Theodosius: Liber V

CTh.5.6.0. De bonis militum
CTh.5.7.0. [=brev.5.5.0.] De postliminio.
CTh.5.8.0. [=brev.5.6.0.] De ingenuis, qui tempore tyranni servierunt.
CTh.5.9.0. [=brev.5.7.0.] De expositis.

CTh.5.6.0. On the goods of soldiers
CTh.5.7.0. [=brev.5.5.0.] On postliminy.
CTh.5.8.0. [=brev.5.6.0.] On freeborn persons, who served during the time of the tyrant.
CTh.5.9.0. [=brev.5.7.0.] On the exposed.

CTh.5.10.0. [=brev.5.8.0.] De his, qui sanguinolentos emptos* vel nutriendos acceperint.
CTh.5.11.0. .................
CTh.5.12.0. De fundis patrimonialibus et saltuensibus et emphyteuticis et eorum conductoribus
CTh.5.13.0. De fundis rei privatae et saltibus divinae domus
CTh.5.14.0. De diversis praediis urbanis et rusticis et de omni reditu civili
CTh.5.15.0. De omni agro deserto et quando steriles fertilibus imponantur
CTh.5.16.0. De agricolis et mancipiis dominicis vel fiscalibus sive rei privatae?
CTh.5.17.0. De fugitivis colonis, inquilinis et servis
CTh.5.18.0. [=brev.5.10.0.] De inquilinis et colonis.

CTh.5.10.0. [=brev.5.8.0.] On those who shall have received bloodied newborns, either bought* or to be nursed.
CTh.5.11.0. .................
CTh.5.12.0. On patrimonial estates and woodland (saltus) estates and emphyteutic estates and their leaseholders
CTh.5.13.0. On the estates of the private domain and on the woodlands of the divine house
CTh.5.14.0. On various urban and rural properties (praedia) and on all civic revenue
CTh.5.15.0. On every deserted field and when sterile lands are imposed upon fertile ones
CTh.5.16.0. On farmers and mancipia of the lord’s or of the fisc or of the private domain?
CTh.5.17.0. On fugitive coloni, inquilini, and slaves
CTh.5.18.0. [=brev.5.10.0.] On inquilini and coloni.

CTh.5.19.0. [=brev.5.11.0.] Ne colonus inscio domino suum alienet peculium vel litem inferat ei civilem.
CTh.5.20.0. [=brev.5.12.0.] De longa consuetudine.

CTh.5.19.0. [=brev.5.11.0.] That the colonus not, the master being unaware, alienate his peculium or bring a civil suit against him.
CTh.5.20.0. [=brev.5.12.0.] On long consuetude.

CTh.5.1.0. De legitimis heredibus.

CTh.5.1.0. On legitimate heirs.

CTh.5.1.1 [=brev.5.1.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad bassum pf. p. matri ius liberorum non habenti, interveniente licet patruo ceterisque, inter quos agnationis incorrupta iura per ordinem porriguntur, et quicumque* deinceps agnati erunt, a quibus consanguinitatis iure mater poterat excludi, placet omnium filii bonorum, quotiescumque* ab intestato venitur, deferri tertiam portionem etiam patruo eiusque filio et dumtaxat* nepoti, agnatione minime durante (si forte per emancipationem cuiusquam fuerit consanguinitas diminuta), beneficio pari deferri tertiam portionem, licet habeat mater ius liberorum. nec immerito, si quando supra dicto subnixa mater fuerit privilegio, agnatione dirempta* ultra nepotis gradum nostrum beneficium minime placuit extendi, ne, multis personis vocatis, plus ablatum matri, minus additum videretur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Bassus, Praetorian Prefect. To a mother not possessing the right of children, although the paternal uncle intervenes and the others among whom the uncorrupted rights of agnation are extended in order, and whoever* thereafter will be agnates, by whose right of consanguinity the mother could be excluded, it pleases that, of all the son’s goods, whenever* succession is from an intestate, a third portion be assigned to the mother; also to the paternal uncle and to his son and only* to the grandson, if agnation by no means continues (if by chance consanguinity has been diminished by someone’s emancipation), by an equal benefit a third portion is to be assigned, although the mother has the right of children. Nor without reason, if at any time the mother shall have been supported by the above-named privilege, with agnation severed*, it has not pleased that our benefit be extended beyond the degree of the grandson, lest, with many persons being called, it should seem that more was taken from the mother, less added.

sive igitur unus exstiterit pluresve patrui, eorumque filius aut etiam filii et nepotes neptesve, non amplius quam sola tertia universorum bonorum simul omnibus vel singulis pro suis quibusque gradibus deferenda est. et eodem genere, si plures erunt, a quibus mater possit excludi, non plus quam tertia bonorum matri adversus omnes competere debebit. supra dictae ergo originis existentibus personis agnatis in infinitum, matri adversus omnes censuimus subveniendum, licet non omnibus adversus matrem, sed certis superius comprehensis personis hoc auxilium tribuatur; ita ut, nec petita bonorum possessione (quoniam huius legis, non praetoris est beneficium), illico, ut sibi delatae portionis dies exstiterit, aditione simplici, arrepto rerum quolibet corpore vel animi destinatione patefacta, plenum dominium delatae sibi portionis consequantur, facultate eis perpetua, dum advixerint, tribuenda in adeunda concessa sibi parte successionis.

Therefore, whether one paternal uncle or more have appeared, and their son or even sons and grandsons or granddaughters, not more than the single third of all the goods must be conferred to all together or to each severally according to their respective degrees. And likewise, if there are several by whom the mother could be excluded, not more than a third of the goods ought to belong to the mother against all. Therefore, with persons of the aforesaid origin—agnates, to infinity—being in existence, we have judged that aid must be given to the mother against all, although this assistance is granted not to all against the mother, but to certain persons set out above; in such a way that, even without the possession of the goods being sought (since this is the beneficium of the law, not of the praetor), immediately, as soon as the day arrives for the portion to be conveyed to them, by simple adition—by seizing any corporeal item of the things or by a manifestation of intention of the mind—they obtain full dominium of the portion conveyed to them, with a perpetual faculty granted to them, so long as they live, for entering upon the share of the succession conceded to them.

nec enim ad eos, qui eorundem successores erunt, nisi ipsis prius, quos indulgentiae nostrae ratio complectitur, quaesita fuerit hereditas, transire quicquam iubemus, sed penes eos manere, apud quos ante istam legem residere potuisset. dat. xiv.

nor indeed do we order that anything pass to those who will be the successors of the same, unless the inheritance shall first have been sought by those whom the rationale of our indulgence embraces, but that it remain with those with whom before this law it could have resided. given 14.

kal. iun. sirmii, crispo ii. et constantino ii. caess.

kalends of june, at sirmium, in the 2nd consulship of Crispus and Constantine, Caesars.

coss.

consuls.

interpretatio. si mater ius liberorum non habeat, hoc est, si ingenua tres partus vivos et libertina quattuor* non ediderit et unicum filium intestatum fortasse perdiderit, et filius moriens patruum unum vel plures aut certe patrui vel patruorum filios vel nepotes plures cum matre reliquerit, qui tamen emancipati non fuerint, mater in tertia portione in filii intestati hereditate succedat, et duas partes patruus, vel si plures patrui fuerint, aut filii vel nepotes sibimet vindicabunt. quod si mater liberorum ius habeat, et patruus vel patrui cum matre superfuerint, etiamsi emancipati sunt, duas partes de bonis filii intestati morientis mater consequatur, quae ius liberorum habet, et tertiam patruus vel patrui: qui si defuerint, filii patruorum, quanti fuerint, aequales sibi per capita faciant portiones.

interpretation. If the mother does not have the right of children (ius liberorum)—that is, if a freeborn woman has not brought forth three live births and a freedwoman four*, and has perhaps lost her only son intestate—and if the son, when dying, has left behind with the mother one paternal uncle (patruus) or several, or at any rate the sons of a paternal uncle or several grandsons (nepotes), who nevertheless shall not have been emancipated, let the mother succeed to a third portion in the inheritance of the son who died intestate, and two parts the paternal uncle, or, if there are several paternal uncles, either they or their sons or grandsons will claim for themselves. But if the mother has the right of children, and a paternal uncle or paternal uncles survive together with the mother, even if they are emancipated, the mother who has the right of children (ius liberorum) shall obtain two parts of the goods of the son dying intestate, and the third the paternal uncle or paternal uncles: who, if they are lacking, the sons of the paternal uncles, however many they are, shall make equal portions among themselves per capita.

quod si filii patruorum defuerint, simili etiam nepotes patruorum divisione succedant. sed in hac successione sola constitutio praesens sufficit, ut inter matrem, patruos eorumque filios et nepotes bonorum possessio praesumatur; quae si fortasse adita non fuerit hereditas, et hi, qui adire debuerant, moriuntur, heredes eorum a successione non aditae hereditatis excludit: quia evidenter haec lex constituit, ut non adita hereditas non transeat ad heredes. hic de iure addendum est

but if the sons
of the paternal uncles are lacking, likewise let the grandsons of the paternal uncles succeed by a similar division. But in this succession the present constitution alone suffices, so that
among the mother, the paternal uncles and their sons and grandsons, the possession of the goods is presumed; which, if perchance the inheritance has not been entered upon, and those who
ought to have entered die, it excludes their heirs from the succession to the inheritance not entered upon: because this law clearly establishes that an inheritance not entered upon
does not pass to the heirs. Here there is to be added something concerning the law

CTh.5.1.2 [=brev.5.1.2]

Theodosian Code5.1.2 [=breviary5.1.2]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad ausonium pf. p. quia non solum filius consanguineus, sed etiam per adoptionem quaesitus, nulla capitis deminutione intercedente eius, matrem excludit; si quidem patiatur mater defunctorum excludi a fratribus consanguineis, exsistentibus, quibus ipsa praeferatur intercedente capitis deminutione, proximior gradus ineatur.

the emperors valentinian and valens, augusti, to ausonius, praetorian prefect. because not only a son by blood, but even one acquired through adoption, no capitis deminutio intervening on his part, excludes the mother; since indeed the mother of the deceased is allowed to be excluded by consanguine brothers, if such exist—brothers over whom she herself would be preferred were a capitis deminutio to have intervened—the nearer degree is to be entered.

nam constitutio divi constantini ad bassum praefectum praetorio emissa patrui tantummodo ius antiquum temperavit, ut, si unus patruus seu duo pluresve sint, sive filius filiive eorum usque ad nepotem exstiterint, beneficio constitutionis in partem tertiam componant; de consanguineis vero fratribus nullam fuisse mentionem cognovimus. evidenter licet antiquo iure servato, ac divalis memoriae constantini constitutione comprobata, prospectum esse videatur a nostra clementia, ut in huiusmodi litibus, qui frater consanguineus debet excludi secundum ius antiquum, praeferatur iuxta memoratam destinationem; vel certe, si patrui persona intercesserit, usque ad nepotem ius constitutionis temperatum suum teneat robur atque firmitatem. dat.

for the constitution of the deified Constantine, issued to Bassus, the Praetorian Prefect, tempered the ancient right only as to the paternal uncle, to wit: if there be one paternal uncle, or two or more, or if his son or sons up to a grandson have existed, by the benefit of the constitution they compose into a third part; but concerning consanguineous brothers we have learned that no mention was made. clearly, albeit the ancient law being preserved, and the constitution of Constantine of divine memory being approved, it seems to have been provided by our clemency that in lawsuits of this kind, he who as a consanguineous brother ought to be excluded according to the ancient law is to be preferred according to the aforementioned determination; or certainly, if the person of a paternal uncle shall have intervened, up to a grandson the tempered right of the constitution shall hold its force and firmness. given.

iv. kal. ian. constantinopoli, valentin.

4th day before the Kalends of January, at constantinople, valentinian.

n. p. et victore v. c. coss.

N. P. and Victor, most distinguished men, consuls.

interpretatio. si moriatur quis et relinquat matrem et fratrem consanguineum, id est uno patre natum vel etiam adoptivum, id est gestis ante curiam affiliatum, qui consanguinei loco habendus est, consanguineus frater vel adoptivus matrem in totum a successione mortui fratris excludunt. quod si emancipatus fuerit consanguineus aut adoptivus, et moriatur frater, superstitibus emancipatis fratribus et matre, patruos eorumque filios vel nepotes etiam emancipati fratres evidenter excludunt: ita tamen, ut, si ius liberorum mater habuerit, duas partes de morientis filii hereditate praesumat et tertiam emancipati fratres, quos constat esse superstites. quod si mater ius liberorum non habuerit, tertiam mater consequetur, et duas partes etiam emancipati filii, exclusis patruis, possidebunt

interpretation. if someone should die and leave a mother and a consanguine brother, that is, born from one father, or even an adoptive [brother], that is, affiliated by acts before the curia, who is to be held in the place of a consanguine, the consanguine brother or the adoptive [brother] exclude the mother entirely from the succession of the deceased brother. but if the consanguine or the adoptive [brother] has been emancipated, and the brother dies, with the emancipated brothers and the mother surviving, the paternal uncles and their sons or grandsons are clearly excluded by the emancipated brothers: provided, however, that, if the mother shall have the right of children, she shall take two parts of the inheritance of the dying son, and the third the emancipated brothers, who are agreed to be surviving. but if the mother does not have the right of children, the mother shall obtain a third, and the emancipated sons also, the paternal uncles being excluded, shall possess two parts

CTh.5.1.3 [=brev.5.1.3]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

The emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. ad hilarium pf. p. quoties de emancipatae filiae successione tractatur, seu eam fiduciae nomen obstrinxit, seu etiam nulla comitantur suffragia liberorum, filiis ex ea genitis, etiamsi talis occasus avo vivente contingat, intacta pro solido successio deferatur, neque ulla defunctae patri matrique concedatur intestatae successionis hereditas, quum satis superque sufficiat adversus omnes legitimo gradu ad successionem venientes in hereditatibus matrum, incolumes ac superstites optabili sorte genitoris, successio liberorum. dat.

aaa. to Hilarius, praetorian prefect. Whenever there is discussion about the succession of an emancipated daughter, whether the name of fiducia has bound her, or even if no suffrages of children accompany, to the sons begotten from her, even if such an event occurs while the grandfather is alive, let the succession be tendered intact and in full, and let no inheritance of intestate succession be conceded to the deceased’s father and mother, since it is enough and more than enough, against all who come in a legitimate degree to the succession, that in the inheritances of mothers, with the begetter safe and surviving by a desirable lot, the succession belongs to the children. given.

xi. kal. mart. mediolano, merobaude ii. et saturnino coss.

on the 11th day before the Kalends of March, at Milan, Merobaudes for the 2nd time and Saturninus, consuls.

interpretatio. filia, quam fiduciatam nominavit, hoc est emancipata, si intestata moriatur et relinquat superstitem patrem, matrem et filios, excluso patre et matre, etiamsi ius liberorum defuncta non habeat, filii soli in eius hereditate succedunt. hic de iure addendum, quid sit fiducia

interpretation. a daughter, whom he designated as fiduciated, that is, emancipated, if she should die intestate and leave surviving a father, a mother, and sons, with the father and mother excluded, even if the deceased did not have the ius liberorum, the sons alone succeed to her inheritance. here, as to the law, it should be added what fiducia is

CTh.5.1.4pr. [=brev.5.1.4pr.]

