right of the rings has committed adultery with his patron’s wife or with his own patroness, or with the wife of him or of her of whom he had been a freedman—whether of the father or mother, or of the son or daughter—whether he ought to be punished as a freedman? And if he is apprehended in adultery, whether he is slain with impunity? And I more approve that he be subjected to the penalty of freedmen, since by the Julian law on restraining adulteries it was resolved, for the guarding of marriages, that they be regarded as freedmen, and the condition of patrons ought not to be made worse by that benefit.

Dig. 48.5.44

Digest 48.5.44

Gaius 3 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 3 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

Si ex lege repudium missum non sit et idcirco mulier adhuc nupta esse videatur, tamen si quis eam uxorem duxerit, adulter non erit. idque salvius iulianus respondit, quia adulterium, inquit, sine dolo malo non committitur: quamquam dicendum, ne is, qui sciret eam ex lege repudiatam non esse, dolo malo committat.

If, under the law, a repudiation has not been sent and therefore the woman appears still to be married, nevertheless if someone should take her as his wife, he will not be an adulterer. And Salvius Julianus gave this response: because, he says, adultery is not committed without fraudulent intent; although it must be said that he who knew that she had not been repudiated according to the law would commit it with fraudulent intent.

Dig. 48.5.45

Digest 48.5.45

Papinianus 4 resp.

Papinian, Book 4 of Responses.

Defuncta quoque socru gener incesti postulabitur, ut adulter post mortem mulieris.

Even with the mother-in-law deceased, the son-in-law will be prosecuted for incest, just as an adulterer after the woman's death.

Dig. 48.6.0. Ad legem iuliam de vi publica.

Digest 48.6.0. On the Julian law on public violence.

Dig. 48.6.1

Digest 48.6.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Lege iulia de vi publica tenetur, qui ^ quia^ arma tela domi suae agrove inve villa praeter usum venationis vel itineris vel navigationis coegerit.

He is held by the Julian law on public violence, who has gathered arms or weapons in his own house or in a field or in a villa, except for the use of hunting or of a journey or of navigation.

Dig. 48.6.2

Digest 48.6.2

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola book 4 of the Rules.

Excipiuntur autem arma, quae quis promercii causa habuerit hereditateve ei obvenerint.

However, arms are excepted, which someone has had for purposes of trade, or which have come to him by inheritance.

Dig. 48.6.3pr.

Digest 48.6.3 preface.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

In eadem causa sunt, qui turbae seditionisve faciendae consilium inierint servosve aut liberos homines in armis habuerint.

They are in the same case, who have entered into a plan for making a riot or sedition, or have had slaves or free persons in arms.

Dig. 48.6.3.1

Digest 48.6.3.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Eadem lege tenetur, qui pubes cum telo in publico fuerit.

He is held by the same law, who, being adult, has been in public with a weapon.

Dig. 48.6.3.2

Digest 48.6.3.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus, Institutes 14.

In eadem causa sunt, qui pessimo exemplo convocatu seditione villas expugnaverint et cum telis et armis bona rapuerint.

They are in the same case as those who, by a most pernicious example, by the convening of a sedition, have stormed villas and, with missiles and arms, have carried off goods.

Dig. 48.6.3.3

Digest 48.6.3.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Item tenetur, qui ex incendio rapuerit aliquid praeter materiam.

Likewise, he is liable who has snatched anything from a conflagration, other than the material (fuel).

Dig. 48.6.3.4

Digest 48.6.3.4

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Praeterea punitur huius legis poena, qui puerum vel feminam vel quemquam per vim stupraverit.

Moreover, whoever shall have violated by force a boy, or a woman, or anyone is punished by the penalty of this law.

Dig. 48.6.3.5

Digest 48.6.3.5

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 institutes.

Sed et qui in incendio cum gladio aut telo rapiendi causa fuit vel prohibendi dominum res suas servare, eadem poena tenetur.

But also he who, in a fire, was with a sword or weapon for the purpose of rapine, or of preventing the owner from saving his property, is held to the same penalty.

Dig. 48.6.3.6

Digest 48.6.3.6

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus Institutes 14.

Eadem lege tenetur, qui hominibus armatis possessorem domo agrove suo aut navi sua deiecerit expugnaverit.

He is held by the same law, whoever, with armed men, has ejected the possessor from his house or his field, or has stormed his ship.

Dig. 48.6.4

Digest 48.6.4

Ulpianus 59 ad ed.

Ulpian 59 on the Edict.

Utive id staret, homines commodaverit:

Or, if that should stand, that he lent persons:

Dig. 48.6.5pr.

Digest 48.6.5pr.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Qui coetu conversu turba seditione incendium fecerit: quique hominem dolo malo incluserit obsederit: quive fecerit, quo minus sepeliatur, quo magis funus diripiatur distrahatur: quive per vim sibi aliquem obligaverit, nam eam obligationem lex rescindit.

Whoever, by assembly, convergence, a mob, sedition, shall have made a conflagration: and whoever has shut up a person by malicious guile or has besieged him: and whoever has done something whereby burial is hindered, whereby a funeral is the more plundered or torn apart: and whoever by force has obligated someone to himself—for the law rescinds that obligation.

Dig. 48.6.5.1

Digest 48.6.5.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Si de vi et possessione vel dominio quaeratur, ante cognoscendum de vi quam de proprietate rei divus pius tw koinw twn vessalwn graece rescripsit: sed et decrevit, ut prius de vi quaeratur quam de iure dominii sive possessionis.

If there is inquiry about force and possession or dominion, the deified Pius wrote back—in Greek—to the Koinon of the Thessalians that inquiry must be made about force before the ownership of the thing; and he also decreed that one should first inquire about force rather than about the right of dominion or of possession.

Dig. 48.6.5.2

Digest 48.6.5.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Qui vacantem mulierem rapuit vel nuptam, ultimo supplicio punitur et, si pater iniuriam suam precibus exoratus remiserit, tamen extraneus sine quinquennii praescriptione reum postulare poterit, cum raptus crimen legis iuliae de adulteris potestatem excedit.

He who has abducted a woman, whether single or married, is punished with the ultimate penalty; and if the father, appeased by entreaties, has remitted his own injury, nevertheless a stranger may prosecute the accused without the five-year prescription, since the crime of raptus exceeds the scope of the Lex Julia concerning adulterers.

Dig. 48.6.6

Digest 48.6.6

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Et eum, qui puerum ingenuum rapuit, puniendum divus pius rescripsit in haec verba: " exemplum libelli dati mihi a domitio silvano nomine domitii silvani patrui subici iussi, motus querella eius, qua significavit filium suum ingenuum, iuvenem admodum, raptum atque conclusum, mox verberibus ac tormentis usque ad summum periculum adflictum, gemine carissime: velim audias eum et, si compereris haec ita admissa, rem severe exequaris".

And the Deified Pius wrote in a rescript that the man who abducted a freeborn boy is to be punished, in these words: " a copy of the petition given to me by Domitius Silvanus, by name the paternal uncle of Domitius Silvanus, I ordered to be appended, moved by his complaint, in which he indicated that his son, freeborn, a very young man, had been snatched and confined, and soon after afflicted by beatings and tortures up to the utmost danger. Dearest Geminus, I would like you to hear him, and, if you ascertain that these things were thus committed, to pursue the matter severely".

Dig. 48.6.7

Digest 48.6.7

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, Book 8 on the Office of the Proconsul.

Lege iulia de vi publica tenetur, qui, cum imperium potestatemve haberet, civem romanum adversus provocationem necaverit verberaverit iusseritve quid fieri aut quid in collum iniecerit, ut torqueatur. item quod ad legatos oratores comitesve attinebit, si quis eorum pulsasse et sive iniuriam fecisse arguetur.

He is held by the Julian law on public force who, while he had imperium or authority, has killed or scourged a Roman citizen against an appeal, or has ordered something to be done, or has thrown something upon his neck, so that he be tortured. Likewise, as concerns legates, orators, or companions, if anyone of them shall be alleged to have been struck, or an injury to have been done to him.

Dig. 48.6.8

Digest 48.6.8

Maecenatus 5 publ.

Maecenatus 5 public.

Lege iulia de vi publica cavetur, ne quis reum vinciat impediatve, quo minus romae intra certum tempus adsit.

By the Julian law on public violence it is provided that no one shall bind or hinder a defendant, so as to prevent his being present at Rome within a fixed time.

Dig. 48.6.9

Digest 48.6.9

Paulus 7 ad ed.

Paulus 7 on the edict.

Armatos non utique eos intellegere debemus, qui tela habuerunt, sed etiam quid aliud nocere potest.

We must not, in any case, understand “armed” to mean only those who had weapons, but also whatever else can do harm.

Dig. 48.6.10pr.

Digest 48.6.10pr.

Ulpianus 68 ad ed.

Ulpian, 68 on the edict.

Qui dolo malo fecerit, quo minus iudicia tuto exerceantur aut iudices ut oportet iudicent vel is, qui potestatem imperiumve habebit, quam ei ius erit, decernat imperet faciat: qui ludos pecuniamve ab aliquo invito polliceri publice privatimve per iniuriam exegerit: item qui cum telo dolo malo in contione fuerit aut ubi iudicium publice exercebitur. exceptus est, qui propter venationem habeat homines, qui cum bestiis pugnent, ministrosque ad ea habere conceditur.

Who shall have acted with malicious deceit, whereby judgments are not exercised safely, or judges do not judge as is proper, or he who will have power or imperium does not, as it will be his right, decree, command, or do; who shall have, publicly or privately, through injury, exacted from anyone unwilling the promise of games or of money; likewise, whoever with a weapon and with malicious deceit shall have been in a public assembly or where a public judgment is being conducted. He is excepted who, on account of a beast-hunt, has men who fight with wild beasts, and it is conceded to have attendants for these things.

Dig. 48.6.10.1

Digest 48.6.10.1

Ulpianus 68 ad ed.

Ulpian 68 on the edict.

Hac lege tenetur et qui convocatis hominibus vim fecerit, quo quis verberetur et pulsetur, neque homo occisus sit.

He too is held by this law who, having convoked men, has committed violence, whereby someone is beaten and struck, even if no man has been killed.

Dig. 48.6.10.2

Digest 48.6.10.2

Ulpianus 68 ad ed.

Ulpian, 68 to the Edict.

Damnato de vi publica aqua et igni interdicitur.

Upon one condemned for public violence, water and fire are interdicted.

Dig. 48.6.11pr.

Digest 48.6.11, beginning.

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 sentences.

Hi, qui aedes alienas aut villas expilaverint effregerint expugnaverint, si quid in turba cum telis fecerint, capite puniuntur.

Those who have plundered, broken open, or stormed another’s houses or villas, if they have done anything in a mob with weapons, are punished with capital punishment.

Dig. 48.6.11.1

Digest 48.6.11.1

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus Sentences, Book 5.

Telorum autem appellatione omnia, ex quibus singuli homines nocere possunt, accipiuntur.

But under the appellation "weapons" are understood all things by which individual persons can cause harm.

Dig. 48.6.11.2

Digest 48.6.11.2

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 sentences.

Qui telum tutandae salutis suae causa gerunt, non videntur hominis occidendi causa portare.

Those who bear a weapon for the sake of safeguarding their own safety do not seem to carry it for the purpose of killing a man.

Dig. 48.6.12

Digest 48.6.12

Paulus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Paulus in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Turpillianum.

Qui nova vectigalia exercent, lege iulia de vi publica tenentur.

Those who exercise new tax-levies are held by the Julian Law on public violence.

Dig. 48.7.0. Ad legem iuliam de vi privata.

Dig. 48.7.0. On the Julian law concerning private violence.

Dig. 48.7.1pr.

Digest 48.7.1pr.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

De vi privata damnati pars tertia bonorum ex lege iulia publicatur et cautum est, ne senator sit, ne decurio, aut ullum honorem capiat, neve in eum ordinem sedeat, neve iudex sit: et videlicet omni honore quasi infamis ex senatus consulto carebit.

Of one condemned for private violence, a third part of his goods is confiscated under the Lex Julia, and it is provided that he be not a senator, nor a decurion, nor take any honor, nor sit in that order, nor be a judge: and plainly he will be deprived of every honor, as quasi-infamous, by a senatorial decree.

Dig. 48.7.1.1

Digest 48.7.1.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Eadem poena adficiuntur, qui ad poenam legis iuliae de vi privata rediguntur, et si quis ex naufragio dolo malo quid rapuerit.

The same punishment is inflicted on those who are brought under the penalty of the Julian law on private violence, and on anyone who has carried off anything from a shipwreck with malicious deceit.

Dig. 48.7.1.2

Digest 48.7.1.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Sed et ex constitutionibus principum extra ordinem, qui de naufragiis aliquid diripuerint, puniuntur: nam et divus pius rescripsit nullam vim nautis fieri debere et, si quis fecerit, ut severissime puniatur.

But also by the constitutions of the emperors, by extraordinary procedure, those who have plundered anything from shipwrecks are punished: for the deified Pius also wrote in a rescript that no violence ought to be done to sailors, and that, if anyone should do so, he be punished most severely.

Dig. 48.7.2

Digest 48.7.2

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola 4 rules.

Hac lege tenetur, qui convocatis hominibus vim fecerit, quo quis verberetur pulsaretur, neque homo occisus erit:

He is held under this law, who, having convoked men, has committed violence whereby someone is flogged or struck, and no man has been slain:

Dig. 48.7.3pr.

Digest 48.7.3pr.

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 On Public Prosecutions.

Nec interest, liberos an servos et suos an alienos quis ad vim faciendam convocaverit.

Nor does it make a difference whether one has convoked free persons or slaves, and whether his own or others’, for the purpose of committing violence.

Dig. 48.7.3.1

Digest 48.7.3.1

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 Public Prosecutions.

Nec minus hi, qui convocati sunt, eadem lege tenentur.

No less are those who have been convoked held by the same law.

Dig. 48.7.3.2

Digest 48.7.3.2

Macer 1 publ.

Macer Book 1 on Public Law.

Sed si nulli convocati nullique pulsati sint, per iniuriam tamen ex bonis alienis quid ablatum sit, hac lege teneri eum qui id fecerit.

But if no one has been convoked and no one beaten, nevertheless if anything has been taken away wrongfully from another’s goods, he who did this is held by this law.

Dig. 48.7.4pr.

Digest 48.7.4, pr.

Paulus 55 ad ed.

Paulus 55 on the edict.

Legis iuliae de vi privata crimen committitur, cum coetum aliquis et concursum fecisse dicitur, quo minus quis in ius produceretur.

A crime under the Julian Law on private violence is committed, when someone is said to have made a gathering and a concourse, whereby a person was prevented from being brought into court.

Dig. 48.7.4.1

Digest 48.7.4.1

Paulus 55 ad ed.

Paulus 55 on the Edict.

Et si quis quaestionem de alterius servo habuisset: et ideo moderatius edicto praetoris de iniuriis utendum esse labeo ait.

And if anyone had held an inquiry concerning another’s slave: and therefore Labeo says that the praetor’s edict on injuries ought to be used more moderately.

Dig. 48.7.5

Digest 48.7.5

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian 69 On the Edict.

Si quis aliquem deiecit ex agro suo hominibus congregatis sine armis, vis privatae postulari possit.

If someone has ejected another from his field, with men congregated but without arms, prosecution for private violence may be sought.

Dig. 48.7.6

Digest 48.7.6

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Book 8 of the Rules.

Ex senatus consulto volusiano, qui improbe coeunt in alienam litem, ut, quidquid ex condemnatione in rem ipsius redactum fuerit, inter eos communicaretur, lege iulia de vi privata tenentur.

From the Volusian senatus consultum, those who improperly coalesce in another’s lawsuit, so that whatever from the condemnation has been reduced into his property be shared among them, are liable under the Julian Law on private violence.

Dig. 48.7.7

Digest 48.7.7

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on cognitions.

Creditores si adversus debitores suos agant, per iudicem id, quod deberi sibi putant, reposcere debent: alioquin si in rem debitoris sui intraverint id nullo concedente, divus marcus decrevit ius crediti eos non habere. verba decreti haec sunt. " optimum est, ut, si quas putas te habere petitiones, actionibus experiaris: interim ille in possessione debet morari, tu petitor es". et cum marcianus diceret: " vim nullam feci": caesar dixit: " tu vim putas esse solum, si homines vulnerentur?

Creditors, if they bring suit against their debtors, ought to demand through a judge that which they think is owed to them: otherwise, if they have entered into their debtor’s property with no one conceding (permission), the deified Marcus decreed that they do not have a right of credit. The words of the decree are these: "It is best that, if you think you have any petitions, you should try them by actions: meanwhile he ought to remain in possession; you are the petitioner." And when Marcianus said: "I have done no violence," Caesar said: "Do you think there is violence only if men are wounded?"

vis est et tunc, quotiens quis id, quod deberi sibi putat, non per iudicem reposcit. non puto autem nec verecundiae nec dignitati nec pietati tuae convenire quicquam non iure facere. quisquis igitur probatus mihi fuerit rem ullam debitoris non ab ipso sibi traditam sine ullo iudice temere possidere, eumque sibi ius in eam rem dixisse, ius crediti non habebit".

Force is present also then, whenever someone demands back that which he thinks is owed to him not through a judge. Moreover, I do not think it befits either your modesty or your dignity or your pietas to do anything not by right. Whoever therefore shall have been proved to me to be rashly possessing, without any judge, any property of a debtor not delivered to him by the debtor himself, and to have asserted for himself a right in that property, will not have the right of credit".

Dig. 48.7.8

Digest 48.7.8

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus 2 on penalties.

Si creditor sine auctoritate iudicis res debitoris occupet, hac lege tenetur et tertia parte bonorum multatur et infamis fit.

If a creditor, without the authority of the judge, seizes the debtor’s property, he is bound by this law and is mulcted of a third part of his goods and becomes infamous.

Dig. 48.8.0. Ad legem corneliam de siccariis et veneficis.

Dig. 48.8.0. On the Cornelian Law concerning assassins and poisoners.

Dig. 48.8.1pr.

Digest 48.8.1pr.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus, Institutes, 14.

Lege cornelia de sicariis et veneficis tenetur, qui hominem occiderit: cuiusve dolo malo incendium factum erit: quive hominis occidendi furtive faciendi causa cum telo ambulaverit: quive, cum magistratus esset publicove iudicio praeesset, operam dedisset, quo quis falsum iudicium profiteretur, ut quis innocens conveniretur condemnaretur.

By the Lex Cornelia concerning assassins and poisoners he is held liable who shall have killed a human being: or by whose malicious fraud a conflagration shall have been caused: or whoever, for the purpose of killing a human being or committing theft, has gone about with a weapon: or whoever, when he was a magistrate or presided over a public trial, has given his assistance whereby someone would profess a false action, so that an innocent person be brought into court and condemned.

Dig. 48.8.1.1

Digest 48.8.1.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Praeterea tenetur, qui hominis necandi causa venenum confecerit dederit: quive falsum testimonium dolo malo dixerit, quo quis publico iudicio rei capitalis damnaretur: quive magistratus iudexve quaestionis ob capitalem causam pecuniam acceperit ut publica lege reus fieret.

Moreover, he is held liable who, for the purpose of killing a man, has prepared or given poison: or who has spoken false testimony with malicious deceit, whereby someone would be condemned in a public trial on a capital charge: or who, being a magistrate or a judge of an inquest, has accepted money on account of a capital case so that someone might be made a defendant under a public statute.

Dig. 48.8.1.2

Digest 48.8.1.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Inst.

Et qui hominem occiderit, punitur non habita differentia, cuius condicionis hominem interemit.

And whoever kills a person is punished, no distinction being made as to the condition of the person whom he killed.

Dig. 48.8.1.3

Digest 48.8.1.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Divus hadrianus rescripsit eum, qui hominem occidit, si non occidendi animo hoc admisit, absolvi posse, et qui hominem non occidit, sed vulneravit, ut occidat, pro homicida damnandum: et ex re constituendum hoc: nam si gladium strinxerit et in eo percusserit, indubitate occidendi animo id eum admisisse: sed si clavi percussit aut cuccuma in rixa, quamvis ferro percusserit, tamen non occidendi animo. leniendam poenam eius, qui in rixa casu magis quam voluntate homicidium admisit.

the deified Hadrian wrote in a rescript that one who has killed a man, if he did not commit this with the intention of killing, can be acquitted; and that one who did not kill a man, but wounded him so that he might die, is to be condemned as a homicide: and this is to be determined from the facts; for if he has drawn a sword and struck with it, he indubitably committed it with an intention to kill; but if he struck with a nail or a cooking-pot in a brawl, even though he struck with iron, nevertheless not with an intention to kill. The punishment is to be mitigated for him who, in a brawl, committed a homicide more by chance than by will.

Dig. 48.8.1.4

Digest 48.8.1.4

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Item divus hadrianus rescripsit eum, qui stuprum sibi vel suis per vim inferentem occidit, dimittendum.

Likewise the deified Hadrian wrote in a rescript that one who kills a person inflicting rape by force upon himself or upon his own is to be released.

Dig. 48.8.1.5

Digest 48.8.1.5

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Sed et in eum, qui uxorem deprehensam in adulterio occidit, divus pius leviorem poenam irrogandam esse scripsit, et humiliore loco positum in exilium perpetuum dari iussit, in aliqua dignitate positum ad tempus relegari.

But also against the one who kills a wife caught in adultery, the deified Pius wrote that a lighter penalty should be imposed, and he ordered that a man placed in a humbler rank be given to perpetual exile, one placed in some dignity to be relegated for a time.

Dig. 48.8.2

Digest 48.8.2

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian 1 on adultery.

Inauditum filium pater occidere non potest, sed accusare eum apud praefectum praesidemve provinciae debet.

A father cannot kill a son unheard, but ought to accuse him before the prefect or the governor of the province.

Dig. 48.8.3pr.

Digest 48.8.3, pr.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Eiusdem legis corneliae de sicariis et veneficis capite quinto, qui venenum necandi hominis causa fecerit vel vendiderit vel habuerit, plectitur.

By the same Cornelian law concerning assassins and poisoners, in chapter five, whoever shall have made, sold, or possessed poison for the purpose of killing a man is punished.

Dig. 48.8.3.1

Digest 48.8.3.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Eiusdem legis poena adficitur, qui in publicum mala medicamenta vendiderit vel hominis necandi causa habuerit.

He is subjected to the penalty of the same law, who has sold harmful medicaments to the public or has had them for the purpose of killing a person.

Dig. 48.8.3.2

Digest 48.8.3.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Adiectio autem ista " veneni mali" ostendit esse quaedam et non mala venena. ergo nomen medium est et tam id, quod ad sanandum, quam id, quod ad occidendum paratum est, continet, sed et id quod amatorium appellatur: sed hoc solum notatur in ea lege, quod hominis necandi causa habet. sed ex senatus consulto relegari iussa est ea, quae non quidem malo animo, sed malo exemplo medicamentum ad conceptionem dedit, ex quo ea quae acceperat decesserit.

Moreover, that addition “of evil poison” shows that there are certain venoms that are not evil. Therefore the term is neutral and includes both that which is prepared for healing and that which is prepared for killing, and also that which is called amatory (a love-philtre); but only this is noted in that statute: that which one has for the purpose of killing a human being. Yet by a decree of the Senate she was ordered to be relegated who, not indeed with an evil mind but with a bad example, gave a medicament for conception, from which the one who had received it died.

Dig. 48.8.3.3

Digest 48.8.3.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus Institutes 14

Alio senatus consulto effectum est, ut pigmentarii, si cui temere cicutam salamandram aconitum pituocampas aut bubrostim mandragoram et id, quod lustramenti causa dederit cantharidas, poena teneantur huius legis.

By another senatorial decree it was effected that perfumers, if they rashly give to anyone hemlock, salamander, aconite, pituocampas or bubrostis, mandrake, and cantharides when given for the purpose of lustration, are held liable to the penalty of this law.

Dig. 48.8.3.4

Digest 48.8.3.4

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Item is, cuius familia sciente eo apiscendae reciperandae possessionis causa arma sumpserit: item qui auctor seditionis fuerit: et qui naufragium suppresserit: et qui falsa indicia confessus fuerit confitendave curaverit, quo quis innocens circumveniretur: et qui hominem libidinis vel promercii causa castraverit, ex senatus consulto poena legis corneliae punitur.

Likewise, he, whose household, with him aware, has taken up arms for the purpose of acquiring or recovering possession: likewise, he who has been the author of sedition: and he who has suppressed a shipwreck: and he who has confessed false evidence or has taken care that it be confessed, whereby an innocent person might be circumvented: and he who has castrated a man for the sake of lust or of commerce, is punished, by senatorial decree, with the penalty of the Lex Cornelia.

Dig. 48.8.3.5

Digest 48.8.3.5

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Legis corneliae de sicariis et veneficis poena insulae deportatio est et omnium bonorum ademptio. sed solent hodie capite puniri, nisi honestiore loco positi fuerint, ut poenam legis sustineant: humiliores enim solent vel bestiis subici, altiores vero deportantur in insulam.

The penalty of the Cornelian law concerning assassins and poisoners is deportation to an island and the confiscation of all goods. But nowadays they are usually punished with death, unless they are in a more honorable station, so that they may undergo the penalty of the law: for the humbler are wont either to be subjected to beasts, whereas the higher are deported to an island.

Dig. 48.8.3.6

Digest 48.8.3.6

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 institutes.

Transfugas licet, ubicumque inventi fuerint, quasi hostes interficere.

It is permitted to kill deserters, wherever they are found, as if they were enemies.

Dig. 48.8.4pr.

Digest 48.8.4, preface.

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Lege cornelia de sicariis tenetur, qui, cum in magistratu est esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem, quod legibus permissum non sit.

He is liable under the Cornelian law on assassins, who, when in magistracy, has done anything in relation to the killing of a human being that is not permitted by the laws.

Dig. 48.8.4.1

Digest 48.8.4.1

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Cum quidam per lasciviam causam mortis praebuisset, comprobatum est factum ignatii taurini proconsulis baeticae a divo hadriano, quod eum in quinquennium relegasset.

When a certain man, through wantonness, had furnished a cause of death, the deed of Ignatius Taurinus, proconsul of Baetica, was approved by the deified Hadrian, in that he had relegated him for five years.

Dig. 48.8.4.2

Digest 48.8.4.2

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Idem divus hadrianus rescripsit: " constitutum quidem est, ne spadones fierent, eos autem, qui hoc crimine arguerentur, corneliae legis poena teneri eorumque bona merito fisco meo vindicari debere, sed et in servos, qui spadones fecerint, ultimo supplicio animadvertendum esse: et qui hoc crimine tenentur, si non adfuerint, de absentibus quoque, tamquam lege cornelia teneantur, pronuntiandum esse. plane si ipsi, qui hanc iniuriam passi sunt, proclamaverint, audire eos praeses provinciae debet, qui virilitatem amiserunt: nemo enim liberum servumve invitum sinentemve castrare debet, neve quis se sponte castrandum praebere debet. at si quis adversus edictum meum fecerit, medico quidem, qui exciderit, capitale erit, item ipsi qui se sponte excidendum praebuit".

The same deified Hadrian wrote back: " it has indeed been established that eunuchs are not to be made; but those who are accused of this crime are to be held under the penalty of the Cornelian law, and their goods ought rightly to be vindicated to my fisc; and also against slaves who have made eunuchs, the ultimate punishment must be inflicted: and as to those who are held by this charge, if they are not present, it must be pronounced even concerning the absent, as though they are held by the Cornelian law. plainly, if those themselves who have suffered this injury cry out, the governor of the province ought to hear them, those who have lost virility: for no one ought to castrate a free person or a slave, whether unwilling or consenting, nor should anyone of his own accord offer himself to be castrated. but if anyone has acted against my edict, for the doctor who has excised it will be a capital matter, and likewise for the very person who has of his own accord offered himself to be excised".

Dig. 48.8.5

Digest 48.8.5

Paulus 2 de off. procons.

Paulus 2 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Hi quoque, qui thlibias faciunt, ex constitutione divi hadriani ad ninnium hastam in eadem causa sunt, qua hi qui castrant.

Those also who perform thlibiae, by the constitution of the deified Hadrian, according to Ninnius Hasta, are in the same case as those who castrate.

Dig. 48.8.6

Digest 48.8.6

Venonius 1 de off. procons.

Venonius 1 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Is, qui servum castrandum tradiderit, pro parte dimidia bonorum multatur ex senatus consulto, quod neratio prisco et annio vero consulibus factum est.

He who has handed over a slave to be castrated is mulcted in one-half of his goods by a senatorial decree, which was enacted when Neratius Priscus and Annius Verus were consuls.

Dig. 48.8.7

Digest 48.8.7

Paulus l.S. de publ. iudic.

Paulus in the single book On Public Trials.

In lege cornelia dolus pro facto accipitur. neque in hac lege culpa lata pro dolo accipitur. quare si quis alto se praecipitaverit et super alium venerit eumque occiderit, aut putator, ex arbore cum ramum deiceret, non praeclamaverit et praetereuntem occiderit, ad huius legis coercitionem non pertinet.

Under the Cornelian law, dolus is taken as the deed; nor under this law is gross fault (culpa lata) taken as dolus. Therefore, if someone has hurled himself from a height and come down upon another and killed him, or if a pruner, when he was throwing down a branch from a tree, did not call out beforehand and killed a passer-by, it does not pertain to the enforcement of this law.

Dig. 48.8.8

Digest 48.8.8

Ulpianus 33 ad ed.

Ulpian, 33 On the Edict.

Si mulierem visceribus suis vim intulisse, quo partum abigeret, constiterit, eam in exilium praeses provinciae exiget.

If it is established that a woman has inflicted violence upon her own womb, in order to abort the offspring, the governor of the province will banish her into exile.

Dig. 48.8.9

Digest 48.8.9

Ulpianus 37 ad ed.

Ulpian Book 37 on the Edict.

Furem nocturnum si quis occiderit, ita demum impune feret, si parcere ei sine periculo suo non potuit.

If anyone kills a nocturnal thief, only then will he bear it with impunity, if he could not spare him without danger to himself.

Dig. 48.8.10

Digest 48.8.10

Ulpianus 18 ad ed.

Ulpian, 18 on the Edict.

Si quis dolo insulam meam exusserit, capitis poena plectetur quasi incendiarius.

If anyone, by deliberate intent, has burned down my tenement, he shall be punished with a capital penalty as an incendiary.

Dig. 48.8.11pr.

Digest 48.8.11pr.

Modestinus 6 reg.

Modestinus 6 rules.

Circumcidere iudaeis filios suos tantum rescripto divi pii permittitur: in non eiusdem religionis qui hoc fecerit, castrantis poena irrogatur.

It is permitted by the rescript of the deified Pius for Jews to circumcise only their own sons: upon one not of the same religion who has done this, the penalty of a castrator is imposed.

Dig. 48.8.11.1

Digest 48.8.11.1

Modestinus 6 reg.

Modestinus Book 6 of the Rules.

Servo sine iudice ad bestias dato non solum qui vendidit poena, verum et qui comparavit tenebitur.

If a slave has been given to the beasts without a judge, not only the one who sold will be held to penalty, but also the one who bought.

Dig. 48.8.11.2

Digest 48.8.11.2

Modestinus 6 reg.

Modestinus 6 Rules.

Post legem petroniam et senatus consulta ad eam legem pertinentia dominis potestas ablata est ad bestias depugnandas suo arbitrio servos tradere: oblato tamen iudici servo, si iusta sit domini querella, sic poenae tradetur.

After the Petronian law and the senatorial decrees pertaining to that law, the power was removed from masters to hand over slaves, at their own discretion, to the beasts for combat: however, when the slave is presented to the judge, if the master’s complaint is just, thus he will be delivered to punishment.

Dig. 48.8.12

Digest 48.8.12

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus 8 rules.

Infans vel furiosus si hominem occiderint, lege cornelia non tenentur, cum alterum innocentia consilii tuetur, alterum fati infelicitas excusat.

An infant or an insane person, if they have killed a man, are not held under the Cornelian law, since the one is protected by innocence of intent, the other is excused by the misfortune of fate.

Dig. 48.8.13

Digest 48.8.13

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Ex senatus consulto eius legis poena damnari iubetur, qui mala sacrificia fecerit habuerit.

By decree of the senate, it is ordered that he be condemned to the penalty of that law who has performed or held evil sacrifices.

Dig. 48.8.14

Digest 48.8.14

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

Divus hadrianus in haec verba rescripsit: " in maleficiis voluntas spectatur, non exitus".

The deified Hadrian wrote back in these words: " in misdeeds the will is considered, not the outcome".

Dig. 48.8.15

Digest 48.8.15

Ulpianus 8 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian, 8 on the Julian and Papian law.

Nihil interest, occidat quis an causam mortis praebeat.

It makes no difference, whether someone kills or supplies the cause of death.

Dig. 48.8.16

Digest 48.8.16

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus Book 3 On Penalties.

Qui caedem admiserunt sponte dolove malo, in honore aliquo positi deportari solent, qui secundo gradu sunt, capite puniuntur. facilius hoc in decuriones fieri potest, sic tamen, ut consulto prius principe et iubente id fiat: nisi forte tumultus aliter sedari non possit.

Those who have committed homicide of their own accord or by evil fraud, if placed in some honor, are customarily deported; those who are in the second degree are punished with the head (i.e., with capital punishment). This can more easily be done in the case of decurions, provided, however, that it be done after first consulting the emperor and by his order—unless perhaps a tumult cannot otherwise be quelled.

Dig. 48.8.17

Digest 48.8.17

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Si in rixa percussus homo perierit, ictus unius cuiusque in hoc collectorum contemplari oportet.

If in a brawl a man, having been struck, should perish, the blows of each individual of those gathered for this ought to be contemplated.

Dig. 48.9.0. De lege pompeia de parricidiis.

Dig. 48.9.0. On the Pompeian law concerning parricides.

Dig. 48.9.1

Digest 48.9.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Lege pompeia de parricidiis cavetur, ut, si quis patrem matrem, avum aviam, fratrem sororem patruelem matruelem, patruum avunculum amitam, consobrinum consobrinam, uxorem virum generum socrum, vitricum, privignum privignam, patronum patronam occiderit cuiusve dolo malo id factum erit, ut poena ea teneatur quae est legis corneliae de sicariis. sed et mater, quae filium filiamve occiderit, eius legis poena adficitur, et avus, qui nepotem occiderit: et praeterea qui emit venenum ut patri daret, quamvis non potuerit dare.

By the Pompeian law concerning parricides it is provided that, if anyone has killed his father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, brother, sister, paternal cousin, maternal cousin, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, paternal aunt, cousin-german (male), cousin-german (female), wife, husband, son-in-law, mother-in-law, stepfather, stepson, stepdaughter, patron or patroness, or if by anyone’s malicious deceit it has been done, he is held liable to the penalty which is of the Cornelian Law on assassins. But also a mother who has killed her son or daughter is subjected to the penalty of that law, and a grandfather who has killed his grandson: and, furthermore, he who bought poison in order to give it to his father, although he was not able to give it.

Dig. 48.9.2

Digest 48.9.2

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola book 4 of the Rules.

Frater autem eius, qui cognoverat tantum nec patri indicaverat, relegatus est et medicus supplicio affectus.

But his brother, who had only learned of it and had not informed his father, was relegated, and the physician was subjected to punishment.

Dig. 48.9.3

Digest 48.9.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Sed sciendum est lege pompeia de consobrino comprehendi, sed non etiam eos pariter complecti, qui pari propioreve gradu sunt. sed et novercae et sponsae personae omissae sunt, sententia tamen legis continentur:

But it should be known that by the Pompeian law the consobrinus (cousin-german) is included, but it does not likewise comprehend those who are in an equal or a nearer degree. But the persons of the stepmother and the betrothed are omitted, yet they are contained by the tenor of the law:

Dig. 48.9.4

Digest 48.9.4

Marcianus 1 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 1 on public prosecutions.

Cum pater et mater sponsi sponsae socerorum, ut liberorum sponsi generorum appellatione continentur.

Since the father and mother of the bridegroom and of the bride are contained under the appellation of parents-in-law, just as the children of the bridegroom are contained under the appellation of sons-in-law.

Dig. 48.9.5

Digest 48.9.5

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Divus hadrianus fertur, cum in venatione filium suum quidam necaverat, qui novercam adulterabat, in insulam eum deportasse, quod latronis magis quam patris iure eum interfecit: nam patria potestas in pietate debet, non atrocitate consistere.

The deified Hadrian is said, when on a hunt a certain man had killed his son, who was committing adultery with his stepmother, to have deported him to an island, because he killed him by the right of a robber rather than of a father: for paternal power ought to consist in piety, not in atrocity.

Dig. 48.9.6

Digest 48.9.6

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Utrum qui occiderunt parentes an etiam conscii poena parricidii adficiantur, quaeri potest. et ait maecianus etiam conscios eadem poena adficiendos, non solum parricidas. proinde conscii etiam extranei eadem poena adficiendi sunt.

Whether those who have killed their parents, or also accomplices, are subjected to the penalty of parricide can be asked. and Maecianus says that accomplices also are to be subjected to the same penalty, not only the parricides. accordingly even outsiders who are accomplices are to be subjected to the same penalty.

Dig. 48.9.7

Digest 48.9.7

Ulpianus 29 ad ed.

Ulpian 29 on the Edict.

Si sciente creditore ad scelus committendum pecunia sit subministrata, ut puta si ad veneni mali comparationem vel etiam ut latronibus adgressoribusque daretur, qui patrem interficerent: parricidii poena tenebitur, qui quaesierit pecuniam quique eorum ita crediderint aut a quo ita caverint.

If, with the creditor knowing, money has been supplied for the committing of a crime—say, for the procurement of deadly poison, or even so that it be given to bandits and assailants who would kill a father—the penalty for parricide will be incurred by the one who has sought the money, and by those of the creditors who have thus lent, or by the one by whom they have thus provided security.

Dig. 48.9.8

Digest 48.9.8

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Book 8 of Disputations.

Parricidii postulatus si interim decesserit, si quidem sibi mortem conscivit, successorem fiscum habere debebit: si minus, eum quem voluit, si modo testamentum fecit: si intestatus decessit, eos heredes habebit, qui lege vocantur.

One charged with parricide, if in the meantime he has died, if indeed he procured death for himself, he ought to have the fisc as successor: if not, the one whom he wished, provided that he made a testament: if he died intestate, he will have as heirs those who are called by law.

Dig. 48.9.9pr.

Digest 48.9.9, preface.

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 pandects.

Poena parricidii more maiorum haec instituta est, ut parricida virgis sanguineis verberatus deinde culleo insuatur cum cane, gallo gallinaceo et vipera et simia: deinde in mare profundum culleus iactatur. hoc ita, si mare proximum sit: alioquin bestiis obicitur secundum divi hadriani constitutionem.

The penalty of parricide, instituted in the manner of the ancestors, is this: that the parricide, scourged with blood-colored rods, is then sewn up into a sack with a dog, a barnyard cock, a viper, and an ape; then the sack is cast into the deep sea. This is thus, if the sea is close by: otherwise, he is thrown to the beasts according to the constitution of the deified Hadrian.

Dig. 48.9.9.1

Digest 48.9.9.1

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Qui alias personas occiderint praeter matrem et patrem et avum et aviam ( quos more maiorum puniri supra diximus), capitis poena plectentur aut ultimo supplicio mactantur.

