Eutropius: BREVIARIVM HISTORIAE ROMANAE

[1] Finito igitur Punico bello, quod per XXIII annos tractum est, Romani iam clarissima gloria noti legatos ad Ptolomaeum, Aegypti regem, miserunt auxilia promittentes, quia rex Syriae Antiochus bellum ei intulerat.Ille gratias Romanis egit, auxilia a Romanis non accepit. Iam enim fuerat pugna transacta.

[1] When therefore the Punic War was finished, which had been carried on for 23 years, the Romans, already famed with very great glory, sent envoys to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, promising auxiliaries, because Antiochus, king of Syria, had brought war upon him.He thanked the Romans, he did not accept auxiliaries from the Romans. For the battle had already been decided.

Eodem tempore potentissimus rex Siciliae Hiero Romam venit ad ludos spectandos et ducenta milia modiorum tritici populo donum exhibuit.

At the same time the most powerful king of Sicily, Hiero, came to Rome to behold the games and presented to the people a gift of two hundred thousand modii of wheat.

[2] L. Cornelio Lentulo Fulvio Flacco consulibus, quibus Hiero Romam venerat, etiam contra Ligures intra Italiam bellum gestum est et de his triumphatum.Carthaginienses tamen bellum reparare temptabant, Sardinienses, qui ex condicione pacis Romanis parere debebant, ad rebellandum impellentes. Venit tamen Romam legatio Carthaginiensium et pacem impetravit.

[2] In the consulship of L. Cornelius Lentulus, Fulvus Flaccus, even against the Ligurians within Italy a war was waged and triumphs were celebrated concerning them.Nevertheless the Carthaginians were attempting to renew the war, urging the Sardinians, who by the condition of the peace ought to obey the Romans, to rebel. Yet a legation of the Carthaginians came to Rome and obtained peace.

[3] T. Manlio Torquato C. Atilio Bulco consulibus de Sardis triumphatum est, et pace omnibus locis facta Romani nullum bellum habuerunt, quod his post Romam conditam semel tantum Numa Pompilio regnante contigerat.

[3] In the consulship of T. Manlius Torquatus and C. Atilius Bulco a triumph was celebrated over Sardis, and with peace having been made in all places the Romans had no war, which since Rome was founded had occurred only once before, in the reign of Numa Pompilius.

[4] L. Postumius Albinus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus consules bellum contra Illyrios gesserunt et multis civitatibus captis etiam reges in deditionem acceperunt.Ac tum primum ex Illyriis triumphatum est.

[4] L. Postumius Albinus and Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, consuls, waged war against the Illyrians and, with many cities captured, even accepted kings into surrender.And then for the first time a triumph was celebrated from Illyria.

[5] L. Aemilio consule ingentes Gallorum copiae Alpes transierunt.Sed pro Romanis tota Italia consensit, traditumque est a Fabio historico, qui ei bello interfuit, DCCC milia hominum parata ad id bellum fuisse. Sed res per consulem tantum prospere gesta est.

[5] With L. Aemilius as consul vast forces of the Gauls crossed the Alps.But on behalf of the Romans all Italy united, and it is handed down by Fabius the historian, who took part in that war, that 800,000 men had been prepared for that war. But the affair was carried through so prosperously by the consul alone.

XL milia hostium interfecta sunt et triumphus Aemilio decretus.

40 thousand enemies were killed, and a triumph was decreed to Aemilius.

[6] Aliquot deinde annis post contra Gallos intra Italiam pugnatum est, finitumque bellum M. Claudio Marcello et Cn. Cornelio Scipione consulibus.Tum Marcellus cum parva manu equitum dimicavit et regem Gallorum, Viridomarum nomine, manu sua occidit. Postea cum collega ingentes copias Gallorum peremit, Mediolanum expugnavit, grandem praedam Romam pertulit.

[6] A few years later moreover fighting was undertaken against the Gauls within Italy, and the war was finished in the consulship of M. Claudius Marcellus and Cn. Cornelius Scipio.Then Marcellus, with a small band of horsemen, fought and slew the king of the Gauls, named Viridomarus, with his own hand. Afterward, with his colleague, he destroyed vast forces of the Gauls, captured Mediolanum, and carried a great booty to Rome.

Ac triumphans Marcellus spolia Galli stipiti inposita umeris suis vexit.

And Marcellus, triumphant, bore upon his shoulders the spoils of a Gaul set upon a stake.