Theodosian Code 5.1.4pr. [=Brev.5.1.4pr.]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius.

aaa. constantiano pf. p. galliarum. si defunctus cuiuscumque* sexus aut numeri reliquerit filios et ex filia defuncta cuiuscumque* sexus aut numeri nepotes, eius partis, quam defuncti filia, superstes patri, inter fratres suos fuisset habitura, duas partes consequantur nepotes ex eadem filia, tertia pars fratribus sororibusve eius, quae defuncta est, id est filiis filiabusque eius, de cuius bonis agitur, avunculis scilicet sive materteris eorum, quorum commodo legem sancimus, accrescat.

aaa. To Constantianus, Praetorian Prefect of the Gauls. If a deceased person shall have left children, of whatever* sex or number, and from a deceased daughter grandchildren, of whatever* sex or number, then of the share which the daughter of the deceased, had she survived her father, would have been going to have among her brothers, the grandchildren from that same daughter shall obtain two parts; the third part shall accrue to the brothers or sisters of her who has died—that is, to the sons and daughters of him whose goods are in question—namely, to their maternal uncles or aunts, for whose benefit we sanction the law.

CTh.5.1.4.1 [=brev.5.1.4.1]

Quod si hic defunctus, de cuius bonis loquimur, habebit ex filia nepotes, et praeterea filios non habebit, sed qui praeferri nepotibus possint, habebit agnatos, in quandam falcidiam et in dodrantem nepotes iure succedant.

But if this defunct, whose goods we are speaking about, will have grandchildren from a daughter, and, moreover, will not have sons, but will have agnates who can be preferred to the grandchildren, let the grandchildren by right succeed in a certain Falcidian share and to a dodrans (three-quarters).

CTh.5.1.4.2 [=brev.5.1.4.2]

Haec eadem, quae de avi materni bonis constituimus, de aviae maternae sive etiam paternae simili aequitate sancimus; nisi forte avia elogia inurenda impiis nepotibus iusta semotis ratione monstraverit.

We sanction by similar equity these same things which we have constituted concerning the goods of the maternal grandfather, as regarding the maternal grandmother or even the paternal grandmother; unless perhaps the grandmother shall have shown just causes, with reason set forth, for elogia to be branded upon impious grandchildren.

CTh.5.1.4.3 [=brev.5.1.4.3]

Non solum autem, si intestatus avus aviave defecerit, haec nepotibus, quae sancimus, iura servamus, sed et si avus vel avia, quibus huiusmodi nepotes erant, testati obierint et praeterierint nepotes aut exheredaverint eosdem, et de iniusto avorum testamento, et si quae filiae poterant vel de re vel de lite competere actiones nepotibus deferimus, secundum iustum nostrae legis modum, quae de parentum inofficiosis testamentis competunt filiis. dat. v. kal.

Not only, moreover, if a grandfather or grandmother shall have died intestate, do we preserve for the grandchildren these rights which we sanction, but also if a grandfather or grandmother, who had grandchildren of this sort, shall have died testate and have passed over the grandchildren or have disinherited the same, both with respect to the unjust testament of the grandparents, and we confer upon the grandchildren whatever actions daughters could have either concerning the thing or concerning the lawsuit, according to the just measure of our law, those which pertain to sons concerning the inofficious testaments of parents. given on the 5th day before the Kalends.

mart. mediolano, timasio et promoto coss.

In March at Milan, under the consulship of Timasius and Promotus.

interpretatio. si aliquis moriatur intestatus et filios vel filias superstites vel nepotes ex filia mortua derelinquat, filii in sua portione succedunt nepotes ex filia de portione matris suae tertiam perdunt, quae superstitibus avunculis eius et materteris proficit. si vero quis moriatur intestatus et relinquat ex filia nepotes et filios non dimittat, sed fratrem et sororem superstites derelinquat, tres partes hereditatis avi materni sibi nepotes vel neptes ex filia vindicabunt, quartam frater vel soror avi defuncti iuxta legis huius ordinem consequentur.

interpretation. if someone dies intestate and leaves surviving sons or daughters, or grandchildren from a deceased daughter, the sons succeed to their own portion; the grandchildren through a daughter lose a third from their mother’s portion, which accrues to the surviving maternal uncles and maternal aunts. if, however, someone dies intestate and leaves grandchildren through a daughter and does not leave sons, but leaves a brother and a sister surviving, the grandchildren or granddaughters through a daughter will vindicate three parts of the inheritance of the maternal grandfather for themselves; the fourth the brother or sister of the deceased grandfather will obtain according to the order of this law.

si vero mulier, id est paterna vel materna avia intestata moriatur et relinquat filios et ex mortuo filio vel filia nepotes, aequaliter de patris vel matris portione nepotes vel neptes tertiam perdunt, quam patruis et amitis ex aviae paternae bonis, avunculis et materteris ex aviae maternae bonis, sicut et de avi materni conquirunt. nam si patruus et amita vel avunculus et matertera fortasse defuerint, ad fratres vel sorores aviarum tres unciae et ad nepotes novem perveniant: nam in avi paterni hereditate nepotes vel neptes ex filio mortuo de patris sui portione nihil perdunt. si vero avus vel avia nepotes ac neptes ex filia in testamento suo praeterierint aut non probatis causis exheredaverint, actio illis de inofficioso contra testamentum avi vel aviae, quae matri eorum competere potuit, legis beneficio tribuetur

if, however, a woman—that is, a paternal or maternal grandmother—dies intestate and leaves sons and, from a deceased son or daughter, grandchildren,
equally from the father’s or mother’s portion the grandsons or granddaughters lose a third, which accrues to paternal uncles and aunts from the goods of the paternal grandmother, and to maternal uncles and aunts from the goods of the maternal grandmother, just as they also claim from the maternal grandfather.
for if the paternal uncle and aunt, or the maternal uncle and aunt, perhaps are lacking, let three twelfths go to the brothers or sisters of the grandmothers, and nine to the grandchildren: for in the inheritance of the paternal grandfather, grandsons or granddaughters from a deceased son lose nothing of their father’s portion.
but if the grandfather or grandmother shall have passed over grandsons and granddaughters through a daughter in their will, or shall have disinherited them on causes not proved, an action for an undutiful will against the testament of the grandfather or grandmother, which could have belonged to their mother, will be granted to them by benefit of the law

CTh.5.1.5 [=brev.5.1.5]

Impp. arcad. et honor.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. aureliano pf. p. nepotes ex filia avis pro rata parte hac condicione* succedant, qua et matres, si viverent, hereditatem patrum sibi cum fratribus vindicarent, scilicet ut mixtis matrum suarum dotibus avi hereditatem pro rata parte, quam lex divalis censuit, cum avunculis partiantur; nec amplius his quicquam de avitis facultatibus tribuatur, quam legis dudum latae sanctio comprehendit, scilicet detracta tertia partis eius, quae eorum matri, si dotem iungeret, debebatur. si vero dotem matris miscere noluerint, maternis et paternis facultatibus oportet esse contentos, quos constat alienae iam familiae esse procreatos. dat.

The Augusti, to Aurelianus, the Praetorian Prefect. Grandchildren through a daughter shall succeed to their grandfather in pro rata part on this condition*, under which their mothers also, if they were alive,
would vindicate to themselves, along with their brothers, the inheritance of their fathers, namely that, their mothers’ dowries having been mixed in, they shall share with their maternal uncles the grandfather’s inheritance in the pro rata part which the imperial law decreed;
and no more shall anything from the grandfatherly assets be granted to them than the sanction of the law long since enacted comprises,
namely, with a third subtracted from that share which was owed to their mother, if she were to join her dowry. But if they should be unwilling to mix in their mother’s dowry,
it is proper that they be content with the maternal and paternal assets, since it is established that they have already been begotten into another family. Given.

prid. non. oct.

the day before the nones of october.

constantinopoli, arcadio iv. et honorio iii. aa. coss.

at Constantinople, Arcadius 4 and Honorius 3, Augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. haec lex similis est superiori: sed hoc amplius habet, quod dotem pro filia in generum factam, vel quicquid ipsa filia accepit tempore nuptiarum, post mortem avi intestati nepotes confundere iubet, ita ut de dote in hereditatem confusa duas partes de eo, quod mater eorum erat habitura, percipiant: aut, si noluerint confundere nepotes, sint acceptis tempore nuptiarum rebus vel sola dote contenti

interpretation. this law is similar to the former: but it has this further, that a dowry made for a daughter upon the son-in-law, or whatever the daughter herself received at the time of the nuptials, after the death of the grandfather intestate, it orders the grandchildren to commingle, such that, the dowry having been commingled into the inheritance, they receive two parts of that which their mother was going to have; or, if the grandchildren should not wish to commingle, let them be content with the things received at the time of the nuptials, or with the dowry alone.

CTh.5.1.6 [=brev.5.1.6]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. maximo pf. u. ubi aviarum successio occasu interveniente discutitur, capitis deminutio materna quaerenda non est. tunc enim in huiusmodi hereditatibus filiorum status aut persona spectatur, quoties de eius bonis, qui potestatem familiae potuit habere, tractatur. dat.

The Augusti to Maximus, Prefect of the City: where the succession of grandmothers is examined, with death intervening, a maternal capitis deminutio is not to be sought. For then in inheritances of this kind the status or person of the children is regarded, whenever there is discussion concerning the goods of one who could have held the power of a household. Given.

v. kal. oct. ravenna, theodos.

September 27, at Ravenna, Theodosius.

a. ix. et constantio iii. coss.

a. 9. and constantius 3. consuls.

interpretatio. in bonis aviae emancipatio patris aut matris nepotibus non impediat: sed perdito triente, in ea, quam lex eis tribuit, portione succedant

interpretation. in the goods of the grandmother, the emancipation of the father or mother shall not impede the grandchildren: but, with a third forfeited, in that portion which the law allots to them,
let them succeed

CTh.5.1.7pr. [=brev.5.1.7pr.]

Impp. theodos. et valent.

The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian.

aa. albino pf. u. sicut mater, quae liberorum iure subnixa est, patruo capite deminuto dare iussa est tertiam portionem, ita etiam, quae nullo huiusmodi fulcitur auxilio, patruo quattuor* cedat unciis facultatum.

to albinus, prefect of the city. just as a mother, who is supported by the right of children, has been ordered to give to a paternal uncle with diminished civil status the third
portion, so also she who is buttressed by no aid of this kind shall yield to the paternal uncle four* ounces of the assets.

CTh.5.1.7.1 [=brev.5.1.7.1]

In illa quoque parte matris non est privilegium transeundum, in qua constantinianae legis potissimum constitutum tenendum esse censemus, ut, sicuti nulli umquam* vel ex prioris generis parte venientium vel ex consequenti sanguine probatorum agnationis compositionisve nomine de successione filii iusta cum matre potuit esse contentio, praeterquam patruo, filio patrui et eius nepoti, ita contra omnes reliquos, sicut custoditum hactenus arbitramur, persona potior matris habeatur.

In that part also of the mother, the privilege is not to be passed over, in which we judge that the constitution of the Constantinian law is most especially to be held,
that, just as no one ever* either from the portion of the prior stock coming or from subsequent blood proved, under the name of agnation or composition, could have a just contention with the mother about the succession of the son, except for the paternal uncle, the son of the paternal uncle, and his grandson, so
against all the remaining persons, as we think has been maintained hitherto, the person of the mother be held superior.

CTh.5.1.7.2 [=brev.5.1.7.2]

CTh.5.1.7.2 [=Breviary 5.1.7.2]

Emancipati quoque fratris merita tractamus, qui, ut agnationis iure integro matrem in totum a successione filii decedentis excludit, ita capite deminutus nihil penitus consequitur. exemplo igitur patrui etiam huic cum matre hanc volumus esse rationem, ut quattuor* uncias hereditatis accipiat.

We also treat the merits of an emancipated brother, who, just as, with the right of agnation intact, he excludes the mother entirely from the succession of a deceased son, so, being capite deminutus, he obtains nothing at all. Therefore, by the example of the paternal uncle, we also will this arrangement for him together with the mother, that he receive four* ounces of the inheritance.

CTh.5.1.7.3 [=brev.5.1.7.3]

Laxa vero decernimus sanctione, ut statuta nostra non solum futurarum ambigua quaestionum, verum etiam pendentium negotiorum hoc ordine fata discingant. dat. iii.

We decree, indeed with a lenient sanction, that our statutes may resolve, in this order, not only the ambiguous questions of the future, but also the pending cases. Given the 3rd.

kal. febr. roma, theodos.

on the kalends of february, at rome, theodosius.

xii. et valentin. ii. aa. coss.

12th, and Valentinian, 2nd, the Augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. similis est haec lex superiori, sed quia evidentior est, et istam inseruimus. nam illa hoc amplius habet, quod et de adoptivo filio loquitur

interpretation. this law is similar to the preceding, but because it is more evident, we have inserted this one as well. for that one has this more besides, namely that it also speaks about an adoptive son

CTh.5.1.8 [=brev.5.1.8]

Theodosian Code 5.1.8 [=Brev. 5.1.8]

Iidem aa. ad senatum urbis romae. post alia: mater, quae habens ius liberorum defuncto filio sine liberis filiave cum eius sorore succedit, pari sortis paternae teneatur exemplo, ut, si torum priorem secundo non mutarit amplexu, omnia filii morte delata pleno iure conquirat; si vero alterius elegerit coniugium mariti, extrinsecus quidem quaesita filio filiaeve simili firmitate possideat, rerum vero paternarum defuncti solo usufructu humanitatis contemplatione potiatur, proprietatem fratribus transmissura defuncti. si vero filius, qui moritur, filium vel filiam derelinquit, omnimodo patri suo matrive ipso iure succedant.