Those who have killed other persons, apart from a mother and father and a grandfather and grandmother ( whom we have said above are to be punished according to the custom of the ancestors), will be punished with capital punishment or will be put to death by the ultimate punishment.

Dig. 48.9.9.2

Digest 48.9.9.2

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Sane si per furorem aliquis parentem occiderit, impunitus erit, ut divi fratres rescripserunt super eo, qui per furorem matrem necaverat: nam sufficere furore ipso eum puniri, diligentiusque custodiendum esse aut etiam vinculis coercendum.

Indeed, if someone has killed a parent in frenzy, he will be unpunished, as the deified brothers wrote in a rescript concerning one who had slain his mother in frenzy: for it suffices that he be punished by the frenzy itself, and he must be guarded more diligently or even restrained in bonds.

Dig. 48.9.10

Digest 48.9.10

Paulus l.S. de poen. omnium legum.

Paulus, in the single book on the penalties of all laws.

Eorum, qui parricidii poena teneri possunt, semper accusatio permittitur.

An accusation is always permitted against those who may be subject to the penalty for parricide.

Dig. 48.10.0. De lege cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto liboniano.

Digest 48.10.0. On the lex cornelia on forgeries and on the senatus consultum libonianum.

Dig. 48.10.1pr.

Digest 48.10.1, preface.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus Book 14 of the Institutes.

Poena legis corneliae irrogatur ei, qui falsas testationes faciendas testimoniave falsa inspicienda dolo malo coiecerit.

The penalty of the Cornelian law is imposed upon one who, with malicious fraud, has brought it about that false attestations be made or that false testimonies be put forward for inspection.

Dig. 48.10.1.1

Digest 48.10.1.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Item ob instruendam advocationem testimoniave pecuniam acceperit pactusve fuerit societatem coierit ad obligationem innocentium, ex senatus consulto coercetur.

Likewise, whoever has accepted money for the purpose of arranging advocacy or testimony, or has made a pact, or has entered into a partnership for the obligation of the innocent, is coerced by senatorial decree.

Dig. 48.10.1.2

Digest 48.10.1.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 institutes.

Sed et si quis ob renuntiandum remittendumve testimonium dicendum vel non dicendum pecuniam acceperit, poena legis corneliae adficitur. et qui iudicem corruperit corrumpendumve curaverit.

But also, if anyone, for reporting or remitting that testimony be given or not given, shall have received money, he is subjected to the penalty of the Lex Cornelia. And he who has corrupted a judge, or has taken care that he be corrupted.

Dig. 48.10.1.3

Digest 48.10.1.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus Institutes 14.

Sed et si iudex constitutiones principum neglexerit, punitur.

But also, if a judge has neglected the constitutions of the emperors, he is punished.

Dig. 48.10.1.4

Digest 48.10.1.4

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Qui in rationibus tabulis cerisve vel alia qua re sine consignatione falsum fecerint vel rem amoverint, perinde ex his causis, atque si erant falsarii, puniuntur. sic et divus severus lege cornelia de falsis damnavit praefectum aegypti, quod instrumentis suis, cum praeerat provinciae, falsum fecit.

Those who in accounts, on tablets or wax, or by any other means, without sealing, have made a forgery or have removed an item, are punished on these grounds just as if they were forgers. Thus also the deified Severus, under the Lex Cornelia on forgeries, condemned the prefect of Egypt, because in his own instruments, when he was administering the province, he made a forgery.

Dig. 48.10.1.5

Digest 48.10.1.5

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Is, qui aperuerit vivi testamentum, legis corneliae poena tenetur.

He who opens the will of a living person is liable to the penalty of the Cornelian Law.

Dig. 48.10.1.6

Digest 48.10.1.6

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Is, qui deposita instrumenta apud alium ab eo prodita esse adversariis suis dicit, accusare eum falsi potest.

He who says that instruments deposited with another have been betrayed by him to his adversaries can accuse him of falsum.

Dig. 48.10.1.7

Digest 48.10.1.7

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes

Ad testamenta militum senatus consultum pertinet, quo lege cornelia tenentur, qui sibi legatum fideicommissumve adscripserint.

A senatorial decree pertains to soldiers’ testaments, by which, under the Lex Cornelia, those are bound who have written in for themselves a legacy or fideicommissum.

Dig. 48.10.1.8

Digest 48.10.1.8

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Inter filium et servum et extraneum testamentum scribentes hoc interest, quod in extraneo, si specialiter subscriptio facta est " quod illi dictavi et recognovi", poena cessat et capi potest, in filio vel servo vel generalis subscriptio sufficit et ad poenam evitandam et ad capiendum.

Between a son and a slave and an outsider who are writing a testament, this is the difference: that in the case of an outsider, if the subscription has been made specifically, " that I dictated it to him and acknowledged it," the penalty ceases and he can take; in the case of a son or a slave, even a general subscription suffices both for avoiding the penalty and for taking.

Dig. 48.10.1.9

Digest 48.10.1.9

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Ex illa quoque causa falsi poenae quis subicitur ( ut divi quoque severus et antoninus constituerunt), ut tutores et curatores et qui officio deposito non restituerunt tutelam vel curationem cum fisco contrahere non possint ac, si quis adversus hanc legem profectus aerario obrepserit, ut perinde puniatur, ac si falsum commisisset.

From that ground also one is subjected to the penalty for falsum ( as the deified severus and antoninus also established ), namely that guardians and curators, and those who, the office having been laid down, did not restore the guardianship or curatorship, cannot contract with the fisc; and, if anyone, acting contrary to this law, has crept in upon the aerarium, he is to be punished just as if he had committed falsum.

Dig. 48.10.1.10

Digest 48.10.1.10

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus, Book 14 of the Institutes.

Sed ad illos hoc non pertinet ( ut idem principes rescripserunt), qui antequam tutelam susciperent haec gesserunt: nec enim excusationes admisisse, sed fraudes exclusisse.

But this does not pertain to those ( as the same emperors have rescripted) who, before they undertook the tutelage, did these things: for they did not admit excuses, but excluded frauds.

Dig. 48.10.1.11

Digest 48.10.1.11

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Idem principes rescripserunt ita demum eum, qui rationem tutelae vel curae nondum reddidit, cum fisco contrahere non debere, si vivat is, cuius tutela administrata est: nam si decesserit, licet nondum heredi eius rationem reddiderit, iure eum contrahere.

The same princes rescripted that only then he who has not yet rendered an account of a tutela or cura ought not to contract with the fisc, if the one whose guardianship was administered is alive: for if he has died, although he has not yet rendered the account to his heir, he may lawfully contract.

Dig. 48.10.1.12

Digest 48.10.1.12

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Sed si iure hereditario successerunt in fiscalem contractum tutor vel curator, licet ante rationem redditam: non puto poenam locum habere, licet adhuc vivat is, cuius tutela vel cura administrata est.

But if the tutor or curator have, by hereditary right, succeeded into a fiscal contract, even before the account has been rendered: I do not think the penalty has a place, even though he whose tutelage or curatorship was administered is still alive.

Dig. 48.10.1.13

Digest 48.10.1.13

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 institutes.

Poena falsi vel quasi falsi deportatio est et omnium bonorum publicatio: et si servus eorum quid admiserit, ultimo supplicio adfici iubetur.

The penalty of falsum or quasi-falsum is deportation and the public confiscation of all goods: and if their slave has committed anything, he is ordered to be subjected to the ultimate punishment.

Dig. 48.10.2

Digest 48.10.2

Paulus 3 ad sab.

Paulus 3 on Sabinus.

Qui testamentum amoverit celaverit eripuerit deleverit interleverit subiecerit resignaverit quive testamentum falsum scripserit signaverit recitaverit dolo malo cuiusve dolo malo id factum erit, legis corneliae poena damnatur.

Whoever shall have removed, concealed, snatched away, erased, interlineated, substituted, or unsealed a testament, or whoever shall have written, signed, or recited a false testament with malicious fraud, or by whose malicious fraud that shall have been done, is condemned by the penalty of the Cornelian law.

Dig. 48.10.3

Digest 48.10.3

Ulpianus 4 disp.

Ulpian book 4 of the Disputations.

Qui ignorans falsum esse testamentum vel hereditatem adiit vel legatum accepit vel quoquo modo adgnovit, falsum testamentum dicere non prohibetur.

One who, being unaware that the testament is false, either entered upon the inheritance or accepted a legacy or in whatever way acknowledged it, is not prohibited from asserting that the testament is false.

Dig. 48.10.4

Digest 48.10.4

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Si quis, cum falso sibi legatum adscribi curasset, decesserit, id heredi quoque extorquendum est. inde divus quoque marcus, cum quidam a patre heres institutus codicillos intercidisset et decessisset, fisco tantum esse putavit vindicandum, quantum per codicillos erogari posset, id est usque ad dodrantem.

If anyone, after having taken care that a legacy be ascribed to himself falsely, has died, that is to be extorted from the heir as well. On this basis the deified Marcus, when a certain man who had been instituted heir by his father had let the codicils perish and had died, thought that only so much was to be vindicated to the fisc as could be disbursed by codicils, that is, up to three quarters.

Dig. 48.10.5

Digest 48.10.5

Iulianus 86 Dig.

Julian 86 Digest

Senatus poenam remisit ei, qui legata a se testamento data codicillis sua manu scriptis ademerat, sed quia et iussu patris id fecerat et annorum viginti quinque erat: hereditatem quoque ei capere permissum est.

The Senate remitted the penalty to him who had removed the legacies given by his testament by codicils written in his own hand, but because he had done this both by his father’s order and was twenty-five years of age: he was also permitted to take the inheritance.

Dig. 48.10.6pr.

Digest 48.10.6, preface.

Africanus 3 quaest.

Africanus 3 Questions.

Si quis legatum sibi adscripserit, tenetur poena legis corneliae, quamvis inutile legatum sit: nam et eum teneri constat, qui eo testamento, quod postea ruptum vel etiam quod initio non iure fieret, legatum sibi adscripserit. hoc tamen tunc verum est, cum perfectum testamentum erit. ceterum si non signatum fuerit, magis est ut senatus consulto locus non sit, sicuti nec interdictum de tabulis testamenti exhibendis locum habet: prius enim oportet esse aliquod testamentum vel non iure factum, ut senatus consulto locus sit.

If anyone has ascribed a legacy to himself, he is liable to the penalty of the Lex Cornelia, although the legacy be ineffectual; for it is agreed that he is liable even if, in a will which was afterwards broken, or even which from the beginning was not lawfully made, he has ascribed a legacy to himself. Nevertheless this is true only when the testament has been perfected. But if it has not been sealed, the sounder view is that there is no place for the senatus consultum (senatorial decree), just as neither does the interdict for producing the tablets of the testament have place: for first there must be some testament, even one not lawfully made, in order that the senatus consultum may apply.

nam et falsum testamentum id demum recte dicitur, quod, si adulterinum non esset, verum tamen testamentum recte dicetur. similiter igitur et non iure factum testamentum id appellatur, in quo si omnia rite facta essent, iure factum diceretur.

for a false testament is then and only then rightly said to be such, which, if it were not adulterine, would nevertheless be rightly called a true testament. similarly, therefore, a testament not made according to law is so called in that case in which, if all things had been done duly, it would be said to have been made according to law.

Dig. 48.10.6.1

Digest 48.10.6.1

Africanus 3 quaest.

Africanus 3 Questions.

Si institutus heres exheredationem nominatim filii vel aliarum personarum adscribat, senatus consulto tenetur.

If an instituted heir enters, by name, the disinheritance of a son or of other persons, he is held liable under the senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.10.6.2

Digest 48.10.6.2

Africanus 3 quaest.

Africanus 3 Questions.

Similiter et is, qui libertatem sua manu ademit servi testatoris et maxime cui a se legata vel fideicommissa data erant, senatus consulto tenetur.

Similarly, he too who with his own hand deprived the testator’s slave of freedom—and especially the one to whom legacies or fideicommissa had been given by him—is held liable under the senatorial decree.

Dig. 48.10.6.3

Digest 48.10.6.3

Africanus 3 quaest.

Africanus 3 Questions.

Si patronus testamento liberti legatum sibi scripserit et venia impetrata abstinere legato iussus est, an emolumentum bonorum possessionis contra tabulas habere possit? et magis placet non posse. nec tamen huic consequens est, ut et, si uxor dotem vel creditor id, quod in diem sibi deberetur, sibi adscripserit et similiter venia impetrata abstinere se legato iubeantur, aut mulieri dotis aut creditori actio sua denegari debet, ne eorum uterque merito debito careat.

If a patron has written a legacy to himself in the freedman’s testament and, leave having been obtained, has been ordered to abstain from the legacy, can he have the emolument of bonorum possessio against the tablets (contra tabulas)? And the more approved view is that he cannot. Nor does it follow for this person that, if a wife has ascribed the dowry to herself, or a creditor that which would be owed to him on the appointed day to himself, and, similarly, with leave obtained, they are ordered to abstain from the legacy to themselves, either the woman should be denied her action for the dowry or the creditor his own action, lest each of them be deprived of the debt that is deservedly due.

Dig. 48.10.7

Digest 48.10.7

Marcianus 2 inst.

Marcianus 2 Institutes.

Nullo modo servi cum dominis suis consistere possunt, cum ne quidem omnino iure civili neque iure praetorio neque extra ordinem computantur: praeterquam quod favorabiliter divi marcus et commodus rescripserunt, cum servus quereretur, quod tabulae testamenti, quibus ei data erat libertas, subprimerentur, admittendum ad suppressi testamenti accusationem.

In no way can slaves take their stand in litigation with their masters, since they are not at all reckoned under the civil law, nor under the praetorian law, nor under extraordinary procedure: except that, favorably, the deified Marcus and Commodus wrote in a rescript that, when a slave complained that the testamentary tablets by which liberty had been given to him were being suppressed, he is to be admitted to the accusation of a suppressed testament.

Dig. 48.10.8

Digest 48.10.8

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Quicumque nummos aureos partim raserint, partim tinxerint vel finxerint: si quidem liberi sunt, ad bestias dari, si servi, summo supplicio adfici debent.

Whoever shall have in part shaved gold coins, in part tinged or forged them: if indeed they are free, they are to be given to the beasts; if slaves, they ought to be afflicted with the supreme punishment.

Dig. 48.10.9pr.

Digest 48.10.9, beginning.

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Lege cornelia cavetur, ut, qui in aurum vitii quid addiderit, qui argenteos nummos adulterinos flaverit, falsi crimine teneri.

By the Cornelian law it is provided that whoever has added any defect to gold, or has cast adulterine silver coins, be held on the charge of falsity.

Dig. 48.10.9.1

Digest 48.10.9.1

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Eadem poena adficitur etiam is qui, cum prohibere tale quid posset, non prohibuit.

The same penalty is imposed also on him who, although he could prohibit such a thing, did not prohibit it.

Dig. 48.10.9.2

Digest 48.10.9.2

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Eadem lege exprimitur, ne quis nummos stagneos plumbeos emere vendere dolo malo vellet.

By the same law it is expressed, that no one should, by malicious deceit, wish to buy or sell pewter or leaden coins.

Dig. 48.10.9.3

Digest 48.10.9.3

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Poena legis corneliae irrogatur ei, qui quid aliud quam in testamento sciens dolo malo falsum signaverit signarive curaverit, item qui falsas testationes faciendas testimoniave falsa invicem dicenda dolo malo coierint.

The penalty of the Cornelian Law is imposed on one who, knowing and with malicious fraud, has signed or has procured to be signed anything false other than in a testament; likewise on those who have conspired with malicious fraud that false attestations be made, or that false testimony be given in turn for each other.

Dig. 48.10.9.4

Digest 48.10.9.4

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Qui delatorem summisit in causa pecuniaria, eadem poena tenetur, qua tenentur hi qui ob instruendas lites pecuniam acceperunt.

Whoever has suborned an informer in a pecuniary cause is held by the same penalty as those who have received money for the instructing of lawsuits.

Dig. 48.10.10pr.

Digest 48.10.10, preface.

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 On Public Prosecutions.

De eo, qui ei in cuius potestate est eique qui in eadem potestate est adscripserit, nihil senatus consultis cavetur: sed hoc quoque casu committitur in legem, quia huius rei emolumentum ad patrem dominumve pertinet, ad quem pertineret, si filius servusve sibi adscripsissent.

Concerning one who has ascribed to him in whose power he is, and to one who is in the same power, no provision is made by senatorial decrees; but in this case also a breach of the statute is committed, because the emolument of this matter pertains to the father or the master, to whom it would pertain if the son or the slave had ascribed it to themselves.

Dig. 48.10.10.1

Digest 48.10.10.1

Macer 1 publ.

Macer 1 Public.

Illud constat, si extraneo quis adscripserit legatum, licet postea vivo testatore in potestate eum habere coeperit, senatus consultis locum non esse.

It is established that, if someone has entered a legacy to a stranger, even if afterwards, with the testator still alive, he has begun to have him under his power, the senatorial decrees do not apply.

Dig. 48.10.11

Digest 48.10.11

Marcianus 1 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 on Public Prosecutions.

Si pater filio suo militi, quem habet in potestate, testamento commilitonis filii aliquid adscripserit, quem conmilitonem in militia novit: quia patri non adquiritur, extra poenam est. et cum matri filius adscripserat, divi fratres rescripserunt, cum iussu testatoris hoc scripsit, impunitum eum esse matremque capere posse.

If a father has written in the testament of his son’s fellow‑soldier something for his own son, a soldier whom he has in his power, whom he knew as a fellow‑soldier in military service: since it is not acquired to the father, it is outside the penalty. And when a son had written something for his mother, the deified brothers wrote back that, since he wrote this by the order of the testator, he is unpunished and the mother can take.

Dig. 48.10.12

Digest 48.10.12

Papinianus 13 resp.

Papinian 13 Responses.

Cum falsi reus ante crimen illatum aut sententiam dictam vita decedit, cessante cornelia quod scelere quaesitum est heredi non relinquitur.

When a defendant for falsum departs life before the charge has been brought or sentence pronounced, the Cornelian [law/prosecution] ceasing, what was procured by the crime is not left to the heir.

Dig. 48.10.13pr.

Digest 48.10.13, preface.

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus 15 responses.

Falsi nominis vel cognominis adseveratio poena falsi coercetur.

The assertion of a false name or cognomen is constrained by the penalty for falsum.

Dig. 48.10.13.1

Digest 48.10.13.1

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus 15 Responses.

Ordine decurionum decem annis advocatum motum, qui falsum instrumentum cognoscente praeside recitavit, post finem temporis dignitatem respondi reciperare, quoniam in corneliam falso recitato, non facto non incidit. eadem ratione plebeium ob eandem causam exilio temporario punitum decurionem post reditum recte creari.

I answered that an advocate removed from the order of the decurions for ten years, who recited a false instrument while the governor was taking cognizance, would recover his dignity after the end of the term, since under the Cornelian law he does not fall for a false recitation if he did not make it. By the same reasoning, a plebeian punished with temporary exile for the same cause is rightly created a decurion after his return.

Dig. 48.10.14pr.

Digest 48.10.14pr.

Paulus 22 quaest.

Paulus 22 Questions.

Filius emancipatus cum scriberet patris testamentum, iussu patris servo communi titii et suo legatum adscripsit: quaero quis exitus quaestionis sit. respondit: plures quaestiones coniunxisti. et quidem quantum ad senatus consultum, quo prohibemur nobis vel his, quos in potestate habemus, adscribere legatum, emancipatus quoque filius eadem poena tenebitur, licet iussu patris scripserit: excusatus enim is videtur qui in potestate est sic ut servus, si tamen iussum ex subscriptione testatoris appareat: sic enim inveni senatum censuisse.

An emancipated son, when he was writing his father’s testament, by his father’s order entered a legacy to the slave common to Titius and to himself: I ask what the outcome of the question is. He responded: You have joined multiple questions. And indeed, as regards the senatorial decree by which we are prohibited from ascribing a legacy to ourselves or to those whom we have in our power, the emancipated son also will be held by the same penalty, although he wrote by his father’s order: for he is considered excused who is in power, just as a slave is, if, however, the order appears from the testator’s subscription: for thus I found the senate to have resolved.

Dig. 48.10.14.1

Digest 48.10.14.1

Paulus 22 quaest.

Paulus 22 questions.

Sequens quaestio est, an, quoniam placet id quod illicite scriptum est pro non scripto esse, quod servo communi scribentis et alterius adscriptum est, utrum in totum pro non scripto sit an quantum ad eum tantum qui adscripsit, ceterum socio totum debeatur. et inveni Marcellum apud iulianum adnotasse. nam cum iulianus scripsisset, si sibi et titio scripsisset aut servo communi, cum pro non scripto sit, facillime quaeri posse, quantum titio et socio adquiratur ita: adicit iste Marcellus: quemadmodum socio debebitur, si quasi falsum nomen servi subducitur?

The following question is, since it is agreed that what has been illicitly written is to count as not written, in the case where something has been ascribed to a slave held in common by the writer and another, whether it is altogether to be treated as not written, or only so far as concerns the one who made the ascription, while the whole is owed to the partner. And I found that Marcellus annotated this in Julianus. For when Julianus had written that, if he had written for himself and Titius or to a common slave, since it is as not written, it can very easily be asked how much is acquired to Titius and to the partner, thus: this Marcellus adds: how will it be owed to the partner, if, as though false, the slave’s name is withdrawn?

quod et in praesenti quaestione observandum est.

which also is to be observed in the present question.

Dig. 48.10.14.2

Digest 48.10.14.2

Paulus 22 quaest.

Paulus 22 Questions.

Maritus servum dotalem manumisit et in testamento eius legatum sibi adscripsit. quaesitum est, quid mulier ex lege iulia consequi possit. respondi: et patronum incidere in poenam edicti divi claudii dicendum est et filium emancipatum, licet praeteriti possint petere possessionem bonorum.

A husband manumitted a dowry slave and, in his will, had a legacy entered for himself. It was asked what the woman can obtain under the Julian Law. I replied: both that the patron must be said to incur the penalty of the edict of the deified Claudius, and that the emancipated son, although passed over, can seek possession of the estate.

ergo si nihil habet patronus ex bonis liberti, non tenebitur mulieri. an ideo teneri potest, quod adiectum est in lege " aut dolo fecit, quo minus ad eum perveniat?" sed nihil fecit in fraudem mulieris: non enim adversus illam hoc excogitavit. an ideo non denegamus huic actiones, quoniam alii restituturus est?

Therefore, if the patron has nothing from the goods of the freedman, he will not be held liable to the woman. Or can he therefore be held because it has been added in the law, “or he acted by dolus, so that it might the less come to him”? But he did nothing in fraud of the woman: for he did not contrive this against her. Or for this reason do we not deny actions to this one, since he is going to restore it to another?

adquin cum is, qui sibi iussu testatoris legatum adscripsit, etiam si fidei suae, similiter iubente testatore, commisisset, ut id alii restitueret, senatus iussit eum nihilo minus legato abstinere idque apud heredem remanere cum onere fideicommissi.

Moreover, when one who has entered a legacy to himself by the testator’s order—even if, the testator likewise ordering, he had committed it to his own good faith to restore it to another—the senate ordered him nonetheless to abstain from the legacy, and that it remain with the heir with the burden of the fideicommissum.

Dig. 48.10.15pr.

Digest 48.10.15pr.

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 Questions.

Divus claudius edicto praecepit adiciendum legi corneliae, ut, si quis, cum alterius testamentum vel codicillos scriberet, legatum sibi sua manu scripserit, proinde teneatur ac si commisisset in legem corneliam, et ne vel is venia detur, qui se ignorasse edicti severitatem praetendant. scribere autem sibi legatum videri non solum eum qui manu sua id facit, sed etiam qui per servum suum vel filium, quem in potestatem habet, dictante testatore legato honoratur.

The deified Claudius, by edict, ordered that there be added to the Cornelian law: that, if anyone, while writing another’s testament or codicils, has written with his own hand a legacy to himself, he is held just as if he had offended against the Cornelian law; and that no indulgence be granted even to one who pretends that he was ignorant of the severity of the edict. Moreover, a person is deemed to have written a legacy for himself not only if he does it with his own hand, but also if, through his slave or his son whom he has in his power, he is honored with a legacy at the dictation of the testator.

Dig. 48.10.15.1

Digest 48.10.15.1

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 questions.

Plane constitutionibus principalibus cavetur, ut, si testator specialiter subscriptione sua declaraverit dictasse servo alicuius, ut domino eius legatum ab heredibus suis daretur, id valere, nec generalem subscriptionem testatoris valere adversus senatus consulti auctoritatem et ideo legatum pro non scripto habendum et servo, qui etiam sibi legatum adscripsit, veniam dari. ego tutius esse puto veniam petendam ab imperatore, scilicet eo quod relictum est abstinentibus.

Plainly by imperial constitutions it is provided that, if the testator has specifically by his own subscription declared that he dictated to someone’s slave that a legacy be given to that slave’s master by his heirs, that is to be valid; nor is the general subscription of the testator to be valid against the authority of the senatus consultum, and therefore the legacy is to be held as not written, and pardon is to be given to the slave who has even inscribed a legacy to himself. I consider it safer that pardon be sought from the emperor, namely as to that which has been left to those abstaining.

Dig. 48.10.15.2

Digest 48.10.15.2

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 questions.

Item senatus censuit, ut, si servus domini sui iussu testamento codicillisve libertatem sibi adscripserit, ob eam rem, quod ipsius manu adscriptum est, minus liber sit: sed libertas ei ex fideicommissi causa praestatur: si modo post eam scripturam manu sua testator testamento codicillisve subscripserit.

Likewise the senate decreed that, if a slave, at the order of his master, has entered liberty for himself in a testament or in codicils, he be, on that account, because it was entered by his own hand, less free; but liberty is furnished to him on the ground of a fideicommissum, provided only that, after that writing, the testator has subscribed with his own hand to the testament or to the codicils.

Dig. 48.10.15.3

Digest 48.10.15.3

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 questions.

Et quatenus de sola specie fideicommissae libertatis hoc senatus consulto continebatur, divus pius rescripsit sententiam magis sequendam esse huius senatus consulti quam scripturam: nam servos, cum dominis suis parent, necessitate potestatis excusari, si tamen accedat domini auctoritas subscribentis se ea dictasse et recognovisse: videri enim ait ipsius domini manu scripta, cuius voluntate ea scripta sunt. " quod tamen", inquit, " ad liberas personas, in quas nullum ius testator habuerit, extendi non debet: quaeri tamen debet, an aeque subsequendi necessitas et honesta excusatio est non facientibus, quod non sit concessum".

And inasmuch as this senatus consultum was contained concerning the sole species of fideicommissary liberty, the deified Pius wrote in a rescript that the intent of this senatus consultum is rather to be followed than its script: for slaves, when they obey their masters, are to be excused by the necessity of power, provided, however, that the authority of the master be added, he subscribing that he dictated these things and recognized (reviewed) them: for he says they seem to be written by the very hand of the master, by whose will they were written. " which nevertheless," he says, " ought not to be extended to free persons, over whom the testator had no right: it should, however, be asked whether there is equally a necessity of following and an honorable excuse for not doing what has not been granted".

Dig. 48.10.15.4

Digest 48.10.15.4

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 Questions.

Matri quoque, cui per servum suum dictante filio legatum scriptum esset, veniam tribuendam legis corneliae placuit.

It also was decided that to a mother, for whom, with her son dictating, a legacy had been written through his own slave, pardon under the Lex Cornelia should be granted.

Dig. 48.10.15.5

Digest 48.10.15.5

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 questions.

Idem in filiam, quae dictante matre sua per ignorantiam iuris legatum sibi scripserat, senatus censuit.

The same the senate decreed as to a daughter, who, with her own mother dictating, had written a legacy to herself through ignorance of the law.

Dig. 48.10.15.6

Digest 48.10.15.6

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus Book 1 of the Questions.

Si quis duobus heredibus institutis adiecerit, ut, si alteruter heres sine liberis decessisset, ei qui superesset et liberos haberet hereditas redderetur vel, si uterque sine liberis decessisset, hereditas ( deinde alia manu) scriptori testamenti restitueretur: placet testamentario poenam legis corneliae remitti. sed benignius est, ut etiam ea, quae supra scripta sunt, simili modo consequatur.

If someone, having instituted two heirs, has added that, if either heir should die without children, the inheritance be returned to the one who survived and had children, or, if both should die without children, the inheritance ( deinde alia manu) be restored to the writer of the will: it is the prevailing view that the penalty of the Cornelian law be remitted to the testamentary scribe. But it is more benign that he likewise obtain, in a similar manner, those things which are written above.

Dig. 48.10.16pr.

Digest 48.10.16, beginning.

Paulus 3 resp.

Paulus Responses, Book 3.

Respondit instrumentorum subreptorum crimen non esse publici iudicii, nisi testamentum alicuius subreptum arguatur.

He responded that the charge concerning stolen instruments is not a matter of public judgment, unless someone’s testament is alleged to have been stolen.

Dig. 48.10.16.1

Digest 48.10.16.1

Paulus 3 resp.

Paulus book 3 of Responses.

Paulus respondit legis corneliae poena omnes teneri, qui etiam extra testamenta cetera falsa signassent.

Paulus replied that all are liable to the penalty of the Cornelian law who had signed other false documents even apart from wills.

Dig. 48.10.16.2

Digest 48.10.16.2

Paulus 3 resp.

Paul 3 responses.

Sed et ceteros, qui in rationibus tabulis litteris publicis aliave qua re sine consignatione falsum fecerunt vel, ut verum non appareat, quid celaverunt subripuerunt deleverunt subiecerunt resignaverunt, eadem poena adfici solere dubium non esse.

But also that the others, who in accounts, tablets, public writings, or any other matter, without seal or signature, committed forgery, or, so that the truth might not appear, concealed something, surreptitiously removed it, erased it, interpolated it, or unsealed it, are regularly subjected to the same penalty, is not in doubt.

Dig. 48.10.17

Digest 48.10.17

Paulus 3 fideic.

Paulus Book 3 on Trusts.

Cum quidam sua manu servum sibi legatum scripsisset et eum manumittere rogatus esset, senatus censuit ab omnibus heredibus eum manumittendum.

When a certain person had written in his own hand that a slave had been bequeathed to him, and had been asked to manumit him, the Senate decreed that he must be manumitted by all the heirs.

Dig. 48.10.18pr.

Digest 48.10.18pr.

Paulus 3 sent.

Paulus book 3 of the Sentences.

Uxori legatum in alieno testamento scribere non prohibemur.

We are not forbidden to enter a legacy for a wife in another’s will.

Dig. 48.10.18.1

Digest 48.10.18.1

Paulus 3 sent.

Paulus 3 Sentences.

Qui se filio testatoris impuberi tutorem adscripsit, etsi suspectus esse praesumitur, quod ultro tutelam videbitur affectasse, tamen, si idoneus esse adprobetur, non ex testamento, sed ex decreto tutor dandus est. nec excusatio eius admittetur, quia consensisse videtur voluntati testatoris.

He who has entered himself as tutor for the testator’s underage son, although he is presumed to be suspect, because he will seem to have sought the tutelage unprompted, nevertheless, if he is approved to be suitable, a tutor is to be appointed not from the testament, but by decree. Nor will his excuse be admitted, because he is deemed to have consented to the testator’s will.

Dig. 48.10.19pr.

Digest 48.10.19, preface.

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus Book 5 of the Sentences.

Qui falsam monetam percusserint, si id totum formare noluerunt, suffragio iustae paenitentiae absolvuntur.

Those who have struck false coin, if they did not wish to fashion it in its entirety, are absolved by the suffrage of just penitence.

Dig. 48.10.19.1

Digest 48.10.19.1

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Accusatio suppositi partus nulla temporis praescriptione depellitur, nec interest, decesserit nec ne ea, quae partum subdidisse contenditur.

An accusation of a supposititious birth is repelled by no prescription of time, nor does it matter whether she who is alleged to have foisted the birth has died or not.

Dig. 48.10.20

Digest 48.10.20

Hermogenianus 6 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus book 6 of the Epitome of Law.

Falsi poena coercentur et qui ad litem instruendam advocatione testibus pecuniam acceperunt, obligationem pactionem fecerunt, societatem inierunt, ut aliquid eorum fieret curaverunt.

They are restrained by the penalty for falsity also those who, for the purpose of equipping a lawsuit, by advocacy or by witnesses accepted money, made an obligation or pact, entered into a partnership, or took care that something of these be done.

Dig. 48.10.21

Digest 48.10.21

Paulus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Paulus in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Turpillianum.

Qui duobus in solidum eandem rem diversis contractibus vendidit, poena falsi coercetur, et hoc et divus hadrianus constituit. is adiungitur et is qui iudicem corrumpit. sed remissius puniri solent, ut ad tempus relegentur nec bona illis auferantur.

He who has sold the same thing for the whole to two parties by different contracts is restrained by the penalty for falsum, and this the deified Hadrian also established. To this is also added the one who corrupts a judge. But they are wont to be punished more leniently, namely, that they are relegated for a time and their goods are not taken from them.

Dig. 48.10.22pr.

Digest 48.10.22pr.

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Libonian Senatus-Consultum.

Impuberem in hoc edictum incidere dicendum non est, quoniam falsi crimine vix possit teneri, cum dolus malus in eam aetatem non cadit.

It should not be said that a minor not yet of puberty falls under this edict, since he can scarcely be held on the charge of falsum (falsehood/forgery), seeing that fraudulent intent (dolus malus) does not attach to that age.

Dig. 48.10.22.1

Digest 48.10.22.1

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Libonian senatus consultum.

Si ei filio, qui apud hostes est, adscripserit pater legatum, dicendum est reverso eo incidere in poenam senatus consulti: quod si ibi decesserit, innocens pater existimatur.

If a father has assigned a legacy to that son who is among the enemy, it must be said that, upon his return, he falls under the penalty of the senatorial decree; but if he has died there, the father is considered innocent.

Dig. 48.10.22.2

Digest 48.10.22.2

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Libonian senatus consultum.

Sed et si emancipato filio adscribit, recte id faciet: item in adoptionem dato.

But also, if he adscribes to an emancipated son, he will do this rightly: likewise, in the case of one given into adoption.

Dig. 48.10.22.3

Digest 48.10.22.3

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus, in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Libonianum.

Item si servo, cui moram fecit in fideicommissaria libertate praestanda, adscripserit, dicendum est extra sententiam senatus consulti eum esse, quoniam placet omne, quod per huiusmodi servum adquisitum est, restitui oportere manumisso.

Likewise, if he has made an assignment to a slave to whom he caused delay in furnishing fideicommissary liberty, it must be said that he is outside the purview of the senatus consultum, since it is the accepted view that everything which has been acquired through a slave of this sort ought to be restored to the manumitted person.

Dig. 48.10.22.4

Digest 48.10.22.4

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus, in the singular book on the senatus consultum Libonianum.

Et si ei servo, qui bona fide servit, aliquid adscripsit, quod ad cogitationem animi nocens est, quia ei adscribit, quem suum putat: sed quoniam neque legatum neque hereditas bonae fidei possessori adquiritur, dicamus eum poenae eximendum esse.

And if he has ascribed something to that slave who serves in good faith, which is culpable with respect to mental intention, because he ascribes it to one whom he thinks to be his own: but since neither a legacy nor an inheritance is acquired for a possessor in good faith, let us say that he is to be exempted from penalty.

Dig. 48.10.22.5

Digest 48.10.22.5

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the senatus consultum Libonianum.

Si dominus adscripserit servo legatum, cum liber erit, dicimus senatus consulto dominum excusatum esse, qui compendio suo nullo modo prospexerit. eadem et de filio postea emancipato dici potest.

If a master has entered a legacy for a slave, to take effect when he will be free, we say by the senatus consultum that the master is excused, since he has in no way looked to his own advantage. The same can also be said of a son later emancipated.

Dig. 48.10.22.6

Digest 48.10.22.6

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Libonian senatus consultum.

Qui codicillos ante testamentum factos, in quibus legatum ei adscriptum erat, confirmat, in senatus consultum incidit: quod et iulianus scribit.

He who confirms codicils made before the testament, in which a legacy had been entered for him, falls under the senatus-consultum; and Julian writes this as well.

Dig. 48.10.22.7

Digest 48.10.22.7

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Libonian senatus-consultum.

Adimendo quoque aliquid incidere in poenam debet, quasi sibi aliquid dederit: veluti si servo legato sibi eodemque manumisso libertatem sua manu ademerit ( hoc ita, si voluntate testatoris ademerit: nam si ignorante eo, libertas valet): item si, rogatus restituere legatum sibi adscriptum, fideicommissum ademerit.

By taking away something he ought also to incur the penalty, as if he had given something to himself: for instance, if, with a slave bequeathed to him and the same manumitted, he has with his own hand taken away the liberty (this is so, if he has taken it away with the will of the testator; for if with him unaware, the liberty is valid): likewise, if, having been asked to restore a legacy assigned to himself, he has taken away the fideicommissum.

Dig. 48.10.22.8

Digest 48.10.22.8

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus, in the single book on the Libonian senatus consultum.

Qui liberti adsignationem sua manu adscripsit, non verbis, sed sententia senatus consulti tenetur.

He who has written with his own hand the assignation of a freedman is held, not by the words, but by the purport of the senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.10.22.9

Digest 48.10.22.9

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the senatus consultum Libonianum.

Item non continetur verbis servus, qui alieno testamento fideicommissam libertatem sibi adscripsit. sed de hoc potest haesitari, quoniam, ut supra diximus, senatus ita demum ei, qui sibi libertatem fideicommissam in testamento domini adscripsit, poenam remisit, si dominus subscripsit. immo magis dicendum est hunc contra senatus consultum facere, quam eum qui legatum sibi adscribit, cum libertas omnimodo ipsi competitura sit, legatum autem domino adquiri possit.

Likewise, a slave is not covered by the terms who has assigned to himself fideicommissary liberty in another’s testament. But about this one may hesitate, since, as we said above, the senate remitted the penalty only then to one who has assigned to himself fideicommissary liberty in his master’s testament, if the master countersigned. Nay rather, it must be said that this man acts against the senatorial decree more than one who ascribes a legacy to himself, since liberty in every way will accrue to himself, whereas a legacy can be acquired for the master.

Dig. 48.10.22.10

Digest 48.10.22.10

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Libonianum.

Si testamentarius servo suo fideicommissam libertatem dederit, videamus, ne extra poenam sit, quoniam nullum ipsius commodum est: nisi ideo adscripserit, ut servus magno pretio redimatur ab eo et manumittatur.

If a testamentary heir should give his own slave fideicommissary liberty, let us consider whether he is not outside the penalty, since there is no advantage to him; unless he has appended it for this reason, that the slave be redeemed from him at a great price and be manumitted.

Dig. 48.10.22.11

Digest 48.10.22.11

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus, in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Libonianum.

Sed et ille, qui, cum titio fundus legaretur, adiecit sua manu condicionem pecuniae sibi dandae, in voluntatem senatus consulti incidit.

But also he who, when a farm was being bequeathed to Titius, added with his own hand a condition that money be given to himself, falls under the intent of the senatorial decree.

Dig. 48.10.22.12

Digest 48.10.22.12

Paulus l.S. ad sc libon.