[7] M. Minucio Rufo P. Cornelio consulibus Histris bellum inlatum est, quia latrocinati navibus Romanorum fuerant, quae frumenta exhibebant, perdomitique sunt omnes.Eodem anno bellum Punicum secundum Romanis inlatum est per Hannibalem, Carthaginiensium ducem, qui Saguntum, Hispaniae civitatem Romanis amicam, obpugnare adgressus est, annum agens vicesimum aetatis, copiis congregatis CL milium. Huic Romani per legatos denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret.

[7] In the consulship of M. Minucius Rufus and P. Cornelius a war was carried into the Histri, because they had plundered Roman ships which were supplying corn, and they were all subdued.In the same year the Second Punic War was brought upon the Romans by Hannibal, leader of the Carthaginians, who, in his twentieth year, undertook to besiege Saguntum, a city of Hispania friendly to the Romans, with forces mustered amounting to 150,000. To him the Romans, by legates, declared that he should refrain from war.

Is legatos admittere noluit. Romani etiam Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus data sunt.

He refused to admit the envoys. The Romans also sent to Carthage, that Hannibal might be commanded not to wage war against the allies of the Roman People. Stern replies were returned by the Carthaginians.

Saguntini interea fame victi sunt, captique ab Hannibale ultimis poenis adficiuntur.

The Saguntines meanwhile were overcome by famine, and, taken by Hannibal, were subjected to the severest penalties.

[8] Tum P. Cornelius Scipio cum exercitu in Hispaniam profectus est, Ti. Sempronius in Siciliam, bellum Carthaginiensibus indictum est.Hannibal relicto in Hispania fratre Hasdrubale Pyrenaeum transiit. Alpes, adhuc ea parte invias, sibi patefecit.

[8] Then P. Cornelius Scipio, with an army, set out for Hispania; Ti. Sempronius for Sicily; war was declared against the Carthaginians.Hannibal, having left his brother Hasdrubal in Hispania, crossed the Pyrenees. The Alps, still impassable in that region, he made passable for himself.

Traditur ad Italiam LXXX milia peditum, X milia equitum, septem et XXX elephantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures et Galli Hannibali se coniunxerunt. Sempronius Gracchus cognito ad Italiam Hannibalis adventu ex Sicilia exercitum Ariminum traiecit.

It is reported that he brought to Italy 80,000 infantry, 10,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. Meanwhile many Ligurians and Gauls joined themselves to Hannibal. On learning of Hannibal’s arrival in Italy, Sempronius Gracchus transported his army from Sicily to Ariminum.

[9] P. Cornelius Scipio Hannibali primus occurrit.Commisso proelio, fugatis suis ipse vulneratus in castra rediit. Sempronius Gracchus et ipse confligit apud Trebiam amnem.

[9] P. Cornelius Scipio was the first to encounter Hannibal.With the battle joined, his men routed, he himself, wounded, returned to the camp. Sempronius Gracchus likewise engaged in conflict at the Trebia river.

Is quoque vincitur. Hannibali multi se in Italia dediderunt. Inde ad Tusciam veniens Hannibal Flaminio consuli occurrit.

He too is defeated. Many in Italy surrendered themselves to Hannibal. From there, coming into Etruria, Hannibal encountered the consul Flamininus.

Ipsum Flaminium interemit; Romanorum XXV milia caesa sunt, ceteri diffugerunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem postea a Romanis Q. Fabius Maximus. Is eum differendo pugnam ab impetu fregit, mox inventa occasione vicit.

He himself killed Flaminius; 25,000 Romans were cut down, the others fled. Afterwards Q. Fabius Maximus was sent by the Romans against Hannibal. By deferring the fight he broke his impulse, and soon, an opportunity being found, he defeated him.

[10] Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno a condita urbe L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem mittuntur Fabioque succedunt, qui abiens ambo consules monuit, ut Hannibalem, callidum et inpatientem ducem, non aliter vincerent, quam proelium differendo.Verum cum inpatientia Varronis consulis contradicente altero consule [id est Aemilio Paulo] apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur in Apulia, pugnatum esset, ambo consules ab Hannibale vincuntur. In ea pugna tria milia Afrorum pereunt; magna pars de exercitu Hannibalis sauciatur.