The same Emperors to the senate of the city of rome. after other things: A mother who, having the right of children, succeeds, when a son has died without children, together with his sister, shall be held by a like example of the paternal share, so that, if she has not changed the former marriage bed for a second embrace, she may acquire with full right all things devolved by the son’s death; but if she shall have chosen the marriage of another husband, she shall indeed possess with similar firmness the things acquired from outside for a son or daughter, but as to the paternal goods of the deceased, let her obtain only the usufruct in consideration of humanity, being about to transmit the ownership to the brothers of the deceased. But if the son who dies leaves a son or a daughter, in every way let them by the law itself succeed to their own father or mother.

quod sine dubio et de pronepotibus observandum esse censemus etc. dat. vii.

which, without doubt, we judge must also be observed concerning great‑grandchildren, etc. Dated the 7th.

id. novemb. ravennae, dd. nn. theodos. xii.

On the Ides of November, at Ravenna, in the 12th consulship of our lord Theodosius.

et valentin. ii. aa. coss.

and Valentinian 2, Augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. mater ius liberorum habens, mortuo filio vel filia, si superstites alias filias habuerit et filium non habuerit, cum filiabus aequali sorte succedat, hoc est ut mater mediam et filiae, quantae fuerint, mediam vindicent portionem: ita ut, si alium maritum non acceperit, portionem, quam consecuta est, faciendi de ea, quod voluerit, habeat potestatem; si vero alium maritum acceperit, quicquid filius vel filia mortui aliunde acquisitum reliquerint, mater perpetuo iure vindicet. de bonis vero prioris mariti portionem, quam ex hereditate filii morientis fuerit consecuta, sorores mortuorum fratrum sibi post matris obitum vindicabunt.

interpretation. a mother having the ius liberorum, with a son or daughter dead, if she shall have surviving other daughters and shall not have a son, let her succeed with the daughters in equal lot, that is, let the mother claim one half and the daughters, however many they shall be, claim one half: such that, if she has not taken another husband, she shall have the power of doing with the portion which she has obtained whatever she wishes; but if she has taken another husband, whatever the dead son or daughter shall have left that was acquired from elsewhere, let the mother vindicate by perpetual right. but of the goods of the prior husband, the portion which she shall have obtained from the inheritance of the son dying, the sisters of the dead brothers will vindicate for themselves after the mother’s death.

quod si filius vel filia, qui moriuntur, matrem ius liberorum habentem superstitem dimiserint et sorores, sed tamen filios habeant, filii eorum in integra patris vel matris facultate succedunt, ita ut mater vel sorores ab hac successione habeantur extraneae. hoc et de nepotibus et pronepotibus filiorum lex ista constituit

but if a son or daughter, who die, have left surviving a mother having the ius liberorum and sisters, but nevertheless should have sons, their sons succeed to the entire estate of the father or mother, such that the mother or the sisters are considered strangers to this succession. This also concerning the grandsons and great-grandsons of sons this law establishes

CTh.5.1.9 [=brev.5.1.9]

Iidem aa. hierio pf. p. pridem latae constitutionis pars quaedam abroganda est, ne ullis parentibus aut propinquis, quos naturae legisque pariter praerogativa defendit, in capiendis ab intestato hereditatibus praeferantur coniuges vel etiam comparentur; quum, si sanctitas inter eos sit digna foedere coniugali, non ita laboriosa vel sumptuosa* est testandi occasio, ut desiderio suo quisquam subvenire differat, quod interdum ita sensu leviore concipitur, ut antiqui nec, quod extraneis ac saepe ignotis in donationibus successionibusque tribuatur, coniugibus concesserint, reprimendum inter hos potius, ut in loco ancipiti, quam incitandum favorem mutuum arbitrati. verum lex alia, quam pridem tulimus, ut matrimoniis auxilium impartiret, deficientis hoc totum credidit arbitrio permittendum. nunc vero parentibus exstantibus vel propinquis ab intestato venire coniuges prohibemus.

The same Augusti to Hierius, Praetorian Prefect. A certain part of the constitution formerly issued must be abrogated, lest, over any parents or kinsfolk whom the prerogative of nature and of law alike defends, spouses be preferred, or even compared, in taking inheritances ab intestato; since, if the sanctity between them is worthy of the conjugal bond, the occasion of making a testament is not so laborious or so sumptuosa* that anyone should defer to satisfy his own desire— which is sometimes conceived with a lighter feeling—so that the ancients did not grant to spouses even that which is granted to outsiders and often unknown persons in donations and successions, judging that mutual favor between these, as being in a precarious position, ought rather to be repressed than incited. But another law, which we formerly passed to impart aid to marriages, believed that this whole matter ought to be permitted to the discretion of the decedent. Now indeed, with parents or kinsfolk existing, we prohibit spouses from coming to the succession ab intestato.

itaque nulla mentio prioris legis sit, si qua hoc medio brevique tempore contigisse alicui dicatur coniugis ab intestato hereditas; et lege proposita divulgetur, omnem huiusmodi spem successionis, quae ab intestato deferatur, coniugibus deponendam, nisi si ille casus emerserit, ut nemo de propinquis successionem mortui vindicare possit ex lege, quum fisco nostro qualiacumque* iura matrimonii praeponamus etc. dat. x. kal.

and so let there be no mention of the prior law, if in this intervening and brief time it is said that an intestate inheritance of a spouse has happened to someone; and, the law having been posted, let it be divulged that every hope of this kind of succession, which is conferred from intestacy, is to be laid aside by spouses, unless that case has arisen that no one of the relatives can claim the succession of the dead by law, since we set whatever rights of marriage above our fisc, etc. given the 10th day before the Kalends.

mart. constantinopoli, tauro et felice coss.

march. at constantinople, taurus and felix, consuls.

interpretatio. haec lex id constituit, ut omnes propinqui uxorem ab intestati mariti successione prohibeant et maritum similiter a successione intestatae uxoris excludant. sed si propinqui omnino defuerint, tunc sibi invicem, excluso fisco, maritus vel uxor succedant

interpretation. this law establishes that all kinsmen prohibit the wife from the succession of a husband dying intestate, and exclude the husband similarly from the succession of a wife dying intestate. but if kinsmen are altogether lacking, then, each to the other, with the fisc excluded, the husband or the wife shall succeed

CTh.5.2.0. De bonis decurionum.

CTh.5.2.0. On the property of the decurions.

CTh.5.2.1 [=brev.5.2.1]

Imp. constantinus a. rufino pf. p. si decurio sine liberis intestatus diem vitae solverit, cui neque voluntas postrema legibus fulta, neque alio iure gradu proximo heres exstiterit, bona eius curiae suae commodis cedant, id est ordinis utilitati proficiant, cuius corpori fatali necessitate exemptus* est, nulli praebenda licentia postulandi haec bona ut vacantia de nostra clementia, etiamsi revera et testamentum et successor deesse legitimus approbetur; omni etiam beneficio, si quod fuerit impetratum, protinus infirmando. dat.

The Emperor Constantine Augustus to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. If a decurion, without children, has departed this life intestate, for whom neither a last will supported by the laws nor an heir under any other right in the nearest degree has appeared, let his goods cede to the advantages of his own curia, that is, let them profit the utility of the order, from whose body he has been removed* by fatal necessity, with no license to be afforded to anyone to petition these goods as vacant from our clemency, even if it is actually established that both a testament and a lawful successor are lacking; and by forthwith invalidating any favor as well, if any shall have been obtained. Given.

kal. dec. sirmio, constantino a. v. et licinio caes.

Kalends of December, at Sirmium,
in the consulship of Constantine Augustus for the 5th time and Licinius Caesar.

coss.

consuls.

interpretatio. si curialis intestatus moriens neque filios neque proximos derelinquat, curia, cuius ordini subducitur, quicquid reliquerit, vindicabit, ita ut nullus audeat ea quasi bona caduca a principibus postulare. quod si fecerit, non valebit: nam testamentum faciendi curialibus lex ista tribuit potestatem

interpretation. If a curial, dying intestate, leaves neither sons nor near relatives, the curia, from the order of which he is withdrawn, will claim whatever he has left, so that no one may dare to demand these from the princes as though escheated goods. But if he should do this, it will not be valid; for this law grants to curials the power of making a testament

CTh.5.3.0. De bonis clericorum et monachorum.

CTh.5.3.0. On the goods of clerics and monks.

CTh.5.3.1 [=brev.5.3.1]

Impp. theodos. et valent.

The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian.

aa. ad taurum pf. p. et patricium. si quis episcopus aut presbyter aut diaconus aut diaconissa aut subdiaconus vel cuiuslibet alterius loci clericus aut monachus aut mulier, quae solitariae vitae dedita est, nullo condito testamento decesserit, nec ei parentes utriusque sexus vel liberi, vel si qui agnationis cognationisve iure iunguntur vel uxor exstiterit, bona, quae ad eum pertinuerint, sacrosanctae ecclesiae vel monasterio, cui fuerat destinatus, omnifariam socientur [exceptis iis facultatibus, quas forte censibus adscripti vel iuri patronatus subiecti vel curiali condicioni* obnoxii clerici vel monachi cuiuscumque* sexus relinquunt. nec enim iustum est, bona seu peculia, quae aut patrono legibus debentur aut domino possessionis, cui quis eorum fuerat adscriptus, aut ad curias pro tenore dudum latae constitutionis sub certa forma pertinere noscuntur, ab ecclesiis detineri; actionibus videlicet competenter sacrosanctis ecclesiis reservatis, si quis forte praedictis condicionibus* obnoxius aut ex gestis negotiis aut ex quibuslibet aliis ecclesiasticis actibus obligatus obierit]: ita ut, si qua litigia ex huiusmodi competitionibus in iudiciis pendent, penitus sopiantur, nec liceat petitori post huius legis publicationem iudicium ingredi vel oeconomis aut monachis aut procuratoribus inferre molestiam, ipsa petitione antiquata, et bonis, quae relicta sunt, religiosissimis ecclesiis vel monasteriis, quibus dedicati fuerant, consecratis.

the augusti, to taurus, praetorian prefect and patrician. if any bishop or presbyter or deacon or deaconess or subdeacon
or a cleric of any other place or a monk or a woman who is devoted to the solitary life, shall have died with no testament made, and he shall have had neither
parents of either sex nor children, nor, if any are joined by the right of agnation or cognation, nor a wife, the goods which had pertained to him
shall in every way be joined to the sacrosanct church or the monastery to which he had been destined [with the exception of those estates which those enrolled on the census
or subject to the right of patronage or obnoxious to the curial condition*—clerics or monks of whatever* sex—leave behind. for it is not just that goods
or peculia which either by the laws are owed to a patron or to the lord of the holding to whom any of them had been adscript, or are known, under a certain form by the tenor
of a constitution long since issued, to pertain to the curiae, be detained by the churches; with actions, namely, duly reserved to the sacrosanct
churches, if anyone perchance subject to the aforesaid conditions* or obligated from transacted business or from any other ecclesiastical acts
shall have died]: so that, if any litigations are pending in the courts from contests of this kind, they may be wholly lulled to rest, nor shall it be lawful for a petitioner, after the publication of this
law, to enter into judgment or to inflict annoyance upon the oikonomoi or monks or procurators, the petition itself being antiquated, and the goods
which have been left being consecrated to the most religious churches or monasteries to which they had been dedicated.

dat. xviii. kal.

dated the 18th day before the Kalends.

ian. ariovindo et aspare coss.

jan. areobindus and aspar, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis episcopus, vel quos lex ipsa commemorat, aut quilibet religiosi vel religiosae intestati sine filiis, propinquis vel uxore decesserint, qui tamen nec curiae quicquam debuerint nec patrono, quicquid dereliquerint, ad ecclesias vel monasteria, quibus obsecuti fuerint, pertinebit. qui si testari voluerint, habebunt liberam potestatem

interpretation. If any bishop, or those whom the law itself commemorates, or any religious men or women die intestate without children, kinsfolk or
a wife, who nevertheless shall have owed nothing to the curia nor to a patron, whatever they shall have left will pertain to the churches or monasteries, to which
they had been obedient, attached. And if they will have wished to make a testament, they shall have free power

CTh.5.6.0. De bonis militum

CTh.5.6.0. On the property of soldiers

CTh.5.6.1 [=brev.5.4.1]

Theodosian Code 5.6.1 [= Breviary 5.4.1]

Imp. constantius a. ad bonosum magistrum equitum. universis tam legionibus quam vexillationibus comitatensibus seu cuneis insinuare debebis, uti cognoscant, quum aliquis fuerit rebus humanis exemptus* atque intestatus sine legitimo herede decesserit, ad vexillationem, in qua militaverit, res eiusdem necessario pervenire.

Emperor Constantius Augustus to Bonosus, Master of Horse. You must inform all, both the legions and the comitatenses detachments or squadrons, so that they may know that, when someone has been removed from human affairs and has died intestate without a legitimate heir, his property must necessarily come to the vexillation in which he has served.

dat. v. id. mai. hierapoli, rufino et eusebio coss.

given may 11 at hierapolis, in the consulship of rufinus and eusebius.

interpretatio. si milites sine legitimo herede intestati decesserint et proximos non habuerint, eorum bona, qui in eodem officio militant, vindicabunt

interpretation. if soldiers should die intestate without a legitimate heir and have no next of kin, their goods those who serve in the same unit will claim, vindicate

CTh.5.6.2

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. iussimus dudum, ut quos captivos reperietur miles recepta barbarorum praeda et ereptis manubiis noster provincialis promeruisse, domum suam reportaret ita, ut quoscumque libertate conspicuos aut servos vel iam traxit vel deinceps a suis sedibus hostis depulerit, si interea eo depulso defendi potuerint, minime sub detestandae praedae occasione teneantur, sed iudiciarius vigor liberos quidem patriis naturalibus, servos autem dominis pro recenti legis intercessione consignet.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Anthemius, Praetorian Prefect. We ordered long ago that, once the barbarian plunder had been recovered and the spoils snatched back from their hands, the soldier should carry back to his own house such captives as he will be found to have earned as reward; with the proviso that whomever, whether conspicuous for liberty or slaves, the enemy has either already dragged off or shall hereafter have driven from their own seats, if in the meantime, once he has been repelled, they can be protected, are by no means to be held under the pretext of detestable booty, but rather judicial vigor should assign the free indeed to their natural parents, and the slaves to their masters, in accordance with the recent interposition of the law.

dat. x kal. april.

dated on the 10th day before the Kalends of April

honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss. (409 mart. 23).

in the consulship of honorius 8 and theodosius 3, augusti. (409 mar. 23).