Paulus in the single book on the Libonian senatorial decree.

Qui autem voluntate patris se exheredat vel legatum sibi adimit, neque verbis senatus consulti neque sententia continetur.

However, one who, by the father’s will, disinherits himself or deprives himself of a legacy is covered neither by the words of the senatus‑consult nor by its intent.

Dig. 48.10.23

Digest 48.10.23

Paulus l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Paulus in the single book On the Penalties of Pagans.

Quid sit falsum, quaeritur: et videtur id esse, si quis alienum chirographum imitetur aut libellum vel rationes intercidat vel describat, non qui alias in computatione vel in ratione mentitur.

What falsum is is inquired: and it seems to be this, if someone imitates another’s chirograph or cuts out or copies a booklet or accounts, not one who otherwise lies in computation or in an account.

Dig. 48.10.24

Digest 48.10.24

Scaevola 22 Dig.

Scaevola 22 Digest

Aithales servus, cui testamento betiti callinici per fideicommissum libertas et portio hereditatis relicta erat ab his, qui ex undecim portionibus heredes erant instituti, professus est indicium apud maximillam filiam testatoris ex parte duodecima heredem scriptam: se posse probare falsum testamentum betiti callinici. et apud magistratus interrogatus a maximilla professus est probaturum, quemadmodum falsum sit factum testamentum. et cum in crimen falsi subscripsisset maximilla in scriptorem testamenti et proculum coheredem, acta causa praefectus urbi falsum testamentum non esse pronuntiavit et maximillae partem duodecimam a fisco cogi iussit.

Aithales, a slave, to whom by the will of Betitius Callinicus freedom and a portion of the inheritance had been left through a fideicommissum by those who had been instituted heirs for eleven portions, declared information before Maximilla, the testator’s daughter, written as heir for the twelfth part, that he could prove the will of Betitius Callinicus to be false. And, questioned before the magistrates at Maximilla’s instance, he professed that he would prove how the testament had been made false. And when Maximilla had signed a charge of forgery against the writer of the will and against Proculus, a coheir, the case having been heard, the Prefect of the City pronounced that the will was not false and ordered Maximilla’s twelfth share to be exacted by the fisc.

quaesitum est, an aithaleti libertas et fideicommissum post haec facta debeantur. respondit secundum ea quae proponerentur deberi.

it was inquired whether Aithales’s liberty and the fideicommissum, after these things had been done, were owed. he responded that, according to what was being proposed, they were owed.

Dig. 48.10.25

Digest 48.10.25

Ulpianus 7 ad ed.

Ulpian, 7 On the Edict.

Qui nomine praetoris litteras falsas reddidisse edictumve falsum proposuisse dicetur, ex causa actione in factum poenali tenetur, quamquam lege cornelia reus sit.

Whoever shall be said, in the praetor’s name, to have delivered false letters or to have posted a false edict, is liable on that ground by a penal action in factum, although he is a defendant under the Lex Cornelia.

Dig. 48.10.26

Digest 48.10.26

Marcellus 30 Dig.

Marcellus 30 Digest.

Si quis patris sui testamentum aboleverit et, quasi intestatus decessisset, pro herede gesserit atque ita diem suum obierit: iustissime tota hereditas paterna heredi eius eripietur.

If anyone has abolished his father’s testament and, as though he had died intestate, has acted as heir and thus has met his own day (died): most justly the whole paternal inheritance will be taken from his heir.

Dig. 48.10.27pr.

Digest 48.10.27pr.

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus 8 Rules.

Eos, qui diversa inter se testimonia praebuerunt, quasi falsum fecerint, et praescriptio legis teneri pronuntiat.

It declares that those who have furnished testimonies differing among themselves are held by the prescription of the law, as though they had committed falsification.

Dig. 48.10.27.1

Digest 48.10.27.1

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus book 8 of Rules.

Et eum, qui contra signum suum falsum praebuit testimonium, poena falsi teneri pronuntiatum est. de impudentia eius, qui diversa duobus testimonia praebuit, cuius ita anceps fides vacillat, quod crimine falsi teneatur, nec dubitandum est.

And it has been pronounced that he who, contrary to his own signature/seal, has provided false testimony is held by the penalty for falsum. Concerning the impudence of one who furnished diverse testimonies to two persons, whose two-faced faith thus vacillates, there is no doubt that he is bound by the charge of falsum.

Dig. 48.10.27.2

Digest 48.10.27.2

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Book 8 of the Rules.

Qui se pro milite gessit vel illicitis insignibus usus est vel falso duplomate vias commeavit, pro admissi qualitate gravissime puniendus est.

Whoever has conducted himself as a soldier, or has used illicit insignia, or has traveled the roads with a false diploma, is to be punished most severely according to the quality of the offense.

Dig. 48.10.28

Digest 48.10.28

Modestinus 4 resp.

Modestinus Responses Book 4.

Si, a debitore praelato die, pignoris obligatio mentiatur, falsi crimini locus est.

If, on the prefixed day, the debtor fabricates the obligation of the pledge, there is ground for the crime of falsification.

Dig. 48.10.29

Digest 48.10.29

Modestinus l.S. de enucl. cas.

Modestinus, in the single book On Elucidated Cases.

Si quis obrepserit praesidi provinciae, tam per acta quam per libelli interpellationem nihil agit. immo si accusatus fuerit, poenam temerari luit: proinde enim punitur, atque si falsum fecerit. sunt enim rescripta de ea re: sufficit autem unum argumenti causa referre, cuius verba haec sunt: " alexander augustus iulio marullo.

If anyone has surreptitiously approached the provincial governor, whether by the acta or by interpellation by libellus, he accomplishes nothing. nay rather, if he should be accused, he pays the penalty for temerity: for he is punished just as if he had committed falsum (forgery). for there are rescripts on that matter: however, it suffices for the sake of argument to cite one, the words of which are these: " alexander augustus to julius marullus.

si libello dato adversarius tuus veritatem in precibus ab eo datis non adiecit, subscriptione uti non potest: immo si accusatus fuerit, et poenam inferre debet".

if, a petition having been submitted, your adversary did not append the truth in the petitions given by him, he cannot make use of the subscription: indeed, if he should be accused, he must also incur a penalty".

Dig. 48.10.30pr.

Digest 48.10.30pr.

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Lege cornelia testamentaria obligatur, qui signum adulterinum fecerit sculpserit.

By the Cornelian testamentary law, he is held liable who has made or engraved a counterfeit seal.

Dig. 48.10.30.1

Digest 48.10.30.1

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

De partu supposito soli accusant parentes aut hi, ad quos ea res pertineat: non quilibet ex populo ut publicam accusationem intendat.

Concerning a substituted birth, only the parents, or those to whom that matter pertains, may accuse; not just anyone from the populace, so as to institute a public accusation.

Dig. 48.10.31

Digest 48.10.31

Callistratus 3 de cogn.

Callistratus 3 on Investigations.

Divus pius claudio rescripsit pro mensura cuiusque delicti constituendum in eos, qui apud iudices instrumenta protulerunt, quae probari non possint: aut si plus meruisse videatur, quam ex forma iurisdictionis pati possint, ut imperatori describatur aestimaturo, quatenus coerceri debeant. sed divus marcus cum fratre suo pro sua humanitate hanc rem temperavit, ut, si ( quod plerumque evenit) per errorem huiusmodi instrumenta proferantur, ignoscatur eis, qui tale quicquam protulerint.

The deified Pius wrote in a rescript to Claudius that, according to the measure of each offense, a penalty is to be set against those who have produced before judges instruments/documents which cannot be proved: or, if they seem to have deserved more than can be suffered under the form of the jurisdiction, that it be reported to the emperor for him to assess how far they ought to be coerced. But the deified Marcus, together with his brother, tempered this matter in accord with his humanity, so that, if ( quod plerumque evenit) such instruments are brought forward through error, pardon be granted to those who have produced anything of the sort.

Dig. 48.10.32pr.

Digest 48.10.32, preface.

Modestinus 1 de poen.

Modestinus 1 on penalties.

Hodie qui edicta proposita dolo malo corrumpunt, falsi poena plectuntur.

Today those who corrupt the posted edicts by malicious deceit are punished with the penalty for forgery.

Dig. 48.10.32.1

Digest 48.10.32.1

Modestinus 1 de poen.

Modestinus 1 On Penalties.

Si venditor mensuras publice probatas vini, frumenti vel cuiuslibet rei, aut emptor corruperit dolove malo fraudem fecerit: quanti ea res est, eius dupli condemnatur: decretoque divi hadriani praeceptum est in insulam eos relegari, qui pondera aut mensuras falsassent.

If a seller has corrupted the publicly approved measures of wine, grain, or any other thing, or if a buyer has, by malicious deceit, committed fraud: he is condemned to pay double the value of that thing: and by a decree of the deified Hadrian it was ordered that those who had falsified weights or measures be relegated to an island.

Dig. 48.10.33

Digest 48.10.33

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus, Book 3 On Penalties.

Si quis falsis constitutionibus nullo auctore habito utitur, lege cornelia aqua et igni ei interdicitur.

If anyone uses false constitutions with no author considered, he is interdicted from water and fire by the Cornelian law.

Dig. 48.11.0. De lege iulia repetundarum.

Digest 48.11.0. On the Julian Law on Extortion.

Dig. 48.11.1pr.

Digest 48.11.1, preface.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus Institutes, Book 14.

Lex iulia repetundarum pertinet ad eas pecunias, quas quis in magistratu potestate curatione legatione vel quo alio officio munere ministeriove publico cepit, vel cum ex cohorte cuius eorum est.

The Lex Julia on extortions pertains to those monies which someone took while in a magistracy, power, curatorship, legation, or in whatever other public office, duty, or ministry, or when he is of the cohort (staff) of any of them.

Dig. 48.11.1.1

Digest 48.11.1.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes

Excipit lex, a quibus licet accipere: a sobrinis propioreve gradu cognatis suis, uxore.

The law makes an exception as to those from whom it is permitted to receive: from cousins, or his cognates in a nearer degree, and from his wife.

Dig. 48.11.2

Digest 48.11.2

Scaevola 4 reg.

Scaevola book 4 of the Rules.

Datur ex hac lege et in heredes actio intra annum dumtaxat a morte eius qui arguebatur.

An action under this law is also granted against the heirs, only within a year from the death of the one who was being accused.

Dig. 48.11.3

Digest 48.11.3

Macer 1 publ.

Macer Book 1 of Public Law.

Lege iulia repetundarum tenetur, qui, cum aliquam potestatem haberet, pecuniam ob iudicandum vel non iudicandum decernendumve acceperit:

Under the Julian Law on Recoveries, he is liable who, when he held any authority, has received money for judging or for not judging, or for decreeing:

Dig. 48.11.4

Digest 48.11.4

Venonius 3 publ. iudic.

Venonius Book 3 On Public Trials

Vel quo magis aut minus quid ex officio suo faceret.

Or to what extent, more or less, he was doing anything by virtue of his office.

Dig. 48.11.5

Digest 48.11.5

Macer 1 publ.

Macer book 1 On Public Prosecutions.

In comites quoque iudicum ex hac lege iudicium datur.

An action is also granted against the companions of the judges by this law.

Dig. 48.11.6pr.

Digest 48.11.6, beginning.

Venonius 3 publ. iudic.

Venonius 3 public prosecutions.

Eadem lege tenentur, qui ob denuntiandum vel non denuntiandum testimonium pecuniam acceperint.

They are held by the same law who have received money for giving or for not giving testimony.

Dig. 48.11.6.1

Digest 48.11.6.1

Venonius 3 publ. iudic.

Venonius 3 public trials.

Hac lege damnatus testimonium publice dicere aut iudex esse postulareve prohibetur.

One condemned by this law is prohibited from giving testimony publicly, from being a judge, or from petitioning in court.

Dig. 48.11.6.2

Digest 48.11.6.2

Venonius 3 publ. iudic.

Venonius 3 public trials.

Lege iulia repetundarum cavetur, ne quis ob militem legendum mittendumve aes accipiat, neve quis ob sententiam in senatu consiliove publico dicendam pecuniam accipiat, vel ob accusandum vel non accusandum: utque urbani magistratus ob omni sorde se abstineant neve plus doni muneris in anno accipiant, quam quod sit aureorum centum.

By the Julian law on extortions it is provided that no one receive money for the levying or dispatching of a soldier, nor that anyone receive money for delivering an opinion in the senate or in a public council, whether for accusing or for not accusing: and that the urban magistrates abstain from all sordidness and not receive in a year more in gift or present than the amount of one hundred gold pieces.

Dig. 48.11.7pr.

Digest 48.11.7, beginning.

Macer 1 iudic. publ.

Macer 1 public trials

Lex iulia de repetundis praecipit, ne quis ob iudicem arbitrumve dandum mutandum iubendumve ut iudicet: neve ob non dandum non mutandum non iubendum ut iudicet: neve ob hominem in vincula publica coiciendum vinciendum vincirive iubendum exve vinculis dimittendum: neve quis ob hominem condemnandum absolvendumve: neve ob litem aestimandam iudiciumve capitis pecuniaeve faciendum vel non faciendum aliquid acceperit.

The Julian Law on Extortions prescribes that no one, on account of a judge or arbiter to be appointed, to be changed, or to be ordered to judge: nor on account of not being appointed, not being changed, not being ordered to judge: nor on account of a person to be cast into the public chains, to be fettered, or to be ordered to be bound, or to be released from chains: nor on account of a person to be condemned or acquitted: nor on account of a suit to be assessed or a trial of a capital charge or of money to be held or not to be held, shall receive anything.

Dig. 48.11.7.1

Digest 48.11.7.1

Macer 1 iudic. publ.

Macer Book 1, On Public Trials.

Apparet autem, quod lex ab exceptis quidem in infinitum capere permittit, ab his autem, qui hoc capite enumerantur, a nullo neque ullam quantitatem capere permittit.

It appears, moreover, that the law permits taking from the excepted indeed to an infinite extent, but from those who are enumerated in this chapter it permits no one to take, nor any quantity.

Dig. 48.11.7.2

Digest 48.11.7.2

Macer 1 iudic. publ.

Macer 1 Public Trials.

Illud quoque cavetur, ne in acceptum feratur opus publicum faciendum, frumentum publice dandum praebendum adprehendendum, sarta tecta tuenda, antequam perfecta probata praestita lege erunt.

It is also provided that a public work to be executed, grain to be publicly given, furnished, or apprehended (seized), and the keeping of roofs sound (repairs), shall not be credited before they have been completed, approved, and performed according to law.

Dig. 48.11.7.3

Digest 48.11.7.3

Macer 1 iudic. publ.

Macer 1 public judicial proceedings

Hodie ex lege repetundarum extra ordinem puniuntur et plerumque vel exilio puniuntur vel etiam durius, prout admiserint. quid enim, si ob hominem necandum pecuniam acceperint? vel, licet non acceperint, calore tamen inducti interfecerint vel innocentem vel quem punire non debuerant?

Today, under the law of extortions, they are punished by extraordinary procedure, and for the most part they are punished either with exile or even more harshly, according as they have committed it. For what, if they have taken money for a man to be killed? Or, even if they have not taken it, yet, driven by heat (passion), they have killed either an innocent person or one whom they ought not to have punished?

capite plecti debent vel certe in insulam deportari, ut plerique puniti sunt.

they ought to suffer capital punishment, or at any rate to be deported to an island, as most have been punished.

Dig. 48.11.8pr.

Digest 48.11.8, beginning.

Paulus 54 ad ed.

Paulus 54 on the Edict.

Quod contra legem repetundarum proconsuli vel praetori donatum est, non poterit usu capi.

What has been donated to a proconsul or to a praetor contrary to the law of extortions cannot be acquired by usucapion.

Dig. 48.11.8.1

Digest 48.11.8.1

Paulus 54 ad ed.

Paulus 54 on the Edict.

Eadem lex venditiones locationes eius rei causa pluris minorisve factas irritas facit impeditque usucapionem, priusquam in potestatem eius, a quo profecta res sit, heredisve eius veniat.

The same law makes void venditions and locations made for the sake of that matter, for more or for less, and it impedes usucaption, until the thing comes into the power of the person from whom the thing originated, or his heir.

Dig. 48.11.9

Digest 48.11.9

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 responses.

Qui munus publice mandatum accepta pecunia ruperunt, crimine repetundarum postulantur.

Those who, having accepted money, have violated a publicly mandated commission are prosecuted on the charge of extortion.

Dig. 48.12.0. De lege iulia de annona.

Digest 48.12.0. On the Julian law concerning the grain supply.

Dig. 48.12.1

Digest 48.12.1

Marcianus 2 inst.

Marcianus Institutes, Book 2.

Constitit inter servum et dominum iudicium, si annonam publicam fraudasse dicat dominum.

A proceeding is constituted between a slave and his master, if he alleges that the master has defrauded the public grain supply.

Dig. 48.12.2pr.

Digest 48.12.2pr.

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Lege iulia de annona poena statuitur adversus eum, qui contra annonam fecerit societatemve coierit, quo annona carior fiat.

By the Julian law concerning the grain-supply, a penalty is established against one who has acted against the grain-supply, or has entered into an association, so that the grain-supply may become dearer.

Dig. 48.12.2.1

Digest 48.12.2.1

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Eadem lege continetur, ne quis navem nautamve retineat aut dolo malo faciat, quo magis detineatur:

The same law contains, that no one shall detain a ship or a sailor, or do anything by malicious fraud, whereby he is detained the more:

Dig. 48.12.2.2

Digest 48.12.2.2

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Et poena viginti aureorum statuitur.

And a penalty of twenty aurei is established.

Dig. 48.12.3pr.

Digest 48.12.3, preface.

Papirius 1 de const.

Papirius 1 On constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus augusti in haec verba rescripserunt: " minime aequum est decuriones civibus suis frumentum vilius quam annona exigit vendere".

The emperors Antoninus and Verus, Augusti, issued a rescript in these words: " by no means is it equitable that the decurions sell grain to their fellow citizens cheaper than the market price requires".

Dig. 48.12.3.1

Digest 48.12.3.1

Papirius 1 de const.

Papirius 1 On Constitutions.

Item scripserunt ius non esse ordini cuiusque civitatis pretium grani quod invenitur statuere. item in haec verba rescripserunt: " etsi non solent hoc genus nuntiationis mulieres exercere, tamen quia demonstraturam te quae ad utilitatem annonae pertinent polliceris, praefectum annonae docere potes".

Likewise they wrote that it is not the right of the order of each city to set the price of grain that is found in the market. likewise they wrote back in these words: " although women are not accustomed to exercise this kind of notification, nevertheless, since you promise that you will point out the things that pertain to the utility of the grain-supply, you can inform the Prefect of the Grain Supply".

Dig. 48.13.0. Ad legem iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis.

Digest 48.13.0. Under the Julian Law on Embezzlement, and on Sacrilege, and on Arrears.

Dig. 48.13.1

Digest 48.13.1

Ulpianus 44 ad sab.

Ulpian 44 on Sabinus.

Lege iulia peculatus cavetur, ne quis ex pecunia sacra religiosa publicave auferat neve intercipiat neve in rem suam vertat neve faciat, quo quis auferat intercipiat vel in rem suam vertat, nisi cui utique lege licebit: neve quis in aurum argentum aes publicum quid indat neve immisceat neve quo quid indatur immisceatur faciat sciens dolo malo, quo id peius fiat.

By the Julian law on peculation it is provided that no one take away from money that is sacred, religious, or public, nor intercept it, nor convert it into his own property, nor do anything by which someone takes, intercepts, or converts it into his own property, unless to whom it shall in any case be permitted by law: and that no one put anything into the public gold, silver, or bronze, nor mix anything with it, nor knowingly and with malicious fraud do anything by which something is put in or mixed in, so that it becomes worse.

Dig. 48.13.2

Digest 48.13.2

Paulus 11 ad sab.

Paulus 11 on Sabinus.

Lege iulia de residuis tenetur, qui publicam pecuniam delegatam in usum aliquem retinuit neque in eum consumpsit.

By the Lex Julia on Unexpended Balances, he is liable who retained public money delegated for some use and did not expend it on that use.

Dig. 48.13.3

Digest 48.13.3

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian Book 1 on Adultery.

Peculatus poena aquae et ignis interdictionem, in quam hodie successit deportatio, continet. porro qui in eum statum deducitur, sicut omnia pristina iura, ita et bona amittit.

The penalty for peculation comprises the interdiction of water and fire, to which deportation has today succeeded. Moreover, whoever is reduced to that status loses, just as all his former rights, so also his goods.

Dig. 48.13.4pr.

Digest 48.13.4, preface.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcian 14 Institutes.

Lege iulia peculatus tenetur, qui pecuniam sacram religiosam abstulerit interceperit.

Under the Lex Julia on peculation, he is held liable who has taken away or intercepted money that is sacred or religious.

Dig. 48.13.4.1

Digest 48.13.4.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Sed et si donatum deo immortali abstulerit, peculatus poena tenetur.

But also, if he has taken away what has been donated to the immortal god, he is liable to the penalty for peculation.

Dig. 48.13.4.2

Digest 48.13.4.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Mandatis autem cavetur de sacrilegiis, ut praesides sacrilegos latrones plagiarios conquirant et ut, prout quisque deliquerit, in eum animadvertant. et sic constitutionibus cavetur, ut sacrilegi extra ordinem digna poena puniantur.

By mandates, moreover, it is provided concerning sacrileges that governors hunt down sacrilegious persons, robbers, and plagiaries (kidnappers), and that they proceed against each one in accordance with his offense. and thus it is provided by constitutions that sacrilegious persons are to be punished outside the ordinary course with a fitting penalty.

Dig. 48.13.5pr.

Digest 48.13.5, preface.

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Lege iulia de residuis tenetur is, apud quem ex locatione, emptione, alimentaria ratione, ex pecunia quam accepit aliave qua causa pecunia publica resedit.

By the Julian law on residues, liable is the one with whom public money has remained—whether from letting (lease), purchase, on an alimentary account, from money which he received, or by any other cause.

Dig. 48.13.5.1

Digest 48.13.5.1

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes

Sed et qui publicam pecuniam in usu aliquo acceptam retinuerit nec erogaverit, hac lege tenetur.

But also whoever has retained public money received for some use and has not disbursed it is held liable under this law.

Dig. 48.13.5.2

Digest 48.13.5.2

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes

Qua lege damnatus amplius tertia parte quam debet punitur.

By which law the condemned person is punished by more than a third beyond what is due.

Dig. 48.13.5.3

Digest 48.13.5.3

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Non fit locus religiosus, ubi thensaurus invenitur: nam et si in monumento inventus fuerit, non quasi religiosus tollitur. quod enim sepelire quis prohibetur, id religiosum facere non potest: at pecunia sepeliri non potest, ut et mandatis principalibus cavetur.

A place does not become religious where a treasure is found; for even if it has been found in a monument (tomb), it is not taken away as though it were religious. For what one is forbidden to bury, that he cannot make religious; but money cannot be buried, as is also provided by imperial mandates.

Dig. 48.13.5.4

Digest 48.13.5.4

Marcianus 14 inst.

Marcianus 14 Institutes.

Sed et si de re civitatis aliquid subripiat, constitutionibus principum divorum traiani et hadriani cavetur peculatus crimen committi: et hoc iure utimur.

But also, if someone pilfers anything from the property of a municipality, it is provided by the constitutions of the deified emperors Trajan and Hadrian that the crime of peculation is committed; and we make use of this law.

Dig. 48.13.6

Digest 48.13.6

Marcianus 5 reg.

Marcianus Rules 5.

Divi severus et antoninus cassio festo rescripserunt, res privatorum si in aedem sacram depositae subreptae fuerint, furti actionem, non sacrilegii esse.

The deified Severus and Antoninus rescripted to Cassius Festus that, if the property of private persons deposited in a sacred temple has been surreptitiously taken, the action is for theft, not for sacrilege.

Dig. 48.13.7

Digest 48.13.7

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Sacrilegii poenam debebit proconsul pro qualitate personae proque rei condicione et temporis et aetatis et sexus vel severius vel clementius statuere. et scio multos et ad bestias damnasse sacrilegos, nonnullos etiam vivos exussisse, alios vero in furca suspendisse. sed moderanda poena est usque ad bestiarum damnationem eorum, qui manu facta templum effregerunt et dona dei in noctu tulerunt.

The proconsul ought to set the penalty of sacrilege, according to the quality of the person and the condition of the matter and of the time and of the age and of the sex, either more severely or more clemently. And I know that many have condemned sacrilegists to the beasts, some even have burned them alive, others indeed have hung them on the gibbet. But the penalty is to be moderated, up to condemnation to the beasts, for those who, with a band formed, broke open a temple and carried off the god’s gifts by night.

ceterum si qui interdiu modicum aliquid de templo tulit, poena metalli coercendus est, aut, si honestiore loco natus sit, deportandus in insulam est.

However, if anyone by day has taken some small thing from the temple, he is to be punished with the penalty of the mines; or, if he be born of a more honorable rank, he is to be deported to an island.

Dig. 48.13.8pr.

Digest 48.13.8, beginning.

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Qui, cum in moneta publica operarentur, extrinsecus sibi signant pecuniam forma publica vel signatam furantur, hi non videntur adulterinam monetam exercuisse, sed furtum publicae monetae fecisse, quod ad peculatus crimen accedit.

Those who, while working in the public mint, have money struck for themselves outside with the public die, or steal money that has been stamped, do not seem to have practiced counterfeit coinage, but to have committed theft of public coin, which approaches the crime of peculation.

Dig. 48.13.8.1

Digest 48.13.8.1

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si quis ex metallis caesarianis aurum argentumve furatus fuerit, ex edicto divi pii exilio vel metallo, prout dignitas personae, punitur. is autem, qui furanti sinum praebuit, perinde habetur, atque si manifesti furti condemnatus esset, et famosus efficitur. qui autem aurum ex metallo habuerit illicite et conflaverit, in quadruplum condemnatur.

If anyone has stolen gold or silver from the imperial mines, by the edict of the Deified Pius he is punished with exile or to the mines, according to the dignity of the person. Moreover, he who provided a pocket to the thief is treated just as if he had been convicted of manifest theft, and he is made infamous. But he who has had gold from the mine illicitly and has melted it down is condemned in fourfold.

Dig. 48.13.9

Digest 48.13.9

Venonius 2 iud. publ.

Venonius 2 Public Trials.

Peculatus crimen ante quinquennium admissum obici non oportet.

The crime of peculation, committed more than five years previously, ought not to be alleged.

Dig. 48.13.10pr.

Digest 48.13.10, preface.

Venonius ex 3 iudic. publ.

Venonius from Book 3, On Public Trials.

Qui tabulam aeream legis formamve agrorum aut quid aliud continentem refixerit vel quid inde immutaverit, lege iulia peculatus tenetur.

Whoever has re-fixed a bronze tablet containing a law or the form/plan of the fields, or anything else, or has altered anything from it, is held liable under the Julian Law on Peculation.

Dig. 48.13.10.1

Digest 48.13.10.1

Venonius ex 3 iudic. publ.

Venonius, from Book 3 of Public Trials.

Eadem lege tenetur, qui quid in tabulis publicis deleverit vel induxerit.

He is held by the same law, whoever has erased or inserted anything in the public records.

Dig. 48.13.11pr.

Digest 48.13.11pr.

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the singular book on public prosecutions.

Sacrilegi capite puniuntur.

Sacrilegists are punished by capital punishment.

Dig. 48.13.11.1

Digest 48.13.11.1

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the single book On Public Prosecutions.

Sunt autem sacrilegi, qui publica sacra compilaverunt. at qui privata sacra vel aediculas incustoditas temptaverunt, amplius quam fures, minus quam sacrilegi merentur. quare quod sacrum quodve admissum in sacrilegii crimen cadat, diligenter considerandum est.

However, sacrilegists are those who have plundered public sacred things. But those who have attempted private sacred things or unattended little shrines deserve more than thieves, less than sacrilegists. Wherefore what sacred thing, or what committed offense, falls under the crime of sacrilege must be carefully considered.

Dig. 48.13.11.2

Digest 48.13.11.2

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus, in the singular book On Public Prosecutions.

Labeo libro trigensimo octavo posteriorum peculatum definit pecuniae publicae aut sacrae furtum non ab eo factum, cuius periculo fuit, et ideo aedituum in his, quae ei tradita sunt, peculatum non admittere.

Labeo, in the thirty-eighth book of the Posteriora, defines peculation as the theft of public or sacred money not committed by the one at whose risk it was; and therefore he does not admit peculation against the aedituus (temple-warden) in respect of the things that were entrusted to him.

Dig. 48.13.11.3

Digest 48.13.11.3

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the singular book On Public Trials.

Eodem capite inferius scribit non solum pecuniam publicam, sed etiam privatam crimen peculatus facere, si quis quod fisco debetur simulans se fisci creditorem accepit, quamvis privatam pecuniam abstulerit.

In the same chapter he writes further below that not only public money, but even private money, constitutes the crime of peculation, if anyone, pretending himself a creditor of the fisc, has received what is owed to the fisc, although he removed private money.

Dig. 48.13.11.4

Digest 48.13.11.4

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the single book On Public Prosecutions.

Is autem, qui pecuniam traiciendam suscepit vel quilibet alius, ad cuius periculum pecunia pertinet, peculatum non committit.

However, he who has undertaken to have money transferred, or any other person to whose peril the money pertains, does not commit peculation.

Dig. 48.13.11.5

Digest 48.13.11.5

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the single book On Public Prosecutions.

Senatus iussit lege peculatus teneri eos, qui iniussu eius, qui ei rei praeerit, tabularum publicarum inspiciendarum describendarumque potestatem fecerint.

The Senate ordered that, by the law of peculatus, those be held liable who, without the authorization of the one who will preside over that matter, have granted permission for the public records to be inspected and transcribed.

Dig. 48.13.11.6

Digest 48.13.11.6

Paulus l.S. de iudic. publ.

Paulus in the single book On Public Trials.

Eum, qui pecuniam publicam in usus aliquos retinuerit nec erogaverit, hac lege teneri labeo libro trigensimo octavo posteriorum scripsit. cum eo autem, qui, cum provincia abiret, pecuniam, quae penes se esset, ad aerarium professus retinuerit, non esse residuae pecuniae actionem, quia eam privatus fisco debeat, et ideo inter debitores eum ferri: eamque ab eo is, qui hoc imperio utitur, exigeret, id est pignus capiendo, corpus retinendo, multam dicendo. sed eam quoque lex iulia residuorum post annum residuam esse iussit.

Labeo, in the thirty-eighth book of the Posteriora, wrote that he who has retained public money for some uses and has not disbursed it is held by this law. But as to the man who, when departing from his province, after declaring to the aerarium the money that was in his possession, retained it, there is no action for residual money, because as a private person he owes it to the fiscus, and therefore he is recorded among the debtors; and the one who wields this imperium should exact it from him, that is, by taking a pledge, detaining the person, declaring a fine. But the Julian Law on arrears also ordered that to be counted as arrears after a year.

Dig. 48.13.12pr.

Digest 48.13.12, beginning.

Marcianus 1 iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 Public Prosecutions.

Hac lege tenetur, qui in tabulis publicis minorem pecuniam, quam quid venierit aut locaverit, scripserit aliudve quid simile commiserit.

He is bound by this law, whoever has written in the public records a lesser sum of money than that for which something has been sold or let, or has committed any other similar act.

Dig. 48.13.12.1

Digest 48.13.12.1

Marcianus 1 iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 public prosecutions.

Divus severus et antoninus quendam clarissimum iuvenem, cum inventus esset arculam in templum ponere ibique hominem includere, qui post clusum templum de arca exiret et de templo multa subtraheret et se in arculam iterum referret, convictum in insulam deportaverunt.

The deified Severus and Antoninus deported to an island a certain most illustrious young man, when he had been found to set a little chest in a temple and there to enclose a man inside it, who, after the temple had been closed, would go out from the chest and abstract many things from the temple and would return himself into the little chest again, upon conviction.

Dig. 48.13.13

Digest 48.13.13

Ulpianus 68 ad ed.

Ulpian 68 on the Edict.

Qui perforaverit muros vel inde aliquid abstulerit, peculatus actione tenetur.

Whoever has pierced the walls or has taken something from there is liable under the action for peculation.

Dig. 48.13.14

Digest 48.13.14

Marcellus 25 Dig.

Marcellus 25 Digest.

Peculatus nequaquam committitur, si exigam ab eo pecuniam, qui et mihi et fisco debet: non enim pecunia fisci intercipitur, quae debitori eius aufertur, scilicet quia manet debitor fisci nihilo minus.

Peculation is by no means committed, if I exact money from him who owes both to me and to the fisc: for the fisc’s money is not intercepted by that which is taken from its debtor, namely because he remains a debtor to the fisc nonetheless.

Dig. 48.13.15

Digest 48.13.15

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus 2 on punishments.

Is, qui praedam ab hostibus captam subripuit, lege peculatus tenetur et in quadruplum damnatur.

He who surreptitiously removes booty captured from the enemy is liable under the law of peculation and is condemned to fourfold damages.

Dig. 48.13.16

Digest 48.13.16

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian 36 questions.

Publica iudicia peculatus et de residuis et repetundarum similiter adversus heredem exercentur, nec immerito, cum in his quaestio principalis ablatae pecuniae moveatur.

Public prosecutions for peculation, for balances, and for extortions likewise are brought against the heir, and not without cause, since in these the principal question is raised concerning the money that has been taken away.

Dig. 48.14.0. De lege iulia ambitus.

Digest 48.14.0. On the Julian law of electoral bribery.

Dig. 48.14.1pr.

Digest 48.14.1, proem.

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus 2 On Penalties.

Haec lex in urbe hodie cessat, quia ad curam principis magistratuum creatio pertinet, non ad populi favorem.

This law is not in force in the city today, because the creation of magistrates pertains to the emperor’s care, not to the people’s favor.

Dig. 48.14.1.1

Digest 48.14.1.1

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus book 2 on penalties.

Quod si in municipio contra hanc legem magistratum aut sacerdotium quis petierit, per senatus consultum centum aureis cum infamia punitur.

But if in a municipium anyone seeks a magistracy or a priesthood contrary to this law, he is punished, by senatorial decree, with one hundred aurei together with infamy.

Dig. 48.14.1.2

Digest 48.14.1.2

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus Book 2, On Penalties.

Qua lege damnatus si alium convicerit, in integrum restituitur, non tamen pecuniam recipit.

Under that law, one condemned, if he has convicted another, is restored in integrum, yet he does not receive the money.

Dig. 48.14.1.3

Digest 48.14.1.3

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus 2 on penalties.

Item is, qui novum vectigal instituerit, ex senatus consulto hac poena plectitur.

Likewise, he who has instituted a new tax is punished with this penalty by decree of the Senate.

Dig. 48.14.1.4

Digest 48.14.1.4

Modestinus 2 de poen.

Modestinus 2 On Penalties.

Et si qui reus vel accusator domum iudicis ingrediatur, per legem iuliam iudiciariam in legem ambitus committit, id est aureorum centum fisco inferre iubetur.

And if any defendant or accuser should enter the judge’s house, by the Julian Judicial Law he commits an offense under the law of ambitus, that is, he is ordered to pay one hundred aurei into the fisc.

Dig. 48.15.0. De lege fabia de plagiariis.

Digest 48.15.0. On the Lex Fabia concerning kidnappers (plagiarii).

Dig. 48.15.1

Digest 48.15.1

Ulpianus 1 reg.

Ulpian, book 1 of the Rules.

Si liberum hominem emptor sciens emerit, capitale crimen adversus eum ex lege fabia de plagio nascitur, quo venditor quoque fit obnoxius, si sciens liberum esse vendiderit.

If a buyer knowingly has purchased a free man, a capital crime arises against him under the Lex Fabia on kidnapping (plagium), by which the seller also becomes liable, if he knowingly has sold one who is free.

Dig. 48.15.2pr.

Digest 48.15.2, opening paragraph.

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Sciendum est legem fabiam ad eos non pertinere, qui, cum absentes servos haberent, eos vendiderunt: aliud est enim abesse, aliud in fuga esse.

It must be known that the lex Fabia does not pertain to those who, when they had slaves absent, sold them: for to be absent is one thing, to be in flight is another.

Dig. 48.15.2.1

Digest 48.15.2.1

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Item non pertinere ad eum, qui mandavit servum fugitivum persequendum et distrahendum: nec enim fugam vendidit.

Likewise, it does not pertain to him who instructed that a runaway slave be pursued and sold off: for he did not sell the flight.

Dig. 48.15.2.2

Digest 48.15.2.2

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Amplius dicendum est et si quis titio mandaverit servum fugitivum adprehendendum, ut, si adprehendisset, eum emptum haberet, cessare senatus consultum.

It must further be said also that if someone has given Titius a mandate to apprehend a runaway slave, to the effect that, if he should apprehend him, he would have him as bought, the senatus consultum ceases to apply.

Dig. 48.15.2.3

Digest 48.15.2.3

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Hoc autem senatus consulto domini quoque continentur, qui fugam servorum suorum vendiderunt.

By this senatus-consult, owners also are included, who have sold the flight of their slaves.

Dig. 48.15.3pr.

Digest 48.15.3, beginning.

Marcianus 1 iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 public prosecutions.

Legis fabiae crimine suppressi mancipii bona fide possessor non tenetur, id est qui ignorabat servum alienum, et qui voluntate domini putabat id eum agere. et ita de bona fide possessore ipsa lex scripta est: nam adicitur " si sciens dolo malo hoc fecerit": et saepissime a principibus severo et antonino constitutum est, ne bonae fidei possessores hac lege teneantur.

A possessor in good faith is not held liable under the Lex Fabia for the crime of a concealed slave, that is, one who did not know the slave belonged to another, and who supposed that he (the slave) was doing this by the will of the owner. And thus the law itself is written concerning the good‑faith possessor: for it is added, "if he has done this knowingly and with malicious fraud"; and very often it has been established by the emperors Severus and Antoninus that possessors in good faith are not bound by this law.

Dig. 48.15.3.1

Digest 48.15.3.1

Marcianus 1 iudic. publ.

Marcianus Book 1, On public prosecutions

Illud non est omittendum, quod exemplo legis aquiliae, si is, propter quem quis in fabiam commisit, decesserit, adhuc accusatio et poena legis fabiae superest, ut et divus severus et antoninus rescripserunt.

That point is not to be omitted: on the model of the Lex Aquilia, if the person on account of whom someone committed an offense under the Lex Fabia has died, still the accusation and the penalty of the Lex Fabia remain, as both the deified Severus and Antoninus have rescripted.

Dig. 48.15.4

Digest 48.15.4

Gaius 22 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 22 on the Provincial Edict.

Lege fabia tenetur, qui sciens liberum hominem donaverit vel in dotem dederit, item qui ex earum qua causa sciens liberum esse acceperit, in eadem causa haberi debeat, qua venditor et emptor habetur. idem et si pro eo res permutata fuerit.

Under the lex Fabia, he is liable who, knowing a free man to be such, has donated him or given him in dowry; likewise, he who, on account of any of those causes, has accepted him, knowing him to be free, ought to be held in the same position in which a seller and a buyer are held. The same applies also if a thing has been exchanged in his stead.

Dig. 48.15.5

Digest 48.15.5

Modestinus 17 resp.