[10] In the 540th year from the founding of the city, L. Aemilius Paulus and P. Terentius Varro were sent against Hannibal and succeeded Fabius; and Fabius, as he departed, warned both consuls that Hannibal, a crafty and impatient commander, could not be overcome otherwise than by delaying battle.But, with the impatience of the consul Varro prevailing against the other consul (that is, Aemilius Paulus), they fought near the village called Cannae in Apulia, and both consuls were defeated by Hannibal. In that battle three thousand Africans perished; a large part of Hannibal’s army was wounded.

Nullo tamen proelio Punico bello Romani gravius accepti sunt. Periit enim in eo consul Aemilius Paulus, consulares aut praetorii XX, senatores capti aut occisi XXX, nobiles viri CCC, militum XL milia, equitum III milia et quingenti. In quibus malis nemo tamen Romanorum pacis mentionem habere dignatus est.

No battle in the Punic war was accepted by the Romans more grievously. For in it the consul Aemilius Paulus perished, 20 consulars or praetors, 30 senators captured or killed, 300 noble men, 40,000 soldiers, 3,500 cavalry. In these misfortunes no one of the Romans, however, deigned to make mention of peace.

Servi, quod numquam ante, manumissi et milites facti sunt.

Slaves, which never before, were manumitted and made soldiers.

[11] Post eam pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Romanis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt.Hannibal Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent, responsumque est a senatu eos cives non esse necessarios, qui cum armati essent, capi potuissent. Ille omnes postea variis suppliciis interfecit et tres modios anulorum aureorum Carthaginem misit, quos ex manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et militum detraxerat.

[11] After that battle many cities of Italy, which had obeyed the Romans, transferred their allegiance to Hannibal.Hannibal offered to the Romans that they ransom the captives, and the senate replied that those citizens were not necessary who, being armed, could have been taken. He afterwards put them all to death by various punishments and sent three modii of gold rings to Carthage, which he had torn from the hands of Roman equites, senators, and soldiers.

Interea in Hispania, ubi frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal remanserat cum magno exercitu, ut eam totam Afris subigeret, a duobus Scipionibus, Romanis ducibus, vincitur. Perdit in pugna XXXV milia hominum; ex his capiuntur X milia, occiduntur XXV milia. Mittuntur ei a Carthaginiensibus ad reparandas vires XII milia peditum, IV milia equitum, XX elephanti.

Meanwhile in Hispania, where Hasdrubal, Hannibal’s brother, had remained with a great army to bring the whole region under the Afris, he is defeated by the two Scipios, Roman commanders. He loses in the battle 35,000 men; of these 10,000 are captured, 25,000 slain. To him are sent by the Carthaginians, to repair his forces, 12,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, 20 elephants.

[12] Anno quarto postquam ad Italiam Hannibal venit, M. Claudius Marcellus consul apud Nolam, civitatem Campaniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit.Hannibal multas civitates Romanorum per Apuliam, Calabriam, Brittios occupavit. Quo tempore etiam rex Macedoniae Philippus ad eum legatos misit, promittens auxilia contra Romanos sub hac condicione, ut deletis Romanis ipse quoque contra Graecos ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet.

[12] In the fourth year after Hannibal came to Italy, M. Claudius Marcellus, consul, fought well against Hannibal at Nola, a city of Campania.Hannibal occupied many Roman cities through Apulia, Calabria, and the Bruttians. At that time Philip, king of Macedonia, also sent envoys to him, promising aid against the Romans on this condition: that, with the Romans destroyed, he himself likewise would receive auxiliaries from Hannibal against the Greeks.

Captis igitur legatis Philippi et re cognita Romani in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevinum ire iusserunt, in Sardiniam T. Manlium Torquatum proconsulem. Nam etiam ea sollicitata ab Hannibale, Romanos deseruerat.

Therefore, with Philip’s legates captured and the matter made known, the Romans ordered M. Valerius Laevinus to go into Macedonia, and T. Manlius Torquatus as proconsul to Sardinia. For that region likewise, having been harried by Hannibal, had abandoned the Romans.

[13] Ita uno tempore quattuor locis pugnabatur: in Italia contra Hannibalem, in Hispaniis contra fratrem eius Hasdrubalem, in Macedonia contra Philippum, in Sardinia contra Sardos et alterum Hasdrubalem Carthaginiensem.Is a T. Manlio proconsule, qui ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vivus est captus, occisa cum eo duodecim milia, capti mille quingenti, et a Romanis Sardinia subacta. Manlius victor captivos et Hasdrubalem Romam reportavit.