CTh.5.6.3

Theodosian Code 5.6.3

Idem aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. scyras barbaram nationem maximis chunorum, quibus se coniunxerunt, copiis fusis imperio nostro subegimus. ideoque damus omnibus copiam ex praedicto genere hominum agros proprios frequentandi, ita ut omnes sciant susceptos non alio iure quam colonatus apud se futuros nullique licere ex hoc genere colonorum ab eo, cui semel adtributi fuerint, vel fraude aliquem abducere vel fugientem suscipere, poena proposita, quae recipientes alienis censibus adscriptos vel non proprios colonos insequitur.

the same emperors to Anthemius, praetorian prefect. the Sciri, a barbarian nation, their very great forces of the Huns, with whom they had joined themselves, having been routed, we have subdued to our dominion. and so we grant to all the liberty of employing from the aforesaid kind of men to people their own fields, in such a way that all may know that those received will be under no other right than that of the colonate among them, and that it is permitted to no one, from this class of coloni, either by fraud to lead anyone away from him to whom they shall once have been assigned, or to receive a fugitive, with the penalty set forth which pursues those who receive persons enrolled on another’s census or coloni not their own.

opera autem eorum terrarum domini libera utantur ac nullus sub acta peraequatione vel censui ...Acent nullique liceat velut donatos eos a iure census in servitutem trahere urbanisve obsequiis addicere, licet intra biennium suscipientibus liceat pro rei frumentariae angustiis in quibuslibet provinciis transmarinis tantummodo eos retinere et postea in sedes perpetuas collocare, a partibus thraciae vel illyrici habitatione eorum penitus prohibenda et intra quinquennium dumtaxat intra eiusdem provinciae fines eorum traductione, prout libuerit, concedenda, iuniorum quoque intra praedictos viginti annos praebitione cessante. ita ut per libellos sedem tuam adeuntibus his qui voluerint per transmarinas provincias eorum distributio fiat. dat.

but let the masters of the lands make free use of their labor, and let no one under the enacted equalization or the census ...Acent, and let it be permitted to no one, as though they were donated away from the right of the census, to drag them into servitude or assign them to urban services, although it shall be permitted within 2 years to those receiving them, on account of the straits of the grain-supply, to retain them only in whatever transmarine provinces, and thereafter to place them in perpetual settlements, with their habitation utterly prohibited in the parts of Thrace or Illyricum, and within 5 years only their transfer to be granted within the boundaries of the same province, as it shall please, and for the juniors also, within the aforesaid 20 years, the provisioning ceasing. so that, by petitions presented to your seat, for those who wish, their distribution through the transmarine provinces may be effected. given.

prid. id. april. constantinopoli honorio viii et theodosio iii conss.

April 12, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Honorius for the 8th time and
Theodosius for the 3rd time.

(409 apr. 12).

CTh.5.7.0. [=brev.5.5.0.] De postliminio.

CTh.5.7.0. [=brev.5.5.0.] On postliminium.

CTh.5.7.1 [=brev.5.5.1]

Imppp. valent., valens et grat. aaa.

The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian, Augusti.

ad severianum ducem. si quos forte necessitas captivitatis abduxit, sciant, si non transierunt, sed hostilis irruptionis necessitate transducti sunt, ad proprias terras festinare debere recepturos iure postliminii ea, quae in agris vel mancipiis ante tenuerunt, sive a fisco nostro possideantur, sive in aliquem principali liberalitate transfusa sunt. nec timeat quisquam alicuius contradictionis moram, quum hoc solum requirendum sit, utrum aliquis cum barbaris voluntate fuerit an coactus.

to Severianus the duke. If any persons have been carried off by the necessity of captivity, let them know that, if they did not cross over, but
were led across by the necessity of a hostile irruption, they ought to hasten to their own lands to receive, by the right of postliminy, those things which they formerly held in fields or
in mancipia (slaves), whether they are possessed by our fisc, or have been transferred to someone by princely liberality. Nor let anyone fear
the delay of any opposition, since only this is to be inquired: whether someone was with the barbarians by volition or by compulsion.

dat. xvi. kal.

dated 16 days before the Kalends.

iul. remis, gratiano a. et dagalaipho coss.

Jul., at Reims, in the consulship of Gratian Augustus and Dagalaiphus.

interpretatio. quicumque* necessitate captivitatis ducti sunt et non sua voluntate, sed hostili depraedatione ad adversarios transierunt, quaecumque* in agris vel mancipiis antea tenuerunt, sive a fisco possideantur, sive aliquid ex his per principem cuicumque* donatum est, sine ullius contradictione personae tempore, quo redierint, vindicent ac praesumant, si tamen cum adversariis non sua voluntate fuerint, sed captivitate se detentos esse probaverint

interpretation. whoever*, compelled by the necessity of captivity, have been led and, not by their own will but by hostile depredation, have passed over to the adversaries,
whatever* they previously held in fields or in slaves, whether they are possessed by the fisc, or whether anything of these has been granted by the prince to whomever*,
let them, without the contradiction of any person, at the time when they return, claim and take possession; provided, however, that they were not with the adversaries by their own will,
but shall have proved that they were held in detention by captivity.

CTh.5.7.2pr. [=brev.5.5.2pr.]

Theodosian Code 5.7.2, preface [= Breviary 5.5.2, preface].

Impp. honor. et theodos.

the emperors honorius and theodosius.

aa. theodoro pf. p. diversarum homines provinciarum cuiuslibet sexus, condicionis*, aetatis, quos barbarica feritas captiva necessitate transduxerat, invitos nemo retineat, sed ad propria redire cupientibus libera sit facultas.

The Augusti to Theodorus, Praetorian Prefect. Let no one retain unwilling people of diverse provinces, of whatever sex, condition*, or age, whom barbaric ferocity had transported by the necessity of captivity; but let free permission be for those wishing to return to their own.

CTh.5.7.2.1 [=brev.5.5.2.1]

Quibus si quicquam in usum vestium vel alimoniae impensum est, humanitati sit praestitum, nec maneat victualis sumptus* repetitio: exceptis iis, quos barbaris vendentibus emptos* esse docebitur, a quibus status sui pretium propter utilitatem publicam emptoribus* aequum est redhiberi. ne quando enim damni consideratio in tali necessitate positis negari faciat emptionem*, decet redemptos* aut datum pro se pretium emptoribus* restituere aut labore, obsequio vel opere quinquennii vicem referre beneficii, habituros incolumem, si in ea nati sunt, libertatem.

For those on whom anything has been expended for the use of clothing or for sustenance, let it be rendered to humanity, and let there not remain a recovery of the expense of victuals*: except those who shall be shown to have been bought* from barbarians selling them, from whom it is fair, on account of public utility, that the price of their status be repaid to the purchasers*. For lest ever the consideration of loss make the purchase* be denied to persons placed in such necessity, it is fitting that the redeemed* either restore to the purchasers* the price given on their behalf, or, by labor, service, or work of a quinquennium, repay the equivalent of the benefaction, having their liberty unharmed, if they were born in it, their freedom.

CTh.5.7.2.2 [=brev.5.5.2.2]

Reddantur igitur sedibus propriis sub moderatione, qua iussimus, quibus iure postliminii etiam veterum responsis incolumia cuncta servata sunt.

Let them therefore be restored to their own seats under the regulation which we have ordered,
in accordance with which, by the right of postliminy, and even by the responsa of the ancients, all things have been preserved unharmed.

CTh.5.7.2.3 [=brev.5.5.2.3]

Si quis itaque huic praecepto fuerit conatus obsistere actor, conductor procuratorque, dari se metallis cum poena deportationis non ambigat; si vero possessionis dominus, rem suam fisco noverit vindicandam seque deportandum.

If anyone, therefore, shall have attempted to resist this precept—whether steward, lessee, or procurator—let him not doubt that he is to be consigned to the mines, with the penalty of deportation; but if he is the owner of the holding, let him know that his property is to be claimed by the fisc and that he himself is to be deported.

CTh.5.7.2.4 [=brev.5.5.2.4]

Et ut facilis exsecutio proveniat, christianos proximorum locorum volumus huius rei sollicitudinem gerere. curiales quoque proximarum civitatum placuit admoneri, ut emergentibus talibus causis sciant, legis nostrae auxilium deferendum; ita ut noverint rectores universi, decem libras auri a se et tantundem a suis apparitionibus exigendum, si praeceptum neglexerint. dat.

And that easy execution may ensue, we wish the Christians of the nearest places to bear the solicitude for this matter. The curiales also of the neighboring cities it has seemed good to admonish, that, such causes arising, they may know that the aid of our law is to be brought; in such a way that all governors may know that ten pounds of gold are to be exacted from themselves, and the same amount from their apparitors, if they shall have neglected the precept. Given.

iv. id. dec. ravenna, honorio viii. et theodos.

december 10, ravenna, in the consulship of honorius (for the 8th time) and theodosius.

iii. aa. coss.

3. the augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. hi, qui ab hostibus tempore captivitatis ducti sunt, si ab aliquibus vel ad victum vel ad vestitum aliquid acceperunt, quum redire ad propria voluerint, minime aliquid pro eorum requiratur expensis. tamen si pretium pro captivo suo praedator acceperit, quod dedisse emptor* probaverit, sine dubitatione recipiat.

interpretation. those who were led by enemies at the time of captivity, if they received something from certain persons either for sustenance or for clothing, when they shall have wished to return to their own homes, let nothing at all be demanded for their expenses. nevertheless, if the plunderer has received a price for his captive, which the buyer* shall have proved that he gave, let him receive it back without hesitation.

quod si pretium non habuerit, quinquennio serviat captivus emptori* et post quinquennium sine pretio ingenuitati reddatur, qui, quum ad propria redierit, omnia sua integra et salva recipiat. si quis itaque huic tam iustae praeceptioni resistere tentaverit, noverit se in exsilio deputandum: si vero possessor fuerit, facultatem suam fisci viribus addicendam. sane christianos, qui redemptioni* studere debent, pro captivis volumus esse sollicitos.

But if he shall not have had the price, let the captive serve the buyer* for five years, and after a quinquennium let him be restored to freeborn status without price, and when he shall have returned to his own, let him receive all his belongings whole and safe. If anyone, therefore, shall attempt to resist this so just a precept, let him know that he is to be assigned to exile; but if he is a possessor, his estate is to be adjudged to the strength of the fisc. Indeed, we wish Christians, who ought to be zealous for redemption*, to be solicitous on behalf of captives.

ad curiales etiam ista sollicitudo pertineat, ita ut omnes iudices sciant, decem libras auri fisco se daturos, qui huius legis praecepta neglexerint

let this concern pertain also to the curials, so that all judges may know that they will give ten pounds of gold to the fisc, who have neglected the precepts of this law

CTh.5.8.0. [=brev.5.6.0.] De ingenuis, qui tempore tyranni servierunt.

CTh.5.8.0. [=brev.5.6.0.] On the freeborn who served during the time of the tyrant.

CTh.5.8.1 [=brev.5.6.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad volusianum. universi devotionis studio contendant, si quos ingenuis natalibus procreatos sub tyranno ingenuitatem amisisse aut propria contenti conscientia aut aliorum indiciis recognoscunt, natalibus suis restituere, nec exspectata iudicis interpellatione.

emperor constantine augustus to volusianus. let all, in zeal of devotion, strive, if they recognize that any who were begotten with freeborn birth under the tyrant have lost their ingenuousness, either content with their own conscience or by the indicia of others, to restore them to their birthrights, and without awaiting the judge’s interpellation.

nam si quis contra conscientiam suam vel certissima testimonia plurimorum in eadem avaritiae tenacitate permanserit, severissima poena mulctabitur. placet autem, etiam eos periculo subiugari, qui scientes ingenuos servitutis necessitatem per iniuriam sustinere dissimulant. prop.

For if anyone, against his own conscience or the most certain testimonies of many, has persisted in the same tenacity of avarice, he will be mulcted with a most severe penalty.
Moreover, it is our pleasure that those also be subjected to peril, who, knowing that freeborn persons are unjustly enduring the necessity of servitude, feign ignorance.
published.

viii. kal. mai.

8th day before the Kalends of May.

romae, volusiano et anniano coss.

at rome, in the consulship of volusianus and annianus.

interpretatio. ingenui, qui tyranni temporibus addicti sunt servituti, ingenuitati reddantur. quod si quis sciens hoc ordine addictum ingenuum in servitute tenuerit, noverit in se legibus vindicandum

interpretation. freeborn persons, who during the times of the tyrant have been consigned to servitude, shall be restored to freeborn status. but if anyone knowingly has kept in servitude a freeborn person consigned by this ordinance,
let him know that punishment by the laws will be exacted upon himself

CTh.5.9.0. [=brev.5.7.0.] De expositis.

CTh.5.9.0. [=brev.5.7.0.] On exposed infants.

CTh.5.9.1 [=brev.5.7.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad ablavium pf. p. quicumque* puerum vel puellam proiectam de domo, patris vel domini voluntate scientiaque, collegerit ac suis alimentis ad robur provexerit, eundem retineat sub eodem statu, quem apud se collectum voluerit agitare, hoc est sive filium sive servum eum esse maluerit: omni repetitionis inquietudine penitus summovenda eorum, qui servos aut liberos scientes propria voluntate domo recens natos abiecerint. dat.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Ablavius, praetorian prefect. Whoever* shall have gathered up a boy or a girl exposed from the house, with the will and knowledge of the father or master, and has brought them to strength with his own nourishment, let him retain the same under that same status which he shall have wished to have the one gathered to live with him, that is, whether he has preferred him to be a son or a slave: with every disturbance of reclamation to be utterly removed on the part of those who, knowingly and of their own will, have cast out from the house slaves or freeborn children newly born. Given.

xv. kal. mai. constantinopoli, basso et ablavio coss.