Modestinus 17 Responses.

Respondit eum, qui fugitivum alienum suscepisse et celasse doceatur, ex eo, quod proprietatis quaestionem referret, crimen, si probetur, evitare minime posse.

He responded that one who is shown to have received and concealed another’s fugitive cannot in the least avoid the charge—if it be proven—on the ground that he raises a question of proprietorship.

Dig. 48.15.6pr.

Digest 48.15.6pr.

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on investigations.

Non statim plagiarium esse, qui furti crimine ob servos alienos interceptos tenetur, divus hadrianus in haec verba rescripsit: " servos alienos qui sollicitaverit aut interceperit, crimine plagii, quod illi intenditur, teneatur nec ne, facit quaestionem: et ideo non me consuli de ea re oportet, sed quod verissimum in re praesenti cognoscitur, sequi iudicem oportet. plane autem scire debet posse aliquem furti crimine ob servos alienos interceptos teneri nec idcirco tamen statim plagiarium esse existimari".

That one is not straightway a plagiarius who is held on the charge of theft on account of others’ slaves having been intercepted, the deified hadrian wrote back by rescript in these words: " whoever shall have solicited or intercepted others’ slaves, whether he is to be held by the charge of plagium which is brought against him, or not, makes a question: and therefore it is not fitting that I be consulted on that matter, but the judge ought to follow what is recognized as most true in the present case. clearly, however, he ought to know that someone can be held on the charge of theft on account of others’ slaves having been intercepted, and yet for that reason is not at once to be considered a plagiarius".

Dig. 48.15.6.1

Digest 48.15.6.1

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 On Cognitions.

Idem princeps de eadem re in haec verba rescripsit: " apud quem unus aut alter fuerit fugitivus inventus, qui operas suas locaverint ut pascerentur, et utique si idem antea apud alios opus fecerint, hunc suppressorem non iure quis dixerit".

The same princeps rescripted on the same matter in these words: "with whom one or two fugitives shall have been found, who shall have hired out their services in order to be fed, and certainly if the same shall previously have done work with others, no one would rightly call this man a suppressor (concealer)".

Dig. 48.15.6.2

Digest 48.15.6.2

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 On Cognitions.

Lege fabia cavetur, ut liber, qui hominem ingenuum vel libertinum invitum celaverit invinctum habuerit emerit sciens dolo malo quive in earum qua re socius erit, quique servo alieno servaeve persuaserit, ut a domino dominave fugiat, vel eum eamve invito vel insciente domino dominave celaverit, invinctum habuerit emerit sciens dolo malo quive in ea re socius erit, eius poena teneatur.

By the Fabian law it is provided that whoever shall have concealed, against his will, a freeborn man or a freedman, or shall have held him bound, or shall have bought him knowing this with malicious fraud, or whoever shall be an accomplice in any of these matters, and whoever shall have persuaded another’s male or female slave to flee from his or her master or mistress, or shall have concealed him or her, the master or mistress being unwilling or unaware, or shall have held him or her bound, or shall have bought him or her knowing this with malicious fraud, or whoever shall be an accomplice in that matter, shall be held to the penalty thereof.

Dig. 48.15.7

Digest 48.15.7

Hermogenianus 5 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 5 of the epitome of law.

Poena pecuniaria statuta lege fabia in usu esse desiit: nam in hoc crimine detecti pro delicti modo coercentur et plerumque in metallum damnantur.

The pecuniary penalty established by the Lex Fabia has ceased to be in use: for in this crime those detected are constrained according to the measure of the offense, and for the most part are condemned to the mines.

Dig. 48.16.0. Ad senatus consultum turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum.

Dig. 48.16.0. On the Turpillian senatus consultum and on the abolitions of crimes.

Dig. 48.16.1pr.

Digest 48.16.1pr.

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in a single book on the senatus consultum Turpillianum.

Accusatorum temeritas tribus modis detegitur et tribus poenis subicitur: aut enim calumniantur aut praevaricantur aut tergiversantur.

The temerity of accusers is detected in three ways and is subjected to three penalties: for either they calumniate, or they prevaricate, or they tergiversate.

Dig. 48.16.1.1

Digest 48.16.1.1

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus, in the single book on the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Calumniari est falsa crimina intendere, praevaricari vera crimina abscondere, tergiversari in universum ab accusatione desistere.

To calumniate is to intend false charges, to prevaricate is to conceal true charges, to tergiversate is, in general, to desist from the accusation.

Dig. 48.16.1.2

Digest 48.16.1.2

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Calumniatoribus poena lege remmia irrogatur.

A penalty is imposed by the Remmian law upon calumniators.

Dig. 48.16.1.3

Digest 48.16.1.3

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the senatus-consultum Turpillianum.

Sed non utique qui non probat quod intendit protinus calumniari videtur: nam eius rei inquisitio arbitrio cognoscentis committitur, qui reo absoluto de accusatoris incipit consilio quaerere, qua mente ductus ad accusationem processit, et si quidem iustum eius errorem reppererit, absolvit eum, si vero in evidenti calumnia eum deprehenderit, legitimam poenam ei irrogat.

But not, of course, is one who does not prove what he intends straightway seen to be calumniating: for the inquisition of that matter is committed to the discretion of the cognizant judge, who, the defendant having been acquitted, begins to inquire into the accuser’s plan—by what mind led he proceeded to the accusation—and if indeed he finds his error to be just, he absolves him; but if he detects him in evident calumny, he imposes upon him the legitimate penalty.

Dig. 48.16.1.4

Digest 48.16.1.4

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the singular book on the senatus consultum Turpillianum.

Quorum alterutrum ipsis verbis pronuntiationis manifestatur. nam si quidem ita pronuntiaverit " non probasti", pepercit ei: sin autem pronuntiavit " calumniatus es", condemnavit eum. et quamvis nihil de poena subiecerit, tamen legis potestas adversus eum exercebitur: nam, ut papinianus respondit, facti quidem quaestio in arbitrio est iudicantis, poenae vero persecutio non eius voluntati mandatur, sed legis auctoritati reservatur.

Of which either alternative is made manifest by the very words of the pronouncement. For if indeed he has pronounced thus " you have not proved (it)", he has spared him; but if on the other hand he pronounced " you have calumniated", he has condemned him. And although he has subjoined nothing about the penalty, nevertheless the power of the law will be exerted against him: for, as Papinian answered, the inquiry into the fact is indeed in the discretion of the judge, but the prosecution of the penalty is not entrusted to his will, but is reserved to the authority of the law.

Dig. 48.16.1.5

Digest 48.16.1.5

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus, in the single book on the Turpillian Senatus Consultum.

Quaeri possit, si ita fuerit interlocutus: " lucius titius temere accusasse videtur", an calumniatorem pronuntiasse videatur. et papinianus temeritatem facilitatis veniam continere et inconsultum calorem calumniae vitio carere et ob id hunc nullam poenam subire oportere.

it may be asked, if he has thus delivered an interlocutory ruling: " lucius titius seems to have accused rashly," whether he appears to have pronounced him a calumniator. and papinian holds that temerity carries pardon for over-easiness, and that unconsidered heat is free from the vice of calumny, and for that reason this man ought to incur no penalty.

Dig. 48.16.1.6

Digest 48.16.1.6

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Praevaricatorem eum esse ostendimus, qui colludit cum reo et translaticie munere accusandi defungitur, eo quod proprias quidem probationes dissimularet, falsas vero rei excusationes admitteret.

We show him to be a prevaricator, who colludes with the defendant and in routine fashion discharges the office of accusing, because he would indeed conceal his own proofs, but would admit the defendant’s false excuses.

Dig. 48.16.1.7

Digest 48.16.1.7

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus, in the singular book on the Senatus Consultum Turpillianum.

Si quis autem ab accusatione citra abolitionem destiterit, punitur.

If anyone, however, has desisted from the accusation short of abolition, he is punished.

Dig. 48.16.1.8

Digest 48.16.1.8

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus, in the single book on the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Abolitio privatim a praesidibus postulari ac impetrari solet, item pro tribunali, non de plano: nec praesens hanc cognitionem alteri demandare potest.

Abolition is customarily requested and obtained privately from the governors, likewise before the tribunal, not summarily; nor can the presiding governor, when present, entrust this cognizance to another.

Dig. 48.16.1.9

Digest 48.16.1.9

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus single book on the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Si plura crimina idem eidem intulit, singulorum debet abolitionem petere: alioquin prout quid admiserit, eius nomine senatus consulti poenam patietur.

If the same man has brought several charges against the same man, he ought to seek abolition for each individually; otherwise, according to what he has committed, he will suffer, on that account, the penalty of the senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.16.1.10

Digest 48.16.1.10

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Turpillianum.

Accusationem is intulit, qui praescriptione summoveri poterat, ut quilibet adulterii masculo post quinque annos continuos ex die commissi adulterii vel feminae post sex menses utiles ex die divortii: an, si destiterit, hoc senatus consulto plecti debet, belle dubitatur. movet, quod paene nulla erit accusatio, quam temporis spatium aut personae vitium omnimodo removeret reoque securitatem timoris ac periculi promitteret. contra movet, quod qualiscumque accusatio illata cognoscentis auctoritate, non accusantis voluntate aboleri debet maioreque odio dignus existimaretur, qui temere ad tam improbam accusationem processisset.

An accusation was brought by someone who could be removed by prescription, inasmuch as any charge of adultery against the male after five continuous years from the day the adultery was committed, or against the woman after six useful months from the day of divorce. Whether, if he has desisted, he ought to be punished by this senatorial decree, is nicely debated. It is urged that there will be hardly any accusation which the lapse of time or a defect of the person would not in every way remove and would promise the defendant a security from fear and danger. On the contrary, it is urged that any accusation once brought ought to be abolished by the authority of the judge, not by the will of the accuser, and that he would be thought worthy of greater odium who had rashly proceeded to so improper an accusation.

ergo verius est eum quoque de quo loquimur in senatus consultum incidere oportere. adquin papinianus respondit mulierem, quae idcirco ad falsi accusationem non admitteretur, quod suam suorumve iniuriam non persequeretur, desistentem senatus consulto turpilliano non plecti. num ergo et in ceteris idem responsurus sit?

therefore it is more correct that he also, of whom we speak, ought to fall under the senatus consultum. moreover, Papinian answered that a woman, who for that reason would not be admitted to the accusation of falsum because she was not prosecuting her own injury or that of her own (kin), if she desists, is not punished by the Turpillian senatus consultum. will he therefore give the same answer in the other cases as well?

quid enim interest, propter sexus infirmitatem an propter status turpitudinem temporisve finem ad accusationem aliquam non admittatur? multoque magis excludendi sunt, quod mulieris quidem accusatio vel propter proprium eius dolorem effectum habere potuit, illorum vero accusatio voce dumtaxat tenus intervenit. adquin idem alias scribit non posse aliquem duos eodem tempore adulterii accusare, marem et feminam, et tamen, si utrique simul denuntiaverit, in utriusque persona abolitionem eum petere debere, ne in hoc senatus consulto incidat.

For what difference is there, whether on account of the infirmity of sex or on account of the turpitude of status or of the expiration of the time-limit one is not admitted to some accusation? And by much more they ought to be excluded, because the woman’s accusation indeed could have had effect, either on account of her own pain, whereas their accusation intervenes only so far as in voice alone. Moreover, the same man elsewhere writes that one cannot at the same time accuse two of adultery, the male and the female; and yet, if he has given notice to both at once, he ought to seek abolition in the person of each, lest he fall under this senatorial decree.

quid porro refert, propter causas supra scriptas accusatio non valuerit an propter numerum personarum non tenuerit? an haec intersint, plenam habuerit aliquis accusandi facultatem, sed propter personarum coniunctionem ab accusatione summoveatur, an vero stricta ratione quibusdam accusandi facultas non competat? merito itaque dicendum est omnes excepta muliere et minore nisi abolitionem petierint, in hoc senatus consulto incidere.

What further does it matter, whether on account of the causes written above the accusation did not prevail, or on account of the number of persons it did not hold? Or do these things differ: whether someone had a full faculty of accusing, but on account of the conjunction of persons is removed from the accusation; or indeed, by a strict reason, the faculty of accusing does not pertain to certain persons? Deservedly, therefore, it must be said that all, except the woman and the minor, unless they shall have sought abolition, fall under this senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.16.1.11

Digest 48.16.1.11

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Turpillianum.

Suspecti tutoris accusatio pro tribunali tantum examinari potest, et nullus alius de huiusmodi quaestione quam praeses pronuntiare potest: et tamen qui ab ea destitit, senatus consulto non tenetur.

The accusation of a suspected guardian can be examined only before the tribunal, and no one other than the governor can pronounce judgment on a question of this kind; and yet the one who has desisted from it is not bound by the senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.16.1.12

Digest 48.16.1.12

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the senatus consultum Turpillianum.

Item si dicat aliquis in senatus consultum incidisse turpillianum, praesidis est super ea re notio: et tamen contra desertorem senatus consulti non intervenit coercitio: qui autem dicit quem in hoc senatus consulto incidisse, accusator non est.

Likewise, if someone says that a person has fallen under the senatus consultum Turpillianum, the cognizance of the governor lies over that matter; and yet coercitio does not intervene against a deserter of the senatus consultum; moreover, he who says that someone has fallen under this senatus consultum is not an accuser.

Dig. 48.16.1.13

Digest 48.16.1.13

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus, in the single book on the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Incidit in hoc senatus consulto et qui accusatorem summittit aut instigat, aut qui mandat alicui et instruit eum ad accusationem capitalem dando probationes, allegando accusationes: et merito: nam diffidendo crimini quod movet et eximendo se periculo calumniae vel desertionis merito calumniantis et desistentis poenae subdi debuit, nisi subornatus accusator probaverit crimen quod intendere suscepit. nec interest, per se mandavit accusationem an per alium: verum hunc, qui hoc ministerio usus est ad mandandam accusationem, non ex verbis, sed ex sententia senatus consulti puniri papinianus respondit. summissus enim accusator similiter eodem senatus consulto plectitur, id est propter hoc solum punitur, quod ministerium alieni timoris recepit.

This senatus consultum also falls upon one who suborns or instigates an accuser, or who mandates to someone and instructs him for a capital accusation by furnishing proofs, by alleging accusations: and rightly so; for, by distrusting the charge which he sets in motion and by removing himself from the danger of calumny or of desertion, he ought deservedly to be subjected to the penalty of the calumniator and of the desister, unless the suborned accuser has proved the crime which he undertook to pursue. Nor does it matter whether he ordered the accusation himself or through another; but Papinian replied that this man, who used this ministry for mandating an accusation, is to be punished not from the words, but according to the intent of the senatus consultum. For the accuser put up is likewise punished by the same senatus consultum, that is, he is punished for this alone, that he accepted the service of another’s fear.

Dig. 48.16.1.14

Digest 48.16.1.14

Marcianus l.S. ad sc turpill.

Marcianus in the single book on the Senatus Consultum Turpillianum.

Reus condemnatus provocavit, deinde accusator destitit: an in hoc senatus consulto incidit? prope est, ut incidisse videatur, quia provocationis remedio condemnationis extinguitur pronuntiatio.

The defendant, having been condemned, appealed; then the accuser desisted: does he fall under this senatus consultum? It is almost as though he appears to have fallen under it, because by the remedy of appeal the pronouncement of condemnation is extinguished.

Dig. 48.16.2

Digest 48.16.2

Paulus l.S. de poen. omnium legum.

Paulus in the single book on the penalties of all laws.

Qui destiterit, agere amplius et accusare prohibetur.

Whoever has desisted is prohibited from further bringing an action and from accusing.

Dig. 48.16.3

Digest 48.16.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Book 1 of the Sentences.

Et in privatis et in extraordinariis criminibus omnes calumniosi extra ordinem pro qualitate admissi plectuntur.

Both in private and in extraordinary criminal cases, all calumniators are punished outside the ordinary course, according to the quality of the offense.

Dig. 48.16.4pr.

Digest 48.16.4, preface.

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinianus 15 Responses.

Mulier, quae falsi crimen iniuriae propriae post interpositam denuntiationem desistens omisit, ex senatus consulto turpilliano teneri non videtur.

A woman who, after an interposed denunciation, desisting, omitted the charge of falsity in respect of her own injury does not seem to be held under the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.16.4.1

Digest 48.16.4.1

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 responses

Post abolitionem idem crimen ab eodem in eundem instaurari non potest.

After an abolition, the same charge cannot be reinstated by the same person against the same person.

Dig. 48.16.5

Digest 48.16.5

Paulus 2 resp.

Paulus Book 2 of Responses.

Quaesitum est, an is, qui libello principi dato falsum se obiecturum minatus est, si non obiecisset, turpilliano senatus consulto tenetur. paulus respondit verbis senatus consulti turpilliani eum de quo quaeritur non contineri.

It was asked whether the one who, a libellus having been given to the princeps, threatened that he would bring a false charge, if he did not bring it, is held by the Turpillian senatus consultum. Paulus responded that by the words of the Turpillian senatus consultum the person about whom inquiry is made is not included.

Dig. 48.16.6pr.

Digest 48.16.6pr.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Ab accusatione destitit, qui cum adversario suo de compositione eius criminis quod intendebat fuerit locutus.

He has abandoned the accusation, who has spoken with his adversary about the composition (settlement) of that crime which he was bringing.

Dig. 48.16.6.1

Digest 48.16.6.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Animo ab accusatione destitit, qui affectum et animum accusandi deposuit.

He has desisted from the accusation in mind, who has laid aside the affect and animus of accusing.

Dig. 48.16.6.2

Digest 48.16.6.2

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Destitisse videtur, qui intra praefinitum accusationis a praeside tempus reum suum non peregit.

He is deemed to have desisted, who has not completed his case against his defendant within the time for the accusation prefixed by the governor.

Dig. 48.16.6.3

Digest 48.16.6.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Nuntiatores, qui per notoriam indicia produnt, notoriis suis adsistere iubentur.

Denouncers, who disclose indicia by a notarial instrument, are ordered to attend with their own notaries.

Dig. 48.16.6.4

Digest 48.16.6.4

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Calumniae causa puniuntur, qui in fraudem alicuius librum vel testimonium aliudve quid conquisisse vel scripsisse vel in iudicium protulisse dicuntur.

They are punished on the ground of calumny, who are said to have procured a book or testimony or anything else, or to have written it, or to have produced it in court, in fraud of someone.

Dig. 48.16.7pr.

Digest 48.16.7, preface.

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Si quis repetere velit crimen publica abolitione interveniente, eo iure repetit, quo accusabat: neque enim possunt praescriptiones ei obici, quae ante reorum abolitionem non sunt obiectae. et ita divus hadrianus rescripsit.

If anyone should wish to renew a charge, a public abolition having intervened, he renews it by the same right with which he was prosecuting; for prescriptions cannot be objected to him which were not objected before the abolition of the defendants. And thus the deified Hadrian gave a rescript.

Dig. 48.16.7.1

Digest 48.16.7.1

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Si stellionatum quis obiecerit vel expilatae hereditatis crimen et destitit, poenam senatus consulti turpilliani non subibit, nec si furti vel iniuriarum: sed officio iudicis culpa eius coercebitur.

If someone has alleged stellionate or the crime of expilation of an inheritance and then desisted, he will not incur the penalty of the senatus consultum Turpillianum, nor if it was of theft or of injuries; but his fault will be restrained by the judge’s office.

Dig. 48.16.8

Digest 48.16.8

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian, 2 On Adulteries.

Abolitio aut publice fit ob diem insignem aut publicam gratulationem.

Abolition either is effected publicly on account of a notable day or a public congratulation.

Dig. 48.16.9

Digest 48.16.9

Macer 2 publ.

Macer, Book 2 On Public Trials.

Vel ob rem prospere gestam.

Or on account of a deed prosperously accomplished.

Dig. 48.16.10pr.

Digest 48.16.10, preface.

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian 2 On Adultery.

Aut privatim actore postulante. tertio genere fit ex lege abolitio accusatore mortuo vel ex iusta causa impedito, quo minus accusare possit.

Or privately, with the prosecutor petitioning. by a third kind, abolition takes place by law when the accuser has died or is impeded by a just cause, such that he cannot accuse.

Dig. 48.16.10.1

Digest 48.16.10.1

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinianus 2 On Adultery.

Abolitione autem publice facta non retractabitur in iudicio repetendo de mariti iure.

However, with the abolition having been made publicly, it will not be reconsidered in a repeated suit, on the ground of the husband’s right.

Dig. 48.16.10.2

Digest 48.16.10.2

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian 2 On Adultery.

Triginta dies repetendi rei divus traianus utiles esse interpretatus est, ex die scilicet, quo feriae finitae sunt. et senatus censuit eas dies cedere, quibus quisque reum suum repetere possit. hoc autem repetendi rei tempus non aliter cedit, quam si accusator quoque potuit adire.

Thirty days for pursuing the defendant the deified Trajan interpreted as “useful” days, namely from the day on which the holidays have ended. And the Senate decreed that those days run on which each person is able to pursue his own defendant. But this period for pursuing the defendant does not run otherwise than if the accuser too was able to approach.

Dig. 48.16.11

Digest 48.16.11

Papinianus l.S. de adult.

Papinian, in the single book On Adultery.

Quaerebatur, an hi, qui ab accusatione tempore exclusi essent, in senatus consultum turpillianum inciderunt. respondit non oportere dubitari calumnia non puniri eos, qui praescriptione temporis exclusi causam adulterii perferre non potuerunt.

It was asked whether those who had been excluded from bringing an accusation by lapse of time fell under the senatus consultum Turpillianum. He responded that it ought not to be doubted that those who, barred by a prescription of time, were unable to carry through the cause of adultery are not punished for calumny.

Dig. 48.16.12

Digest 48.16.12

Ulpianus 2 de adult.

Ulpian 2 on adultery.

Si interveniente publica abolitione ex senatus consulto, ut fieri adsolet, vel ob laetitiam aliquam vel honorem domus divinae vel ex aliqua causa, ex qua senatus censuit abolitionem reorum fieri, nec intra dies praestitutos reum repetierit: dicendum est cessare turpillianum senatus consultum. nec enim videtur desistere, qui exemptum reum non defert: eximitur autem reorum abolitione interveniente.

If, with a public abolition intervening by senatorial decree, as is wont to happen, either on account of some rejoicing or the honor of the divine house or from some cause by reason of which the senate resolved that an abolition of defendants be made, he has not within the days prescribed renewed the charge against the defendant: it must be said that the Turpillian senatus consultum ceases. for he does not seem to desist who does not bring a defendant who has been exempted: moreover he is exempted when an abolition of defendants intervenes.

Dig. 48.16.13pr.

Digest 48.16.13pr.

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on Adultery.

Destitisse eum accipiemus, qui in totum animum agendi deposuit, non qui distulit accusationem.

We will take him to have desisted who has entirely laid aside the intention of proceeding, not him who has deferred the accusation.

Dig. 48.16.13.1

Digest 48.16.13.1

Paulus 3 de adult.

Paulus 3 on adultery.

Sed qui permissu imperatoris ab accusatione destitit, impunitus est.

But he who, with the emperor’s permission, desisted from the accusation, is unpunished.

Dig. 48.16.14

Digest 48.16.14

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Divus hadrianus salvio caro proconsuli cretae rescripsit tutorem, qui pupilli causa instituerat accusationem, defuncto pupillo, cuius causa accusare coeperat, non esse cogendum accusationem implere.

The deified Hadrian wrote back to Salvius Carus, proconsul of Crete, that a guardian who had instituted a prosecution for the sake of a ward, upon the ward’s death—for whose sake he had begun to prosecute—was not to be compelled to complete the prosecution.

Dig. 48.16.15pr.

Digest 48.16.15, preface.

Macer 2 publ.

Macer book 2, On Public Prosecutions.

In senatus consultum turpillianum incidunt, qui subiecissent accusatores, aut subiecti postulassent nec peregissent reos, aut aliter quam abolitione facta destitissent: quique chirographum ob accusandum dedissent pactionemve aliquam interposuissent. hoc autem verbum " nec peregissent" ad universos supra scriptos pertinere dicendum est.

They fall under the senatus consultum turpillianum who had suborned accusers, or who, being suborned, had demanded defendants and had not carried through the prosecution, or had desisted otherwise than after an abolition was effected: and those who had given a chirograph for the purpose of accusing or had interposed some pact. But this phrase "nec peregissent" is to be said to pertain to all the above-written.

Dig. 48.16.15.1

Digest 48.16.15.1

Macer 2 publ.

Macer 2 Public Prosecutions.

An ad eos, qui hodie de iudiciis publicis extra ordinem cognoscunt, senatus consultum pertineat, quaeritur: sed iam hoc iure ex sacris constitutionibus utimur, ut pertineat ita ex singulis causis singulae poenae irrogentur.

It is inquired whether the senatus consultum pertains to those who today take cognizance of public prosecutions outside the ordinary course; but now we use this law from the sacred constitutions: that it does pertain, so that from individual cases individual penalties are imposed.

Dig. 48.16.15.2

Digest 48.16.15.2

Macer 2 publ.

Macer book 2 public law.

Eos, de quorum calumnia agi non permittitur, si destiterint, non incidere in poenam huius senatus consulti constitutionibus cavetur.

It is provided by the constitutions that those, concerning whose calumny it is not permitted to proceed, if they desist, do not incur the penalty of this senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.16.15.3

Digest 48.16.15.3

Macer 2 publ.

Macer 2 public law.

Si propter mortem rei accusator destiterit, non potest hoc senatus consulto teneri, quia morte rei iudicium solvitur, nisi tale crimen fuit, cuius actio et adversus heredes durat, veluti maiestatis. idem in accusatione repetundarum est, quia haec quoque morte non solvitur.

If on account of the death of the defendant the accuser has desisted, he cannot be bound by this senatorial decree, because by the death of the defendant the proceeding is dissolved, unless it was such a crime whose action endures also against the heirs, as in treason. The same applies in a charge of extortion, because this too is not dissolved by death.

Dig. 48.16.15.4

Digest 48.16.15.4

Macer 2 publ.

Macer book 2, Public Law.

Ceterum si, postea quam accusator destitit, reus decesserit, non ideo magis delictum accusatoris relevatur. nam eum qui semel destitit, si postea accusare paratus sit, non esse audiendum severus et antoninus statuerunt.

Moreover, if, after the accuser has desisted, the defendant has died, not for that reason is the accuser’s delict the more alleviated. For Severus and Antoninus decreed that one who has once desisted, even if afterward he is prepared to accuse, is not to be heard.

Dig. 48.16.15.5

Digest 48.16.15.5

Macer 2 publ.

Macer 2 Public Prosecutions.

Qui post inscriptionem ante litem contestatam anno vel biennio agere non potuerint variis praesidum occupationibus vel etiam civilium officiorum necessitatibus districti, in senatus consultum non incident.

Those who, after inscription and before the suit is contested (before joinder of issue), have not been able to proceed within a year or within two years, being constrained by the various occupations of the governors or even by the necessities of civil offices, do not fall under the senatus-consult.

Dig. 48.16.15.6

Digest 48.16.15.6

Macer 2 publ.

Macer Book 2, Public Prosecutions

Quamquam prius reum quis detulerat, et si post abolitionem, antequam reus repeteretur, alia abolitio supervenerit: non ex superiore, sed ex secunda abolitione dies triginta computantur.

Although someone had previously denounced the accused, and if, after an abolition, before the accused was sought again, another abolition supervened: the thirty days are computed not from the prior, but from the second abolition.

Dig. 48.16.16

Digest 48.16.16

Paulus l.S. de adult.

Paulus in the single book on adultery.

Domitianus rescripsit, quod de feriis et abolendis reis dicitur, non pertinere ad servos, qui accusati in vinculis esse iubentur, ne iudicium finiatur.

Domitian wrote back that what is said about holidays and about abolishing prosecutions against defendants does not pertain to slaves, who, when accused, are ordered to be in chains, lest the trial be concluded.

Dig. 48.16.17

Digest 48.16.17

Modestinus 17 resp.

Modestinus 17 responses.

Lucius titius seium reum falsi fecit et priusquam persequeretur, indulgentia reorum crimina abolita sunt. quaero, si postea eum iterato reum non fecerit, an in turpillianum senatus consultum inciderit. herennius modestinus respondit abolitionem reorum, quae publice indulgetur, ad hoc genus criminis non pertinere.

Lucius Titius made Seius a defendant on a charge of falsum, and before he prosecuted, by indulgence toward defendants the crimes were abolished. I ask whether, if afterwards he did not make him a defendant again, he falls under the Turpillian Senatus Consultum. Herennius Modestinus responded that the abolition of defendants, which is publicly indulged, does not pertain to this kind of crime.

Dig. 48.16.18pr.

Digest 48.16.18, preface.

Papirius 1 de const.

Papirius 1 on Constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus augusti iulio vero rescripserunt, cum satis diu litem traxisse dicetur, invito adversario non posse eum abolitionem accipere.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus, Augusti, issued a rescript to Julius Verus that, since he will be said to have dragged out the lawsuit for quite a long time, he cannot, the adversary being unwilling, obtain abolition.

Dig. 48.16.18.1

Digest 48.16.18.1

Papirius 1 de const.

Papirius Book 1 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt, nisi evidenter probetur consentire adversarium, abolitionem non dari.

Likewise, by rescript they wrote that, unless it is evidently proved that the adversary consents, abolition is not to be granted.

Dig. 48.16.18.2

Digest 48.16.18.2

Papirius 1 de const.

Papirius 1 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt, cum in crimine capitali abolitionem ut in re pecuniaria petitam esse diceret, restaurandam esse nihilo minus cognitionem, ita ut, si non probasset hoc quod proponeret, non impune eum laturum.

Likewise they rescripted that, when he said that in a capital charge an abolition had been sought as in a pecuniary matter, the cognizance was nonetheless to be restored, such that, if he did not prove what he was proposing, he would not bear it with impunity.

Dig. 48.17.0. De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis.

Digest 48.17.0. On seeking out or condemning absentees.

Dig. 48.17.1pr.

Digest 48.17.1, beginning.

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus Public Prosecutions, book 2.

Divi severi et antonini magni rescriptum est, ne quis absens puniatur: et hoc iure utimur, ne absentes damnentur: neque enim inaudita causa quemquam damnari aequitatis ratio patitur.

A rescript of the deified Severus and the great Antoninus is, that no one absent be punished: and we use this law, that the absent not be condemned: for the principle of equity does not allow anyone to be condemned with the cause unheard.

Dig. 48.17.1.1

Digest 48.17.1.1

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus 2 Public Prosecutions.

Si autem gravius quis puniatur, puta in opus metalli vel similem poenam sive capitalem: hoc casu non est irroganda in absentem poena, sed absens requirendus adnotatus est, ut copiam sui praestet.

But if someone is to be punished more gravely—for instance, to the work of the mines or a similar penalty, or capital—then in this case a penalty is not to be imposed upon an absent person; rather, it is recorded that the absentee must be sought, so that he may present himself.

Dig. 48.17.1.2

Digest 48.17.1.2

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus 2 public prosecutions.

Praesides autem provinciarum circa requirendos adnotatos hoc debent facere, ut eos quos adnotaverint edictis adesse iubeant, ut possit innotescere eis quod adnotati sunt, sed et litteras ad magistratus, ubi consistunt, mittere, ut per eos possit innotescere requirendos eos esse adnotatos.

Moreover, the presidents of the provinces ought to do this concerning those annotated as to be sought: that they order by edicts those whom they have annotated to be present, so that it may become known to them that they have been annotated; and also to send letters to the magistrates where they are stationed, so that through them it may be made known that they have been annotated as persons to be sought.

Dig. 48.17.1.3

Digest 48.17.1.3

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus 2 On Public Prosecutions.

Et ex hoc annus computatur ad se purgandos.

And from this a year is computed for purging themselves.

Dig. 48.17.1.4

Digest 48.17.1.4

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus book 2 of Public Trials.

Sed et papinianus libro sexto decimo responsorum scripsit requirendum adnotatum si provinciae praesidem intra annum adierit et satis obtulerit, non esse locum mandatis, ut bona fisco vindicentur. nam et si intra annum mortuus sit, criminis causa expirat et perit et bona eius ad successores transmittuntur.

But also papinianus, in the sixteenth book of the responses, wrote that the imperial annotation must be consulted: if he has approached the governor of the province within a year and has offered security, there is no place for the mandates that the goods be claimed by the fisc. For even if he has died within a year, the cause of the crime expires and perishes, and his goods are transmitted to his successors.

Dig. 48.17.2pr.

Digest 48.17.2pr.

Macer 2 publ.

Macer book 2 of On Public Prosecutions.

Anni spatium ad occupanda bona eius, qui requirendus adnotatus est, pertinet.

A span of one year pertains to the occupying of the goods of him who has been annotated as “to be sought.”

Dig. 48.17.2.1

Digest 48.17.2.1

Macer 2 publ.

Macer 2 Public Prosecutions.

Sed si per viginti annos fiscus bona non occupaverit, postea praescriptione vel ab ipso reo vel ab heredibus eius submovebitur:

But if for twenty years the fiscus has not seized the goods, thereafter it will be barred by prescription, either by the defendant himself or by his heirs:

Dig. 48.17.3

Digest 48.17.3

Marcianus 2 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus book 2 on public prosecutions.

Quamcumque enim quaestionem apud fiscum, si non alia sit propria praescriptio, viginti annorum silentio praescribi divi principes voluerunt.

For whatever question before the fisc, if there is no other proper prescription, the deified princes wished it to be prescribed by twenty years’ silence.

Dig. 48.17.4pr.

Digest 48.17.4, beginning.

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 On Public Prosecutions.

Annus exinde computandus est, ex quo ea adnotatio quae vel edicto vel litteris ad magistratus factis publice innotuit.

Thereafter the year is to be computed from the time when that annotation became publicly known, whether by edict or by letters issued to the magistrates.

Dig. 48.17.4.1

Digest 48.17.4.1

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 on public prosecutions.

Ergo et viginti annorum tempus exinde fisco numeratur, ex quo adnotatio publice innotuit.

Therefore, the twenty-year period is thence counted for the fisc, from the time when the annotation became publicly known.

Dig. 48.17.4.2

Digest 48.17.4.2

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 on public prosecutions.

In summa sciendum est nulla temporis praescriptione causae defensione summoveri eum, qui requirendus adnotatus est.

In sum, it is to be known that by no prescription of time is he to be removed from the defense of the case who has been annotated as to be sought.

Dig. 48.17.5pr.

Digest 48.17.5pr.

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Mandatis cavetur intra annum requirendorum bona obsignari, ut, si redierint et se purgaverint, integram rem suam habeant: si neque responderint neque qui se defendant habuerint, tunc post annum bona in fiscum coguntur.

It is provided by mandates that the goods of those to be sought be sealed within a year, so that, if they return and clear themselves, they may have their property entire: if they neither respond nor have someone to defend them, then after a year the goods are collected into the fisc.

Dig. 48.17.5.1

Digest 48.17.5.1

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Et intra annum medio tempore moventia si qua sunt, ne aut mora deteriora fiant aut aliquo modo intereant, venire debere pretiumque eorum in deposito esse, divi severus et antoninus sanxerunt.

And within the year, in the meantime, if there are any movables, lest by delay they become worse or in some way perish, they ought to be sold, and their price be in deposit, the deified Severus and Antoninus sanctioned.

Dig. 48.17.5.2

Digest 48.17.5.2

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Sed et divus traianus inter moventia fructus quoque haberi rescripsit.

But the deified Trajan also wrote in a rescript that fruits, too, are to be regarded among movables.

Dig. 48.17.5.3

Digest 48.17.5.3

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 pandects.

Curandum est autem, ne quid ei qui profugit medio tempore a debitoribus eius solvatur, ne per hoc fuga eius instruatur.

Care must be taken, however, that nothing be paid to him who has fled in the meantime by his debtors, lest by this his flight be abetted.

Dig. 48.18.0. De quaestionibus.

Digest 48.18.0. On interrogations.

Dig. 48.18.1pr.

Digest 48.18.1, preface.

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

In criminibus eruendis quaestio adhiberi solet. sed quando vel quatenus id faciendum sit, videamus. et non esse a tormentis incipiendum et divus augustus constituit neque adeo fidem quaestioni adhibendam, sed et epistula divi hadriani ad sennium sabinum continetur.

In bringing crimes to light, the Question is usually applied. But when or to what extent this should be done, let us consider. Both that one ought not to begin with torments the Deified Augustus established, nor is such faith to be placed in the Question; and the same is contained in a letter of the Deified Hadrian to Sennius Sabinus.

Dig. 48.18.1.1

Digest 48.18.1.1

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpianus 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Verba rescripti ita se habent: " ad tormenta servorum ita demum veniri oportet, cum suspectus est reus et aliis argumentis ita probationi admovetur, ut sola confessio servorum deesse videatur".

The words of the rescript are as follows: " Only then ought one to resort to the torture of slaves, when the defendant is suspect and by other arguments is thus brought to proof, so that only the confession of the slaves seems to be lacking".

Dig. 48.18.1.2

Digest 48.18.1.2

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Idem divus hadrianus claudio quartino rescripsit: quo rescripto illud expressit a suspectissimo incipiendum et a quo facillime posse verum scire iudex crediderit.

Likewise the deified Hadrian wrote back to Claudius Quartinus: by which rescript he expressed this—that one should begin with the most suspect person, and with the one from whom the judge shall have believed that he can most easily ascertain the truth.

Dig. 48.18.1.3

Digest 48.18.1.3

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Ad quaestionem non esse provocandos eos, quos accusator de domo sua produxit, nec facile credendum subiectam eam, quam ambo parentes dicuntur caram filiam habuisse rescripto divorum fratrum ad lucium tiberianum emisso declaratur.

It is declared by a rescript of the deified brothers, sent to Lucius Tiberianus, that those whom the accuser has produced from his own house are not to be called to the question, and that it is not to be easily believed that she was a substituted child, whom both parents are said to have had as a dear daughter.

Dig. 48.18.1.4

Digest 48.18.1.4

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Idem cornelio proculo rescripserunt non utique in servi unius quaestione fidem rei constituendam, sed argumentis causam examinandam.

The same wrote back to Cornelius Proculus that the proof of the matter was not to be established on the interrogation of a single slave, but that the case was to be examined by arguments.

Dig. 48.18.1.5

Digest 48.18.1.5

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Divus antoninus, et divus hadrianus sennio sabino, rescripserunt, cum servi pariter cum domino aurum et argentum exportasse dicerentur, non esse de domino interrogandos: ne quidem, si ultro aliquid dixerint, obesse hoc domino.

the Deified antoninus, and the Deified hadrianus to sennio sabino, issued a rescript, that when slaves were said to have exported gold and silver together with their master, they are not to be interrogated about the master: nor indeed, if they have of their own accord said something, is this to prejudice the master.

Dig. 48.18.1.6

Digest 48.18.1.6

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Divi fratres leliano longino rescripserunt de servo heredum non esse habendam quaestionem in res hereditarias, quamvis suspectum fuisset, quod imaginaria venditione dominium in eo quaesisse heres videretur.

The deified brothers issued a rescript to lelianus longinus that, concerning the heirs’ slave, no quaestio is to be held in hereditary matters, although it had been suspected that the heir seemed to have acquired dominium in him by an imaginary vendition.