[13] Thus at one time fighting was being waged in four places: in Italy against Hannibal, in the Spains against his brother Hasdrubal, in Macedonia against Philip, in Sardinia against the Sardinians and another Hasdrubal of Carthage.That one, under T. Manlius the proconsul who had been sent to Sardinia, was captured alive; with him twelve thousand were killed, fifteen hundred taken, and Sardinia subdued by the Romans. Manlius the victor carried the captives and Hasdrubal back to Rome.

Interea etiam Philippus a Laevino in Macedonia vincitur et in Hispania ab Scipionibus Hasdrubal et Mago, tertius frater Hannibalis.

Meanwhile Philip was also defeated by Laevinus in Macedonia, and in Spain Hasdrubal and Mago, the third brother of Hannibal, were defeated by the Scipios.

[14] Decimo anno postquam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, P. Sulpicio Cn. Fulvio consulibus, Hannibal usque ad quartum miliarium urbis accessit, equites eius usque ad portam.Mox consulum cum exercitu venientium metu Hannibal ad Campaniam se recepit. In Hispania a fratre eius Hasdrubale ambo Scipiones, qui per multos annos victores fuerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mansit; casu enim magis erant quam virtute decepti.

[14] In the tenth year after Hannibal had come into Italy, with P. Sulpicius and Cn. Fulvius as consuls, Hannibal advanced as far as the fourth mile of the city, his horsemen as far as the gate.Soon, through fear of the consuls coming with their army, Hannibal withdrew into Campania. In Spain both Scipiones, who for many years had been victors, were slain by his brother Hasdrubal, yet the army remained whole; for they had been deceived more by chance than by valor.

Quo tempore etiam a consule Marcello Siciliae magna pars capta est, quam tenere Afri coeperant, et nobilissima urbs Syracusana; praeda ingens Romam perlata est. Laevinus in Macedonia cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis et rege Asiae Attalo amicitiam fecit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannonem quendam, Afrorum ducem, apud Agrigentum civitatem cum ipso oppido cepit eumque Romam cum captivis nobilibus misit. XL civitates in deditionem accepit, XXVI expugnavit.

At that time also, by the consul Marcellus, a great part of Sicily was taken, which the Africans had begun to hold, and the very noble Syracusan city; vast booty was conveyed to Rome. Laevinus in Macedonia made friendship with Philip and with many peoples of Greece and with the king of Asia, Attalus, and having set out for Sicily he took a certain Hanno, a leader of the Africans, at the city of Agrigentum together with the town itself, and sent him to Rome with noble captives. He received 40 cities into surrender and stormed 26.

Ita omnis Sicilia recepta et Macedonia fracta; ingenti gloria Romam regressus est. Hannibal in Italia Cn. Fulvium consulem subito adgressus cum octo milibus hominum interfecit.

Thus all Sicily, having been recovered, and Macedonia shattered; he returned to Rome with immense glory. In Italy Hannibal, suddenly attacking the consul Cn. Fulvius, slew him and eight thousand men.

[15] Interea ad Hispanias, ubi occisis duobus Scipionibus nullus Romanus dux erat, P. Cornelius Scipio mittitur, filius P. Scipionis, qui ibidem bellum gesserat, annos natus quattuor et viginti, vir Romanorum omnium et sua aetate et posteriore tempore fere primus.Is Carthaginem Hispaniae capit, in qua omne aurum, argentum et belli apparatum Afri habebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Magonem etiam, fratrem Hannibalis, ibidem capit, quem Romam cum aliis mittit.

[15] Meanwhile to the Hispaniae, where, after two Scipios had been killed, there was no Roman leader, P. Cornelius Scipio is sent, son of P. Scipio, who had waged war there, twenty-four years old, a man almost first among all Romans both in his own age and for later times.He captures the Carthage of Hispania, in which the Afri held all the gold, silver, and implements of war, and also the most noble hostages which they had received from the Spaniards. He likewise seizes Mago, brother of Hannibal, there, whom he sends to Rome with others.

Romae ingens laetitia post hunc nuntium fuit. Scipio Hispanorumn obsides parentibus reddidit; quare omnes fere Hispaniae uno animo ad eum transierunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Hannibalis fratrem, victum fugat et praedam maximam capit.