April 17, at Constantinople, Bassus and Ablavius, consuls.

interpretatio. quicumque* expositum recenti partu, sciente patre vel matre vel domino, collegerit ac suo labore educaverit, in illius, a quo collectus est, potestate consistat, seu ingenuum seu servum, quem nutrivit, esse voluerit, et si adoptare voluerit in filium vel libertum aut in servitium permanere, propria utatur potestate

interpretation. whoever, with the father or mother or master knowing, shall have gathered up an infant exposed after a recent birth and by his own labor shall have reared it, let it consist in the power of him, by whom it was collected, whether he should wish the one whom he nourished to be freeborn or a slave; and if he should wish to adopt as a son or as a freedman, or for him to remain in servitude, let him use his own authority

CTh.5.9.2 [=brev.5.7.2]

Theodosian Code 5.9.2 [= breviary 5.7.2]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. melitio pf. p. nullum dominis vel patronis repetendi aditum relinquimus, si expositos quodammodo ad mortem voluntas misericordiae amica collegerit (nec enim dicere suum poterit, quem pereuntem contempsitit*); si modo testes episcopalis subscriptio fuerit subsecuta, de qua nulla penitus ad securitatem possit esse cunctatio. dat. xiv.

the emperors to Melitius, the praetorian prefect. we leave no avenue of reclaiming to masters or patrons, if those exposed in some manner to death a will friendly to mercy has gathered up (for indeed he will not be able to call “his own” one whom, perishing, he despised);
provided only that the bishop’s subscription shall have followed the witnesses, about which there can be no hesitation whatsoever for security. given on the 14th.

kal. april. ravenna, honorio ix. et theodos.

kalends of april. ravenna, under honorius 9. and theodosius.

v. aa. coss.

with the Augusti as consuls.

interpretatio. qui expositum puerum vel puellam, sciente domino vel patrono, misericordiae causa collegerit, in eius dominio permanebit: si tamen contestationi de collectione eius episcopus clericique subscripserint, quem postea suum dicere quisquam non poterit, quem proiecisse probatur ad mortem

interpretation. Whoever shall have gathered an exposed boy or girl, with the master or patron knowing, for the cause of mercy, shall remain in his dominion: if, however, the bishop and the clerics shall have subscribed to the contestation concerning that one’s collection, no one thereafter will be able to call as his own the one whom he is proven to have cast forth to death

CTh.5.10.0. [=brev.5.8.0.] De his, qui sanguinolentos emptos* vel nutriendos acceperint.

CTh.5.10.0. [=brev.5.8.0.] On those who have received blood-stained infants, purchased or to be nourished.

CTh.5.10.1 [=brev.5.8.1]

Imp. constantinus a. italis suis. secundum statuta priorum principum, si quis infantem a sanguine quoquo modo legitime comparaverit vel nutriendum putaverit, obtinendi eius servitii habeat potestatem: ita ut, si quis post seriem annorum ad libertatem eum repetat vel servum defendat, eiusdem modi alium praestet aut pretium, quod potest valere, exsolvat.

The emperor Constantine Augustus, to his Italians. According to the statutes of prior princes, if anyone shall have lawfully acquired an infant from the blood in whatever way, or shall have taken him to be nurtured, let him have the power of obtaining his service: such that, if anyone after a course of years should reclaim him to liberty or assert him as a slave, he shall furnish another of the same sort or pay out the price which he can be worth.

qui enim pretium competens instrumento confecto dederit, ita debet firmiter possidere, ut et distrahendi pro suo debito causam liberam habeat: poenae subiiciendis iis, qui contra hanc legem venire tentaverint. dat. xv. kal.

For whoever shall have given a competent price, the instrument having been executed,
ought so firmly to possess that he also have a free cause to alienate for his own debt; those who shall have attempted to contravene this law are to be subjected to penalty.
Given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

sept. serdica, constantino a. viii. et constantino caes.

Sept., Serdica, in the consulship of Constantine Augustus for the 8th time and Constantine Caesar.

iv. coss.

4. consuls.

interpretatio. si quis infantem a sanguine emerit et nutrierit, habendi eum et possidendi liberam habeat potestatem. sane si nutritum dominus vel pater recipere voluerit, aut eiusdem meriti mancipium nutritori dabit, aut pretium nutritor, quantum valuerit, qui nutritus est, consequatur

interpretation. if anyone should buy an infant from his blood-kin and should nourish/raise him, let him have free power of having and possessing him. but if the master or the father should wish to take back the one nurtured, either he shall give to the nourisher a slave of the same merit/value, or the nourisher shall obtain the price, as much as he who has been nurtured was worth.

CTh.5.11.0. .................

CTh.5.11.7 [= v,15,7 h.]

CTh.5.11.7 [= 5,15,7 h.]

(?)................... el emeritis veteranis vel gentibus dividamus. dat. xvii k. feb.

(?)................... and let us distribute to the emerited veterans or to the peoples. given January 16.

mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365 ian. 16).

at milan, valentinian and valens, augusti, consuls. (365 jan. 16).

CTh.5.11.8 [= v,15,8 h.]

CTh.5.11.8 [= 5,15,8 h.]

Idem aa. ad rufinum praefectum praetorio. quicumque possidere loca ex desertis voluerint, triennii immunitate potiantur. qui vero ex desertis nonnihil agrorum sub certa professione perceperunt, si minorem modum professi sunt, quam ratio detentae possessionis postulat, usque ad triennium ex die latae legis in ea tantum possessione permaneant, quam ipsi sponte obtulerunt exacto autem hoc tempore sciant ad integrae iugationis pensitationem se esse cogendos.

The same emperors to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. Whoever should wish to possess places from the deserted-lands, let them obtain a three-year immunity. But those who from
the deserted-lands have received some fields under a fixed profession, if they have declared a smaller measure than the reckoning of the held possession
demands, let them remain for up to three years from the day the law was passed in only that possession which they themselves voluntarily offered; but, when this
time has been completed, let them know that they are to be compelled to the pensitation of the entire iugation.

itaque qui hoc sibi incommodum iudicarit, e vestigio restituat possessionem, cuius in futurum onera declinat. dat. viii id. aug.

Therefore, whoever shall judge this a disadvantage to himself, let him forthwith restore the possession, whose burdens in the future he declines. Given on the 8th day before the Ides of August.

mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365 aug. 6).

at milan, valentinian and valens, the augusti, consuls. (365 aug. 6).

CTh.5.11.9 [= v,15,9 h.]

CTh.5.11.9 [= 5,15,9 h.]

Idem aa. ad mamertinum praefectum praetorio. per italiam afanticiae iugerationis onere consistentibus patrimoniis superfuso unumquemque tributarium adiectionem alieni debiti baiulare non dubium est; ideoque deserta iugatio, quae personis caret, hastis subiciatur, ut licitationis competitione futuros dominos sortiatur. ea enim ............... (364/5 ...).

The same emperors to Mamertinus, Praetorian Prefect. with the burden of the afanticial iugeration poured over the estates situated throughout Italy
it is not doubtful that each tributary bears the addition of another’s debt; and therefore the deserted iugatio, which lacks persons, shall be subjected to the spears (auction),
so that by the competition of bidding it may obtain future owners. for that ............... (364/5 ...).

CTh.5.11.11 [= v,15,11 h.]

CTh.5.11.11 [= 5,15,11 h.]

.........Ua...Babuntur, diu tracta et iam paene sine debitoribus debita condonentur; ea tamen ratione servata, ut prius domini longioribus temporum metis edictis celeberrimis evocentur, quo facilius spe impunitatis ad avitos lares et propria tecta revocentur: ac tum demum, si intra maium mensem, quod spatium dissitis idoneum et volentibus longum est, non advenerint, quicumque se sponte optulerit, non obligandus de onere praeterito pro portione hoc modo possessionis in futurum annonarii canonis vectigal expendat, de iure dominii et perpetuitate securus. dat. viii k. oct.

.........will be abolished, let debts long drawn out and now almost without debtors be condoned; this condition, however, being observed, that first the owners be summoned by very celebrated edicts with longer limits of time, so that the more easily, by hope of impunity, they may be called back to their ancestral hearths and their own roofs: and then at last, if within the month of May, which span is suitable for those far away and long for those willing, they shall not have come, whoever shall have offered himself of his own accord, not to be bound for the past burden, shall pay in proportion to the possession in this manner, for the future, the tax of the annona canon, secure as to the right of ownership and its perpetuity. Given on September 24.

constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 sept. 24).

at constantinople, under the consuls honorius, most noble boy, and evodius (386 sept. 24).

CTh.5.11.12 [= v,15,12 h.]

CTh.5.11.12 [= 5,15,12 h.]

Idem aaa. tatiano praefecto praetorio orientis. qui agros domino cessante desertos vel longe positos vel in finitimis ad privatum pariter publicumque compendium excolere festinat, voluntati suae nostrum noverit adesse responsum: ita tamen, ut, si vacanti ac destituto solo novus cultor insederit ac vetus dominus intra biennium eadem ad s (388-392 ...).

The same Augusti to Tatianus, Praetorian Prefect of the East. Whoever, the owner being remiss, hastens to cultivate fields deserted, whether situated far away or on the frontiers, for private as well as
public advantage, let him know that our answer is present to his wish: provided, however, that, if a new cultivator has settled upon vacant and abandoned soil, and the old owner within two years the same to s (388-392 ...).

CTh.5.12.0. De fundis patrimonialibus et saltuensibus et emphyteuticis et eorum conductoribus

CTh.5.12.0. On patrimonial estates and saltus-lands and emphyteutic estates and their conductors (lessees)

CTh.5.12.1 [= v,13,37 h.]

CTh.5.12.1 [= 5,13,37 h.]

...........Manentibus indulgentiis a nobis praestitis, ut in fiscum inferatur, quidquid exactum fuerit amplissima ......Cae. dat. iii non.

...........With the indulgences granted by us remaining in force, that whatever has been exacted be brought into the fisc, the most ample ...... Cae., dated the 3rd before the Nones.

nov. ravenna honorio viii et theodosio iiii aa. conss. (409 nov.

nov. ravenna, under honorius in his 8th and theodosius in his 4th, the augusti, as consuls. (409 nov.

3).

CTh.5.12.2 [= v,13,38 h.]

CTh.5.12.2 [= 5,13,38 h.]

Idem aa. aureliano praefecto praetorio. nulli penitus liceat, sive salvo canonis servato iure sive cum imminutione canonis patrimonialis, vel limitotrofos sive saltuenses per orientem vel fundos patrimoniales postulare. nemo potiatur his ne si subreptiva quidem id promeruerit petitione per speciale beneficium, vel exquisita fraude vel quo alio artificio ultro in quemquam liberalitas nostra processerit, quandoquidem nec emphyteuticario mutari proprium ius per petitionem huiusmodi censemus nec canoni aliquid detrahi vel imminui, et cum praedium ipsum revocari debuerit.

The same Augusti to Aurelian, Praetorian Prefect. Let it be permitted to no one at all, whether with the right of the canon preserved or with a diminution of the patrimonial canon, to demand either limitrophi or saltuenses throughout the East, or patrimonial estates. Let no one obtain these, not even if he should have deserved it by a surreptitious petition through a special beneficium, or if by exquisite fraud or by some other artifice our liberality should of its own accord have proceeded toward anyone, since we judge that neither is the proper right of the emphyteuticary to be changed by a petition of this kind nor anything to be detracted from or diminished in the canon, and whenever the estate itself ought to be recalled.

futuras prohibere contec... improbas petitiones arcemus, ut a principio nec suscipi nec instrui eas generali sanctione mandemus, quo praediorum labor emfyteuticarius per orientem propriam praerogativam retineat nec novus possessor iura aliena perturbet. dat. non.

we ward off improper petitions to prohibit future contec..., so that from the beginning we command by a general sanction that they be neither received nor drawn up,
whereby the emphyteutic labor of the estates throughout the East may retain its own prerogative and a new possessor may not disturb another’s rights.
given on the nones.

aug. constantinopoli honorio a. x et theodosio a. vi conss. (415 aug.

aug. at constantinople, when honorius augustus for the 10th time and theodosius augustus for the 6th time were consuls (415 aug.

5).

CTh.5.12.3 [= v,13,39 h.]

CTh.5.12.3 [= 5,13,39 h.]

Impp. theodosius et valentinianus aa. tauro praefecto praetorio et patricio. possessores vel emphyteuticarii patrimoniales, qui fundos minime nunc usque compararunt, eodem largitatis modo nequaquam ad eorum comparationem urgueantur, sed tamquam pretiis depensis sic eis nostri numinis beneficio potiantur, ut, quod iuris alter inferendo pretium consecutus est, hoc nostra liberalitate praedictus emphyteuticarius habeat: illud quoque ius, in quibus coluit praediis, quod aut ex successione aut ex comparatione privata aut nostri numinis liberalitate aut quocumque modo possedit, sciat illibatum intemeratumque servari.

The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian, Augusti, to Taurus, Praetorian Prefect and Patrician. Patrimonial possessors or emphyteuticaries, who up to now have by no means purchased the estates, are by no means to be compelled to their acquisition under that same mode of largess, but, as though the prices had been disbursed, thus let them obtain them by the beneficium of our numen, so that the right which another has obtained by paying the price, this the aforesaid emphyteuticary shall have by our liberality: let him also know that that right, in the estates which he has tilled, which he has possessed either from succession or from private acquisition or from the liberality of our numen or in whatever way, is kept untouched and inviolate.

et quia praestitis a nostra pietate indulgentiis usque ad undecimam nuper transactam indictionem leuata reliquorum sarcina universis concessa est, pro his quoque annis, qui post decimam indictionem secuti sunt ad hoc usque tempus, in quod patrimonialium fundorum ....Exsistit, nullum reliquorum exactio premat. nam cum praedia quae colebat minime eua.Ur comparare, sancimus nullum pristinum colonum vel possessorem super reliquis temporis subsecuti molestiam aut inquietudinem sustinere. dat.

and because, by indulgences provided by our piety, up to the eleventh indiction recently completed the burden of arrears was lightened, granted to all, for these years also, which have followed after the tenth indiction up to this very time, in which of the patrimonial estates ....exists, let no exaction for arrears press. for since he was by no means able to purchase the estates which he cultivated, we sanction that no former colonus or possessor endure annoyance or disquiet regarding the arrears of the time that followed. given.

xiiii k. iul. constantinopoli ariovindo et aspare conss. (434 iun.

june 18, at constantinople, ariovindus and aspar, consuls. (434 jun.

18).

CTh.5.13.0. De fundis rei privatae et saltibus divinae domus

CTh.5.13.0. On the estates of the private property and the woodland-pastures of the divine house

CTh.5.13.1 [= v,14,1 h.]

CTh.5.13.1 [= 5,14,1 h.]

Impp. constantius et constans aa. ad edictum heliopolitanorum. universi cognoscant has possessiones, quas de fisco nostro comparasse noscuntur, nullo a nobis iure retrahi: sed propria firmitate possessas etiam ad posteros suos dominii perpetis durabilitate demitti.

The Emperors Constantius and Constans, Augusti, to the edict of the Heliopolitans. Let all know that these possessions, which are known to have been purchased from our fisc,
are by no right to be retracted by us; but, possessed by their own proper firmness, they are also to be conveyed to their posterity with the durability of perpetual dominion.

dat. prid. id. feb.

dated the day before the Ides of February.

antiochiae marcellino et probino conss. (341 febr. 12).

at antioch, marcellinus and probinus, consuls. (341 feb. 12).

CTh.5.13.2 [= v,14,2 h.]

CTh.5.13.2 [= 5,14,2 h.]