Dig. 48.18.1.7

Digest 48.18.1.7

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Servum municipum posse in caput civium torqueri saepissime rescriptum est, quia non sit illorum servus, sed rei publicae. idemque in ceteris servis corporum dicendum est: nec enim plurium servus videtur, sed corporis.

It has been very frequently rescripted that a municipal slave can be put to torture in a capital case concerning citizens, because he is not their slave, but of the republic. And the same is to be said regarding the other slaves of corporate bodies: for he is not regarded as the slave of several persons, but of the body.

Dig. 48.18.1.8

Digest 48.18.1.8

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si servus bona fide mihi serviat, etiamsi dominium in eo non habui, potest dici torqueri eum in caput meum non debere. idem est et in libero homine, qui bona fide servit.

If a slave serves me in bona fide, even if I have not had dominion over him, it can be said that he ought not to be subjected to torture on my account. The same holds also for a free man who serves in bona fide.

Dig. 48.18.1.9

Digest 48.18.1.9

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Sed nec libertum torqueri in patroni caput constitutum est.

But neither has it been established that a freedman be tortured in a capital case against his patron.

Dig. 48.18.1.10

Digest 48.18.1.10

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Nec fratrem quidem in fratris imperator noster cum divo patre suo rescripsit, addita ratione, quod in eum, in quem quis invitus testimonium dicere non cogitur, in eum nec torqueri debet.

Nor even a brother against a brother—our emperor, together with his deified father, has ruled by rescript, adding the rationale that against one in whose case a person is not compelled, unwilling, to give testimony, against that one neither ought he to be tortured.

Dig. 48.18.1.11

Digest 48.18.1.11

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8, On the Office of the Proconsul.

Servum mariti in caput uxoris posse torqueri divus traianus sernio quarto rescripsit.

The deified Trajan wrote in a fourth rescript to Sernius that a husband’s slave can be put to torture on a capital charge against the wife.

Dig. 48.18.1.12

Digest 48.18.1.12

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Idem mummio lolliano rescripsit damnati servos, quia desierunt esse ipsius, posse in eum torqueri.

The same wrote back to Mummius Lollianus that the slaves of a condemned man, because they have ceased to be his, can be tortured against him.

Dig. 48.18.1.13

Digest 48.18.1.13

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si servus ad hoc erit manumissus, ne torqueatur, dummodo in caput domini non torqueatur, posse eum torqueri divus pius rescripsit.

If a slave has been manumitted for this purpose—that he not be subjected to torture—provided only that he not be tortured with respect to the master’s liability, the deified Pius rescripted that he can be tortured.

Dig. 48.18.1.14

Digest 48.18.1.14

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Sed et eum, qui cognitionis susceptae tempore alienus fuit, licet postea rei sit effectus, torqueri in caput posse divi fratres rescripserunt.

But the deified brothers rescripted that even one who, at the time the inquiry was undertaken, was an outsider—though he afterwards became a defendant—can be tortured against the defendant.

Dig. 48.18.1.15

Digest 48.18.1.15

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si quis dicatur nullo iure emptus, non prius torqueri poterit, quam si constiterit venditionem non valuisse: et ita imperator noster cum divo patre suo rescripsit.

If anyone is said to have been bought with no right, he cannot be subjected to torture before it has been established that the sale was not valid: and thus our emperor, together with his deified father, has rescripted.

Dig. 48.18.1.16

Digest 48.18.1.16

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Item severus spicio antigono ita rescripsit: " cum quaestio de servis contra dominos neque haberi debeat neque, si facta sit, dicturi sententiam consilium instruat: multo minus indicia servorum contra dominos admittenda sunt".

Likewise severus wrote back thus to spicio antigono: " when an inquiry concerning slaves against their masters ought neither to be held nor, if it has been done, to instruct the council of one about to pronounce sentence: much less are the indicia of slaves against their masters to be admitted".

Dig. 48.18.1.17

Digest 48.18.1.17

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Divus severus rescripsit confessiones reorum pro exploratis facinoribus haberi non oportere, si nulla probatio religionem cognoscentis instruat.

The deified Severus wrote in a rescript that the confessions of the accused ought not to be regarded as established crimes, if no proof supports the conscience of the adjudicator.

Dig. 48.18.1.18

Digest 48.18.1.18

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Cum quidam deponere pretium servi paratus esset, ut servus torqueretur contra dominum, imperator noster cum divo patre suo id non admiserunt.

When someone was prepared to deposit the price of a slave, so that the slave might be tortured against his master, our emperor together with his deified father did not admit this.

Dig. 48.18.1.19

Digest 48.18.1.19

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Si servi quasi sceleris participes in se torqueantur deque domino aliquid fuerint confessi apud iudicem: prout causa exegerit, ita pronuntiare eum debere divus traianus rescripsit. quo rescripto ostenditur gravari dominos confessione servorum. sed ab hoc rescripto recessum constitutiones posteriores ostendunt.

If slaves, as though partners in the crime, are subjected to torture themselves and have confessed something about their master before the judge: the deified Trajan wrote in a rescript that he ought to pronounce as the case shall require. By which rescript it is shown that masters are burdened by the confession of slaves. But later constitutions show a departure from this rescript.

Dig. 48.18.1.20

Digest 48.18.1.20

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

In causa tributorum, in quibus esse rei publicae nervos nemini dubium est, periculi quoque ratio, quod servo fraudis conscio capitalem poenam denuntiat, eiusdem professionem exstruat.

In the case of tributes, in which the sinews of the commonwealth are—about which no one is in doubt—let the reckoning of peril also, in that it denounces a capital penalty for a slave privy to the fraud, build up the same profession.

Dig. 48.18.1.21

Digest 48.18.1.21

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Qui quaestionem habiturus est, non debet specialiter interrogare, an lucius titius homicidium fecerit, sed generaliter, quis id fecerit: alterum enim magis suggerentis quam requirentis videtur. et ita divus traianus rescripsit.

He who is going to hold an inquiry ought not to interrogate specifically whether lucius titius committed the homicide, but generally, who did it: for the former seems more of one suggesting than of one inquiring. And thus the deified Trajan wrote back in a rescript.

Dig. 48.18.1.22

Digest 48.18.1.22

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Divus hadrianus calpurnio celeriano in haec verba rescripsit: " agricola pompei valentis servus de se potest interrogari. si, dum quaestio habetur, amplius dixerit, rei fuerit indicium, non interrogationis culpa".

The deified Hadrian wrote back to Calpurnius Celerianus in these words: " Agricola, the slave of Pompeius Valens, can be questioned about himself. If, while the examination is being conducted, he says more, it will be an indication of the charge, not the fault of the interrogation".

Dig. 48.18.1.23

Digest 48.18.1.23

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Quaestioni fidem non semper nec tamen numquam habendam constitutionibus declaratur: etenim res est fragilis et periculosa et quae veritatem fallat. nam plerique patientia sive duritia tormentorum ita tormenta contemnunt, ut exprimi eis veritas nullo modo possit: alii tanta sunt impatientia, ut quodvis mentiri quam pati tormenta velint: ita fit, ut etiam vario modo fateantur, ut non tantum se, verum etiam alios criminentur.

It is declared by the constitutions that credence is not always, nor yet never, to be given to the question: for it is a fragile and perilous thing and one that may deceive the truth. For very many, by patience or hardness under tortures, so contemn the torments that the truth can in no way be extracted from them; others are of such impatience that they would rather tell any lie than endure tortures: thus it comes about that they even confess in varying ways, so that they incriminate not only themselves but also others.

Dig. 48.18.1.24

Digest 48.18.1.24

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Praeterea inimicorum quaestioni fides haberi non debet, quia facile mentiuntur. nec tamen sub praetextu inimicitiarum detrahenda erit fides quaestionis,

Moreover, credence ought not to be given to the questioning of enemies, because they readily lie. nor yet under the pretext of enmities should the credence of the questioning be detracted,

Dig. 48.18.1.25

Digest 48.18.1.25

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, book 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Causaque cognita habenda fides aut non habenda.

And, the case having been examined, credence is to be given or not to be given.

Dig. 48.18.1.26

Digest 48.18.1.26

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian, book 8 on the office of the proconsul.

Cum quis latrones tradidit, quibusdam rescriptis continetur non debere fidem haberi eis in eos, qui eos tradiderunt: quibusdam vero, quae sunt pleniora, hoc cavetur, ut neque destricte non habeatur, ut in ceterorum persona solet, sed causa cognita aestimetur, habenda fides sit nec ne. plerique enim, dum metuunt, ne forte adpprehensi eos nominent, prodere eos solent, scilicet impunitatem sibi captantes, quia non facile eis indicantibus proditores suos creditur. sed neque passim impunitas eis per huiusmodi proditiones concedenda est, neque transmittenda allegatio dicentium idcirco se oneratos, quod eos ipsi tradidissent: neque enim invalidum argumentum haberi debet mendacii sive calumniae in se instructae.

When someone has delivered up bandits, some rescripts contain that credit ought not to be given to them against those who delivered them; but in certain others, which are fuller, this is provided: that it should not be held strictly that no credit is to be had, as is wont in the case of others, but, the case having been examined, it should be assessed whether credit is to be given or not. For many, while they fear lest, if apprehended, they may name them, are accustomed to betray them, namely courting impunity for themselves, since it is not easy that, with them indicating, their betrayers are believed. But neither is impunity to be granted everywhere to them by means of such betrayals, nor is the allegation to be passed over of those saying that on that account they were burdened, because they themselves had delivered them; for an argument of falsehood or of calumny constructed against themselves ought not to be held invalid.

Dig. 48.18.1.27

Digest 48.18.1.27

Ulpianus 8 de off. procons.

Ulpian book 8 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si quis ultro de maleficio fateatur, non semper ei fides habenda est: nonnumquam enim aut metu aut qua alia de causa in se confitentur. et extat epistula divorum fratrum ad voconium saxam, qua continetur liberandum eum, qui in se fuerat confessus, cuius post damnationem de innocentia constitisset. cuius verba haec sunt: " prudenter et egregia ratione humanitatis, saxa carissime, primitivum servum, qui homicidium in se confingere metu ad dominum revertendi suspectus esset, perseverantem falsa demonstratione damnasti quaesiturus de consciis, quos aeque habere se commentitus fuerat, ut ad certiorem ipsius de se confessionem pervenires.

If anyone of his own accord confesses about a malefaction, credit is not always to be given to him: for sometimes they confess against themselves either from fear or for some other cause. And there exists an epistle of the deified brothers to Voconius Saxa, in which it is contained that he is to be freed who had confessed against himself, whose innocence had been established after condemnation. The words of which are these: "prudently and with an outstanding rationale of humanity, dearest Saxa, you condemned the slave Primitivus, who was suspected of fabricating a homicide against himself from fear of returning to his master, as he persisted in a false demonstration, intending to inquire about accomplices, whom he had likewise pretended to have, so that you might arrive at a more certain confession by him about himself.

nec frustra fuit tam prudens consilium tuum, cum in tormentis constiterit neque illos ei conscios fuisse et ipsum de se temere commentum. potes itaque decreti gratiam facere et eum per officium distrahi iubere, condicione addita, ne umquam in potestatem domini revertatur, quem pretio recepto certum habemus libenter tali servo cariturum". hac epistula significatur, quasi servus damnatus, si fuisset restitutus, ad eum pertinebit, cuius fuisset, antequam damnetur. sed praeses provinciae eum quem damnavit restituere non potest, cum nec pecuniariam sententiam suam revocare possit.

nor was your counsel so prudent in vain, since under torture it was established both that those men had not been his accomplices and that he himself had rashly fabricated about himself. you can therefore grant the favor of a decree and order him to be sold through the office, with the condition added that he shall never return into the master’s power, whom, the price having been received, we are certain will gladly go without such a slave." by this letter it is signified that, as it were, a condemned slave, if he were restored, will belong to him to whom he had belonged before he was condemned. but the governor of the province cannot restore him whom he condemned, since he cannot even revoke his pecuniary sentence.

quid igitur? principi eum scribere oportet, si quando ei, qui nocens videbatur, postea ratio innocentiae constitit.

What then? One ought to write to the emperor, if ever, in the case of someone who seemed guilty, the case for innocence has afterwards been established.

Dig. 48.18.2

Digest 48.18.2

Ulpianus 39 ad ed.

Ulpian 39 on the Edict.

Hereditarii servi, quamdiu incertum est ad quem bona pertineant, non possunt videri in caput domini torqueri.

The slaves of an inheritance, so long as it is uncertain to whom the goods pertain, cannot be considered to be tortured against the person of the master.

Dig. 48.18.3

Digest 48.18.3

Ulpianus 50 ad ed.

Ulpian 50 On the Edict.

Constitutione imperatoris nostri et divi severi placuit plurium servum in nullius caput torqueri posse.

By a constitution of our emperor and the deified Severus it was decreed that a slave belonging to several persons cannot be put to the torture against any one of them.

Dig. 48.18.4

Digest 48.18.4

Ulpianus 3 disp.

Ulpian Disputations, Book 3.

In incesto, ut papinianus respondit et est rescriptum, servorum tormenta cessant, quia et lex iulia cessat de adulteriis.

In the case of incest, as Papinian has replied and there is a rescript, the torture of slaves ceases, because the Lex Julia on adulteries likewise ceases.

Dig. 48.18.5

Digest 48.18.5

Marcianus 2 inst.

Marcianus 2 Institutes

Si quis viduam vel alii nuptam cognatam, cum qua nuptias contrahere non potest, corruperit, in insulam deportandus est, quia duplex crimen est et incestum, quia cognatam violavit contra fas, et adulterium vel stuprum adiungit. denique hoc casu servi in personam domini torquentur.

If anyone should corrupt a kinswoman, whether a widow or married to another, with whom he cannot contract nuptials, he is to be deported to an island, because the crime is twofold: both incest, since he violated a kinswoman against fas, and he adds adultery or stuprum. denique in this case slaves are tortured in the person of the master.

Dig. 48.18.6pr.

Digest 48.18.6, preface.

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian Book 2 on adultery.

Patre vel marito de adulterio agente et postulantibus de servis rei ut quaestio habeatur, si vere causa perorata testibus prolatis absolutio secuta fuerit, mancipiorum, quae mortua sunt, aestimatio habetur: secuta vero damnatione quae supersunt publicantur.

When the father or the husband is prosecuting for adultery and, upon petition, that a quaestio be held of the defendant’s slaves, if truly, the case having been fully perorated and witnesses produced, an acquittal has followed, an estimation is made of the slaves who have died; but if a condemnation has followed, those who remain are made public property.

Dig. 48.18.6.1

Digest 48.18.6.1

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian Book 2 on adultery.

Cum de falso testamento quaeritur, hereditarii servi possunt torqueri.

When inquiry is made about a false testament, the estate’s slaves can be tortured.

Dig. 48.18.7

Digest 48.18.7

Ulpianus 3 de adult.

Ulpianus 3 on adultery.

Quaestionis modum magis est iudices arbitrari oportere: itaque quaestionem habere oportet, ut servus salvus sit vel innocentiae vel supplicio.

It is more proper that the judges arbitrate the measure of the questioning; and so the questioning ought to be held in such a way that the slave is kept safe, either for innocence or for punishment.

Dig. 48.18.8pr.

Digest 48.18.8, pr.

Paulus 2 de adult.

Paulus 2 on adultery.

Edictum divi augusti, quod proposuit vibio habito et lucio aproniano consulibus, in hunc modum exstat: " quaestiones neque semper in omni causa et persona desiderari debere arbitror, et, cum capitalia et atrociora maleficia non aliter explorari et investigari possunt quam per servorum quaestiones, efficacissimas eas esse ad requirendam veritatem existimo et habendas censeo".

The edict of the deified Augustus, which he posted in the consulship of Vibius Habitus and Lucius Apronianus, exists in this form: "I am of the opinion that examinations ought not always to be demanded in every case and for every person; and, since capital and more atrocious crimes cannot be tested and investigated otherwise than through the examinations of slaves, I deem these to be most efficacious for seeking out the truth and consider that they are to be employed."

Dig. 48.18.8.1

Digest 48.18.8.1

Paulus 2 de adult.

Paulus 2 on adultery.

Statuliber in adulterio postulari poterit, ut quaestio ex eo habeatur, quod servus heredis est: sed spem suam retinebit.

A statuliber may be prosecuted in adultery, so that an inquiry be had from him, since he is the heir’s slave; but he will retain his hope (of freedom).

Dig. 48.18.9pr.

Digest 48.18.9pr.

Marcianus 2 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus Book 2 on public trials

Divus pius rescripsit posse de servis haberi quaestionem in pecuniaria causa, si aliter veritas inveniri non possit. quod et aliis rescriptis cavetur. sed hoc ita est, ut non facile in re pecuniaria quaestio habeatur: sed si aliter veritas inveniri non possit nisi per tormenta, licet habere quaestionem, ut et divus severus rescripsit.

The deified Pius wrote in a rescript that a quaestio concerning slaves can be held in a pecuniary cause, if otherwise the truth cannot be found; which is also provided by other rescripts. But this is so, that a quaestio not be readily held in a pecuniary matter; yet if otherwise the truth cannot be discovered except through torments, it is permitted to hold a quaestio, as also the deified Severus wrote in a rescript.

licet itaque et de servis alienis haberi quaestionem, si ita res suadeat.

Accordingly it is permitted that an inquisition be held even concerning other people’s slaves, if the matter so persuades.

Dig. 48.18.9.1

Digest 48.18.9.1

Marcianus 2 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 2 on public prosecutions.

Ex quibus causis quaestio de servis adversus dominos haberi non debet, ex his causis ne quidem interrogationem valere: et multo minus indicia servorum contra dominos admittenda sunt.

From those causes on account of which an inquiry by torture concerning slaves against their masters ought not to be held, from these causes not even interrogation ought to be valid: and much less are the indicia of slaves to be admitted against their masters.

Dig. 48.18.9.2

Digest 48.18.9.2

Marcianus 2 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 2 on public prosecutions.

De eo, qui in insulam deportatus est, quaestio habenda non est, ut divus pius rescripsit.

Concerning him who has been deported to an island, no inquiry is to be held, as the deified Pius wrote in a rescript.

Dig. 48.18.9.3

Digest 48.18.9.3

Marcianus 2 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 2 on public trials.

Sed nec de statulibero in pecuniariis causis quaestio habenda est nisi deficiente condicione.

But neither is an examination to be held concerning a statuliber in pecuniary cases, unless the condition has failed.

Dig. 48.18.10pr.

Digest 48.18.10, beginning.

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius in a single book On Wills.

De minore quattuordecim annis quaestio habenda non est, ut et divus pius caecilio iuventiano rescripsit.

No interrogation by torture is to be held concerning a minor under fourteen years, as the deified Pius also wrote in a rescript to Caecilius Iuventianus.

Dig. 48.18.10.1

Digest 48.18.10.1

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius single book on testaments.

Sed omnes omnino in maiestatis crimine, quod ad personas principum attinet, si ad testimonium provocentur, cum res exigit, torquentur.

But absolutely all, in a charge of treason, insofar as it concerns the persons of the emperors, if they are called to testimony, when the matter demands, are tortured.

Dig. 48.18.10.2

Digest 48.18.10.2

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius in the single book, On Witnesses.

Potest quaeri, an de servis filii castrensis peculii in caput patris quaestio haberi non possit: nam patris non debere torqueri in filium constitutum est. et puto recte dici nec filii servos in caput patris esse interrogandos.

It can be asked whether an inquiry concerning the slaves of the son’s castrense peculium may not be held against the person of the father: for it has been established that the father ought not to be tortured on account of the son. and I think it is rightly said that neither are the son’s slaves to be interrogated against the person of the father.

Dig. 48.18.10.3

Digest 48.18.10.3

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius in the single book on testaments.

Tormenta autem adhibenda sunt, non quanta accusator postulat, sed ut moderatae rationis temperamenta desiderant.

Tortures, moreover, are to be applied, not to the extent the accuser demands, but as the temperaments of moderate reason require.

Dig. 48.18.10.4

Digest 48.18.10.4

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius in the single book On Wills.

Nec debet initium probationum de domo rei accusator sumere, dum aut libertos eius quem accusat aut servos in testimonium vocat.

Nor ought the accuser to take the beginning of the proofs from the defendant’s house, when he calls either the freedmen of him whom he accuses or his slaves to testimony.

Dig. 48.18.10.5

Digest 48.18.10.5

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius, in the single book On Testaments.

Plurimum quoque in excutienda veritate etiam vox ipsa et cognitionis suptilis diligentia adfert: nam et ex sermone et ex eo, qua quis constantia, qua trepidatione quid diceret, vel cuius existimationis quisque in civitate sua est, quaedam ad inluminandam veritatem in lucem emergunt.

Very much also in the sifting of truth is contributed by the voice itself and the subtle diligence of cognition: for both from the discourse, and from this— with what constancy, with what trepidation someone would say something— or of what estimation each person is in his own city, certain things emerge into the light for the illumination of the truth.

Dig. 48.18.10.6

Digest 48.18.10.6

Arcadius l.S. de test.

Arcadius in the single book On Witnesses.

In causis quoque liberalibus non oportet per eorum tormenta, de quorum statu quaeritur, veritatem requiri.

In cases concerning freedom as well, it is not proper that the truth be sought through the torture of those whose status is being inquired into.

Dig. 48.18.11

Digest 48.18.11

Paulus 2 de off. procons.

Paulus 2 on the office of the proconsul.

Etiamsi redhibitus fuerit servus, in caput emptoris non torquebitur.

Even if the slave has been redhibited, he shall not be put to torture against the person of the buyer.

Dig. 48.18.12

Digest 48.18.12

Ulpianus 54 ad ed.

Ulpian 54 on the Edict.

Si quis, ne quaestio de eo agatur, liberum se dicat, divus hadrianus rescripsit non esse eum ante torquendum quam liberale iudicium experiatur.

If anyone, in order that no inquiry be conducted about him, declares himself free, the deified Hadrian rescripted that he is not to be tortured before he undergoes the freedom-judgment.

Dig. 48.18.13

Digest 48.18.13

Modestinus 5 reg.

Modestinus book 5 of the Rules.

Certo pretio servum aestimatum in quaestionem dari interposita stipulatione receptum est.

It has been accepted that, with a stipulation interposed, a slave appraised at a fixed price be given over to interrogation.

Dig. 48.18.14

Digest 48.18.14

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Book 8 of the Rules.

Statuliber in delicto repertus sperandae libertatis praerogativa non ut servus ob ambiguum condicionis, sed ut liber puniendus est.

A statuliber found in a delict, by the prerogative of liberty to be hoped for, is to be punished not as a slave on account of the ambiguity of his condition, but as a free man.

Dig. 48.18.15pr.

Digest 48.18.15pr.

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on cognitions.

Ex libero homine pro testimonio non vacillante quaestionem haberi non oportet.

A free man ought not to be put to the question for testimony, if he does not waver in his testimony.

Dig. 48.18.15.1

Digest 48.18.15.1

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on judicial inquiries.

De minore quoque quattuordecim annis in caput alterius quaestionem habendam non esse divus pius maecilio rescripsit, maxime cum nullis extrinsecus argumentis accusatio impleatur. nec tamen consequens esse, ut etiam sine tormentis eisdem credatur: nam aetas, inquit, quae adversus asperitatem quaestionis eos interim tueri videtur, suspectiores quoque eosdem facit ad mentiendi facilitatem.

Concerning a minor also under fourteen years, the deified Pius wrote by rescript to Maecilius that a question is not to be held against the person of another on his account, especially when the accusation is not supplied by any extrinsic proofs. Nor, however, does it follow that therefore they should be believed even without torments: for the age, he says, which for the time seems to protect them against the harshness of the question, also makes those same persons more suspect for a facility in lying.

Dig. 48.18.15.2

Digest 48.18.15.2

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 on cognitions.

Eum, qui vindicanti servum cavit, domini loco habendum et ideo in caput eius servos torqueri non posse divus pius in haec verba rescripsit: " causam tuam aliis probationibus instituere debes: nam de servis quaestio haberi non debet, cum possessor hereditatis, qui petitori satisdedit, interim domini loco habeatur".

He who has given security to one vindicating a slave is to be held in the place of the owner, and therefore slaves cannot be tortured against him; the deified Pius rescripted in these words: " you must establish your case by other proofs: for a quaestio concerning slaves ought not to be held, since the possessor of the inheritance, who has given security to the petitioner, is meanwhile held in the place of the owner".

Dig. 48.18.16pr.

Digest 48.18.16pr.

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus 3 on punishments.

Repeti posse quaestionem divi fratres rescripserunt.

The deified brothers replied by rescript that the inquiry could be repeated.

Dig. 48.18.16.1

Digest 48.18.16.1

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus 3 on penalties.

Is, qui de se confessus est, in caput aliorum non torquebitur, ut divus pius rescripsit.

He who has confessed as to himself shall not be tortured against the persons of others, as the deified Pius wrote in a rescript.

Dig. 48.18.17pr.

Digest 48.18.17 pr.

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinianus 16 Responses.

Extrario quoque accusante servos in adulterii quaestione contra dominum interrogari placuit. quod divus marcus ac postea maximus princeps iudicantes secuti sunt.

Also, with a stranger as accuser, it was decided that slaves be interrogated against their master in the inquiry of adultery; which the deified Marcus, and afterwards Maximus the princeps, when judging, followed.

Dig. 48.18.17.1

Digest 48.18.17.1

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinian 16 Responses.

Sed et in quaestione stupri servi adversus dominum non torquentur.

But also, in an inquiry concerning stuprum, slaves are not tortured against their master.

Dig. 48.18.17.2

Digest 48.18.17.2

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinianus 16 Responses.

De quaestione suppositi partus, vel si petat hereditatem, quem ceteri filii non esse fratrem suum contendunt, quaestio de servis hereditariis habebitur, quia non contra dominos ceteros filios, sed pro successione domini defuncti quaeritur. quod congruit ei, quod divus hadrianus rescripsit: cum enim in socium caedis socius postularetur, de communi servo habendam quaestionem rescripsit, quod pro domino fore videretur.

On the examination by torture concerning a supposititious birth, or if he seeks the inheritance—one whom the other sons contend is not their brother—the examination will be held of the slaves of the estate, because the inquiry is made not against the masters, the other sons, but on behalf of the succession of the deceased master. This accords with what the deified Hadrian wrote in a rescript: for when an associate was being demanded as an accomplice in a killing, he wrote that the question should be had of a common (co‑owned) slave, because it would seem to be for the master.

Dig. 48.18.17.3

Digest 48.18.17.3

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinian 16 responses.

De servo in metallum damnato quaestionem contra eum qui dominus fuit, non esse habendam respondi: nec ad rem pertinere, si ministrum se facinoris fuisse confiteatur.

Concerning a slave condemned to the mines, I replied that questioning by torture is not to be held against him who was the master; nor does it pertain to the matter if he confesses that he was an accomplice in the crime.

Dig. 48.18.18pr.

Digest 48.18.18pr.

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus Sentences 5.

Unius facinoris plurimi rei ita audiendi sunt, ut ab eo primum incipiatur, qui timidior est vel tenerae aetatis videtur.

For a single offense, multiple defendants are to be heard in such a manner that one begins first with him who is more timorous or appears to be of tender age.

Dig. 48.18.18.1

Digest 48.18.18.1

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Reus evidentioribus argumentis obpressus repeti in quaestionem potest, maxime si in tormenta animum corpusque duraverit.

An accused, overborne by more evident arguments, can be brought back into questioning, especially if he has hardened his mind and body against torments.

Dig. 48.18.18.2

Digest 48.18.18.2

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

In ea causa, in qua nullis reus argumentis urguebatur, tormenta non facile adhibenda sunt, sed instandum accusatori, ut id quod intendat comprobet atque convincat.

In that case in which the defendant is pressed by no arguments, tortures are not readily to be applied, but the accuser must be pressed, so that he may prove and convince that which he intends.

Dig. 48.18.18.3

Digest 48.18.18.3

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Testes torquendi non sunt convincendi mendacii aut veritatis gratia, nisi cum facto intervenisse dicuntur.

Witnesses are not to be tortured for the sake of convincing of mendacity or of truth, unless they are said to have intervened in the deed.

Dig. 48.18.18.4

Digest 48.18.18.4

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Iudex cum de fide generis instrui non potest, poterit de servis hereditariis habere quaestionem.

When the judge cannot be instructed regarding the credibility of the lineage, he may hold an inquiry concerning the hereditary slaves.

Dig. 48.18.18.5

Digest 48.18.18.5

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 sentences.

Servo qui ultro aliquid de domino confitetur, fides non accommodatur: neque enim oportet salutem dominorum servorum arbitrio committi.

To a slave who of his own accord confesses something about his master, credence is not accorded; for it is not fitting that the safety of masters be committed to the arbitrament of slaves.

Dig. 48.18.18.6

Digest 48.18.18.6

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Servus in caput eius domini, a quo distractus est cuique aliquando servivit, in memoriam prioris dominii interrogari non potest.

A slave cannot be interrogated against the person (caput) of that master, from whom he has been sold away and whom he once served, in memory of the prior dominion.

Dig. 48.18.18.7

Digest 48.18.18.7

Paulus 5 sent.

Paul 5 Sentences.

Servus, nec si a domino ad tormenta offeratur, interrogandus est.

A slave is not to be questioned, not even if he is presented by his master for torture.

Dig. 48.18.18.8

Digest 48.18.18.8

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus Sentences 5.

Sane quotiens quaeritur, an servi in caput domini interrogandi sint, prius de eorum dominio oportet inquiri.

Indeed, whenever it is asked whether slaves are to be interrogated against their master’s person, it must first be inquired into their ownership.

Dig. 48.18.18.9

Digest 48.18.18.9

Paulus 5 sent.

Paul 5 Sentences.

Cogniturum de criminibus praesidem oportet ante diem palam facere custodias se auditurum, ne hi, qui defendendi sunt, subitis accusatorum criminibus obprimantur: quamvis defensionem quocumque tempore postulante reo negari non oportet, adeo ut propterea et differantur et proferantur custodiae.

A presiding governor who is going to take cognizance of crimes ought, before the day, to make public that he will hear those in custody, lest those who are to be defended be overwhelmed by the sudden charges of the accusers; although a defense ought not to be denied at whatever time the defendant requests it, to such a degree that on that account the hearings of those in custody are both deferred and brought forward.

Dig. 48.18.18.10

Digest 48.18.18.10

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Custodiae non solum pro tribunali, sed et de plano audiri possunt atque damnari.

Those in custody can be heard and condemned not only before the tribunal, but also summarily.

Dig. 48.18.19

Digest 48.18.19

Tryphonus 4 disp.

Tryphoninus 4 Disputations.

Is, cui fideicommissa libertas debetur, non aliter ut servus quaestioni applicetur, nisi aliorum quaestionibus oneretur.

He to whom fideicommissary freedom is due shall not otherwise be put to the question as a slave, unless he is burdened by the interrogations of others.

Dig. 48.18.20

Digest 48.18.20

Paulus 3 decr.

Paul 3 decrees.

Maritus quidam heres uxoris suae petebat a suro pecuniam, quam apud eum deposuisse defunctam se absente dicebat, et in eam rem unum testem liberti sui filium produxerat apud procuratorem: desideraverat et quaestionem haberi de ancilla. surus negabat se accepisse et testimonium non oportere unius hominis admitti nec solere a quaestionibus incipi, etsi aliena esset ancilla. procurator quaestionem de ancilla habuerat.

A certain husband, the heir of his wife, was demanding from Syrus the money which he said the deceased had deposited with him while he himself was absent, and in that matter he had produced before the procurator a single witness, the son of his freedman; he had also desired that an inquiry by torture be held concerning a maidservant. Syrus denied that he had received it and said that the testimony of one man ought not to be admitted, nor was it the custom to begin with tortures, even if the maidservant belonged to another. The procurator had conducted the inquiry by torture of the maidservant.

cum ex appellatione cognovisset imperator, pronuntiavit quaestione illicite habita unius testimonio non esse credendum ideoque recte provocatum.

when, from the appeal, the emperor had learned, he pronounced that, the inquiry having been held unlawfully, the testimony of a single person was not to be believed, and therefore that the appeal had been properly taken.

Dig. 48.18.21

Digest 48.18.21

Paulus l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Paulus, in a single book, On the Penalties of Pagans.

Quaestionis habendae causa neminem esse damnandum divus hadrianus rescripsit.

For the sake of holding an investigation, no one is to be condemned, the deified Hadrian wrote in a rescript.

Dig. 48.18.22

Digest 48.18.22

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul, Sentences 1.

Qui sine accusatoribus in custodiam recepti sunt, quaestio de his habenda non est, nisi si aliquibus suspicionibus urgueantur.

Those who have been received into custody without accusers: an inquiry concerning them is not to be held, unless they are pressed by some suspicions.

Dig. 48.19.0. De poenis.

Digest 48.19.0. On Penalties.

Dig. 48.19.1pr.

Digest 48.19.1, preface.

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, Book 8.

Quotiens de delicto quaeritur, placuit non eam poenam subire quem debere, quam condicio eius admittit eo tempore, quo sententia de eo fertur, sed eam, quam sustineret, si eo tempore esset sententiam passus, cum deliquisset.

Whenever inquiry is made concerning a delict, it has been settled that he is not to undergo that penalty which he would owe, which his condition admits at the time when sentence is pronounced upon him, but that which he would bear if he had undergone sentence at the time when he committed the offense.

Dig. 48.19.1.1

Digest 48.19.1.1

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Proinde si servus crimen commiserit, deinde libertatem consecutus dicetur, eam poenam sustinere debet, quam sustineret, si tunc sententiam passus fuisset, cum deliquisset.

Accordingly, if a slave has committed a crime, and then is said to have obtained liberty, he ought to sustain that penalty which he would sustain if he had then undergone sentence, when he committed the offense.

Dig. 48.19.1.2

Digest 48.19.1.2

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Per contrarium quoque si in deteriorem condicionem fuerit redactus, eam poenam subire eum oportebit, quam sustineret, si in condicione priore durasset.

Conversely also, if he has been reduced into a worse condition, he ought to undergo that penalty which he would sustain if he had remained in his prior condition.

Dig. 48.19.1.3

Digest 48.19.1.3

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian 8 Disputations.

Generaliter placet, in legibus publicorum iudiciorum vel privatorum criminum qui extra ordinem cognoscunt praefecti vel praesides ut eis, qui poenam pecuniariam egentes eludunt, coercitionem extraordinariam inducant.

Generally it is approved, in the laws concerning public prosecutions or private crimes, that prefects or governors who take cognizance extra ordinem should bring in extraordinary coercion upon those who, being in want, evade a pecuniary penalty.

Dig. 48.19.2pr.

Digest 48.19.2, preface.

Ulpianus 48 ad ed.

Ulpian, book 48 On the Edict.

Rei capitalis damnatum sic accipere debemus, ex qua causa damnato vel mors vel etiam civitatis amissio vel servitus contingit.

We ought to understand “condemned on a capital charge” thus: from such a cause there ensues for the condemned either death, or even the loss of citizenship, or servitude.

Dig. 48.19.2.1

Digest 48.19.2.1

Ulpianus 48 ad ed.

Ulpian, 48 on the Edict

Constat, postquam deportatio in locum aquae et ignis interdictionis successit, non prius amittere quem civitatem, quam princeps deportatum in insulam statuerit: praesidem enim deportare non posse nulla dubitatio est. sed praefectus urbi ius habet deportandi statimque post sententiam praefecti amisisse civitatem videtur.

It is established that, after deportation has succeeded in place of the interdiction of water and fire, a person does not lose citizenship before the emperor has determined that he is to be deported to an island: for there is no doubt that a provincial governor cannot deport. But the Prefect of the City has the right of deporting, and he is considered to have lost citizenship immediately after the sentence of the Prefect.

Dig. 48.19.2.2

Digest 48.19.2.2

Ulpianus 48 ad ed.

Ulpian 48 on the edict.

Eum accipiemus damnatum, qui non provocavit: ceterum si provocet, nondum damnatus videtur. sed et si ab eo, qui ius damnandi non habuit rei capitalis, quis damnatus sit, eadem causa erit: damnatus enim ille est ubi damnatio tenuit.

We will accept as condemned him who has not appealed; but if he should appeal, he is not yet seen as condemned. And likewise, if someone has been condemned by one who did not have the right of condemning in a capital matter, the case will be the same: for he is condemned where the condemnation has prevailed.

Dig. 48.19.3

Digest 48.19.3

Ulpianus 14 ad sab.

Ulpian 14 on Sabinus.

Praegnatis mulieris consumendae damnatae poena differtur quoad pariat. ego quidem et ne quaestio de ea habeatur, scio observari, quamdiu praegnas est.

The penalty of a condemned pregnant woman who is to be put to death is deferred until she gives birth. I, for my part, also know it to be observed that no inquisition (quaestio) be held concerning her, so long as she is pregnant.

Dig. 48.19.4

Digest 48.19.4

Marcianus 13 inst.

Marcianus 13 Institutes.

Relegati sive in insulam deportati debent locis interdictis abstinere. et hoc iure utimur, ut relegatus interdictis locis non excedat: alioquin in tempus quidem relegato perpetuum exilium, in perpetuum relegato insulae relegationis, in insulam relegato deportationis, in insulam deportato poena capitis adrogatur. et haec ita, sive quis non excesserit in exilium intra tempus intra quod debuit, sive etiam alias exilio non obtemperaverit: nam contumacia eius cumulat poenam.

Relegated persons or those deported to an island ought to abstain from interdicted places. And we employ this rule, that a relegated person not transgress the interdicted places: otherwise, for one relegated for a time, perpetual exile is added; for one relegated in perpetuity, relegation to an island; for one relegated to an island, deportation; for one deported to an island, the penalty of the head (capital punishment) is added. And these things are so, whether someone has not departed into exile within the time within which he ought, or also otherwise has not obeyed the exile: for his contumacy piles up the penalty.

et nemo potest commeatum remeatumve dare exuli, nisi imperator, ex aliqua causa.

and no one can grant to an exile leave to go or to return, unless the emperor, for some cause.

Dig. 48.19.5pr.

Digest 48.19.5pr.

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Absentem in criminibus damnari non debere divus traianus iulio frontoni rescripsit. sed nec de suspicionibus debere aliquem damnari divus traianus adsidio severo rescripsit: satius enim esse impunitum relinqui facinus nocentis quam innocentem damnari. adversus contumaces vero, qui neque denuntiationibus neque edictis praesidum obtemperassent, etiam absentes pronuntiari oportet secundum morem privatorum iudiciorum.

that one absent in criminal charges ought not to be condemned, the deified Trajan wrote in a rescript to Julius Frontonus. but he also wrote in a rescript to Sidius Severus that no one ought to be condemned on suspicions: for it is preferable that the crime of a guilty person be left unpunished than that an innocent be condemned. against the contumacious, however, who had obeyed neither the summonses nor the edicts of the governors, it is proper that sentence be pronounced against them even in their absence, according to the custom of private judgments.

potest quis defendere haec non esse contraria. quid igitur est? melius statuetur in absentes pecuniarias quidem poenas vel eas, quae existimationem contingunt, si saepius admoniti per contumaciam desint, statui posse et usque ad relegationem procedi: verum si quid gravius irrogandum fuisset, puta in metallum vel capitis poenam, non esse absentibus irrogandam.