There was great joy at Rome after this news. Scipio returned the Spaniards’ hostages to their parents; wherefore almost all of Spain, with one mind, transferred their allegiance to him. After this he put to flight Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, the defeated, and captured a very great booty.

[16] Interea in Italia consul Q. Fabius Maximus Tarentum recepit, in qua ingentes copiae Hannibalis erant.Ibi etiam ducem Hannibalis Carthalonem occidit, XXV milia hominum captivorum vendidit, praedam militibus dispertivit, pecuniam hominum venditorum ad fiscum retulit. Tum multae civitates Romanorum, quae ad Hannibalem transierant prius, rursus se Fabio Maximo dediderunt.

[16] Meanwhile in Italy the consul Q. Fabius Maximus recovered Tarentum, in which vast forces of Hannibal were.There also he killed Hannibal’s commander Carthalo, sold 25,000 men as captives, distributed the booty among the soldiers, and restored the money from the sold men to the treasury. Then many cities of the Romans, which had before gone over to Hannibal, again surrendered themselves to Fabius Maximus.

Insequenti anno Scipio in Hispania egregias res egit et per se et per fratrem suum L. Scipionem; LXX civitates receperunt. In Italia tamen male pugnatum est. Nam Claudius Marcellus consul ab Hannibale occisus est.

In the following year Scipio achieved outstanding deeds in Spain both by himself and through his brother L. Scipio; 70 cities were recovered. In Italy, however, the fighting went badly. For the consul Claudius Marcellus was slain by Hannibal.

[17] Tertio anno postquam Scipio ad Hispanias profectus fuerat, rursus res inclitas gerit.Regem Hispaniarum magno proelio victum in amicitiam accepit et primus omnium a victo obsides non poposcit.

[17] In the third year after Scipio had set out for the Spains, again he performed illustrious deeds.He took into friendship the king of the Spains, defeated in a great battle, and above all was the first not to demand hostages from the vanquished.

[18] Desperans Hannibal Hispanias contra Scipionem diutius posse retinere, fratrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Italiam cum omnibus copiis evocavit.Is veniens eodem itinere, quo etiam Hannibal venerat, a consulibus Ap. Claudio Nerone et M. Livio Salinatore apud Senam, Piceni civitatem, in insidias conpositas incidit. Strenue tamen pugnans occisus est; ingentes eius copiae captae aut interfectae sunt, magnum pondus auri atque argenti Romam relatum est.

[18] Despairing that Hannibal could retain Spain against Scipio any longer, he summoned his brother Hasdrubal to Italy with all his forces.He, coming by the same route by which Hannibal had also come, fell into ambushes laid by the consuls Ap. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator near Sena, a Picentine town. Yet fighting stoutly he was killed; his vast forces were taken or slain, and a great weight of gold and silver was brought to Rome.

Post haec Hannibal diffidere iam de belli coepit eventu. Romanis ingens animus accessit; itaque et ipsi evocaverunt ex Hispania P. Cornelium Scipionem. Is Romam cum ingenti gloria venit.

After these things Hannibal began now to despair of the outcome of the war. A great spirit of confidence came to the Romans; and so they themselves also recalled from Spain P. Cornelius Scipio. He came to Rome with great glory.

[19] Q. Caecilio L. Valerio consulibus omnes civitates, quae in Brittiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt.

[19] In the consulship of Q. Caecilius and L. Valerius, all the cities which in the Britains were held by Hannibal surrendered themselves to the Romans.

[20] Anno quarto decimo posteaquam in Italiam Hannibal venerat, Scipio, qui multa bene in Hispania egerat, consul est factus et in Africam missus.Cui viro divinum quiddam inesse existimabatur, adeo ut putaretur etiam cum numinibus habere sermonem. Is in Africa contra Hannonem, ducem Afrorum, pugnat; exercitum eius interficit.

[20] In the fourteenth year after Hannibal had come into Italy, Scipio, who had conducted many feats well in Spain, was made consul and sent into Africa.It was thought that a certain divine something dwelt in that man, so much so that it was believed he even held converse with the numina. He in Africa fought against Hanno, leader of the Afri, and put his army to death.

Secundo proelio castra capit cum quattuor milibus et quingentis militibus, XI milibus occisis. Syphacem, Numidiae regem, qui se Afris coniunxerat, capit et castra eius invadit. Syphax cum nobilissimis Numidis et infinitis spoliis Romam a Scipione mittitur.