Idem aa. ad euprycium rationalem. comperimus aliquorum iugationem, quam hastis decursis a fisco legitime compararunt, in medium produci ac retractari, cum deceat quemque iure comparatas possessiones vel villas serenitatis nostrae tempore firmius optinere atque ad posteros suos transmittere. dat.

The same Augusti to Euprycius, Rationalis. We have learned that the jugation of certain persons, which, after the spears had been run at auction, they legitimately purchased from the fisc, is being brought into the open and re-examined, whereas it is fitting that each should hold more securely the possessions or villas lawfully acquired in the time of Our Serenity and transmit them to his descendants. Given.

prid. id. feb. antiochiae marcellino et probiano conss.

the day before the Ides of February, at Antioch, in the consulship of Marcellinus and Probianus.

(341 febr. 12).

(341 February 12).

CTh.5.13.3 [= v,14,3 h.]

CTh.5.13.3 [= 5,14,3 h.]

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad mamertinum praefectum praetorio. universa, quae ex patrimonio nostro per arbitrium divae memoriae iuliani in possessionem sunt translata templorum, sollicitudine sinceritatis tuae cum omni iure ad rem privatam nostram redire mandamus.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Mamertinus, Praetorian Prefect. All things which from our patrimony, by the decision of Julian of divine memory, have been transferred into the possession of the temples, by the solicitude of Your Sincerity, with all right, to our private estate return, we command.

dat. x kal. ian.

dated on the 10th day before the Kalends of January.

mediolano divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 dec. 23).

at Milan, in the consulship of the deified Jovian and Varronianus, consuls. (364 Dec. 23).

CTh.5.13.4 [= v,14,4 h.]

CTh.5.13.4 [= 5,14,4 h.]

Idem aa. ad florianum comitem rerum privatarum. provincialium opibus rei privatae possessiones concedimus, videlicet, ut de fundis ad eius dominium pertinentibus eligat unus quisque quem velit eumque perpetuo iure suscipiat, palatiis tantum omnifariam in rei privatae sollicitudine retentandis. hi vero, quos commoditas praediorum ad eadem postulanda sollicitat, adeant tuae dicationis officium et modum suae deliberationis indicent per libellos certumque habeant pro unaquaque villa, cum ea dote vel forma, cui nunc habetur obnoxia, ad novi domini iura migraverit, si quid adiecerit sumptus cura sollertia, quidquid mancipiorum vel pecoris adcreverit, capitationis aut canonis augmenta non patiatur, sed solis dominis heredibusque dominorum sit cessura felicitas.

Likewise the same Augusti to Florianus, Count of the Private Estate. We grant the possessions of the Private Estate to the resources of the provincials, namely, that from the estates pertaining to its ownership each person may choose whichever he wishes and take it up with perpetual right, with only the palaces to be everywhere retained under the solicitude of the Private Estate. But those whom the advantage of the estates urges to request the same, let them approach the office of your dedication and indicate by petitions the mode of their deliberation, and let them have it as certain that for each villa, when it shall have migrated with that dowry or form to which it is now held subject into the rights of the new lord, if expense, care, or skill shall have added anything, whatever of slaves or cattle shall have accrued, it shall not suffer increases of capitation or canon, but let the good fortune be to accrue to the lords alone and to the heirs of the lords.

quin etiam neque ad glebam senatus neque ad collationes auri sive argenti iidem cum ceteris tenebuntur, sed ea sola devotione fungentur, quam annonaria ...Census publici ratione canon sollemnis efflagitat. si quis autem in annis singulis non solverit debitum, ex re ipsius cetera, quod in reliquis remansisse claruerit, sine aliquibus dependere cogetur indutiis. sane si quem postea minus (a. ...).

nay indeed neither to the senatorial glebe nor to the contributions of gold or of silver shall the same persons be held along with the others, but they shall fulfill only that devotion which the annona ...by the reckoning of the public Census the solemn canon demands. but if anyone in each single year shall not have paid the due, from his own property he shall be compelled to pay the rest—what shall have been made clear to have remained among the arrears—without any reprieves. indeed, if anyone thereafter less (a. ...).

CTh.5.14.0. De diversis praediis urbanis et rusticis et de omni reditu civili

CTh.5.14.0. On diverse urban and rustic predial estates and on all civil revenue

CTh.5.14.30 [= v,13,30 h.]

CTh.5.14.30 [= 5,13,30 h.]

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. cynegio praefecto praetorio.

The emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to cynegius, praetorian prefect

quicumque defectum fundum patrimonialem exercuerit instruxerit fertilem idoneumque praestiterit, salvo patrimoniali canone perpetuo ac privato iure defendat velut domesticum et avita successione quaesitum sibi habeat, suis relinquat, neque eum aut promulgatione rescripti aut reverentia sacrae adnotationis quisquam a fructu impensi operis excludat. ceterum eos, qui opimas ac fertiles retinent terras aut etiamnunc sibi aestimant eligendas, pro defecta scilicet portione summam debiti praesentis iubemus implere: eos etiam, qui emphyteuticario nomine nec ad plenum idoneas nec omnimodis vacuas detinent, sic ex illis quoque, quae praesidio indigent, iustam ac debitam quantitatem debere suscipere, ut indulto temporis spatio post biennium decretum canonem solvendum esse meminerint. hi autem, qui proprio voluntatis adsensu nunc quod diximus elegissent neque sibi nunc opimum aliquid et conducibile vindicarent, sed tantum nuda et relicta susceperunt, triennii immunitate permissa debitum canonem inferant.

Whoever shall have worked a defective patrimonial estate, shall have equipped it, and shall have rendered it fertile and suitable, let him, with the patrimonial canon preserved in perpetuity, defend it by private right as though domestic, and have it to himself as if acquired by ancestral succession; let him leave it to his own, and let no one exclude him from the fruit of his expended labor either by the promulgation of a rescript or by reverence for a sacred annotation. Furthermore, those who retain rich and fertile lands, or even now reckon on selecting them for themselves, we order to make up the sum of the present debt for the, namely, deficient portion. Those also who, under emphyteuticary title, hold lands that are neither fully suitable nor altogether vacant, must likewise undertake from those parcels too which need protection a just and due quantity, with the result that, a period of time being granted, they remember that after two years the decreed canon is to be paid. But those who, by the assent of their own will, have now chosen what we have said and do not now claim for themselves something rich and profitable, but have taken on only bare and abandoned lands, with an immunity of three years granted, shall pay in the due canon.

nemo tamen qualibet meriti et potestatis obiectione submoveatur, quominus ad diacatochiae vicem defectas possessiones patrimonialis iuris accipiat, earum tributa et canonem soluturus: illud speciali observantia procurans, ut primum vicinas et in eodem territorio sortiatur, dehinc si neque finitimas neque in iisdem locis reppererit constitutas, tunc demum etiam longius positas, sed in quantum fieri valet pro interiecto spatio sibimet cohaerentes, pro modo et aequitate suscipiat, ut consensu omnium fiat quod omnibus profuturum est. dat. viii kal.

let no one, however, be removed by any allegation of merit and power, so as to prevent him from receiving, in lieu of the diacatochia, the defective possessions of patrimonial right, being to pay their tributes and canon: taking care with special observance of this, that first he be allotted those that are neighboring and in the same territory, thereafter, if he shall have found neither adjoining nor situated in the same places, then at last even those placed farther away, but, in so far as it can be done, contiguous to one another in view of the intervening space, he should assume them according to measure and equity, so that by the consent of all that be done which will be of profit to all. given on the 8th day before the Kalends.

nov. constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 oct.

nov. at constantinople, in the consulship of honorius, most noble boy, and evodius, consuls. (386 oct.

25).

CTh.5.14.31 [= v,13,31 h.]

Theodosian Code 5.14.31 [= 5,13,31 h.]

Idem aaa. floro praefecto praetorio. saltuenses fundi iurisque patrimonii in orientis regionibus siti turbata exactione dispositionis annuae maximo dicuntur dispendio fatigari et inmanissima opprimi mole reliquorum, eo, quod ad ordinarios sollicitatio transducta latiorem depraedandi praebuit facultatem.

The same Augusti to Florus, Praetorian Prefect. The saltuenses of the fundus and of the patrimonial right, situated in the regions of the East, are said, with the exaction of the annual disposition disrupted, to be wearied with the greatest loss and to be oppressed by the most enormous mass of arrears, because the solicitation, transferred to the Ordinaries, has afforded a broader faculty for depredation.

illustris itaque auctoritas tua memoratos fundos ad rationalium curam praecipiat revocari. dat. viiii kal.

Therefore let your illustrious authority order that the aforesaid estates be recalled to the care of the rationales. Given on the 9th day before the Kalends.

...Constantinopoli timasio et promoto conss. (389 [?] ...).

...at Constantinople, Timasius and Promotus, consuls. (389 [?] ...).

CTh.5.14.32 [= v,13,32 h.]

CTh.5.14.32 [= 5,13,32 h.]

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. fundos patrimoniales semel expetitos et traditos refundere conductoribus omnino non liceat: et si huiusmodi facultatem quolibet tempore, qualibet auctoritate meruerunt, impetratis in fraudem publicam non stabitur.

The same emperors to Rufinus, praetorian prefect. Let it by no means be permitted to refund patrimonial estates, once sought and delivered, to the lessees; and if at any time, by any authority, they have earned such a faculty,
no standing shall be given to what has been procured to the defrauding of the public.

dat. xvii k. aug. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss.

Dated on July 16 at Constantinople, in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus for the 3rd time and Abundantius, consuls.

(393 iul. 16).

(393 July 16).

CTh.5.14.33 [= v,13,33 h.]

CTh.5.14.33 [= 5,13,33 h.]

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. ius emphyteuticum, quo iuris patrimonialis vel rei publicae praedia possessoribus sunt adiudicata perpetuariis, ita inconcussum cum nostris tum maiorum nostrorum iussibus esse retinemus, ut, quod semel traditum fuerit, nec a nobis umquam possit nec ab alio aliis possidentibus occupari.

The same Augusti to Rufinus, praetorian prefect. The emphyteutic right, by which the estates of the patrimonial right or of the commonwealth have been adjudged to possessors in perpetuity,
we maintain to be thus unshaken by both our orders and those of our ancestors, such that what has once been conveyed can never
be seized either by us or by any other while others are in possession.

sed quia improborum inpotentia factum est, ut optimis quibusque lucri cupiditati et quaestui servientibus deteriores agri provinciales relicti sint, quos nemo eorum dignatus fuerit obtinere, sublimis magnificentia tua iudicibus, officiis ac defensoribus eam poenam constituet, ut, nisi desertis ac deterioribus fundis utilium confusione mixta subvenerint, sciant a se multam aut poenam, quae proposita fuerit, sustinendam. dat. iii kal.

but because by the insolence of the wicked it has come about that, as each of the very best men, serving the cupidity of lucre and profit, has done so, the poorer provincial fields have been left, which none of them deigned to hold, your sublime magnificence shall establish for the judges, the offices, and the defenders such a penalty, that, unless they have brought relief to the deserted and inferior estates by a commingling with the profitable ones, they shall know that a mulct or the penalty which shall have been posted must be borne by themselves. Given on the 3rd day before the Kalends.

aug. constantinopoli d. n. theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss. (393 iul.

the augustus, at constantinople, our lord theodosius, augustus, consul for the 3rd time, and abundantius, consuls. (393 jul.

30).

CTh.5.14.34 [= v,13,34 h.]

CTh.5.14.34 [= 5,13,34 h.]

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio orientis. qui fundos patrimoniales iure privato salvo canone susceperunt, hanc omnes sine ullius exceptione personae propositam intellegant optionem, ut aut ea loca, quibus minor est soli fecunditas, cum his, ex quibus fructus uberes capiunt, suscipere et tenere non abnuant, aut, si eorum refugiunt sterilitatem, opimioribus cedant.

The same Augusti to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect of the East. Those who have taken up patrimonial estates under private right, with the canon preserved, let all understand this option as proposed without exception of any person: either they should not refuse to accept and to hold those places where the fertility of the soil is lesser together with those from which they take abundant fruits, or, if they shun their barrenness, let them yield the richer ones.

dat. viii id. nov. tyro metropoli arcadio iii et honorio ii aa. conss.

dated 8 days before the Ides of November, at Tyre, the metropolis, in the consulship of Arcadius for the 3rd time and Honorius for the 2nd, the Augusti.

(394 nov. 6).

CTh.5.14.35 [= v,13,35 h.]

CTh.5.14.35 [= 5,13,35 h.]

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. hadriano comiti sacrarum largitionum. restaurationi moenium publicorum tertiam portionem eius canonis, qui ex locis fundisve rei publicae annua praestatione confertur, certum est satis posse sufficere.

Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Hadrianus, Count of the Sacred Largesses. For the restoration of the public walls, a third portion of that canon, which is contributed by annual prestation from the places or estates of the commonwealth, is certainly sufficient to suffice.

de vectigalibus itaque publicis, quae semper ex integro nostri aerarii conferebant expensas, nihil omnino decerpi nomine civitatum permittimus. dat. viii id. aug.

Therefore, concerning the public taxes, which have always, in full, defrayed the expenses of our treasury, we permit nothing at all to be deducted in the name of the cities. Given on the 8th day before the Ides of August.

olybrio et probino conss. (395 aug. 6).

olybrius and
probinus, consuls. (395 aug. 6).

CTh.5.14.36 [= v,13,36 h.]

CTh.5.14.36 [= 5,13,36 h.]

Idem aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. repetitae legis iussione mandamus, ut, quicumque patrimoniales fundos detinere detegatur, aut domum se aput constantinopolitanam urbem habere ...Re perdoceat aut, si non habet vel talem habere monstratur in fraudem legis locum si velit praedae numerari, qui nobilissimae urbi deformitati sit potius quam decori, ad extructionem eiusdem intra annum, si possessionibus se carere non patitur, magnificentiae tuae vigore cogatur. pari etiam illos iubemus condicione retinendos, qui iuxta legem divi patris nostri nonnulla ex praedicto iure fundorum...................... (396-405 ...).

The same Emperors to Eutychianus, Praetorian Prefect. By the injunction of the re-enacted law we command that whoever is discovered to detain patrimonial estates, or
let him demonstrate in fact that he has a house at the city of Constantinople ... or, if he does not have one or is shown to have such a place in fraud of the law,
if he wishes to be counted as booty, which would be more a disfigurement than an adornment to the most noble city, let him be compelled, by the vigor of your Magnificence, to the construction of the same within a year, if
he does not allow himself to be without possessions. We also order those to be held under an equal condition, who, according to the law of our deified father, have certain things from the aforesaid right of estates...................... (396-405 ...).