One can defend that these are not contrary. What, then, is the case? It will be better determined that, against absentees, pecuniary penalties indeed, or those which touch reputation, if, though repeatedly admonished, they are absent through contumacy, can be imposed, and the matter can proceed up to relegation; but if something more grievous were to be inflicted—say, to the mines or a capital penalty—it is not to be inflicted upon absentees.

Dig. 48.19.5.1

Digest 48.19.5.1

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 On the Office of the Proconsul.

In accusatorem autem absentem nonnumquam gravius statuendum, quam turpilliani senatus consulti poena irrogatur, dicendum est.

But it must be said that, as to an absent accuser, it is sometimes to be determined more severely than the penalty imposed by the Turpillian senatus consultum.

Dig. 48.19.5.2

Digest 48.19.5.2

Ulpianus 7 de off. procons.

Ulpian 7 on the office of the proconsul.

Refert et in maioribus delictis, consulto aliquid admittatur, an casu. et sane in omnibus criminibus distinctio haec poenam aut iustam elicere debet aut temperamentum admittere.

It matters also in the greater delicts whether something is committed deliberately or by chance. And indeed in all crimes this distinction ought either to elicit a just penalty or to admit a tempering.

Dig. 48.19.6pr.

Digest 48.19.6pr.

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Si quis forte, ne supplicio adficiatur, dicat se habere quod principi referat salutis ipsius causa, an remittendum sit ad eum, videndum est. et sunt plerique praesidum tam timidi, ut etiam post sententiam de eo dictam poenam sustineant nec quicquam audiant: alii omnino non patiuntur quicquam tale allegantes: nonnulli neque semper neque numquam remittunt, sed inquirunt, quid sit, quod allegare principi velint quidque quod pro salute ipsius habeant dicere, post quae aut sustinent poenam aut non sustinent. quod videtur habere mediam rationem.

If anyone perchance, in order not to be subjected to punishment, says that he has something to report to the emperor for the sake of the latter’s safety, whether he should be remitted to him must be considered. And there are very many governors so timid that even after sentence has been pronounced concerning him they enforce the penalty and hear nothing; others do not at all allow people alleging anything of the kind; some neither always nor never remit, but inquire what it is that they wish to allege to the emperor and what they have to say on behalf of his safety, after which they either sustain the penalty or do not sustain it. This seems to hold the middle course.

ceterum, ut mea fert opinio, prorsus eos non debuisse, posteaquam semel damnati sunt, audiri, quidquid allegent. quis enim dubitat eludendae poenae causa ad haec eos decurrere magisque esse puniendos, qui tamdiu conticuerunt, quod pro salute principis habere se dicere iactant? nec enim debebant tam magnam rem tam diu reticere.

But, as my opinion holds, they ought absolutely not to have been heard, once they have been condemned, whatever they may allege. For who doubts that, for the purpose of eluding the penalty, they resort to these measures, and that those are the more to be punished who have kept silent so long, while they boast that they have something which they say they have for the emperor’s safety? For they ought not to have kept so great a matter silent for so long.

Dig. 48.19.6.1

Digest 48.19.6.1

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian Book 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Si quos comitum vel legati sui reos proconsul invenerit, utrum punire eos debeat an successori servare, quaeri potest. sed multa exstant exempla, quae non tantum officialium suorum nec sub se agentium, verum suos quoque servos poena adfecerunt: quod quidem faciendum est, ut exemplo deterriti minus delinquant.

If the proconsul should find any accused among his companions or his legate, it can be asked whether he ought to punish them or to reserve them for his successor. But many precedents exist, in which they have subjected to penalty not only their officials and those acting under them, but even their own slaves: which indeed ought to be done, so that, deterred by the example, they may offend less.

Dig. 48.19.6.2

Digest 48.19.6.2

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Nunc genera poenarum nobis enumeranda sunt, quibus praesides adficere quemque possint. et sunt poenae, quae aut vitam adimant aut servitutem iniungant aut civitatem auferant aut exilium aut coercitionem corporis contineant:

Now the kinds of punishments must be enumerated by us, with which governors can afflict anyone. And there are punishments which either take away life or impose servitude or take away citizenship or comprise exile or coercition of the body:

Dig. 48.19.7

Digest 48.19.7

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

( veluti fustium, admonitio: flagellorum, castigatio: vinculorum, verberatio)

( as it were, an admonition with clubs: a castigation with whips: a beating with chains)

Dig. 48.19.8pr.

Digest 48.19.8, beginning.

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Aut damnum cum infamia aut dignitatis aliquam depositionem aut alicuius actus prohibitionem.

Either damage with infamy, or some deposition of dignity, or a prohibition of some act.

Dig. 48.19.8.1

Digest 48.19.8.1

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Vita adimitur, ut puta si damnatur aliquis, ut gladio in eum animadvertatur. sed animadverti gladio oportet, non securi vel telo vel fusti vel laqueo vel quo alio modo. proinde nec liberam mortis facultatem concedendi ius praesides habent.

Life is taken away, as, for instance, if someone is condemned, so that he be proceeded against with the sword. But he must be proceeded against with the sword, not with the axe, or a weapon, or a club, or a noose, or by any other method. Accordingly, the governors do not have the right to concede the free choice of death.

multo enim vel veneno necandi. divi tamen fratres rescripserunt permittentes liberam mortis facultatem.

for many, indeed, are to be put to death even by poison. nevertheless the Deified Brothers wrote back, permitting a free option of death.

Dig. 48.19.8.2

Digest 48.19.8.2

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Hostes autem, item transfugae ea poena adficiuntur, ut vivi exurantur.

Enemies, moreover, as well as defectors, are subjected to this penalty, that they be burned alive.

Dig. 48.19.8.3

Digest 48.19.8.3

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Nec ea quidem poena damnari quem oportet, ut verberibus necetur vel virgis interematur, nec tormentis: quamvis plerique dum torquentur deficere solent.

Nor indeed ought one to be condemned to such a penalty as to be slain by scourges or dispatched by rods, nor by tortures; although many are wont to expire while they are being tortured.

Dig. 48.19.8.4

Digest 48.19.8.4

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Est poena, quae adimat libertatem: huiusmodi ut puta, si quis in metallum vel in opus metalli damnetur. metalla autem multa numero sunt et quaedam quidem provinciae habent, quaedam non habent: sed quae non habent, in eas provincias mittunt, quae metalla habent.

There is a penalty that takes away liberty: of this kind, for instance, if someone is condemned to the mines or to the work of the mine. Now mines are many in number, and some provinces indeed have them, some do not: but those which do not have them send into those provinces which have mines.

Dig. 48.19.8.5

Digest 48.19.8.5

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Praefecto plane urbi specialiter competere ius in metallum damnandi ex epistula divi severi ad fabium cilonem exprimitur.

It is plainly expressed from a letter of the deified Severus to Fabius Cilo that the Prefect of the City specifically has the right of condemning to the mines.

Dig. 48.19.8.6

Digest 48.19.8.6

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Inter eos autem, qui in metallum et eos, qui in opus metalli damnantur, differentia in vinculis tantum est, quod qui in metallum damnantur, gravioribus vinculis premuntur, qui in opus metalli, levioribus, quodque refugae ex opere metalli in metallum dantur, ex metallo gravius coercentur.

Among those, however, who are condemned to the mine and those who are condemned to the work of the mine, the difference lies only in the fetters: those condemned to the mine are weighed down with heavier fetters, those to the work of the mine with lighter ones; and runaways from the work of the mine are consigned to the mine, while from the mine they are more severely punished.

Dig. 48.19.8.7

Digest 48.19.8.7

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Quisquis autem in opus publicum damnatus refugit, duplicato tempore damnari solet: sed duplicare eum id temporis oportet, quod ei cum superesset fugit, scilicet ne illud duplicetur, quo adprehensus in carcere fuit. et si in decem annos damnatus sit, aut perpetuari ei debet poena aut in opus metalli transmitti. plane si decennio damnatus fuit et initio statim fugit, videndum est, utrum duplicari ei tempora debeant, an vero perpetuari vel transferri in opus metalli: et magis est, ut transferatur aut perpetuetur.

Whoever, however, having been condemned to public works, fled back, is usually condemned with the time doubled: but one ought to double for him that portion of time which remained to him when he fled, namely, lest that be doubled during which he was apprehended in prison. And if he was condemned for ten years, either the penalty ought to be made perpetual for him or he should be transferred to the work of the mines. Clearly, if he was condemned for a decade and immediately at the outset fled, it must be considered whether his terms ought to be doubled, or rather whether it should be made perpetual or he be transferred to the work of the mines: and the stronger view is that he be transferred or it be made perpetual.

generaliter enim dicitur, quotiens decennium excessura est duplicatio, non esse tempore poenam artandam.

For it is generally said that whenever the duplication is about to exceed a decennium, the punishment is not to be narrowed by time.

Dig. 48.19.8.8

Digest 48.19.8.8

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

In ministerium metallicorum feminae in perpetuum vel ad tempus damnari solent. simili modo et in salinas. et si quidem in perpetuum fuerint damnatae, quasi servae poenae constituuntur: si vero ad tempus damnantur, retinent civitatem.

Women are accustomed to be sentenced to the service of the mines either perpetually or for a time. in a similar manner also to the saltworks. and if indeed they have been sentenced in perpetuity, they are constituted as if slaves of punishment; but if they are sentenced for a time, they retain citizenship.

Dig. 48.19.8.9

Digest 48.19.8.9

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Solent praesides in carcere continendos damnare aut ut in vinculis contineantur: sed id eos facere non oportet. nam huiusmodi poenae interdictae sunt: carcer enim ad continendos homines, non ad puniendos haberi debet.

Governors are wont to sentence persons to be kept in prison, or to be kept in fetters; but they ought not to do this. For penalties of this kind are prohibited: for the prison ought to be held for keeping men, not for punishing.

Dig. 48.19.8.10

Digest 48.19.8.10

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

In calcariam quoque vel sulpurariam damnari solent: sed hae poenae metalli magis sunt.

They are also accustomed to be condemned to the lime-works or to the sulphur-works; but these penalties are rather penalties of the mines.

Dig. 48.19.8.11

Digest 48.19.8.11

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Quicumque in ludum venatorium fuerint damnati, videndum est, an servi poenae efficiantur: solent enim iuniores hac poena adfici. utrum ergo servi poenae isti efficiantur an retineant libertatem, videndum est. et magis est, ut hi quoque servi efficiantur: hoc enim distant a ceteris, quod instituuntur venatores aut pyrricharii aut aliam quam voluptatem gesticulandi vel aliter se movendi gratia.

Whoever have been condemned to the venatorial school, it must be considered whether they become slaves of punishment; for the younger are wont to be afflicted with this penalty. Therefore whether these become slaves of punishment or retain freedom must be considered. And the stronger view is that these too become slaves; for they differ from the others in this, that they are trained as venatores (beast-fighters) or pyrricharii (Pyrrhic-dancers), or for some other entertainment, for the sake of gesticulating or of moving themselves in some other way.

Dig. 48.19.8.12

Digest 48.19.8.12

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Servos in metallum vel in opus metalli, item in ludum venatorium dari solere nulla dubitatio est: et si fuerint dati, servi poenae efficiuntur nec ad eum pertinebunt, cuius fuerint antequam damnarentur. denique cum quidam servus in metallum damnatus beneficio principis esset iam poena liberatus, imperator antoninus rectissime rescripsit, quia semel domini esse desierat servus poenae factus, non esse eum in potestatem domini postea reddendum.

There is no doubt that slaves are wont to be given into the mines or into work of the mine, likewise into the venatorial school; and if they have been given, they become slaves of punishment and will not belong to the one to whom they belonged before they were condemned. Finally, when a certain slave condemned to the mines had already been freed from the penalty by the emperor’s beneficium, Emperor Antoninus most rightly issued a rescript that, because once he had ceased to be the master’s, having been made a slave of punishment, he was not thereafter to be returned into the master’s power.

Dig. 48.19.8.13

Digest 48.19.8.13

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Sed sive in perpetua vincula fuerit damnatus servus sive in temporalia, eius remanet, cuius fuit, antequam damnaretur.

But whether a slave has been condemned to perpetual bonds or to temporal ones, he remains the property of him to whom he belonged, before he was condemned.

Dig. 48.19.9pr.

Digest 48.19.9, beginning.

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Moris est advocationibus quoque praesides interdicere. et nonnumquam in perpetuum interdicunt, nonnumquam ad tempus vel annis metiuntur vel etiam tempore quo provinciam regunt.

It is a custom for governors also to interdict advocations. And sometimes they interdict in perpetuity, sometimes for a time, either they measure it by years or even by the period during which they rule the province.

Dig. 48.19.9.1

Digest 48.19.9.1

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Nec non ita quoque interdici potest alicui, ne certis personis adsit.

And likewise in this way it can be interdicted to someone, that he not be present to certain persons.

Dig. 48.19.9.2

Digest 48.19.9.2

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Potest et ita interdici cui, ne apud tribunal praesidis postulet, et tamen apud legatum vel procuratorem non prohibetur agere.

It can also be interdicted to someone in this way: that he not petition before the governor’s tribunal; and yet he is not prohibited from litigating before a legate or a procurator.

Dig. 48.19.9.3

Digest 48.19.9.3

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Si tamen apud legatum prohibitus fuerit postulare, credo per consequentias ne quidem apud praesidem relictam illi postulandi facultatem.

If, however, he has been prohibited from petitioning before the legate, I believe by consequence that not even before the governor is the faculty of petitioning left to him.

Dig. 48.19.9.4

Digest 48.19.9.4

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Nonnumquam non advocationibus cui interdicitur, sed foro. plus est autem foro quam advocationibus interdicere, si quidem huic omnino forensibus negotiis accommodare se non permittatur. solet autem ita vel iuris studiosis interdici vel advocatis vel tabellionibus sive pragmaticis.

Sometimes one is interdicted not from advocacies, but from the forum. Moreover, it is a greater thing to interdict from the forum than from advocacies, since in that case he is not permitted at all to apply himself to forensic affairs. It is customary, however, in this way to interdict either students of law or advocates or tabellions (notaries) or pragmatici (legal agents).

Dig. 48.19.9.5

Digest 48.19.9.5

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Solet et ita interdici, ne instrumenta omnino forment neve libellos concipiant vel testationes consignent.

It is also customary to interdict thus, that they not at all form instruments, nor compose libelli (petitions) or sign attestations.

Dig. 48.19.9.6

Digest 48.19.9.6

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian Book 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Solet et sic, ne eo loci sedeant, quo in publico instrumenta deponuntur, archio ^ archivo^ forte vel grammatophylacio.

It is also usual thus, that they not sit in that place where public instruments are deposited, in the archive perhaps or the grammatophylacium.

Dig. 48.19.9.7

Digest 48.19.9.7

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Solet et sic, ut testamenta ne ordinent vel scribant vel signent.

It is also customary thus, that wills not be drawn up or written or sealed.

Dig. 48.19.9.8

Digest 48.19.9.8

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Erit et illa poena, ne quis negotiis publicis interveniat: hic enim privatis quidem interesse poterit, publicis prohibebitur, ut solent quibus sententia praecipitur dymosiwn apexesvai.

There will also be this penalty, that no one intervene in public affairs: for this man will indeed be able to take part in private matters, but he will be prohibited from public ones, as is customary for those upon whom sentence is prescribed to abstain from public affairs.

Dig. 48.19.9.9

Digest 48.19.9.9

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Sunt autem et aliae poenae: si negotiatione quis abstinere iubeatur vel ad conductionem eorum quae publice locantur accedere, ut ad vectigalia publica.

There are moreover other penalties as well: if someone be ordered to abstain from commerce, or from approaching the contracting (lease) of those things which are let out publicly, such as the public tax-farms.

Dig. 48.19.9.10

Digest 48.19.9.10

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Interdici autem negotiatione plerumque vel negotiationibus solet: sed damnare, ut quis negotietur, an possit videamus. et sunt quidem hae poenae, si quis generaliter tractare velit, inciviles invitum hominem iubere facere quod facere non potest: sed si quis specialiter tractaverit, potest esse iusta causa compellendi cuius ad negotiationem: quod si fuerit, sequenda erit sententia.

However, interdiction from trade is customarily laid, most often either upon a trade or upon trades: but as to condemning someone so that he trade, let us consider whether this can be done. And indeed, if one should wish to handle these penalties in general, it is uncivil to order an unwilling man to do what he cannot do: but if one were to treat the matter in particular, there can be a just cause for compelling someone to trade; and if there is, that opinion is to be followed.

Dig. 48.19.9.11

Digest 48.19.9.11

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Istae fere sunt poenae quae iniungi solent. sed enim sciendum est discrimina esse poenarum neque omnes eadem poena adfici posse. nam in primis decuriones in metallum damnari non possunt nec in opus metalli, nec furcae subici vel vivi exuri.

These are for the most part the penalties that are wont to be imposed. But indeed it must be known that there are distinctions of penalties and that not all can be affected by the same penalty. For, in the first place, decurions cannot be condemned to the mines, nor to work of the mines, nor be subjected to the gibbet, or burned alive.

et si forte huiusmodi sententia fuerint affecti, liberandi erunt: sed hoc non potest efficere qui sententiam dixit, verum referre ad principem debet, ut ex auctoritate eius poena aut permutetur aut liberaretur.

and if by chance they should have been affected by a sentence of this kind, they must be freed: but the one who pronounced the sentence cannot effect this; rather, he ought to refer it to the emperor, so that by his authority the punishment either be commuted or there be a release.

Dig. 48.19.9.12

Digest 48.19.9.12

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Parentes quoque et liberi decurionum in eadem causa sunt.

Parents also and children of the decurions are in the same case.

Dig. 48.19.9.13

Digest 48.19.9.13

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Liberos non tantum filios accipere debemus, verum omnes liberos.

We ought to take “children” to mean not only sons, but all children.

Dig. 48.19.9.14

Digest 48.19.9.14

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Sed utrum hi soli, qui post decurionatum suscepti sunt, his poenis non adficiantur, an vero omnes omnino liberi, etiam in plebeia familia suscepti, videndum est: et magis puto omnibus prodesse debere.

But whether only those who were acknowledged after the decurionate are not affected by these penalties, or rather whether absolutely all the children, even those acknowledged in a plebeian family, are included, must be considered; and I am more inclined to think that it ought to benefit all.

Dig. 48.19.9.15

Digest 48.19.9.15

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Plane si parens decurio esse desierit, si quidem iam decurione fuerit editus, proderit ei, ne adficiatur: enimvero si posteaquam plebeius factus est tunc suscipiat filium, quasi plebeio editus ita erit plectendus.

Clearly, if the parent has ceased to be a decurion, if indeed the child has already been brought forth while he was a decurion, it will be to his advantage, so that he not be affected; but indeed, if after he has become a plebeian he then takes up a son, he is to be punished as though born of a plebeian.

Dig. 48.19.9.16

Digest 48.19.9.16

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian Book 10 on the Office of the Proconsul.

Statuliberum quasi liberum iam puniendum divus pius salvio marciano rescripsit.

The deified Pius wrote in a rescript to Salvius Marcianus that a statuliber is to be punished already as if a free man.

Dig. 48.19.10pr.

Digest 48.19.10pr.

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 On Public Trials

In servorum persona ita observatur, ut exemplo humiliorum puniantur. et ex quibus causis liber fustibus caeditur, ex his servus flagellis caedi et domino reddi iubetur: et ex quibus liber fustibus caesus in opus publicum datur, ex his servus, sub poena vinculorum ad eius temporis spatium, flagellis caesus domino reddi iubetur. si sub poena vinculorum domino reddi iussus non recipiatur, venumdari et, si emptorem non invenerit, in opus publicum et quidem perpetuum tradi iubetur.

In the person of slaves it is thus observed, that they are punished on the model of the humbler classes. And for those causes for which a free man is beaten with cudgels, for these a slave is ordered to be beaten with whips and to be returned to his master; and for those causes for which a free man, beaten with cudgels, is given to public work, for these a slave—under the penalty of chains for that span of time—having been beaten with whips, is ordered to be returned to his master. If, though ordered to be returned to his master under the penalty of chains, he is not received, he is ordered to be sold; and, if he does not find a buyer, he is ordered to be handed over to public work, and indeed perpetual.

Dig. 48.19.10.1

Digest 48.19.10.1

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 on public trials.

Qui ex causa in metallum dati sunt et post hoc deliquerunt, in eos tamquam metallicos constitui debet, quamvis nondum in eum locum perducti fuerint, in quo operari habent: nam statim ut de is sententia dicta est, condicionem suam permutant.

Those who have been consigned to the mines for cause and afterwards have offended ought to be treated as metallici, although they have not yet been brought to the place where they are to work: for as soon as sentence has been pronounced concerning them, they change their condition.

Dig. 48.19.10.2

Digest 48.19.10.2

Macer 2 de publ. iudic.

Macer 2 on public prosecutions.

In personis tam plebeiorum quam decurionum illud constitutum est, ut qui maiori poena adficitur, quam legibus statuta est, infamis non fiat. ergo et si opere temporario quis multatus sit vel tantum fustibus caesus, licet in actione famosa, veluti furti, dicendum erit infamem non esse, quia et solus fustium ictus gravior est quam pecuniaris damnatio.

As to persons, both of plebeians and of decurions, it has been established that one who is afflicted with a greater punishment than is set by the laws does not become infamous. Therefore even if someone has been mulcted with temporary labor or only beaten with cudgels, although in an infamous action, as of theft, it will have to be said that he is not infamous, since even the mere stroke of cudgels is graver than a pecuniary condemnation.

Dig. 48.19.11pr.

Digest 48.19.11, beginning.

Marcianus 2 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 2 on public trials

Perspiciendum est iudicanti, ne quid aut durius aut remissius constituatur, quam causa deposcit: nec enim aut severitatis aut clementiae gloria affectanda est, sed perpenso iudicio, prout quaeque res expostulat, statuendum est. plane in levioribus causis proniores ad lenitatem iudices esse debent, in gravioribus poenis severitatem legum cum aliquo temperamento benignitatis subsequi.

It must be considered by the judge, that nothing either harsher or more remiss be established than the case demands: for the glory of either severity or clemency is not to be pursued, but with well-weighed judgment, as each matter calls for, it must be determined. Plainly, in lighter causes judges ought to be more prone to lenity; in graver penalties, to follow the severity of the laws with some tempering by benignity.

Dig. 48.19.11.1

Digest 48.19.11.1

Marcianus 2 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus Book 2 on public prosecutions

Furta domestica si viliora sunt, publice vindicanda non sunt, nec admittenda est huiusmodi accusatio, cum servus a domino vel libertus a patrono, in cuius domo moratur, vel mercennarius ab eo, cui operas suas locaverat, offeratur quaestioni: nam domestica furta vocantur, quae servi dominis vel liberti patronis vel mercennarii apud quos degunt subripiunt.

Domestic thefts, if they are of lesser value, are not to be prosecuted publicly, nor is an accusation of this kind to be admitted, when a slave is presented to interrogation by his master, or a freedman by his patron in whose house he dwells, or a hireling by the one to whom he had let out his services: for “domestic thefts” are called those which slaves filch from their masters, freedmen from their patrons, or hirelings from those with whom they dwell.

Dig. 48.19.11.2

Digest 48.19.11.2

Marcianus 2 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 2 on public prosecutions.

Delinquitur autem aut proposito aut impetu aut casu. proposito delinquunt latrones, qui factionem habent: impetu autem, cum per ebrietatem ad manus aut ad ferrum venitur: casu vero, cum in venando telum in feram missum hominem interfecit.

Wrongdoing, however, is committed either by design or by impulse or by chance. by design robbers, who have a faction, offend: by impulse, when through drunkenness it comes to blows or to the sword: by chance, when, in hunting, a weapon sent at a wild beast kills a man.

Dig. 48.19.11.3

Digest 48.19.11.3

Marcianus 2 de publ. iudic.

Marcianus 2 on Public Prosecutions.

Capitis poena est bestiis obici vel alias similes poenas pati vel animadverti.

Capital punishment is to be thrown to beasts, or to suffer other similar penalties, or to be executed.

Dig. 48.19.12

Digest 48.19.12

Macer 2 de off. praesid.

Macer 2 On the Office of the Governor.

Quod ad statum damnatorum pertinet, nihil interest, iudicium publicum fuerit nec ne: nam sola sententia, non genus criminis spectatur. itaque hi, in quos animadverti iubetur quive ad bestias dantur, confestim poenae servi fiunt.

As regards the status of the condemned, it makes no difference whether there has been a public judgment or not: for only the sentence, not the genus of the crime, is regarded. And so those upon whom it is ordered that punishment be inflicted, or who are given to the beasts, immediately become slaves of the penalty.

Dig. 48.19.13

Digest 48.19.13

Ulpianus 1 de appellat.

Ulpian 1 On Appeals.

Hodie licet ei, qui extra ordinem de crimine cognoscit, quam vult sententiam ferre, vel graviorem vel leviorem, ita tamen ut in utroque moderationem non excedat.

Today it is permitted to him who, in extraordinary procedure, takes cognizance of a crime to render whatever sentence he wishes, whether graver or lighter, yet so that in either case he does not exceed moderation.

Dig. 48.19.14

Digest 48.19.14

Macer 2 de re milit.

Macer 2 on military affairs.

Quaedam delicta pagano aut nullam aut leviorem poenam irrogant, militi vero graviorem. nam si miles artem ludicram fecerit vel in servitutem se venire passus est, capite puniendum menander scribit.

Certain delicts impose upon a civilian either no penalty or a lighter one, but upon a soldier a heavier one. For if a soldier has practiced the theatrical art or has allowed himself to be sold into servitude, Menander writes that he is to be punished capitally.

Dig. 48.19.15

Digest 48.19.15

Venonius 1 de off. procons.

Venonius 1 on the office of the proconsul.

Divus hadrianus eos, qui in numero decurionum essent, capite puniri prohibuit, nisi si qui parentem occidissent: verum poena legis corneliae puniendos mandatis plenissime cautum est.

The deified Hadrian forbade those who were in the number of the decurions to be punished capitally, unless someone had killed a parent; however, that they are to be punished with the penalty of the Lex Cornelia has been most fully provided for by mandates.

Dig. 48.19.16pr.

Digest 48.19.16pr.

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Saturninus, in a single book, On the Punishments of Pagans.

Aut facta puniuntur, ut furta caedesque, aut dicta, ut convicia et infidae advocationes, aut scripta, ut falsa et famosi libelli, aut consilia, ut coniurationes et latronum conscientia quosque alios suadendo iuvisse sceleris est instar.

Either deeds are punished, such as thefts and murders, or words, such as insults and faithless advocacies, or writings, such as false and defamatory libels, or counsels, such as conspiracies and the complicity of bandits; and whoever else has aided by advising is the equivalent of crime.

Dig. 48.19.16.1

Digest 48.19.16.1

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

saturninus, book 5, on the penalties of pagans.

Sed haec quattuor genera consideranda sunt septem modis: causa persona loco tempore qualitate quantitate eventu.

But these four genera are to be considered in seven modes: cause person place time quality quantity event.

Dig. 48.19.16.2

Digest 48.19.16.2

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

saturn. book 5, on the punishments of the pagans.

Causa: ut in verberibus, quae impunita sunt a magistro allata vel parente, quoniam emendationis, non iniuriae gratia videntur adhiberi: puniuntur, cum quis per iram ab extraneo pulsatus est.

Cause: as in beatings, which are unpunished when inflicted by a teacher or a parent, since they seem to be applied for the sake of emendation, not of injury: they are punishable when someone has been struck out of anger by a stranger.

Dig. 48.19.16.3

Digest 48.19.16.3

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Saturninus, in the single book On the Penalties of Pagans.

Persona dupliciter spectatur, eius qui fecit et eius qui passus est: aliter enim puniuntur ex isdem facinoribus servi quam liberi, et aliter, qui quid in dominum parentemve ausus est quam qui in extraneum, in magistratum vel in privatum. in eius rei consideratione aetatis quoque ratio habeatur.

the person is considered in a twofold way, that of the one who did and that of the one who suffered: for slaves are punished differently than free persons for the same crimes, and differently he who has dared something against a master or a parent than he who (has dared) against a stranger, against a magistrate or against a private person. in the consideration of that matter, account also should be taken of age.

Dig. 48.19.16.4

Digest 48.19.16.4

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

saturninus. in a single book. on the penalties of pagans.

Locus facit, ut idem vel furtum vel sacrilegium sit et capite luendum vel minore supplicio.

Place makes it the case that the same act is either theft or sacrilege, and is to be paid for with capital punishment or with a lesser punishment.

Dig. 48.19.16.5

Digest 48.19.16.5

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Saturninus, in the single book On the Penalties of Pagans.

Tempus discernit emansorem a fugitivo et effractorem vel furem diurnum a nocturno.

Time discerns an emansor from a fugitive, and a diurnal housebreaker or thief from a nocturnal one.

Dig. 48.19.16.6

Digest 48.19.16.6

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

saturn. l.S. on the punishments of pagans.

Qualitate, cum factum vel atrocius vel levius est: ut furta manifesta a nec manifestis discerni solent, rixae a grassaturis, expilationes a furtis, petulantia a violentia. qua de re maximus apud graecos orator demosthenes sic ait: ou gar hy plygy parestyse tyn hubrin, all' hy atimia: oude to tuptesvai tois eleuverois esti deinon, kaiper on deinon, alla to eph' hubrei. polla gar an poiyseien ho tuptwn, w andres avynaioi, hwn ho pavwn enia oud' an apaggeilai dunaito heterw, tw sxymati, tw blemmati, ty fwny, hotan hws hubrizwn, hotan hws exvros huparxwn, hotan kondulois, hotan epi korrys.

By quality, when the deed is either more atrocious or lighter: as manifest thefts are wont to be distinguished from non‑manifest, brawls from highway assaults, plunderings from thefts, petulance from violence. Concerning which the greatest orator among the Greeks, Demosthenes, thus says: for it is not the blow that supplies the outrage, but the dishonor; nor is it a dreadful thing for free men to be struck—though it is dreadful—but that it is done in wanton insult. For the striker could do many things, O men of Athens, some of which a bystander could not even report to another—by his posture, by his glance, by his voice—when he does it as an act of hubris, when he carries himself as overbearing, when with his knuckles, when upon the head.

tauta kinei, tauta ecistysin anvrwpous ahutwn ayveis ontas tou propylakizesvai.

These things stir up, these drive people out of themselves—careless, as they are, of taking prophylactic precautions for themselves.

Dig. 48.19.16.7

Digest 48.19.16.7

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Saturninus, in book 2, On the Penalties of Pagans.

Quantitas discernit furem ab abigeo: nam qui unum suem subripuerit, ut fur coercebitur, qui gregem, ut abigeus.

Quantity distinguishes a thief from a rustler: for he who has stolen one pig will be punished as a thief, he who a herd, as a rustler.

Dig. 48.19.16.8

Digest 48.19.16.8

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

saturninus, in the single book on the penalties of pagans.

Eventus spectetur, ut a clementissimo quoquo facta: quamquam lex non minus eum, qui occidendi hominis causa cum telo fuerit, quam eum qui occiderit puniat. et ideo apud graecos exilio voluntario fortuiti casus luebantur, ut apud praecipuum poetarum scriptum est: eute me tutvon eonta menoitios ec opoentos ygagen humeterond' androktasiys hupo lugrys, ymati tw hote paida katektanon amfidamantos nypios, ouk evelwn, amf' astragaloisi xolwveis.

Let the outcome be considered, as by any most clement man deeds are judged: although the law punishes no less him who has been with a weapon for the purpose of killing a man than him who has actually killed. And therefore among the Greeks chance mishaps were expiated by voluntary exile, as is written by the foremost of poets: “when Menoetius, from Opus, brought me to Peleus for a grievous manslaughter, on the day when I, a boy, killed the son of Amphidamas—not willing it—angered over knucklebones.”

Dig. 48.19.16.9

Digest 48.19.16.9

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

Saturninus, in the single book on the penalties of pagans.

Evenit, ut eadem scelera in quibusdam provinciis gravius plectantur, ut in africa messium incensores, in mysia vitium, ubi metalla sunt adulteratores monetae.

It happens that the same crimes are punished more gravely in certain provinces, as in africa the incendiaries of harvests, in mysia the offense, where there are mines, of adulterators of the coinage.

Dig. 48.19.16.10

Digest 48.19.16.10

saturn. l.S. de poen. paganorum.

saturninus, in the single book on the punishments of pagans.

Nonnumquam evenit, ut aliquorum maleficiorum supplicia exacerbentur, quotiens nimium multis personis grassantibus exemplo opus sit.

Sometimes it happens that the punishments of certain malefactions are exacerbated, whenever, with far too many persons running rampant, there is need of an example.

Dig. 48.19.17pr.

Digest 48.19.17, preface.

Marcianus 1 inst.

Marcianus 1 Institutes

Sunt quidam servi poenae, ut sunt in metallum dati et in opus metalli: et si quid eis testamento datum fuerit, pro non scriptis est, quasi non caesaris servo datum, sed poenae.

There are certain penal slaves, such as those consigned to the mines and to the work of the mine; and if anything has been given to them by testament, it is as not written, as though it were not given to the emperor’s slave, but to the penalty.

Dig. 48.19.17.1

Digest 48.19.17.1

Marcianus 1 inst.

Marcianus 1 Institutes.

Item quidam apolides sunt, hoc est sine civitate: ut sunt in opus publicum perpetuo dati et in insulam deportati, ut ea quidem, quae iuris civilis sunt, non habeant, quae vero iuris gentium sunt, habeant.

Likewise certain persons are apolides, that is, without citizenship: such as those who have been given over in perpetuity to public works and those deported to an island, so that they do not have those things which are of civil law, but they do have those which are of the law of nations.

Dig. 48.19.18

Digest 48.19.18

Ulpianus 3 ad ed.

Ulpian 3 to the edict.

Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur.

No one suffers punishment for thought.

Dig. 48.19.19

Digest 48.19.19

Ulpianus 57 ad ed.

Ulpian 57 on the Edict.

Si non defendantur servi a dominis, non utique statim ad supplicium deducuntur, sed permittetur eis defendi vel ab alio, et qui cognoscit, debebit de innocentia eorum quaerere.

If slaves are not defended by their masters, they are not, in any case, immediately led to punishment; rather, it will be permitted to them to be defended even by another, and the one who takes cognizance ought to inquire concerning their innocence.

Dig. 48.19.20

Digest 48.19.20

Paulus 18 ad plaut.

Paulus 18 on Plautius.

Si poena alicui irrogatur, receptum est commenticio iure, ne ad heredes transeat. cuius rei illa ratio videtur, quod poena constituitur in emendationem hominum: quae mortuo eo, in quem constitui videtur, desinit.

If a penalty is imposed on someone, it is received by a legal fiction that it does not pass to the heirs. The rationale of this seems to be that a penalty is constituted for the emendation of persons: which, the one having died upon whom it seems to have been constituted, ceases.

Dig. 48.19.21

Digest 48.19.21

Celsus 37 Dig.

Celsus 37 Digest

Ultimum supplicium esse mortem solam interpretamur.

We interpret that the ultimate punishment is death alone.

Dig. 48.19.22

Digest 48.19.22

Modestinus 1 diff.

Modestinus Differences, Book 1.

In metallum damnati si valetudine aut aetatis infirmitate inutiles operi faciundo deprehendantur, ex rescripto divi pii a praeside dimitti poterunt, qui aestimabit de his dimittendis, si modo vel cognatos vel adfines habeant et non minus decem annis poenae suae functi fuerint.

Those condemned to the mines, if they are found unfit for performing the work because of ill-health or the infirmity of age, can be released by the governor by virtue of the rescript of the deified Pius; he will assess the matter of releasing them, provided only that they have either cognates (blood-relatives) or affines (relations by marriage) and have served not less than 10 years of their penalty.

Dig. 48.19.23

Digest 48.19.23

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus 8 Rules.

Sine praefinito tempore in metallum dato imperitia dantis decennii tempora praefinita videntur.

If one has been consigned to the mines without a pre‑fixed term, then, owing to the unskillfulness of the imposer, a term of ten years is deemed to have been fixed.

Dig. 48.19.24

Digest 48.19.24

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 pandects.

Eorum, qui relegati vel deportati sunt ex causa maiestatis, statuas detrahendas scire debemus.

We ought to know that the statues of those who have been relegated or deported on account of lèse-majesty are to be taken down.

Dig. 48.19.25pr.

Digest 48.19.25pr.

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Si diutino tempore aliquis in reatu fuerit, aliquatenus poena eius sublevanda erit: sic etiam constitutum est non eo modo puniendos eos, qui longo tempore in reatu agunt, quam eos qui in recenti sententiam excipiunt.

If someone has been under charge for a long time, his penalty is to be alleviated to some extent: thus it has also been established that those who remain under accusation for a long time are not to be punished in the same manner as those who, while the matter is still recent, receive sentence.

Dig. 48.19.25.1

Digest 48.19.25.1

Modestinus 12 pand.

Modestinus 12 Pandects.

Non potest quis sic damnari, ut de saxo praecipitetur.

No one can be condemned in such a way as to be cast down from a rock.

Dig. 48.19.26

Digest 48.19.26

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Judicial Investigations.

Crimen vel poena paterna nullam maculam filio infligere potest: namque unusquisque ex suo admisso sorti subicitur nec alieni criminis successor constituitur, idque divi fratres hierapolitanis rescripserunt.

A paternal crime or punishment can inflict no stain upon the son: for each person is subjected to liability from his own offense, nor is he constituted the successor of another’s crime; and the deified brothers wrote this in reply to the Hierapolitans.

Dig. 48.19.27pr.

Digest 48.19.27pr.

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 On Hearings.

Divi fratres arruntio siloni rescripserunt non solere praesides provinciarum ea quae pronuntiaverunt ipsos rescindere. vetinae quoque italicensi rescripserunt suam mutare sententiam neminem posse idque insolitum esse fieri. si tamen de se quis mentitus fuerit vel, cum non haberet probationum instrumenta, quae postea reppererit, poena adflictus sit, nonnulla exstant principalia rescripta, quibus vel poena eorum minuta est vel in integrum restitutio concessa.

The deified brothers wrote back by rescript to Arruntius Silo that governors of the provinces are not wont themselves to rescind the things they have pronounced. They also wrote by rescript to Vetina Italicensis that no one is able to change his own judgment, and that it is unusual for this to be done. Nevertheless, if someone has lied about himself, or, when he did not have the instruments of proofs, later found them and has been afflicted with a penalty, there exist several imperial rescripts by which either their penalty has been diminished or restitution in integrum has been granted.

sed id dumtaxat a principibus fieri potest.

but this can be done only by the emperors.

Dig. 48.19.27.1

Digest 48.19.27.1

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 On Cognitions.

De decurionibus et principalibus civitatium, qui capitale admiserunt, mandatis cavetur, ut, si quis id admisisse videatur, propter quod relegandus extra provinciam in insulam sit, imperatori scribatur adiecta sententia a praeside.

Concerning decurions and the principal men of the cities who have committed a capital offense, it is provided by mandates that, if anyone appears to have committed this, on account of which he is to be relegated outside the province to an island, a report shall be written to the emperor with the sentence appended by the governor.