In the second engagement he seized the camp with 4,500 soldiers, 11,000 having been killed. He captures Syphax, king of Numidia, who had allied himself with the Africans, and seizes his camp. Syphax, with the most noble Numidians and innumerable spoils, is sent to Rome by Scipio.

Qua re audita omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus redire in Africam iubetur, quam Scipio vastabat.

When this was heard, almost all Italy deserted Hannibal. He himself was ordered by the Carthaginians to return to Africa, which Scipio was devastating.

[21] Ita anno septimo decimo ab Hannibale Italia liberata est.Legati Carthaginiensium pacem a Scipione petiverunt; ab eo ad senatum Romam missi sunt. Quadraginta et quinque diebus his indutiae datae sunt, quousque ire Romam et regredi possent; et triginta milia pondo argenti ab his accepta sunt.

[21] Thus in the seventeenth year since Hannibal, Italy was freed.The legates of the Carthaginians sought peace from Scipio; they were sent by him to the Senate at Rome. A truce was granted them for forty-five days, during which they could go to Rome and return; and thirty thousand pounds of silver were accepted from them.

Senatus ex arbitrio Scipionis pacem iussit cum Carthaginiensibus fieri. Scipio his condicionibus dedit: ne amplius quam triginta naves haberent, ut quingenta milia pondo argenti darent, captivos et perfugas redderent.

The Senate, by the decision of Scipio, ordered that peace be made with the Carthaginians. Scipio granted these conditions: that they should have no more than thirty ships, that they should give five hundred thousand pounds of silver, and should return captives and deserters.

[22] Interim Hannibale veniente ad Africam pax turbata est, multa hostilia ab Afris facta sunt.Legati tamen eorum ex urbe venientes a Romanis capti sunt, sed iubente Scipione dimissi. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliis victus a Scipione petit etiam ipse pacem.

[22] Meanwhile, with Hannibal coming to Africa the peace was disturbed; many hostile acts were committed by the Africans.Nevertheless their legates, coming from the city, were seized by the Romans, but at Scipio’s command were released. Hannibal also, having been defeated in numerous battles by Scipio, himself likewise sought peace.

Cum ventum esset ad colloquium, isdem condicionibus data est, quibus prius, additis quingentis milibus pondo argenti centum milibus librarum propter novam perfidiam. Carthaginiensibus condiciones displicuerunt iusseruntque Hannibalem pugnare. Infertur a Scipione et Masinissa, alio rege Numidarum, qui amicitiam cum Scipione fecerat, Carthagini bellum.

When they came to the conference, the same conditions were granted as before, with five hundred thousand pounds of silver added, and a hundred thousand librae on account of the new perfidy. The Carthaginians disliked the terms and ordered Hannibal to fight. War was brought upon Carthage by Scipio and Masinissa, another king of the Numidians, who had made friendship with Scipio.

Hannibal tres exploratores ad Scipionis castra misit, quos captos Scipio circumduci per castra iussit ostendique his totum exercitum, mox etiam prandium dari dimittique, ut renuntiarent Hannibali quae apud Romanos vidissent.

Hannibal sent three scouts to Scipio’s camp; Scipio, having captured them, ordered that they be led about the camp and shown the whole army, and soon also that a meal be given them and they be dismissed, so that they might report back to Hannibal what they had seen among the Romans.

[23] Interea proelium ab utroque duce instructum est, quale vix ulla memoria fuit, cum peritissimi viri copias suas ad bellum educerent.Scipio victor recedit paene ipso Hannibale capto, qui primum cum multis equitibus, deinde cum viginti, postremo cum quattuor evasit. Inventa in castris Hannibalis argenti pondo viginti milia, auri octoginta, cetera supellectilis copiosa.

[23] Meanwhile a battle was formed by each leader, such as scarcely any memory had known, when the most expert men marshalled their forces for war.Scipio, the victor, withdrew with Hannibal himself nearly captured; he first escaped with many horsemen, then with twenty, and lastly with four. Found in Hannibal’s camp were twenty thousand pounds of silver, eighty pounds of gold, and plentiful other furnishings.

Post id certamen pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio Romam rediit, ingenti gloria triumphavit atque Africanus ex eo appellari coeptus est. Finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum nonum decimum, quam coeperat.

After that contest, peace was made with the Carthaginians. Scipio returned to Rome, triumphed with immense glory, and from that time began to be called Africanus. The Second Punic War came to an end in the nineteenth year after it had begun.