CTh.5.15.0. De omni agro deserto et quando steriles fertilibus imponantur

CTh.5.15.0. On every deserted field and when sterile lands are imposed upon fertile lands

CTh.5.15.14 [= v,13,14 h.]

CTh.5.15.14 [= 5,13,14 h.]

..........Fundorum obligatione securitatis publicae firmaverunt cautionem, susceptos scilicet semel fundos post emensa inmunitatis spatia inconvulsa a se vectigalium pensione retinendos. dat. vii k. iun.

..........By the obligation of estates they confirmed the guarantee of public security, namely that estates once assumed, after the spans of immunity have been completed, are to be retained by them, unshaken, with the payment of the taxes. given on the 7th day before the Kalends of June.

divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 mai. 26).

the deified jovian and varronianus, consuls. (364 may 26).

CTh.5.15.15 [= v,13,15 h.]

CTh.5.15.15 [= 5,13,15 h.]

Idem aa. ad mamertinum praefectum praetorio. emphyteutica praedia, quae senatoriae fortunae viris, praeterea variis ita sunt per principes veteres elocata, ut certum vectigal annuum ex his aerario penderetur, cessante licitatione, quae recens statuta est, sciat magnifica auctoritas tua a priscis possessoribus sine incremento licitandi esse retinenda ita, ut quaecumque in commissi fortunam inciderint ac pleno dominio privatis occupationibus retentantur a leontii et sallustii consulatu, ius pristinum rursus adgnoscant. dat.

The same emperors to Mamertinus, Praetorian Prefect. Emphyteutic estates, which were thus let out by the former princes to men of senatorial fortune, and moreover to various others, so that a fixed annual vectigal should be paid from them to the aerarium, the bidding which has recently been established being in abeyance, let Your Magnificent Authority know are to be retained by the former possessors without an increase of bidding, in such a way that whatever have fallen into the lot of forfeiture and are held in full dominion by private occupations from the consulship of Leontius and Sallustius, may again acknowledge the former right. Given.

iiii kal. aug. sirmio divo ioviano et varroniano conss.

on the 4th day before the Kalends of August, at Sirmium
in the consulship of the divine Jovian and Varronianus.

(364 iul. 29).

(364 July 29).

CTh.5.15.16 [= v,13,16 h.]

CTh.5.15.16 [= 5,13,16 h.]

Idem aa. ad provinciales byzacenos. nequaquam emphyteuticos fundos ante commissi vitium ad alterum transire debere sancimus. et cetera.

The same emperors to the Byzacene provincials. We decree that emphyteutic estates are by no means to pass over to another before the fault of forfeiture has been incurred. and
the rest.

dat. prid. id. sept.

Given on the day before the Ides of September (September 12).

aquileia divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 sept. 12).

aquileia the deified Jovian and Varronianus consuls. (364 Sept. 12).

CTh.5.15.17 [= v,13,17 h.]

CTh.5.15.17 [= 5,13,17 h.]

Idem aa. ad mamertinum praefectum praetorio. super fundis emphyteuticis seu patrimonialibus divus iulianus legem consultissimam dedit, scilicet ut, qui ex his vel ad privatorum iura transissent vel minuto canone condicionis fisco locationibus tenerentur, ad statum retraherentur antiquum. hanc legem quidam iudicum interpretati pravius sunt quam utilitas publica postulabat, ut eiusmodi praedia ex rebus privatis nostris eruentes ibi tantummodo satisfacerent legi, ubi non intererat fisci vectigalibus, utrumne privato iure an emphyteutico possideret.

The same Augusti to Mamertinus, Praetorian Prefect. Concerning emphyteutic or patrimonial estates the deified Julian gave a most consultative law, namely that those of these which had either passed over to the rights of private persons or were held under leases by the fisc with a diminished canon should be drawn back to their ancient status. Certain judges have interpreted this law more perversely than public utility demanded, so that, wrenching such lands from our private property, they would satisfy the law only there where it did not matter to the fisc’s vectigalia whether it was held by private right or by emphyteutic tenure.

quamquam igitur animadvertimus esse consultius in eodem statu fundi maneant, in quo ante legem divi iuliani fuerant, de quibus tamen nihil specialiter statuit, ab his, quibus omnia deinceps erogata sunt, auctoritas tua redhiberi eos maturo iubebit auxilio. erga ceteros sane fundos, quos recentium principum effusio aut perpetuo iure donavit aut deminuto canone concessit emphyteuticariis obtinendos, edictum comprehensi principis auctoritas tua valere praecipiat. dat.

Although therefore we have observed that it is more advisable that the estates remain in the same status in which they were before the law of the deified Julian, about which, however, he established nothing specifically, from those to whom all things were thereafter dispensed, your authority shall order them to be restored with timely aid. As for the other estates indeed, which the effusion (largess) of recent emperors either donated in perpetual right or granted, with a diminished canon, to be held by emphyteuticaries (emphyteutic lessees), let your authority prescribe that the edict of the princeps herein comprised prevail. Given.

et proposita romae vi k. nov. divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 oct.

and published at Rome on the 6th day before the Kalends of November, under the consuls the deified Jovian and Varronianus. (364 Oct.

27).

CTh.5.15.18 [= v,13,18 h.]

CTh.5.15.18 [= 5,13,18 h.]

Idem aa. ad florianum comitem. quotienscumque emphyteutici iuris praedia in vitium delapsa commissi actis legitimis ac voci fuerint subicienda praeconis, super facto licitationis et augmento nostra perennitas consulatur, nec prius eius dominio, qui ceteros oblatione superavit, perpetuae firmitatis robur accedat, quam si super pensionis modo, conductoris nomine, enthecae quantitate nostrae tranquillitatis arbitrium fideli ratione consultum observanda praescripserit. dat.

The same Emperors to Florianus, count. Whenever estates of emphyteutic right, having lapsed into defect, must be confiscated by lawful acts and be subjected to the voice of the crier, concerning the matter of the bidding and the increase our Perpetuity shall be consulted, and the strength of perpetual firmness shall not attach to the ownership of him who has surpassed the others by his offer, until the judgment of our Tranquillity shall have prescribed, to be observed with faithful reasoning, concerning the measure of the rent, under the name of the lessee, and the quantity of the entheca. Given.

iiii k. mart. triveris valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (368?

February 26, at Trier, when Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, were consuls (368?

370? 373? febr.

370? 373? February.

26).

CTh.5.15.19 [= v,13,19 h.]

CTh.5.15.19 [= 5,13,19 h.]

Idem aa. ad germanianum comitem sacrarum largitionum. fundi emphyteutici patrimonialisque iuris in antiquum ius praestationemque redeant, ne quoquo modo exempti ab emphyteutico patrimonialique titulo veluti privato iure teneantur, rectoribus provinciarum et rationalibus monendis, ut sciant contra commoda largitionum nostrarum specialia non admittenda esse rescripta, his tantummodo exceptis, quos in re privata nostra secundum legem datam iam dudum in hoc nomine manere praecepimus. dat.

The same Emperors to Germanianus, Count of the Sacred Largesses. Let estates of emphyteutic and patrimonial right return to their ancient right and exaction,
lest, in any way exempted from the emphyteutic and patrimonial title, they be held as if under private law; the governors of the provinces and the rationales being to be admonished,
that they should know that rescripts are not to be admitted against the special interests of our Treasury, with only those excepted
whom, in our Private Property, according to a law issued long ago, we have ordered to remain under this designation. Given.

v. k. aug. valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365?

on the 5th day before the Kalends of August, Valentinian and
Valens, the Augusti, were consuls. (365?)

368? iul. 28).

368? July 28).

CTh.5.15.20 [= v,13,20 h.]

CTh.5.15.20 [= 5,13,20 h.]

Idem aa. ad germanianum comitem sacrarum largitionum. placuit, ut emphyteuticorum fundorum patrimonialiumque possessores, quo voluerint, quo potuerint tempore et quantum habuerint pensionis paratum, dummodo non amplius quam in tribus per singulos annos vicibus, officio rationalis adsignent ac de suscepto ab eodem securitatem eodem die pro more percipiant, modo ut intra ianuariarum iduum diem omnis summa ratiociniis publicis inferatur: gravissimae poenae subdendo officio, si cuiquam quolibet anni tempore, dummodo nequaquam numerum trinae illationis excedat, solutionem facere gestienti negaverit susceptionis officium vel si moram fecerit in chirografo securitatis edendo. super quo possessores apud curatores vel magistratus aut quicumque in locis fuerit, qui conficiendorum actorum habeat potestatem, conveniet contestari, ut et de officii insolentia constet, in quod exercenda vindicta est, et his possit esse consultum.

The same Emperors to Germanianus, Count of the Sacred Largesses. It has pleased that the possessors of emphyteutic estates and patrimonial estates, at whatever time they shall have wished and been able, and as much as they shall have had prepared of the pension, provided that not more than in three installments in each year,
they may assign it to the office of the rationalis and may receive on the same day, according to custom, a security for the amount received by the same, provided that by the day of the Ides of January the whole sum be entered into the public accounts: the office being subjected to a most grave penalty if, to anyone at any time of the year, provided he by no means exceed the number of three payments, the office of reception shall have refused to accept payment from one eager to make it, or if it shall have caused delay in issuing the chirograph of security.
On which matter it will be fitting for the possessors to make a formal protest before the curators or magistrates or whoever in the localities shall have the power of drawing up acts, so that both the insolence of the office may be established, upon which punishment is to be exercised, and provision may be made for them.

dat. xiiii k. iun. remis gratiano n. p. et dagalaifo conss.

dated 14 days before the Kalends of June, at Reims, with Gratian, most noble boy, and Dagalaifus, consuls.

(366 mai. 19).

(366 May 19).

CTh.5.15.21 [= v,13,21 h.]

CTh.5.15.21 [= 5,13,21 h.]

Idem aa. ad auxonium praefectum praetorio. si fundos patrimoniales vel emphyteuticos quispiam postularit, super nomine suo ad nostram clementiam sciat esse referendum, ut temeritatis notam subeat. sane si rationalis vel eius officium per coniventiam fundum huiusmodi tradendum esse crediderit, summo supplicio sese adficiendum esse cognoscat, ademptis facultatibus.

the same emperors to auxonius, praetorian prefect. if anyone should request patrimonial estates or emphyteutic ones, let him know that it must be referred to our clemency under his own name,
so that he may undergo the mark of temerity. assuredly, if the rationalis or his office, by connivance, shall have believed that an estate of this sort ought to be handed over,
let him know that he must be subjected to the supreme punishment, with his assets confiscated.

dat. prid. ........ (a. 368-370 ...).

given on the day before ........ (in the year
368-370 ...).

CTh.5.16.0. De agricolis et mancipiis dominicis vel fiscalibus sive rei privatae?

CTh.5.16.0. On farmers and slaves belonging to the dominical estate or to the fisc or to the res privata?

CTh.5.16.29 [= v,14,5 h.]

CTh.5.16.29 [= 5,14,5 h.]

................Praeter eas, quarum agit curam officium rei privatae canonis emphyteutici annonas sacris largitionibus pendantur, illud etiam, quod his fundis vel iuris rei publicae praeter antiquum canonem peraequatio imposuit, privatis largitionibus inferatur. dat. v kal.

................Apart from those for which the office of the res privata has charge, let the annonae of the emphyteutic canon be paid to the Sacred Largesses, and moreover this,
that which equalization has imposed upon these estates or those of public right beyond the ancient canon, let it be brought to the Private Largesses. Given 5 days before the Kalends.

iul. theodoro v. c. cons. (399 iun.

jul. theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul. (399 jun.

27).

CTh.5.16.30 [= v,14,6 h.]

CTh.5.16.30 [= 5,14,6 h.]

Imppp. arcadius, honorius et theodosius aaa. silvano comiti rerum privatarum.

emperors arcadius, honorius and theodosius, augusti, to silvanus, count of the private estate.

qui praedia domus nostrae perpetuo iure detentant, iuxta tenorem praesentis iussionis maturius exigantur, tum etiam omnia reliqua, quae huc usque officii palatini neglegentia resederunt, pari cura compulsa, protinus privato aerario nostro inferantur. dat. iii non.

Those who detain the estates of our house by a perpetual right, in accordance with the tenor of the present injunction let them be more promptly exacted, then also all the arrears, which up to this point have remained through the negligence of the palatine office, being driven with equal care,
at once let them be brought into our private treasury. Given on the 3rd day before the Nones.

oct. ravenna stilichone et anthemio conss. (405 oct.

oct. ravenna, with stilicho and anthemius as consuls. (405 oct.

5).

CTh.5.16.31 [= v,14,7 h.]

CTh.5.16.31 [= 5,14,7 h.]

Idem aaa. volusiano comiti rerum privatarum. quidquid praediorum ex tempore, quo clementiae nostrae pater iam humanam in caelestem aeternitatem mutavit, de re privata nostra vel donatum iure directo pervenire monstratur ad quamcumque personam, auferendum serenitas nostra decernit.

The same Augusti, to Volusianus, Count of the Private Estates. Whatever estates, from the time at which the father of Our Clemency has already exchanged the human for heavenly eternity, are shown to have come from our Private Property, whether bestowed as a donation by direct right, to whatever person, Our Serenity decrees must be taken away.

dat. iii k. dec. ravenna basso et filippo conss.

dated november 29, at ravenna, with bassus and philip as consuls.

(408 nov. 29).

(November 29, 408).

CTh.5.16.32 [= v,14,8 h.]

CTh.5.16.32 [= 5,14,8 h.]

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. cereali comiti rerum privatarum. ne omni patrimonio domus aeternalis venditionibus denudetur, praeceptione praeteriti temporis antiquata distractionem volumus conquiescere, atque in domo aeternali universa praedia, quae ex promulgatae auctoritatis die reliqua fuerint, retineri.

the emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to cerialis, count of the private estates. lest the whole patrimony of the eternal house be stripped bare by sales,
with the precept of past time antiquated, we wish the alienation to come to rest, and in the eternal house that all estates which from
the day of the promulgated authority shall have remained be retained.

illud tamen sollicita praecipimus ordinatione constitui, ut, si pretia, quae ab emptoribus illata sunt, intra provincias retinentur nec ad sacratissimum............

nevertheless we prescribe by a solicitous regulation that this be established, that, if the prices which have been paid in by the purchasers
are retained within the provinces and do not [go] to the most sacred............

CTh.5.16.33 [om. h.]

CTh. 5.16.33 [om. h.]

.........Us propositis super data forma cognoverint, eadem emptoribus intra anni spatium praebeantur, nulli qui hoc tempus excesserit, in emptionem praerogativam sibimet vindicantes. verum nullus ambigat quae compararit penes se propriosque successores in perpetua hac praestatione canonis firmiter esse mansura. dat.