Dig. 48.19.27.2

Digest 48.19.27.2

Callistratus 5 de cogn.

Callistratus 5 On Cognitions.

Alio quoque capite mandatorum in haec verba cavetur: " si qui ex principalibus alicuius civitatis latrocinium fecerint aliudve quod facinus, ut capitalem poenam meruisse videantur, commiserint, vinctos eos custodies et mihi scribes et adicies, quid quisque commiserit " .

In another head also of the mandates it is provided in these words: " if any of the principal men of any city have committed brigandage or any other crime, such that they seem to have deserved capital punishment, you shall keep them bound in custody and you shall write to me and add what each one has committed " .

Dig. 48.19.28pr.

Digest 48.19.28, beginning.

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 On Cognitions.

Capitalium poenarum fere isti gradus sunt. summum supplicium esse videtur ad furcam damnatio. item vivi crematio: quod quamquam summi supplicii appellatione merito contineretur, tamen eo, quod postea id genus poenae adinventum est, posterius primo visum est.

The degrees of capital punishments are roughly these. The highest punishment seems to be condemnation to the fork. Likewise, burning alive: which, although it was rightly contained under the appellation of the highest punishment, nevertheless, because that kind of penalty was devised later, seemed later than the first.

item capitis amputatio. deinde proxima morti poena metalli coercitio. post deinde in insulam deportatio.

likewise, amputation of the head. then, the punishment next to death is confinement to the mines. after that, deportation to an island.

Dig. 48.19.28.1

Digest 48.19.28.1

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on hearings.

Ceterae poenae ad existimationem, non ad capitis periculum pertinent, veluti relegatio ad tempus, vel in perpetuum, vel in insulam, vel cum in opus quis publicum datur, vel cum fustium ictu subicitur.

Other penalties pertain to reputation, not to capital peril, for example relegation for a time, or in perpetuity, or to an island, or when someone is consigned to a public work, or when he is subjected to cudgel-blows.

Dig. 48.19.28.2

Digest 48.19.28.2

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on Hearings.

Non omnes fustibus caedi solent, sed hi dumtaxat qui liberi sunt et quidem tenuiores homines: honestiores vero fustibus non subiciuntur, idque principalibus rescriptis specialiter exprimitur.

Not all are wont to be beaten with clubs, but only those who are free and indeed men of the poorer sort; the more honorable, however, are not subjected to clubs, and this is specially expressed in imperial rescripts.

Dig. 48.19.28.3

Digest 48.19.28.3

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus Book 6 on inquiries.

Solent quidam, qui volgo se iuvenes appellant, in quibusdam civitatibus turbulentis se adclamationibus popularium accommodare. qui si amplius nihil admiserint nec ante sint a praeside admoniti, fustibus caesi dimittuntur aut etiam spectaculis eis interdicitur. quod si ita correcti in eisdem deprehendantur, exilio puniendi sunt, nonnumquam capite plectendi, scilicet cum saepius seditiose et turbulente se gesserint et aliquotiens adprehensi tractati clementius in eadem temeritate propositi perseveraverint.

Certain persons, who commonly style themselves “young men,” are wont in some turbulent cities to accommodate themselves to the acclamations of the populace. If they have committed nothing further and have not previously been admonished by the governor, they are beaten with rods and dismissed, or even interdicted from spectacles. But if, thus corrected, they are caught in the same practices, they are to be punished with exile, and sometimes with capital punishment—namely, when they have repeatedly conducted themselves seditiously and turbulently and, though apprehended several times and handled more leniently, have persisted in the same rash resolve.

Dig. 48.19.28.4

Digest 48.19.28.4

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on judicial investigations.

Servi caesi solent dominis reddi.

Slaves who have been slain are customarily returned to their masters.

Dig. 48.19.28.5

Digest 48.19.28.5

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on Cognitions.

Et ut generaliter dixerim, omnes, qui fustibus caedi prohibentur, eandem habere honoris reverentiam debent, quam decuriones habent. est enim inconstans dicere eum, quem principales constitutiones fustibus subici prohibuerunt, in metallum dari posse.

And, to speak generally, all who are prohibited from being beaten with cudgels ought to have the same reverence of honor as the decurions have. For it is inconsistent to say that one whom the imperial constitutions have forbidden to be subjected to cudgels can be consigned to the mines.

Dig. 48.19.28.6

Digest 48.19.28.6

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on Cognitions.

Divus hadrianus in haec verba rescripsit: " in opus metalli ad tempus nemo damnari debet. sed qui ad tempus damnatus est, etiamsi faciet metallicum opus, non in metallum damnatus esse intellegi debet: huius enim libertas manet, quamdiu etiam hi, qui in perpetuum opus damnantur". proinde et mulieres hoc modo damnatae liberos pariunt.

The deified Hadrian wrote back in these words: " to mine-work for a time no one ought to be sentenced. But one who has been sentenced for a time, even if he performs mine-work, ought not to be understood as having been sentenced into the mine; for his liberty remains, as also for those who are sentenced to perpetual work." Accordingly, even women sentenced in this way bear children free.

Dig. 48.19.28.7

Digest 48.19.28.7

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

Ad statuas confugere vel imagines principum in iniuriam alterius prohibitum est. cum enim leges omnibus hominibus aequaliter securitatem tribuant, merito visum est in iniuriam potius alterius quam sui defensionis gratia ad statuas vel imagines principum confugere: nisi si quis ex vinculis vel custodia detentus a potentioribus ad huiusmodi praesidium confugerit: his enim venia tribuenda est. ne autem ad statuas vel imagines quis confugiat, senatus censuit: eumque, qui imaginem caesaris in invidiam alterius praetulisset, in vincula publica coerceri divus pius rescripsit.

To take refuge at statues or at the images of the princes (emperors) to the injury of another is prohibited. For since the laws grant security equally to all human beings, it has rightly seemed that one who flees for refuge to the statues or images of the princes does so rather to the injury of another than for the sake of his own defense—unless someone, detained in chains or in custody by more powerful men, has fled to such a protection; for to these a pardon is to be granted. Moreover, the Senate decreed that no one should take refuge at statues or images; and the deified Pius, by rescript, wrote that the one who had borne forth the image of Caesar to the odium of another is to be constrained in public bonds.

Dig. 48.19.28.8

Digest 48.19.28.8

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on inquiries.

Omnia admissa in patronum patronive filium patrem propinquum maritum uxorem ceterasque necessitudines gravius vindicanda sunt quam in extraneos.

All offenses committed against a patron, or a patron’s son, father, kinsman, husband, wife, and the other ties of kinship, are to be punished more severely than those against outsiders.

Dig. 48.19.28.9

Digest 48.19.28.9

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on hearings.

Venenarii capite puniendi sunt aut, si dignitatis respectum agi oportuerit, deportandi.

Poisoners are to be punished capitally, or, if regard for dignity ought to be had, to be deported.

Dig. 48.19.28.10

Digest 48.19.28.10

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus Book 6 on Cognitions.

Grassatores, qui praedae causa id faciunt, proximi latronibus habentur. et si cum ferro adgredi et spoliare instituerunt, capite puniuntur, utique si saepius atque in itineribus hoc admiserunt: ceteri in metallum dantur vel in insulas relegantur.

Footpads, who do this for the sake of booty, are considered nearest to bandits. And if they have undertaken to attack with iron and to despoil, they are punished capitally, especially if they have admitted this repeatedly and on the roads; the rest are consigned to the mines or are relegated to islands.

Dig. 48.19.28.11

Digest 48.19.28.11

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 On Judicial Hearings.

Igni cremantur plerumque servi, qui saluti dominorum suorum insidiaverint, nonnumquam etiam liberi plebeii et humiles personae.

Slaves who have plotted against the safety of their masters are for the most part burned by fire; sometimes even free plebeians and humble persons.

Dig. 48.19.28.12

Digest 48.19.28.12

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

Incendiarii capite puniuntur, qui ob inimicitias vel praedae causa incenderint intra oppidum: et plerumque vivi exuruntur. qui vero casam aut villam, aliquo lenius. nam fortuita incendia, si, cum vitari possent, per neglegentiam eorum, apud quos orta sunt, damno vicinis fuerunt, civiliter exercentur ( ut qui iactura adfectus est, damni disceptet) vel modice vindicaretur.

Incendiaries are punished capitally, who have set fires within a town on account of enmities or for the sake of booty: and for the most part they are burned alive. But those who [burn] a cottage or a villa, somewhat more leniently. For fortuitous fires, if, when they could have been avoided, through the negligence of those at whose place they arose, they have been a damage to neighbors, are handled civilly ( so that he who has been affected by a loss may dispute the damages) or are vindicated with moderation.

Dig. 48.19.28.13

Digest 48.19.28.13

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

In exulibus gradus poenarum constituti edicto divi hadriani, ut qui ad tempus relegatus est, si redeat in insulam relegetur, qui relegatus in insulam excesserit, in insulam deportetur, qui deportatus evaserit, capite puniatur.

In the case of exiles, grades of penalties were constituted by the edict of the deified Hadrian: one who has been relegated for a term, if he returns, shall be relegated to an island; one who, having been relegated to an island, has departed from it, shall be deported to an island; one who, having been deported, has escaped, shall be punished with capital punishment.

Dig. 48.19.28.14

Digest 48.19.28.14

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

Ita et in custodiis gradum servandum esse idem princeps rescripsit, id est ut, qui in tempus damnati erant, in perpetuum damnarentur, qui in perpetuum damnati erant, in metallum damnarentur, qui in metallum damnati id admiserint, summo supplicio adficerentur.

Thus also, in matters of custody, the gradation is to be observed, the same emperor wrote in a rescript; that is, that those who had been condemned for a term should be condemned in perpetuity, those who had been condemned in perpetuity should be condemned to the mines, and those who, having been condemned to the mines, have committed that, should be subjected to the supreme penalty.

Dig. 48.19.28.15

Digest 48.19.28.15

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

Famosos latrones in his locis, ubi grassati sunt, furca figendos compluribus placuit, ut et conspectu deterreantur alii ab isdem facinoribus et solacio sit cognatis et adfinibus interemptorum eodem loco poena reddita, in quo latrones homicidia fecissent: nonnulli etiam ad bestias hos damnaverunt.

Many have decided that notorious brigands should be fixed on the gibbet in those places where they have waylaid, so that by the sight others may be deterred from the same crimes and it may be a solace to the kin and affines of the slain that punishment is rendered in the same place in which the brigands had committed the homicides: some have even condemned these men to the beasts.

Dig. 48.19.28.16

Digest 48.19.28.16

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 on cognitions.

Maiores nostri in omni supplicio severius servos quam liberos, famosos quam integrae famae homines punierunt.

Our ancestors, in every punishment, punished slaves more severely than free men, and the infamous more than men of unimpaired reputation.

Dig. 48.19.29

Digest 48.19.29

Gaius 1 ad l. iul. et pap.

Gaius 1 on the Julian and Papian law.

Qui ultimo supplicio damnantur, statim et civitatem et libertatem perdunt. itaque praeoccupat hic casus mortem et nonnumquam longum tempus occupat: quod accidit in personis eorum, qui ad bestias damnantur. saepe etiam ideo servari solent post damnationem, ut ex his in alios quaestio habeatur.

Those who are condemned to the ultimate punishment straightway lose both citizenship and liberty. Accordingly this condition forestalls death and sometimes occupies a long time: which happens in the case of persons who are condemned to the beasts. Often also for this reason they are kept after condemnation, so that from them inquiry may be had against others.

Dig. 48.19.30

Digest 48.19.30

Modestinus 1 de poen.

Modestinus 1 On Penalties.

Si quis aliquid fecerit, quo leves hominum animi superstitione numinis terrentur, divus marcus huiusmodi homines in insulam relegari rescripsit.

If anyone has done something whereby the fickle minds of men are terrified by superstition of a numen, the deified Marcus decreed in a rescript that men of this sort be relegated to an island.

Dig. 48.19.31pr.

Digest 48.19.31, beginning.

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus 3 On Penalties.

Ad bestias damnatos favore populi praeses dimittere non debet: sed si eius roboris vel artificii sint, ut digne populo romano exhiberi possint, principem consulere debet.

The governor ought not to release to the beasts those condemned, by reason of the people’s favor: but if they are of such strength or of such skill that they can be worthily exhibited to the Roman people, he ought to consult the Emperor.

Dig. 48.19.31.1

Digest 48.19.31.1

Modestinus 3 de poen.

Modestinus Book 3 on Penalties.

Ex provincia autem in provinciam transduci damnatos sine permissu principis non licere divus severus et antoninus rescripserunt.

Moreover, the deified Severus and Antoninus wrote in a rescript that it is not permitted to transfer the condemned from one province to another without the permission of the emperor.

Dig. 48.19.32

Digest 48.19.32

Ulpianus 6 ad ed.

Ulpian Book 6 on the Edict.

Si praeses vel iudex ita interlocutus sit " vim fecisti", si quidem ex interdicto, non erit notatus nec poena legis iuliae sequetur: si vero ex crimine, aliud est. quid si non distinxerit praeses, utrum iulia publicorum an iulia privatorum? tunc ex crimine erit aestimandum.

If the governor or judge has so interlocuted, "you committed violence," then, if indeed under an interdict, he will not be marked, nor will the penalty of the Julian law follow; but if on the basis of a criminal charge, it is otherwise. What if the governor has not distinguished whether the Julian law on public violence or the Julian law on private violence? Then it must be assessed as a matter of crime.

sed si utriusque legis crimina obiecta sunt, mitior lex, id est privatorum erit sequenda.

but if the charges of both laws are alleged, the milder law, that is, that of private persons, shall be followed.

Dig. 48.19.33

Digest 48.19.33

Papinianus 2 quaest.

Papinian 2 Questions.

Fratres imperatores rescripserunt servos in temporaria vincula damnatos libertatem et hereditatem sive legatum, postquam tempus expleverint, consequi, quia temporaria coercitio, quae descendit ex sententia, poenae est abolitio. si autem beneficium libertatis in vinculis eos inveniat, ratio iuris et verba constitutionis libertati refragantur. plane si testamento libertas data sit et eo tempore, quo aditur hereditas, tempus vinculorum solutum sit, recte manumissus intellegetur, non secus ac si pignori datum servum debitor manumisisset eiusque post liberatum pignus adita fuisset hereditas.

the brother emperors rescripted that slaves condemned to temporary confinement may obtain freedom and an inheritance or a legacy after they have completed the term, because temporary coercion, which descends from a sentence, is an abolition of the penalty. but if the benefit of freedom should find them in chains, the reason of law and the words of the constitution oppose the freedom. plainly, if freedom has been given by testament and, at the time when the inheritance is entered upon, the term of the chains has been discharged, he will be rightly understood to have been manumitted, not otherwise than if a debtor had manumitted a slave given in pledge and, after he was freed, the inheritance had been entered upon with respect to the pledge.

Dig. 48.19.34pr.

Digest 48.19.34, preface.

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinian, Replies, Book 16.

Servus in opus publicum perpetuum ac multo magis temporarium non datur. cum igitur per errorem in opus temporarium fuisset datus, expleto tempore domino servum esse reddendum respondi.

A slave is not assigned to public work of a perpetual kind, and still less to a temporary one. Accordingly, when through error he had been assigned to a temporary work, I answered that, the time having been completed, the slave must be returned to his master.

Dig. 48.19.34.1

Digest 48.19.34.1

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinianus 16 Responses.

Eos quoque poena delatoris ex sententia senatus consulti teneri respondi, qui per suppositam personam delatori causam dederunt.

I replied that those also are held liable to the penalty of the informer, according to the decision of the senatus consultum, who through a substituted person gave cause to the informer.

Dig. 48.19.35

Digest 48.19.35

Callistratus 1 quaest.

Callistratus 1 questions.

Mandatis principalibus, quae praesidibus dantur, cavetur, ne quis perpetuis vinculis damnetur: idque etiam divus hadrianus rescripsit.

By the imperial mandates, which are given to the governors, it is provided that no one be condemned to perpetual bonds; and the deified Hadrian also rescripted this.

Dig. 48.19.36

Digest 48.19.36

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 1 epitome of law.

In metallum, sed et in ministerium metallicorum damnati servi efficiuntur, sed poenae.

To the mines, but also into the ministration of the metal-workers, those condemned are made slaves, but penal slaves.

Dig. 48.19.37

Digest 48.19.37

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Sentences 1.

In dardanarios propter falsum mensurarum modum ob utilitatem popularis annonae pro modo admissi extra ordinem vindicari placuit.

It was decided that dardanarii, on account of falsified measures, for the benefit of the people’s grain-supply, be punished extra ordinem in proportion to the extent of the offense committed.

Dig. 48.19.38pr.

Digest 48.19.38, preface.

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 sentences.

Si quis aliquid ex metallo principis vel ex moneta sacra furatus sit, poena metalli et exilii punitur.

If anyone has stolen anything from the emperor’s mine or from the sacred mint, he is punished with the penalty of the mines and of exile.

Dig. 48.19.38.1

Digest 48.19.38.1

Paulus 5 sent.

Paul Sentences 5.

Transfugae ad hostes vel consiliorum nostrorum renuntiatores aut vivi exuruntur aut furcae suspenduntur.

Defectors to the enemy or those who report our counsels are either burned alive or hanged on the gibbet.

Dig. 48.19.38.2

Digest 48.19.38.2

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 sentences.

Actores seditionis et tumultus populo concitato pro qualitate dignitatis aut in furcam tolluntur aut bestiis obiciuntur aut in insulam deportantur.

The instigators of sedition and tumult, with the populace roused, according to the quality of their dignity (rank), are either lifted onto the gibbet, or exposed to wild beasts, or deported to an island.

Dig. 48.19.38.3

Digest 48.19.38.3

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 sentences.

Qui nondum viripotentes virgines corrumpunt, humiliores in metallum damnantur, honestiores in insulam relegantur aut in exilium mittuntur.

Those who debauch virgins not yet of marriageable age, the humbler are condemned to the mines, the more honorable are relegated to an island or sent into exile.

Dig. 48.19.38.4

Digest 48.19.38.4

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus Book 5 of the Sentences.

Qui se suis nummis redemptum non probaverit, libertatem petere non potest: amplius eidem domino sub poena vinculorum redditur vel, si ipse dominus malit, in metallum damnatur.

He who has not proved himself redeemed with his own coins cannot petition for liberty: moreover he is returned to the same master under the penalty of chains, or, if the master himself prefers, he is condemned to the mines.

Dig. 48.19.38.5

Digest 48.19.38.5

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus book 5 of the Sentences.

Qui abortionis aut amatorium poculum dant, etsi dolo non faciant, tamen quia mali exempli res est, humiliores in metallum, honestiores in insulam amissa parte bonorum relegantur. quod si eo mulier aut homo perierit, summo supplicio adficiuntur.

Those who give an abortifacient or an amatorial potion, even if they do not act with dolus (deceit), nevertheless, because the matter is of bad example, the humiliores are sent to the mines, the honestiores are relegated to an island, with part of their goods forfeited. But if by it a woman or a man has perished, they are subjected to the supreme punishment (capital punishment).

Dig. 48.19.38.6

Digest 48.19.38.6

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Testamentum, quod nullo iure valet, impune supprimitur: nihil est enim, quod ex eo aut petatur aut consistere possit.

A testament, which has no validity in law, is suppressed with impunity: for there is nothing that can either be sought from it or can stand.

Dig. 48.19.38.7

Digest 48.19.38.7

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Qui vivi testamentum aperuerit recitaverit resignaverit, poena corneliae tenetur: et plerumque humiliores aut in metallum damnantur aut honestiores in insulam deportantur.

Whoever has opened, recited, or unsealed the testament of a living person is liable under the Cornelian penalty: and for the most part the humbler are condemned to the mines, while the more honorable are deported to an island.

Dig. 48.19.38.8

Digest 48.19.38.8

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Si quis instrumentum litis suae a procuratore adversario proditum esse convicerit, procurator si humilior sit, in metallum damnatur, si honestior, adempta parte bonorum dimidia in perpetuum relegatur.

If anyone shall have proved that the instrument of his lawsuit has been betrayed by the adversary’s procurator, the procurator, if he is of lower status, is condemned to the mines; if of higher status, with half of his goods taken away, he is relegated in perpetuity.

Dig. 48.19.38.9

Digest 48.19.38.9

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus Book 5 of the Sentences.

Instrumenta penes se deposita quicumque alteri altero absente reddiderit vel adversario prodiderit: prout personae condicio est, aut in metallum damnatur aut in insulam deportatur.

Whoever returns instruments deposited in his keeping to one party with the other absent, or betrays them to an adversary: according to the condition of the person, he is either condemned to the mines or deported to an island.

Dig. 48.19.38.10

Digest 48.19.38.10

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Iudices pedanei si pecunia corrupti dicantur, plerumque a praeside aut curia summoventur aut in exilium mittuntur aut ad tempus relegantur.

If petty judges (iudices pedanei) are said to have been corrupted by money, for the most part they are removed either by the governor or by the curia, or they are sent into exile, or relegated for a time.

Dig. 48.19.38.11

Digest 48.19.38.11

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Miles, qui ex carcere dato gladio erupit, poena capitis punitur. eadem poena tenetur et qui cum eo, quem custodiebat, deseruit.

A soldier who broke out of prison after a sword had been given is punished with the capital penalty. the same penalty is incurred also by the one who deserted along with the man whom he was guarding.

Dig. 48.19.38.12

Digest 48.19.38.12

Paulus 5 sent.

Paulus 5 Sentences.

Miles, qui sibi manus intulit nec factum peregit, nisi impatientia doloris aut morbi luctusve alicuius vel alia causa fecerit, capite puniendus est: alias cum ignominia mittendus est.

A soldier, who has laid hands upon himself and did not complete the deed, unless he did it from impatience of pain or of disease or of some grief, or for another cause, is to be punished with death; otherwise he is to be sent away with ignominy.

Dig. 48.19.39

Digest 48.19.39

Tryphonus 10 disp.

Tryphonus 10 disputations.

Cicero in oratione pro cluentio habito scripsit milesiam quandam mulierem, cum esset in asia, quod ab heredibus secundis accepta pecunia partum sibi medicamentis ipsa abegisset, rei capitalis esse damnatam. sed et si qua visceribus suis post divortium, quod praegnas fuit, vim intulerit, ne iam inimico marito filium procrearet, ut temporali exilio coerceatur, ab optimis imperatoribus nostris rescriptum est.

Cicero, in the oration Pro Cluentio delivered, wrote that a certain Milesian woman, when she was in Asia, because, after money had been accepted from the secondary heirs, she had by drugs herself expelled the offspring, was condemned on a capital charge. But also that, if any woman, after a divorce, on the ground that she was pregnant, were to inflict violence upon her own viscera, so as not to beget a son for a husband now hostile, she should be constrained by temporal exile, has been rescripted by our most excellent emperors.

Dig. 48.19.40

Digest 48.19.40

Paulus 3 decr.

Paul 3 Dec.

Metrodorum, cum hostem fugientem sciens susceperit, in insulam deportari, philocteten, quod occultari eum non ignorans diu dissimulaverit, in insulam relegari placet.

It is decreed that Metrodorus, when he has knowingly received a fleeing enemy, be deported to an island; and that Philoctetes, because, not ignorant that he was being concealed, he dissembled it for a long time, be relegated to an island.

Dig. 48.19.41

Digest 48.19.41

Papinianus 2 def.

Papinianus Definitions, book 2.

Sanctio legum, quae novissime certam poenam irrogat his, qui praeceptis legis non obtemperaverint, ad eas species pertinere non videtur, quibus ipsa lege poena specialiter addita est. nec ambigitur in cetero omni iure speciem generi derogare, nec sane verisimile est delictum unum eadem lege variis aestimationibus coerceri.

The sanction clause of laws, which in its concluding part imposes a fixed penalty upon those who have not obeyed the precepts of the law, does not seem to pertain to those species for which by the law itself a penalty has been specially added. Nor is it in doubt, in all other law, that the species derogates from the genus; nor indeed is it plausible that one delict should be coerced, under the same law, by various estimations.

Dig. 48.19.42

Digest 48.19.42

Hermogenianus 1 epit.

Hermogenianus 1 Epitome.

Interpretatione legum poenae molliendae sunt potius quam asperandae.

By the interpretation of the laws, penalties are to be mitigated rather than aggravated.

Dig. 48.19.43pr.

Digest 48.19.43 pr.

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 responses.

Imperator antoninus aurelio atiliano rescripsit: " praeses ultra administrationis suae tempus interdicere alicui arte sua uti non potest".

The emperor Antoninus wrote back to Aurelius Atilianus: " a governor cannot interdict anyone from using his craft beyond the time of his own administration".

Dig. 48.19.43.1

Digest 48.19.43.1

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 Responses.

Idem respondit eum, qui suo admisso decurionum honorem amisit, non posse in poenis evitandis decurionis filii honorem vindicare.

The same responded that he who, by his own delict, has lost the decurionate cannot, for the avoidance of penalties, claim the honor of a decurion’s son.

Dig. 48.20.0. De bonis damnatorum.

Digest 48.20.0. On the goods of the condemned.

Dig. 48.20.1pr.

Digest 48.20.1pr.

Callistratus 1 d. i. fisci et pop.

Callistratus 1 On the Law of the Fiscus and of the People.

Damnatione bona publicantur, cum aut vita adimitur aut civitas, aut servilis condicio irrogatur.

By condemnation, goods are made public (confiscated), when either life or citizenship is taken away, or a servile condition is imposed.

Dig. 48.20.1.1

Digest 48.20.1.1

Callistratus 1 d. i. fisci et pop.

Callistratus 1 On the Law of the Fisc and the People.

Etiam si qui ante concepti et post damnationem nati sunt, portiones ex bonis patrum damnatorum accipiunt.

Even those conceived beforehand and born after the condemnation receive portions from the goods of their condemned fathers.

Dig. 48.20.1.2

Digest 48.20.1.2

Callistratus 1 d. i. fisci et pop.

Callistratus Book 1, On the Law of the Fiscus and the People.

Liberis autem ita demum portio tribuitur, si iustis nuptiis nati sint.

However, a portion is granted to children only if they have been born in lawful nuptials.

Dig. 48.20.1.3

Digest 48.20.1.3

Callistratus 1 d. i. fisci et pop.

Callistratus 1 On the Law of the Fiscus and the People.

Liberis eius, cui pars dimidia dumtaxat bonorum ablata est, partes non dantur: idque et divi fratres rescripserunt.

To the children of one from whom only a half part of his goods has been taken away, shares are not granted; and this, too, the deified brothers declared by rescript.

Dig. 48.20.2

Digest 48.20.2

Callistratus 6 de cogn.

Callistratus 6 On Cognitions.

Non ut quis in carcerem ductus est, spoliari eum oportet, sed post condemnationem: idque divus hadrianus rescripsit.

Not that, when someone has been led into prison, he ought to be despoiled, but only after condemnation; and the deified Hadrian issued a rescript to that effect.

Dig. 48.20.3

Digest 48.20.3

Ulpianus 33 ad ed.

Ulpian 33 on the Edict.

Quinque legibus damnatae mulieri dos publicatur: maiestatis, vis publicae, parricidii, venefici, de sicariis:

By five laws, the dowry of a condemned woman is confiscated to the public: of majesty (treason), of public violence, of parricide, of poisoning, and concerning assassins:

Dig. 48.20.4

Digest 48.20.4

Papinianus 2 de adult.

Papinian 2 on adultery.

Et omnes omnino maritus salvas actiones contra fiscum habet.

And the husband has absolutely all actions preserved against the fisc.

Dig. 48.20.5pr.

Digest 48.20.5 pr.

Ulpianus 33 ad ed.

Ulpian 33 on the Edict.

Sed si alia lege capitis punita sit, quae lex dotem non publicat, quia prius serva poenae efficitur, verum est dotem mariti lucro cedere, quasi mortua sit.

But if she has been punished under another law, a law which does not confiscate the dowry, since first she is made a slave of the penalty, it is true that the dowry passes to the husband’s profit, as though she were dead.

Dig. 48.20.5.1

Digest 48.20.5.1

Ulpianus 33 ad ed.

Ulpian Book 33 on the Edict.

Quod si deportata sit filia familias, Marcellus ait, quae sententia et vera est, non utique deportatione dissolvi matrimonium: nam cum libera mulier remaneat, nihil prohibet et virum mariti affectionem et mulierem uxoris animum retinere. si igitur eo animo mulier fuerit, ut discedere a marito velit, ait Marcellus tunc patrem de dote acturum. sed si mater familias sit et interim constante matrimonio fuerit deportata, dotem penes maritum remanere: postea vero dissoluto matrimonio posse eam agere, quasi humanitatis intuitu hodie nata actione.

But if a daughter in the household power has been deported, Marcellus says—and this opinion is true—that the marriage is not, to be sure, dissolved by the deportation: for since she remains a free woman, nothing prevents both the man from retaining a husband’s affection and the woman a wife’s intent. If therefore the woman were of that mind, that she wishes to depart from her husband, Marcellus says then the father will sue for the dowry. But if she is a mater familias and in the meantime, with the marriage still subsisting, she has been deported, the dowry remains with the husband; afterwards, however, once the marriage is dissolved, she can bring an action, as it were an action born today out of a consideration of humanity.

Dig. 48.20.6

Digest 48.20.6

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the Office of the Proconsul.

Divus hadrianus aquilio braduae ita rescripsit: " panniculariae causa quemadmodum intellegi debeat, ex ipso nomine apparet. non enim bona damnatorum pannicularia significari quis probe dixerit, nec, si zonam circa se habuerit, protinus aliquis sibi vindicare debebit: sed vestem qua is fuerit indutus, aut nummulos in ventralem, quos victus sui causa in promptu habuerit, aut leves anulos, id est quae rem non excedit aureorum quinque. alioquin si quis damnatus digito habuerit aut sardonychica aut aliam gemmam magni pretii vel si quod chirographum magnae pecuniae in sinu habuerit, nullo iure illud in pannicularia ratione retinebitur". pannicularia sunt ea, quae in custodiam receptus secum attulit: spolia, quibus indutus est, cum quis ad supplicium ducitur, ut et ipsa appellatio ostendit.

The deified Hadrian thus wrote back to Aquilius Bradua: "How the case of pannicularia ought to be understood appears from the name itself. For no one would rightly say that pannicularia signifies the goods of the condemned; nor, if he had a belt around him, should someone straightway claim it for himself: but the garment with which he was clothed, or little coins in the ventral (money-belt), which he had at hand for the sake of his sustenance, or light rings—that is, property which does not exceed five aurei. Otherwise, if some condemned man had on his finger either a sardonyx or another gem of great price, or if he had some chirograph of a great sum in his bosom, by no right will that be retained under the head of pannicularia." Pannicularia are those things which, once received into custody, he brought with him: the "spoils" with which he is clothed when someone is led to punishment, as the very appellation shows.

ita neque speculatores ultro sibi vindicent neque optiones ea desiderent, quibus spoliatur, quo momento quis punitus est, hanc rationem non compendio suo debent praesides vertere, sed nec pati optiones sive commentarienses ea pecunia abuti, sed debent ad ea servari, quae iure praesidum solent erogari, ut puta chartiaticum quibusdam officialibus inde subscribere, vel si qui fortiter fecerint milites, inde eis donare: barbaros etiam inde munerari venientes ad se vel legationis vel alterius rei causa. plerumque etiam inde conrasas pecunias praesides ad fiscum transmiserunt: quod perquam nimiae diligentiae est, cum sufficiat, si quis non in usus proprios verterit, sed ad utilitatem officii patiatur deservire.

thus neither let the speculatores claim on their own initiative for themselves, nor let the optiones desire those things of which a person is despoiled at the moment he is punished; governors ought not to turn this account to their own profit, nor permit the optiones or the commentarienses to abuse that money, but it ought to be reserved for those things which by the law of governors are wont to be disbursed—for example, to enter from it a chartiaticum for certain officials, or, if some soldiers have acted bravely, to make a gift to them from it; also to reward from it barbarians coming to them either for the sake of an embassy or for some other matter. Often, too, governors have sent the monies scraped together from this to the fisc: which is a case of very excessive punctiliousness, since it is sufficient if one does not convert it to one’s own uses, but allows it to serve the utility of the office.

Dig. 48.20.7pr.

Digest 48.20.7 pr.

Paulus l.S. de port., q. lib. dam.

Paulus in the singular book On Portoria, in the Questions, book On Damages.

Cum ratio naturalis quasi lex quaedam tacita liberis parentium hereditatem addiceret, velut ad debitam successionem eos vocando ( propter quod et in iure civili suorum heredum nomen eis indictum est ac ne iudicio quidem parentis nisi meritis de causis summoveri ab ea successione possunt): aequissimum existimatum est eo quoque casu, quo propter poenam parentis aufert bona damnatio, rationem haberi liberorum, ne alieno admisso graviorem poenam luerent, quos nulla contingeret culpa, interdum in summam egestatem devoluti. quod cum aliqua moderatione definiri placuit, ut qui ad universitatem venturi erant iure successionis, ex ea portiones concessas haberent.

Since natural reason, as though a certain tacit law, assigned to children the inheritance of their parents, as it were calling them to a due succession ( on account of which also in the civil law the name “sui heredes” has been assigned to them, and they cannot be removed from that succession even by the parent’s judgment except for deserved causes): it was judged most equitable that even in the case in which, on account of the parent’s penalty, condemnation takes away the goods, consideration be had for the children, lest they pay a heavier penalty for another’s offense, they whom no fault touches, sometimes devolved into the utmost destitution. And since it pleased that this be determined with some moderation, those who would come to the entirety by right of succession should have portions granted from it.

Dig. 48.20.7.1

Digest 48.20.7.1

Paulus l.S. de port., q. lib. dam.

Paulus in the singular book On Customs-Dues, and in the Book of Questions, On the Goods of the Condemned.

Si in libertinum animadversum erit, patrono eius id, quod in bonis illius habiturus esset, si is in quem animadversum est sua morte decessisset, eripiendum non erit: reliqua pars bonorum, quae ad manumissorem non pertinebit, fisco erit vindicanda.

If action has been taken against a freedman, that which his patron would have had in that man’s estate, if the one against whom action has been taken had died his own death, is not to be taken away; the remaining part of the goods, which will not pertain to the manumitter, is to be claimed by the fisc.

Dig. 48.20.7.2

Digest 48.20.7.2

Paulus l.S. de port., q. lib. dam.

Paulus in the Single Book On the Portorium, the book of Questions is condemned.

Ex bonis damnatorum portiones adoptivis liberis, si non fraudis causa facta est adoptio, non minus quam naturalibus concedi aequum est. fraudis autem causa adoptio facta videtur, etiamsi non in reatu, sed desperatione rerum per conscientiam, metu imminentis accusationis quis adoptet in hoc, ut ex bonis, quae se amissurum cogitat, portio detrahatur.

It is equitable that shares out of the goods of the condemned be granted to adopted children, if the adoption was not made for the purpose of fraud, no less than to natural children. But an adoption appears to have been made for the purpose of fraud, even if not while under formal charge, yet when someone, in desperation about his affairs, with a consciousness of guilt, from fear of an imminent accusation, adopts to this end: that from the goods which he thinks he is going to lose a portion be deducted.

Dig. 48.20.7.3

Digest 48.20.7.3

Paulus l.S. de port., q. lib. dam.

Paulus, in the single book On Portions, question in the book On the Goods of the Condemned.

Si plures filios damnatus habeat, feruntur exempla, per quae pluribus liberis omnia bona damnati concessa sunt. sed et divus hadrianus in hac sententia rescripsit: " favorabilem apud me causam liberorum albini filiorum numerus facit, cum ampliari imperium hominum adiectione potius quam pecuniarum copia malim: ideoque illis paterna sua concedi volo, quae manifestabunt tot possessores, etiamsi acceperint universa".

If a condemned man should have several sons, there are recorded examples by which to several children all the goods of the condemned were granted. But even the deified Hadrian replied by rescript in this sense: "The number of sons makes the case of Albinus’s children favorable with me, since I prefer that the empire be enlarged by the addition of men rather than by an abundance of monies: and therefore I wish their paternal property to be conceded to them, which will display so many possessors, even if they receive the whole."

Dig. 48.20.7.4

Digest 48.20.7.4

Paulus l.S. de port., q. lib. dam.

Paulus, in the singular book On Customs-Duties; in the fifth book On Damage.

Praeterea ex his, quae per flagitium damnatus adquisiit, portiones liberorum non augentur: veluti si cognatum suum interemi curaverit et eius hereditatem adiit vel bonorum possessionem accepit: nam ita divus pius rescripsit. cui consequenter illud idem princeps constituit, cum filia familias veneno necasse convinceretur eum, a quo heres instituta erat: quamvis iussu patris, cuius in potestate erat, hereditatem eam adiisset, tamen fisco eam vindicandam esse.

Moreover, from those things which a convicted man acquired through a flagitious act, the portions of the children are not increased: for example, if he arranged to have his kinsman killed and entered upon his inheritance or accepted the possession of the goods; for thus the deified Pius rescripted. Consequently, the same princeps established this as well, when a daughter-in-power (filia familias) was convicted of having killed by poison the man by whom she had been instituted heir: although, by the order of her father, in whose power she was, she had entered upon that inheritance, nevertheless it must be vindicated to the fisc.

Dig. 48.20.7.5

Digest 48.20.7.5

Paulus l.S. de port., q. lib. dam.

Paul, in the singular book On Port-Dues, which book is condemned.

Quae post condemnationem adquisiit is cuius bona publicata sunt, si relegatus est, ad heredes scriptos ab eo vel ab intestato venientes pertinent: nam in insulam relegatus testamenti factionem habet ut reliqua quoque iura. quod si deportatus est, quoniam, quia civitatem amittit, heredem habere non potest, etiam postea adquisita fiscus capit.

What the person whose goods have been confiscated acquired after the condemnation, if he has been relegated, pertains to the heirs instituted by him or to those coming by intestacy; for one relegated to an island retains testamentary capacity, as he does his other rights as well. But if he has been deported, since he loses citizenship and therefore cannot have an heir, the fisc takes even what is acquired thereafter.

Dig. 48.20.8pr.

Digest 48.20.8pr.

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer in the book On Public Trials.

Liberis quoque patronorum integrum ius patronatus servatur in bonis paterni liberti publicatis. si eius liberti extat patroni filius, fisco locus non est in parte filii patroni.

For the children of patrons as well, the entire right of patronage is preserved when the goods of their father’s freedman have been confiscated. If, with respect to that freedman, a son of the patron exists, there is no place for the fisc in the share of the patron’s son.

Dig. 48.20.8.1

Digest 48.20.8.1

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer in the book On Public Trials.

Si patroni filius excluditur propter liberos quos habet libertus, satius est dicere fisco locum non esse, quoniam patroni filium excludunt liberi liberti, ipse autem fiscum repellit.

If the patron’s son is excluded on account of the children the freedman has, it is better to say there is no place for the fisc, since the patron’s son is excluded by the freedman’s children, while he himself repels the fisc.

Dig. 48.20.8.2

Digest 48.20.8.2

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer, in the book On Public Trials.

Patroni filius etiamsi bonorum possessionem non petat, haud dubie excludit fiscum in parte sibi debita ex bonis liberti paterni.

The patron’s son, even if he does not seek bonorum possessio, undoubtedly excludes the fisc from the share owed to him from the goods of his father’s freedman.