.........Those who, upon the propositions set forth concerning the given form, shall have learned, let the same be furnished to the buyers within the space of a year; and let no one who has exceeded this time, in the purchase, vindicate a prerogative for himself. but let no one doubt that the things which he has acquired are to remain firmly in his own and his proper successors’ possession, under this perpetual prestation of the canon. given.

id. iun. constantinopoli d. n. theod. a. iiii et qui fuerit nuntiatus.

the ides of june at Constantinople, in the consulship of our lord Theodosius Augustus for the 4th time, and of whoever shall have been announced.

(412 iun. 13).

(June 13, 412).

CTh.5.16.34 [= v,14,9 h.]

CTh.5.16.34 [= 5,14,9 h.]

Impp. theodosius a. et valentinianus c. valerio comiti rerum privatarum. thebaide qui...Bricalis emit ad rem dominicam pertinentem ex a.. deinceps quibuscumque eiusdem condicionis, qui iuxta p...Turae constitutionis tenorem emit, fundos tute liceat possideri, ita ut fideiussores ab huiusmodi mercatu extranei quidam ea proprium patrimonium ..... non de eiusdem possessionis ac iuris incor..R....Tur quam de re nequaquam in m.....Es.... tributum solvendo divinam dom...... verum quotiens alicui colonorum agrum privati patrimonii nostri placuerit venundari, non unus tantum, qui forte consortibus suis gravis ac molestus existat, sed alii quoque duo vel plures ex simili origine ac iure venientes in supra dicta emptione socientur.

Emperors Theodosius Augustus and Valentinian Caesar, to Valerius, Count of the Private Affairs. In the Thebaid, he who... Bricalis bought, pertaining to the imperial domain, from a.. thereafter, to whomever of the same condition, who according to the tenor of the p...Tura constitution buys, let it be permitted safely to possess the estates, on condition that the sureties (fidejussors) for a purchase of this kind be certain outsiders, who ... their own patrimony ..... not of the same possession and right incor..R....Tur than of a matter by no means in m.....Es.... paying the tribute to the divine hou...... But whenever it shall have pleased that the field of any of the coloni of our private patrimony be sold, not only one man, who perhaps may be burdensome and troublesome to his consorts, but two or even more others as well, coming from a similar origin and right, shall be associated in the aforesaid purchase.

dat. id. dec. constantinopoli theod.

Given on the Ides of December at Constantinople. Theodosius.

a. xi et valentiniano c. conss. (425 dec. 13).

in the consulship of the augustus for the 11th time and of valentinian caesar, consuls. (425 dec. 13).

CTh.5.16.35 [= v,14,10 h.]

CTh.5.16.35 [= 5,14,10 h.]

Idem aa. iohanni comiti rerum privatarum. praedia, quae ad ius privatum divinae domus pertinent, venundari censemus exceptis palatiis atque his possessionibus.................

Likewise the Augusti to John, Count of the Private Property. We decree that the estates which pertain to the private right of the Divine House be sold, the palaces excepted and these possessions.................

CTh.5.17.0. De fugitivis colonis, inquilinis et servis

CTh.5.17.0. On fugitive coloni, inquilini, and slaves

CTh.5.17.1pr. [=brev.5.9.1pr.]

Imp. constantinus a. ad provinciales. apud quemcumque* colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum eundem origini suae restituat, verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat.

The Emperor Constantine Augustus to the provincials. With whomsoever a colonus of another’s right shall have been found, that person shall not only restore the same to his own origin, but also, in regard to the same, shall acknowledge the capitation of the time.

CTh.5.17.1.1 [=brev.5.9.1.1]

Ipsos etiam colonos, qui fugam meditantur, in servilem condicionem* ferro ligari conveniet, ut officia, quae liberis congruunt, merito servilis condemnationis compellantur implere. dat. iii.

Even the coloni themselves, who are meditating flight, it will be fitting to be bound with iron into a servile condition*, so that the duties which are congruent to free persons, by the desert of a servile condemnation, they are compelled to fulfill. given 3.

kal. nov. pacatiano et hilariano coss.

the Kalends of November, in the consulship of Pacatianus and Hilarianus.

interpretatio. si quis alienum colonum sciens in domo sua retinuerit, ipsum prius domino restituat et tributa eius, quam diu apud eum fuerit, cogatur exsolvere: ipse vero, qui noluit esse, quod natus est, in servitium redigatur

interpretation. if anyone knowingly has retained another’s colonus in his own house, let him first restore him to his lord and be compelled to pay his tributes for as long as he shall have been with him: but he himself, who did not wish to be what he was born, shall be reduced into servitude

CTh.5.17.2 [=brev.5.9.2]

Theodosian Code 5.17.2 [= Breviary 5.9.2]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

Emperors valentinian, theodosius, and arcadius.

aaa. cynegio pf. p. quisquis colonum iuris alieni aut sollicitatione susceperit aut occultatione celaverit, pro eo, qui privatus erit, sex auri uncias, pro eo, qui patrimonialis, libram auri cogatur inferre. dat.

aaa. to cynegius, praetorian prefect. whoever shall have either by solicitation taken on a colonus of another’s legal right, or by concealment hidden him, for one who will be a private person, let him be compelled to pay six ounces of gold; for one who is patrimonial, a pound of gold. given.

viii. kal. nov.

October 25.

constantinopoli, honorio n. p. et evodio coss.

at Constantinople, when Honorius
the most noble boy and Evodius were consuls.

interpretatio. si quis colonum alienum aut sollicitaverit aut occultaverit, si privati hominem sua sollicitatione susceperit, sex auri uncias domino reddat; si fiscalem sollicitatum tenuit, libram auri cogatur implere

interpretation. if anyone has either solicited or concealed another’s colonus, if by his solicitation he has received the man of a private person, let him pay back six ounces of gold
to the owner; if he has held a fiscal man so solicited, let him be compelled to make up a pound of gold

CTh.5.17.3

........Ad florentium comitem sacrarum largitionum. quod si dominus servum aut colonum alienum regionis dumtaxat nostrae sciens in domo vel in agro suo consistentem iudicibus non praesentat aut admonitus a fugitivi domino eum adsignare dissimulat, multam retentatoris incurrat. (........).

........To Florentius, Count of the Sacred Largesses. But if a master, knowing that a slave or a colonus belonging to another, at least of our region, is staying in his house or on his land, does not present him to the judges, or, when warned by the fugitive’s master, feigns to assign him, let him incur the fine of a detainer. (........).

CTh.5.18.0. [=brev.5.10.0.] De inquilinis et colonis.

CTh.5.18.0. [=brev.5.10.0.] On inquilini and coloni.

CTh.5.18.1pr. [=brev.5.10.1pr.]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. palladio pf. p. si quis colonus originalis vel inquilinus ante hos triginta annos de possessione discessit, neque ad solum genitale silentii continuatione repetitus est, omnis ab ipso, vel a quo forte possidetur, calumnia penitus excludatur quem annorum numerum futuris quoque temporibus volumus observari.

The Augusti, to Palladius, praetorian prefect. If any original colonus or inquiline has departed from the possession within these past thirty years, and has not been reclaimed to his native soil by the continuance of silence, let every calumny (legal claim) be utterly excluded by him, or by whoever perchance possesses it, which number of years we wish to be observed also in times to come.

CTh.5.18.1.1 [=brev.5.10.1.1]

Theodosian Code 5.18.1.1 [= Breviary 5.10.1.1]

Quod si quis originarius intra hos triginta annos de possessione discessit, sive per fugam lapsus, seu sponte seu sollicitatione transductus, neque de eius condicione* dubitatur, eum, contradictione summota, loco, cui natus est, cum origine iubemus sine dilatione restitui.

But if any originary within these thirty years has departed from the possession, whether fallen away by flight, or transferred either of his own accord or by solicitation, and there is no doubt about his condition, we order that he, with contradiction removed, be restored without delay to the place to which he was born, together with his origin.

CTh.5.18.1.2 [=brev.5.10.1.2]

Quod si forte ipse, de cuius proprietate certatur, fatali sorte consumptus* est, eius posteritatem agrorum iuri cum omni peculio atque mercedibus, velut eo superstite, qui decessit, celeri iubemus exsecutione revocari.

But if by chance the very person, about whose proprietorship there is contention, has been consumed* by fatal lot, his posterity we order to be recalled, to the right of the fields, with all peculium and wages,
as though he who has departed were surviving, by swift execution.

CTh.5.18.1.3 [=brev.5.10.1.3]

In feminis sane observationem volumus esse diversam. itaque mulierum, quae fuisse originariae docebuntur, si ante vicesimum annum de solo, cui debebantur, abscesserint, universa repetitio cesset; earum vero, quarum intra comprehensum tempus discessio comprobatur ac de condicione* nulla dubitatio est, prorsus dominis perire non sinimus, ea tamen condicione* servata, ut vicaria cum agnatione partis tertiae non negetur, quae de colono suscepta est alieno, ita ut pro filiis quoque contrarii praebeantur.

In the case of females, indeed, we wish the observation to be different. And so for women who shall be shown to have been originary, if before the twentieth year they have departed from the soil to which they were owed, let all recovery cease; but of those whose departure within the encompassed time is proved and about whose condition* there is no doubt, we by no means allow them to be lost to their lords, yet with this condition* observed, that a vicaria with agnation of a third part not be denied, which has been taken from a foreign colonus, so that contrary proofs also be furnished on behalf of sons.

CTh.5.18.1.4 [=brev.5.10.1.4]

Quod si non ad alienum praedium, sed cuiuscumque* liberi hominis ac sui iuris secuta consortium in urbibus vel in quibuscumque* locis victura consistit, si modo intra praefinitum tempus reposcitur, eius omnem originem secundum vetera constituta conveniet revocari.

But if not to another’s praedium, but, having followed the consortium of any* free man and sui iuris, she settles to live in cities or in whatever* places,
provided only that she is reclaimed within the prefixed time, it will be proper that her entire origin be recalled according to the ancient constitutions.

CTh.5.18.1.5 [=brev.5.10.1.5]

Contestatas autem lites, si tamen quisquam docebitur solenniter fuisse conventus, salvas repetentibus esse decernimus. dat. vi. kal.

But we decree that suits joined in issue, if indeed anyone shall be shown to have been solemnly summoned, are preserved to the claimants. given on the 6th day before the Kalends.

iul. ravenna, monaxio et plinta coss.

july, ravenna, monaxius and plinta, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis colonum alienum in re sua vel in fuga lapsum vel sua voluntate migrantem triginta annos habuerit, ac si suum vindicet. qui si intra triginta annos inventus fuerit a domino, cum filiis secundum legem sibi debitis et omni peculio revocetur.

interpretation. if anyone shall have had another’s colonus on his own property, whether fallen into flight or migrating by his own will, for thirty years, as if his own let him vindicate him. but if within thirty years he shall have been found by his lord, let him be called back, together with the children owed to him according to the law, and with all his peculium.

quod si forte mortuus fuerit, filii eius cum mercedibus suis vel patris mortui a domino revocentur. colona etiam si viginti annis in alieno dominio et iure permanserit, a priore domino non requiratur; si tamen intra viginti annos inventa fuerit et de alieno colono filios susceperit, cum agnationis parte tertia revocetur: quia colonum duae partes agnationis sequuntur. sane ne separatio coniugii fiat, illum, cuius colonus est, vicariam mulierem et pro tertia agnatione mulieris domino compensare praecipimus.

but if by chance he should have died, his sons, with their own wages or those of their dead father, are to be recalled by the lord. also, if a colona has remained for twenty years in another’s dominion and law, she is not to be sought by the prior lord; if, however, within twenty years she should be found and has received sons from another’s colonus, let her be recalled with a third part of the agnation: because two parts of the agnation follow the colonus. indeed, lest a separation of the marriage be made, we order that the one whose colonus he is compensate with a vicariant woman and compensate the woman’s lord for the third of the agnation.

si vero mulier iuris alieni ingenuum maritum duxerit, omnis mulieris agnatio ad eius dominium pertinebit. quod hic minus est de colonae agnatione, in novellis legibus invenitur

but if a woman under another’s authority should have taken a freeborn husband, all the woman’s agnation will pertain to his dominion. What is lacking here concerning the agnation of a colona is found in the Novellae laws.

CTh.5.19.0. [=brev.5.11.0.] Ne colonus inscio domino suum alienet peculium vel litem inferat ei civilem.

CTh.5.19.0. [=brev.5.11.0.] Let not a colonus, the master being unaware, alienate his peculium or bring against him a civil action.

CTh.5.19.1 [=brev.5.11.1]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad clearchum vicarium asiae.

the emperors valentinian and valens, augusti, to clearchus, vicar of asia.

non dubium est, colonis arva, quae subigunt, usque adeo alienandi ius non esse, ut, et si qua propria habeant, inconsultis atque ignorantibus patronis in alteros transferre non liceat. dat. vi. kal.

It is not in doubt that the coloni (tenant-farmers) do not have the right of alienating the fields which they till, to such an extent that even if they have any property of their own, it is not permitted to transfer it to others without consulting and without the knowledge of the patrons. Given on the 6th day before the Kalends.

febr. valentin. et valente aa. coss.

feb. valentinian and valens, augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. in tantum dominis coloni in omnibus tenentur obnoxii, ut nescientibus dominis nihil colonus neque de terra neque de peculio suo alienare praesumat

interpretation. to such an extent are the coloni (tenant-farmers) held subject to their lords in all things, that, the lords being unaware, no colonus may presume to alienate anything, neither from the land nor from his own peculium

CTh.5.20.0. [=brev.5.12.0.] De longa consuetudine.

CTh.5.20.0. [=brev.5.12.0.] On long-standing custom.

CTh.5.20.1 [=brev.5.12.1]

Imp. iulianus a. ad maximum. venientium est temporum disciplina, instare veteribus institutis.

The Emperor Julian, Augustus, to Maximus. It is the discipline of the times to come to insist upon the ancient institutions.

ideoque quam nihil per causam publicam intervenit, quae diu servata sunt, permanebunt. dat. iv. kal.

and therefore, since nothing has intervened through the public cause, the things which have for a long time been preserved will remain.
Given on the 4th day before the Kalends.

mart. constantinopoli, iuliano a. iv. et sallustio coss.

march. at constantinople, julian augustus for the 4th time and sallustius, consuls.

interpretatio. longa consuetudo, quae utilitatibus publicis non impedit, pro lege servabitur

interpretation. long consuetude, which does not impede public utilities, will be observed as law