Dig. 48.20.8.3

Digest 48.20.8.3

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer in the book On Public Trials

Relegati bona per sententiam specialem publicari poterunt, nec tamen iura adversus libertos ei auferuntur nisi principis iussu.

The goods of those relegated can be confiscated by a special sentence, nor, however, are his rights against his freedmen taken from him, except by order of the emperor.

Dig. 48.20.8.4

Digest 48.20.8.4

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer in the book On Public Prosecutions.

Si condemnatur pater, qui dotem pro filia dedit, fisco in eam dotem ius non est, etiamsi postea in matrimonio filia moriatur,

If the father, who gave a dowry for his daughter, is condemned, the fisc has no right in that dowry, even if afterwards the daughter dies in marriage,

Dig. 48.20.9

Digest 48.20.9

Callistratus libro...

Callistratus, in the ... book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nisi probabitur patrem metu condemnationis liberis prospexisse.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . unless it shall be proved that the father, from fear of condemnation, provided for his children.

Dig. 48.20.10pr.

Digest 48.20.10 pr.

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer, in the book On Public Trials.

Etiam si pater, cum pro filia dotem promisisset, condemnatur, vir eam ex bonis eius a fisco petit.

Even if the father, after he had promised a dowry for his daughter, is condemned, the husband demands it from the fisc out of his assets.

Dig. 48.20.10.1

Digest 48.20.10.1

Macer libro de publ. iudic.

Macer, in the book on public trials.

Si post solutum matrimonium filiae pater condemnatur, si quidem postquam filia ei consensit de dote repetenda, fiscus a marito eam repetit: si antequam consentiret ei, condemnatus est, ipsa repetitionem habet.

If, after the marriage has been dissolved, the daughter's father is condemned, then, if it was after the daughter had consented to his reclaiming the dowry, the fiscus recovers it from the husband; but if he was condemned before she had consented to him, she herself has the recovery.

Dig. 48.20.11pr.

Digest 48.20.11, beginning.

Marcianus libro de publ. iudic.

Marcianus in the book On Public Prosecutions.

Si quis damnatus appellaverit et pendente appellatione decesserit, bona eius non publicantur: nam ita posterius quoque testamentum eius ratum est. idem est et si appellatio non recepta est.

If someone condemned has appealed and, while the appeal is pending, has died, his goods are not confiscated; for thus even his subsequent testament is valid. The same holds also if the appeal has not been received.

Dig. 48.20.11.1

Digest 48.20.11.1

Marcianus libro de publ. iudic.

Marcianus, in the book On Public Trials.

Qui reus est non maiestatis, bona administrare potest et pecuniam credere debitamque sibi recipere, si bona fide debitores ei solvunt: in fraudem autem quae alienavit, post condemnationem revocantur.

He who is a defendant not on a charge of treason can administer his goods and lend money and receive what is due to him, if debtors pay him in good faith; however, those things which he has alienated in fraud are revoked after condemnation.

Dig. 48.21.0. De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt.

Digest 48.21.0. On the goods of those who, before sentence, either took their own life or corrupted the accuser.

Dig. 48.21.1

Digest 48.21.1

Ulpianus 8 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, book 8.

In capitalibus criminibus a principibus decretum est non nocere ei qui adversarium corrupit, sed in his demum, quae poenam mortis continent: nam ignoscendum censuerunt ei, qui sanguinem suum qualiterqualiter redemptum voluit.

In capital crimes it has been decreed by the emperors that it does not harm him who has corrupted his adversary, but only in those cases which contain the penalty of death: for they judged that pardon should be granted to one who wished to have his own blood ransomed in whatever way.

Dig. 48.21.2pr.

Digest 48.21.2, preface.

Macer 2 publ.

Macer Book 2, On Public Prosecutions.

" imperatores severus et antoninus iulio iuliano. eos, qui a latronibus nominati corruptis accusatoribus diem suum obierint, ut confessos de crimine non relinquere defensionem heredibus rationis est".

" the emperors Severus and Antoninus to Julius Julianus. It is in accordance with reason that those who, having been named by bandits, with the accusers corrupted, have met their day, be treated as having confessed to the crime, and that they do not leave a defense to their heirs."

Dig. 48.21.2.1

Digest 48.21.2.1

Macer 2 publ.

Macer 2 On Public Matters.

Si is, de cuius poena imperatori scriptum est ( veluti quod decurio fuerit vel quod in insulam deportari debuerit), antequam rescriberetur decesserit: potest quaeri, num ante sententiam decessisse videatur. argumento est senatus consultum, quod factum est de his, qui romam transmissi ante sententiam decessissent. cuius verba haec sunt: " cum damnatus nemo videri possit in hunc annum, antequam de eo forte iudicium romae redditum et pronuntiatum esset: neque cuiusquam mortui bona, antequam de eo romae pronuntiatum sit, publicata sunt, eaque bona heredes possidere debent".

If the person about whose punishment it has been written to the emperor (for example, that he was a decurion, or that he ought to have been deported to an island) dies before a rescript is issued: it can be asked whether he appears to have died before sentence. An argument is a senatorial decree, which was made concerning those who, having been transmitted to Rome, died before sentence. Whose words are these: "since no one can be seen as condemned in this year, before judgment about him had perchance been rendered and pronounced at Rome; nor have the goods of any dead man been confiscated, before a pronouncement about him has been made at Rome, and the heirs ought to possess those goods."

Dig. 48.21.3pr.

Digest 48.21.3pr.

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in the single book On Informers.

Qui rei postulati vel qui in scelere deprehensi metu criminis imminentis mortem sibi consciverunt, heredem non habent. papinianus tamen libro sexto decimo digestorum responsorum ita scripsit, ut qui rei criminis non postulati manus sibi intulerint, bona eorum fisco non vindicentur: non enim facti sceleritatem esse obnoxiam, sed conscientiae metum in reo velut confesso teneri placuit. ergo aut postulati esse debent aut in scelere deprehensi, ut, si se interfecerint, bona eorum confiscentur.

Those who, being defendants formally arraigned, or who have been apprehended in the crime, from fear of the imminent charge have procured death for themselves, have no heir. Papinian, however, in book 16 of the Digest of Responses wrote thus: that those who, not having been demanded as defendants of a charge, have laid hands on themselves, their goods are not to be claimed by the fisc; for it has been decided that it is not the criminality of the deed that is liable, but that the fear of conscience in the defendant, as if confessed, is held. Therefore they must either have been arraigned or apprehended in the crime, so that, if they have slain themselves, their goods are confiscated.

Dig. 48.21.3.1

Digest 48.21.3.1

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in the single book on the informer.

Ut autem divus pius rescripsit, ita demum bona eius, qui in reatu mortem sibi conscivit, fisco vindicanda sunt, si eius criminis reus fuit, ut, si damnaretur, morte aut deportatione adficiendus esset.

But as the deified Pius wrote in a rescript, then and only then are the goods of one who, while under indictment, procured death for himself to be claimed by the fisc, if he was defendant for such a crime that, were he condemned, he would have to be subjected to death or deportation.

Dig. 48.21.3.2

Digest 48.21.3.2

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in the single book On Informers.

Idem rescripsit eum, qui modici furti reus fuisset, licet vitam suspendio finierit, non videri in eadem causa esse, ut bona heredibus adimenda essent, sicuti neque ipsi adimerentur, si compertum in eo furtum fuisset.

The same rescripted that one who had been a defendant for a modest theft, although he had ended his life by hanging, does not seem to be in the same position that the goods should be taken from his heirs, just as they would not be taken from himself, if the theft had been ascertained in him.

Dig. 48.21.3.3

Digest 48.21.3.3

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus, in the singular book On Informers.

Ergo ita demum dicendum est bona eius, qui manus sibi intulit, fisco vindicari, si eo crimine nexus fuit, ut, si convinceretur, bonis careat.

Therefore, it must be said only thus: the goods of one who has laid hands upon himself are vindicated to the fisc, if he was bound by such a charge that, if he were convicted, he would be deprived of his goods.

Dig. 48.21.3.4

Digest 48.21.3.4

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in the single book on delators.

Si quis autem taedio vitae vel impatientia doloris alicuius vel alio modo vitam finierit, successorem habere divus antoninus rescripsit.

But if anyone, from tedium of life or impatience of some pain, or otherwise, has ended his life, the deified Antoninus decreed by rescript that he is to have a successor.

Dig. 48.21.3.5

Digest 48.21.3.5

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in a single book On the Informer.

Videri autem et patrem, qui sibi manus intulisset, quod diceretur filium suum occidisse, magis dolore filii amissi mortem sibi irrogasse et ideo bona eius non esse publicanda divus hadrianus rescripsit.

It was also written in a rescript by the deified Hadrian that even a father, who had laid hands upon himself because it was said that he had killed his own son, had rather, from grief for his lost son, inflicted death upon himself; and therefore his goods were not to be confiscated.

Dig. 48.21.3.6

Digest 48.21.3.6

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in the single book On Informers.

Sic autem hoc distinguitur, interesse qua ex causa quis sibi mortem conscivit: sicuti cum quaeritur, an is, qui sibi manus intulit et non perpetravit, debeat puniri, quasi de se sententiam tulit. nam omnimodo puniendus est, nisi taedio vitae vel impatientia alicuius doloris coactus est hoc facere. et merito, si sine causa sibi manus intulit, puniendus est: qui enim sibi non pepercit, multo minus alii parcet.

Thus, however, this is distinguished, that it is of interest for what cause someone procured death for himself: just as when it is asked whether one who laid hands upon himself and did not perpetrate it ought to be punished, as if he had passed sentence upon himself. For in every way he is to be punished, unless he was compelled to do this by tedium of life or by impatience of some pain. And deservedly, if without cause he laid hands upon himself, he is to be punished: for he who did not spare himself will much less spare another.

Dig. 48.21.3.7

Digest 48.21.3.7

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus, in the single book On Informers.

Si qui autem sub incerto causae eventu in vinculis vel sub fideiussoribus decesserint, horum bona non esse confiscanda mandatis cavetur.

But if any, with the outcome of the cause uncertain, have died in chains or under sureties, it is provided by mandates that their goods are not to be confiscated.

Dig. 48.21.3.8

Digest 48.21.3.8

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus, in the single book On Delators.

De illo videamus, si quis conscita morte nulla iusta causa praecedente in reatu decesserit, an, si parati fuerint heredes causam suscipere et innocentem defunctum ostendere, audiendi sint nec prius bona in fiscum cogenda sint, quam si de crimine fuerit probatum: an vero omnimodo publicanda sunt. sed divus pius modesto taurino rescripsit, si parati sint heredes defensiones suscipere, non esse bona publicanda, nisi de crimine fuerit probatum.

Let us consider this: if someone, by a self‑inflicted death, has died while under indictment, with no just cause antecedent, whether, if the heirs are prepared to undertake the case and to show the deceased to be innocent, they should be heard, and the goods should not first be driven into the fisc until it has been proved concerning the crime; or rather whether they are in every way to be made public property. But the deified pius replied by rescript to modestus taurinus that, if the heirs are prepared to undertake the defenses, the goods are not to be made public property, unless it has been proved concerning the crime.

Dig. 48.22.0. De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis.

Digest 48.22.0. On the interdicted and the relegated and the deported.

Dig. 48.22.1

Digest 48.22.1

Pomponius 4 ad sab.

Pomponius 4 on Sabinus.

Caput ex rescripto divi traiani ad didium secundum: " scio relegatorum bona avaritia superiorum temporum fisco vindicata. sed aliud clementiae meae convenit, qui inter cetera, quibus innocentiam rationum mearum temporum, hoc quoque remisi exemplum".

Chapter from the rescript of the deified Trajan to Didius Secundus: " I know that the goods of the relegated were, by the greed of former times, adjudged to the fisc. But something else befits my clemency, I who, among other things whereby I make manifest the innocence of the accounts of my times, have also remitted this as a precedent".

Dig. 48.22.2

Digest 48.22.2

Marcianus 13 inst.

Marcianus 13 Institutes.

Manumittere deportatum non posse divus pius rescripsit.

The deified Pius rescripted that it is not possible to manumit one who has been deported.

Dig. 48.22.3

Digest 48.22.3

Alfenus 1 epit.

Alfenus 1 epitome.

Eum, qui civitatem amitteret, nihil aliud iuris adimere liberis, nisi quod ab ipso perventurum esset ad eos, si intestatus in civitate moreretur: hoc est hereditatem eius et libertos et si quid aliud in hoc genere repperiri potest. quae vero non a patre, sed a genere, a civitate, a rerum natura tribuerentur, ea manere eis incolumia. itaque et fratres fratribus fore legitimos heredes et adgnatorum tutelas et hereditates habituros: non enim haec patrem, sed maiores eius eis dedisse.

That one who loses citizenship takes away no other right from his children, except what would come to them from him, if he were to die intestate in the citizenship: that is, his inheritance and his freedmen, and if anything else can be found in this genus. But the things that are granted not by the father, but by the lineage, by the citizenship, by the nature of things, those remain to them unharmed. And so both brothers will be legitimate heirs to brothers, and they will have the tutelages and inheritances of agnates: for it was not their father who gave these, but their ancestors gave them to them.

Dig. 48.22.4

Digest 48.22.4

Marcianus 2 inst.

Marcianus book 2 of the Institutes.

Relegati in insulam in potestate sua liberos retinent, quia et alia omnia iura sua retinent: tantum enim insula eis egredi non licet. et bona quoque sua omnia retinent praeter ea, si qua eis adempta sunt: nam eorum, qui in perpetuum exilium dati sunt vel relegati, potest quis sententia partem bonorum adimere.

The relegated to an island retain their children under their own power, because they also retain all their other rights: for only it is not permitted them to go out from the island. and they likewise retain all their goods, except those which, if any, have been taken from them: for of those who have been given into perpetual exile or relegated, one can by sentence take away a part of their goods.

Dig. 48.22.5

Digest 48.22.5

Marcianus 1 reg.

Marcianus 1 Rules.

Exilium triplex est: aut certorum locorum interdictio, aut lata fuga, ut omnium locorum interdicatur praeter certum locum, aut insulae vinculum, id est relegatio in insulam.

Exile is threefold: either interdiction from certain places, or broad banishment, such that all places are interdicted except a certain place, or the island’s bond, that is, relegation to an island.

Dig. 48.22.6pr.

Digest 48.22.6, preface.

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Inter poenas est etiam insulae deportatio, quae poena adimit civitatem romanam.

Among punishments is also deportation to an island, which punishment deprives of Roman citizenship.

Dig. 48.22.6.1

Digest 48.22.6.1

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Deportandi autem in insulam ius praesidibus provinciae non est datum, licet praefecto urbi detur: hoc enim epistula divi severi ad fabium cilonem praefectum urbi expressum est. praesides itaque provinciae quotiens aliquem in insulam deportandum putent, hoc ipsum adnotare debeant, nomen vero eius scribendum principi, ut in insulam deportetur: sic deinde principi scribere missa plena opinione, ut princeps aestimet, an sequenda sit eius sententia deportarique in insulam debeat. medio ^ modo^ autem tempore, dum scribitur, iubere eum debet in carcere esse.

However, the right of deporting to an island was not granted to the governors of a province, although it is granted to the Prefect of the City: for this was made explicit in a letter of the deified Severus to Fabius Cilo, Prefect of the City. Therefore the governors of provinces, whenever they think that someone ought to be deported to an island, ought to note this very point, but his name is to be written to the princeps, so that he may be deported to an island: thus thereafter they should write to the princeps, sending a full opinion, so that the princeps may assess whether their opinion is to be followed and he ought to be deported to an island. In the meantime, however, while the writing is being done, he ought to order him to be in prison.

Dig. 48.22.6.2

Digest 48.22.6.2

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Decuriones civitatium propter capitalia crimina deportandos vel relegandos divi fratres rescripserunt. denique priscum in homicidio et incendio nominatim ante quaestionem confessum in insulam deportari iusserunt.

The deified brothers wrote in a rescript that the decurions of the communities, on account of capital crimes, are to be deported or relegated. Finally, they ordered that Priscus, who expressly confessed to homicide and arson before examination, be deported to an island.

Dig. 48.22.7pr.

Digest 48.22.7pr.

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Relegatorum duo genera: sunt quidam, qui in insulam relegantur, sunt, qui simpliciter, ut provinciis eis interdicatur, non etiam insula adsignetur.

There are two kinds of the relegated: there are some who are relegated to an island; there are some who are simply so, such that they are interdicted from the provinces, and no island is assigned.

Dig. 48.22.7.1

Digest 48.22.7.1

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10, On the Office of the Proconsul.

In insulam relegare praesides provinciae possunt, sic tamen, ut, si quidem insulam sub se habeant ( id est ad eius provinciae formam pertinentem, quam administrant), et eam specialiter insulam adsignare possint inque eam relegare, sin vero non habeant, pronuntient quidem in insulam se relegare, scribant autem imperatori, ut ipse insulam adsignet. ceterum non possunt damnare in eam insulam, quam in ea provincia cui praesunt non habeant. interim quoad imperator insulam adsignet, militi tradendus est relegatus.

Governors of a province can relegate to an island, yet on this condition: if indeed they have an island under their authority (that is, pertaining to the jurisdiction of that province which they administer), they can also specifically assign that island and relegate to it; but if in fact they do not have one, let them indeed pronounce that they are relegating to an island, but write to the emperor, so that he himself may assign an island. Moreover, they cannot condemn to that island which they do not have within that province over which they preside. Meanwhile, until the emperor assigns an island, the relegated person is to be handed over to a soldier.

Dig. 48.22.7.2

Digest 48.22.7.2

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Haec est differentia inter deportatos et relegatos, quod in insulam relegari et ad tempus et in perpetuum quis potest.

This is the difference between the deported and the relegated: that a person can be relegated to an island either for a set time or in perpetuity.

Dig. 48.22.7.3

Digest 48.22.7.3

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Sive ad tempus sive in perpetuum quis fuerit relegatus, et civitatem romanam retinet et testamenti factionem non amittit.

Whether for a time or in perpetuity someone has been relegated, he retains Roman citizenship and does not lose testamentary capacity.

Dig. 48.22.7.4

Digest 48.22.7.4

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Ad tempus relegatis neque tota bona neque partem adimi debere rescriptis quibusdam manifestatur, reprehensaeque sunt sententiae eorum, qui ad tempus relegatis ademerunt partem bonorum vel bona, sic tamen, ut non infirmarentur sententiae quae ita sunt prolatae.

By certain rescripts it is made manifest that, for those relegated for a term, neither the whole of their goods nor any part ought to be taken away; and the judgments of those who took away a part of the goods or the goods from persons relegated for a term have been censured—yet in such a way that the judgments which were thus delivered are not invalidated.

Dig. 48.22.7.5

Digest 48.22.7.5

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Est quoddam genus quasi in insulam relegationis in provincia aegypto in oasin relegare.

There is a certain kind of, as it were, relegation to an island: to relegate to the Oasis in the province of Egypt.

Dig. 48.22.7.6

Digest 48.22.7.6

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpianus 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Sicut autem relegare in insulam quisquam, quae non est sub se, non potest, ita ne in provinciam quidem relegandi ius habet, quae non est sub se: forte praeses syriae in macedoniam non relegabit.

Just as, moreover, no one can relegate to an island which is not under him, so neither does he have the right to relegate to a province which is not under him: for instance, the governor of syria will not relegate to macedonia.

Dig. 48.22.7.7

Digest 48.22.7.7

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Sed extra provinciam suam potest relegare.

But he can relegate outside his own province.

Dig. 48.22.7.8

Digest 48.22.7.8

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Item in parte certa provinciae moraturum relegare potest, ut forte non excedat civitatem aliquam vel regionem aliquam non egrediatur.

Likewise he can relegate one to remain in a certain part of the province, for example, that he not leave some city or not go out of some region.

Dig. 48.22.7.9

Digest 48.22.7.9

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Sed et in eas partes provinciae, quae sunt desertiores, scio praesides solitos relegare.

But I know that governors have been accustomed to relegate even to those parts of the province which are more deserted.

Dig. 48.22.7.10

Digest 48.22.7.10

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Interdicere autem quis ea provincia potest quam regit, alia non potest: et ita divi fratres rescripserunt. unde eveniebat, ut, qui relegatus esset ab ea provincia, in qua domilium ^ domicilium^ habuit, morari apud orginem suam posset. sed imperator noster cum divo patre suo huic rei providerunt.

Moreover, a person can interdict in that province which he governs; he cannot in another: and thus the deified brothers wrote back by rescript. Whence it used to occur that one who had been relegated from that province in which he had his domicile could remain at his place of origin. But our emperor, together with his deified father, provided for this matter.

maecio enim probo praesidi provinciae hispaniae rescripserunt etiam ea provincia interdici, unde quis oriundus est, ab eo qui regit eam provinciam, ubi quis domicilium habet. sed et eos, qui, cum incolae non essent, in ea provincia quid admiserint, aequum est ad rescripti auctoritatem pertinere.

for to Maecius Probus, governor of the province of Hispania, they issued a rescript that even interdict from that province from which someone is originated may be imposed by the one who governs the province where one has domicile. but it is also equitable that the authority of the rescript pertain to those who, although they were not inhabitants, have committed something in that province.

Dig. 48.22.7.11

Digest 48.22.7.11

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 10 on the Office of the Proconsul.

Dubitatum est, an interdicere quis alicui possit provincia, in qua oriundus est, cum ipse ei provinciae praesit, quam incolit, dum sua non interdicit, ut solent italia interdicere, qui patria non interdicunt: vel an per consequentias videatur etiam provinciae interdixisse, cui praeest. quod magis erit probandum.

It has been doubted whether someone can interdict a person from the province in which he is born, when he himself presides over that province which he inhabits, provided he does not interdict what is his own, as those who do not interdict their fatherland are accustomed to interdict Italy; or whether, by consequence, he is to be seen to have also interdicted the province which he presides over. The latter is what is more to be approved.

Dig. 48.22.7.12

Digest 48.22.7.12

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Per contrarium autem is, qui originis provinciae praeest, non est nanctus ius interdicendi ea provincia, quam incolit is qui relegatur.

Conversely, however, he who presides over the province of origin has not obtained the right to forbid him from that province which the relegated person inhabits.

Dig. 48.22.7.13

Digest 48.22.7.13

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Si quis eam sententiam admiserit, ut is, qui in alia provincia commisit, possit relegari ab eo qui ei provinciae praeest: eveniet, ut relegatus iste tribus provinciis praeter italiam debeat abstinere, et in qua deliquit et quam incolit et originis. et si ex diversis provinciis oriri videatur propter condicionem vel suam vel parentis patronorum: vel pluribus provinciis consequenter interdictum ei dicemus.

If anyone should admit that opinion, namely that he who has committed a delict in another province can be relegated by him who presides over that province: it will come about that this relegated person ought to abstain from three provinces, apart from Italy, namely the one in which he committed the delict, the one which he inhabits, and the one of his origin. And if he should seem to arise from diverse provinces on account of the condition either his own or that of a parent or of patrons, we shall say that, accordingly, an interdict from more provinces has been laid upon him.

Dig. 48.22.7.14

Digest 48.22.7.14

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Quibusdam tamen praesidibus, ut multis provinciis interdicere possint, indultum est: ut praesidibus syriarum, sed et daciarum.

However, to certain governors it has been granted that they may interdict from many provinces: as to the governors of the Syrias, but also of the Dacias.

Dig. 48.22.7.15

Digest 48.22.7.15

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Constitutum eum, cui patria interdictum est, etiam urbe abstinere debere: contra autem si cui urbe fuerit interdictum, patria sua interdictum non videtur. et ita multis constitutionibus cavetur.

It is established that one who has been interdicted from his fatherland must also abstain from the City; conversely, however, if one has been interdicted from the City, he is not considered to have been interdicted from his fatherland. And thus it is provided by many constitutions.

Dig. 48.22.7.16

Digest 48.22.7.16

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Si cui plane non patria sua, sed aliqua civitate interdictum sit, videndum est, an etiam patria sua itemque urbe interdictum dicamus: quod magis est.

If someone has been interdicted, not indeed from his own patria, but from some civitas, it must be considered whether we should also say that he has been interdicted from his own patria and likewise from the city: which is the more correct view.

Dig. 48.22.7.17

Digest 48.22.7.17

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

His, qui relegantur, dies excedendi a praesidibus dari et potest et solet: etenim moris est ita pronuntiari " illum provincia illa insulisque eis relego excedereque debebit intra illum diem".

To those who are relegated, a day for departing may be and is wont to be given by the governors: for indeed it is the custom to pronounce thus " I relegate that man from that province and to those islands, and he must depart within that day".

Dig. 48.22.7.18

Digest 48.22.7.18

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Relegatum plane libellum dare principi posse divi fratres rescripserunt.

The deified brothers wrote in a rescript that a relegated person can plainly submit a petition to the emperor.

Dig. 48.22.7.19

Digest 48.22.7.19

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Solet praeterea interdici sententia quibusdam, ne intra patriae territorium vel muros morentur: ne excedant patriam vel in vicis quibusdam morentur.

Moreover, it is customary for certain persons to be interdicted by a sentence, that they not remain within the territory of their fatherland or within the walls: that they not depart from the fatherland, or that they remain in certain villages.

Dig. 48.22.7.20

Digest 48.22.7.20

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Solet decurionibus ordine interdici vel ad tempus vel in perpetuum.

It is customary for decurions to be interdicted from the order either for a time or in perpetuity.

Dig. 48.22.7.21

Digest 48.22.7.21

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian Book 10 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Item potest alicui poena iniungi, ne honores adipiscatur: nec ea res facit, ut decurio esse desinat, cum fieri possit, ut quis decurio quidem sit, ad honores autem non admittatur. nam et senator quis esse potest et tamen honores non repetere.

Likewise, a penalty can be imposed on someone, that he not acquire honors: nor does that make him cease to be a decurion, since it can happen that someone is indeed a decurion, but is not admitted to honors. For a person can also be a senator and yet not seek honors.

Dig. 48.22.7.22

Digest 48.22.7.22

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Potest alicui et unus honor interdici, sic tamen, ut, si cui honore uno interdictum sit, non tantum eum honorem petere non possit, verum ne eos quoque, qui eo honore maiores sunt: est enim perquam ridiculum eum, qui minoribus poenae causa prohibitus sit, ad maiores adspirare. maioribus tamen prohibitus minores petere non prohibetur. sed muneribus si quis poenae causa fuerit prohibitus, nihil valebit sententia: neque enim immunitatem poena tribuere debet. ergo et si honoribus quis in poenam fuerit prohibitus, poterit dici, si honores isti habuerunt mixtam muneris gravem impensam, infamiam illi ad hoc non profuturam:

It is possible for even a single honor to be interdicted to someone; but in such a way that, if one has been interdicted from one honor, not only can he not seek that honor, but neither those also which are greater than that honor: for it is exceedingly ridiculous that he who has been prohibited from the lesser by reason of penalty should aspire to the greater. One who has been prohibited from the greater, however, is not prohibited from seeking the lesser. But if someone has been prohibited from munera (public burdens) by way of penalty, the sentence will avail nothing: for a penalty ought not to bestow immunity. Therefore even if someone has been prohibited from honors as a penalty, it can be said, if those honors had a heavy expense of a munus mingled in, that his infamy will not be of use to him for this.

Dig. 48.22.8

Digest 48.22.8

Marcianus 2 publ. iudic.

Marcianus 2 Public Trials.

Sed honore quidem illum arceri puto, ceterum impendia debere praestare.

But indeed I think him to be barred from honor; for the rest, he ought to make good the expenses.

Dig. 48.22.9

Digest 48.22.9

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Potest praeses quendam damnare, ne domo sua procedat:

The governor can condemn someone, that he not proceed from his own house:

Dig. 48.22.10

Digest 48.22.10

Marcianus 2 publ. iudic.

Marcianus Book 2, Public Prosecutions

Nec tamen, ne necessarias impensas faciat.

Nor, however, so as to prevent him from making necessary expenses.

Dig. 48.22.11

Digest 48.22.11

Ulpianus 10 de off. procons.

Ulpian 10 on the office of the proconsul.

Interdum pecuniaria poena irrogatur iis qui relegatos suscipiunt: interdum etiam ipsi relegantur, si quidem illi ob magnum crimen relegati sunt.

Sometimes a pecuniary penalty is imposed on those who receive the relegated; sometimes they themselves are even relegated, if indeed those men were relegated on account of a great crime.

Dig. 48.22.12

Digest 48.22.12

Marcianus libro...

Marcianus in the book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qui patria relegatus non excedit, ad tempus provincia relegatur.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . who, relegated from his fatherland, does not depart, is relegated to a province for a time.

Dig. 48.22.13

Digest 48.22.13

Paulus libro...

Paulus in the ... book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ei qui a relegato manumissus est romae morari non licet, cum ne patrono quidem eius liceat.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to him who has been manumitted by a relegated person it is not permitted to remain at Rome, since not even to his patron is it permitted.

Dig. 48.22.14pr.

Digest 48.22.14pr.

Ulpianus libro...

Ulpian, in the book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . relegatus est is cui interdicitur provincia aut urbe continentibusve in perpetuum vel ad tempus.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . he is relegated, one to whom a province, or the city and the contiguous areas, are interdicted, either in perpetuity or for a time.

Dig. 48.22.14.1

Digest 48.22.14.1

Ulpianus libro...

Ulpian, in the book...

Et multum interest inter relegationem et deportationem: nam deportatio et civitatem et bona adimit, relegatio utrumque conservat, nisi bona publicentur.

And there is a great difference between relegation and deportation: for deportation takes away both citizenship and goods, while relegation preserves both, unless the goods are confiscated.

Dig. 48.22.14.2

Digest 48.22.14.2

Ulpianus libro...

Ulpian, in the ... book...

Relegare possunt princeps et senatus et praefecti et praesides provinciarum, nec tamen consules.

The princeps and the senate and the prefects and the governors of the provinces can relegate, yet not, however, the consuls.

Dig. 48.22.14.3

Digest 48.22.14.3

Ulpianus libro...

Ulpian in the book...

Qui amissa civitate bona habet, a creditore utilibus actionibus convenitur.

He who, with citizenship lost, has goods is sued by the creditor by useful actions.

Dig. 48.22.15pr.

Digest 48.22.15, preface.

Marcianus libro...

Marcianus in the book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . deportatus civitatem amittit, libertatem retinet et iure civili caret, gentium vero utitur. itaque emit vendit, locat conducit, permutat, fenus exercet aliaque similia. unde etiam recte obligat, quae post condemnationem quaesivit: quibus in rebus creditores quoque, qui bona fide contraxerunt cum eo, praeferuntur fisco deportatis defunctis succedenti.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the deported man loses citizenship, retains liberty, and lacks the civil law, but uses the law of nations. and so he buys, sells, lets and hires, barters, carries on moneylending, and the like. whence also he validly obligates himself with respect to the things which he has acquired after condemnation: in which matters the creditors also, who have contracted in good faith with him, are preferred to the fisc that succeeds to deported persons who have died.

nam bona, quae condemnationis tempore inveniuntur, deportatus alienare non potest.

for the property which is found at the time of condemnation, the deportee cannot alienate.

Dig. 48.22.15.1

Digest 48.22.15.1

Marcianus libro...

Marcianus in the book...

Qui inconsulto principe a praeside deportatur, et heres institui et legata capere potest.

He who is deported by a governor without the princeps having been consulted can both be instituted as heir and take legacies.

Dig. 48.22.16

Digest 48.22.16

Marcianus libro...

Marcianus in the book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cum ulpianus damascenus ab imperatore petisset, ut matri deportatae ad victum necessaria relinquere sibi permitteretur, item mater per libertum suum petisset, ut quaedam filio deportato relinquere liceret, imperator antoninus ita iis rescripsit. " neque hereditas nec legatum nec fideicommissum contra consuetudinem legemque publicam huiusmodi personis relinqui potest neque earum condicionem mutari convenit: quoniam autem pie rogastis, permitto vobis ultima voluntate relinquere iis, quae ad victum aliosque usus necessarios sufficiant, ut si quid ad eos ex his causis pertinebit, capere iis liceat".

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when ulpianus the damascene had petitioned the emperor that it be permitted to him to leave to his deported mother the things necessary for sustenance, likewise the mother through her freedman had petitioned that it be permitted to leave certain things to her deported son, the emperor antoninus wrote back to them in a rescript thus. "neither inheritance nor legacy nor fideicommissum can be left to persons of this kind contrary to custom and the public law, nor is it fitting that their condition be changed: however, since you have piously asked, i permit you by last will to leave to them such things as may suffice for sustenance and other necessary uses, so that if anything shall pertain to them from these causes, it may be lawful for them to take."

Dig. 48.22.17pr.

Digest 48.22.17pr.

Pomponius libro...

Pomponius in the book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . relegatus statuis et imaginibus honorari non prohibetur.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a relegated person is not prohibited from being honored by statues and images.

Dig. 48.22.17.1

Digest 48.22.17.1

Pomponius libro...

Pomponius in the book...

Relegatus statum suum integrum retinet et bona quae habet et potestatem in liberos, sive ad tempus sive in perpetuum relegatus est.

The relegated person retains his status intact and the goods which he has and authority over his children, whether he has been relegated for a time or in perpetuity.

Dig. 48.22.17.2

Digest 48.22.17.2

Pomponius libro...

Pomponius in book...

Deportatio autem non fit ad tempus.

Deportation, however, is not imposed for a term.

Dig. 48.22.18pr.

Digest 48.22.18, beginning.

Callistratus libro...

Callistratus in the book...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . relegatus morari non potest romae, etsi id sententia comprehensum non est, quia communis patria est: neque in ea civitate, in qua moratur princeps vel per quam transit, iis enim solis permissum est principem intueri, qui romam ingredi possunt, quia princeps pater patriae est.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a relegated person cannot stay at Rome, even if that is not included in the sentence, because it is the common fatherland; nor in that city in which the princeps stays or through which he passes, for only those who can enter Rome are permitted to behold the princeps, because the princeps is father of the fatherland.

Dig. 48.22.18.1

Digest 48.22.18.1

Callistratus libro...

Callistratus in the book...

Cum adversus homines liberos eiusmodi sententia fertur, per quam bona eorum publicantur, qualis est deportationis in insulam, ea ipsa sententia priorem condicionem amittunt et statim poenis sibi irrogatis per eam traduntur, nisi quid cum maiestate coniunctum requirit, ut poena exacerbetur.

When a sentence of such a kind is brought against free persons, by which their goods are publicized (confiscated), such as that of deportation to an island, by that very sentence they lose their prior condition and immediately are delivered over to the penalties inflicted upon them by it, unless something conjoined with majesty (treason) requires that the punishment be exacerbated.

Dig. 48.23.0. De sententiam passis et restitutis.

Dig. 48.23.0. On those who have undergone a sentence and those who have been reinstated.

Dig. 48.23.1pr.

Digest 48.23.1, beginning.

Ulpianus 38 ad ed.

Ulpian, 38 on the Edict.

Ad successionem liberti patronus deportatus et restitutus admittitur.

To the succession of a freedman, the patron, having been deported and restored, is admitted.

Dig. 48.23.1.1

Digest 48.23.1.1

Ulpianus 38 ad ed.

Ulpian 38 on the edict.

Sed si in metallum damnatus restituatur, numquid servitus poenae extinguat ius patronatus etiam post restitutionem? et magis est, ut non extinguat servitus ius patronatus.

But if a man condemned to the mines is restored, does penal servitude extinguish the right of patronage even after the restitution? And the better view is that servitude does not extinguish the right of patronage.

Dig. 48.23.2

Digest 48.23.2

Ulpianus 5 opin.

Ulpian, 5 Opinions.

Si deportatus restitutus dignitatem quidem indulgentia principis reciperavit, in sua autem omnia bona non est restitutus, nec a creditoribus nec publico nomine conveniri potest. sed cum ei facultas oblata esset a principe bona quoque sua reciperandi, maluerit ea derelinquere, actionibus exuere se, quibus ante sententiam subiectus fuerat, non poterit.

If a deported man, when restored, has indeed recovered his dignity by the emperor’s indulgence, but has not been restored to all his own goods, he cannot be sued either by his creditors or in the public name. But when the opportunity has been offered him by the emperor to recover his goods as well, if he has preferred to abandon them, he will not be able to strip himself of the actions to which he had been subject before the sentence.

Dig. 48.23.3

Digest 48.23.3

Papinianus 16 resp.

Papinian, 16 Responses.

In insulam deportati bona fiscus poena remissa retinuit: creditores ex ante gesto non habere cum eo qui debitor quondam fuit actiones constitit. quod si bona cum dignitatis restitutione concessa reciperaverit, utiles actiones necessariae non erunt, cum et directae competunt.

In the case of one deported to an island, the fisc retained the goods, the penalty having been remitted: it is established that the creditors, from what was transacted before, do not have actions against him who once was a debtor. But if he has recovered the goods granted together with restitution of dignity, useful actions will not be necessary, since direct actions also lie.

Dig. 48.23.4

Digest 48.23.4

Paulus 17 quaest.

Paulus 17 questions.

In metallum damnata mulier eum quem prius conceperat edidit, deinde a principe restituta est. humanius dicetur etiam cognationis iura huic restituta videri.

A woman condemned to the mines bore the child whom she had previously conceived, then was restored by the emperor. more humane, it will be said, that even the rights of kinship appear to have been restored to her.

Dig. 48.24.0. De cadaveribus punitorum.

Digest 48.24.0. On the corpses of the punished.

Dig. 48.24.1

Digest 48.24.1

Ulpianus 9 de off. procons.

Ulpian 9 on the office of the proconsul.

Corpora eorum qui capite damnantur cognatis ipsorum neganda non sunt: et id se observasse etiam divus augustus libro decimo de vita sua scribit. hodie autem eorum, in quos animadvertitur, corpora non aliter sepeliuntur, quam si fuerit petitum et permissum, et nonnumquam non permittitur, maxime maiestatis causa damnatorum. eorum quoque corpora, qui exurendi damnantur, peti possunt, scilicet ut ossa et cineres collecta sepulturae tradi possint.

The bodies of those who are condemned to capital punishment are not to be denied to their kinsfolk: and the deified Augustus writes that he observed this too in book 10 of his Life. But today the bodies of those upon whom punishment is inflicted are not buried otherwise than if it has been requested and permitted, and sometimes permission is not granted, especially in the case of those condemned for treason. The bodies also of those who are condemned to be burned can be requested, namely so that the bones and ashes, once collected, may be handed over to burial.

Dig. 48.24.2

Digest 48.24.2

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus 2 Public Prosecutions.

Si quis in insulam deportatus vel relegatus fuerit, poena etiam post mortem manet, nec licet eum inde transferre aliubi et sepelire inconsulto principe: ut saepissime severus et antoninus rescripserunt et multis petentibus hoc ipsum indulserunt.

If anyone has been deported or relegated to an island, the penalty remains even after death, nor is it permitted to transfer him from there elsewhere and bury him without the emperor being consulted: as Severus and Antoninus very frequently wrote back in rescripts and granted this very thing to many who petitioned.

Dig. 48.24.3

Digest 48.24.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Opinions.

Corpora animadversorum quibuslibet petentibus ad sepulturam danda sunt.

The bodies of those punished are to be given for sepulture to anyone requesting.