Justinian•CODEX
Abbo Floriacensis1 work
Abelard3 works
Addison9 works
Adso Dervensis1 work
Aelredus Rievallensis1 work
Alanus de Insulis2 works
Albert of Aix1 work
HISTORIA HIEROSOLYMITANAE EXPEDITIONIS12 sections
Albertano of Brescia5 works
DE AMORE ET DILECTIONE DEI4 sections
SERMONES4 sections
Alcuin9 works
Alfonsi1 work
Ambrose4 works
Ambrosius4 works
Ammianus1 work
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DE AMORE LIBRI TRES3 sections
Annales Regni Francorum1 work
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Annales Xantenses1 work
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Anonymus Valesianus2 works
Apicius1 work
DE RE COQUINARIA5 sections
Appendix Vergiliana1 work
Apuleius2 works
METAMORPHOSES12 sections
DE DOGMATE PLATONIS6 sections
Aquinas6 works
Archipoeta1 work
Arnobius1 work
ADVERSVS NATIONES LIBRI VII7 sections
Arnulf of Lisieux1 work
Asconius1 work
Asserius1 work
Augustine5 works
CONFESSIONES13 sections
DE CIVITATE DEI23 sections
DE TRINITATE15 sections
CONTRA SECUNDAM IULIANI RESPONSIONEM2 sections
Augustus1 work
RES GESTAE DIVI AVGVSTI2 sections
Aurelius Victor1 work
LIBER ET INCERTORVM LIBRI3 sections
Ausonius2 works
Avianus1 work
Avienus2 works
Bacon3 works
HISTORIA REGNI HENRICI SEPTIMI REGIS ANGLIAE11 sections
Balde2 works
Baldo1 work
Bebel1 work
Bede2 works
HISTORIAM ECCLESIASTICAM GENTIS ANGLORUM7 sections
Benedict1 work
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DE CONTEMPTU MUNDI LIBRI DUO2 sections
Biblia Sacra3 works
VETUS TESTAMENTUM49 sections
NOVUM TESTAMENTUM27 sections
Bigges1 work
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Bonaventure1 work
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Bultelius2 works
Caecilius Balbus1 work
Caesar3 works
COMMENTARIORUM LIBRI VII DE BELLO GALLICO CUM A. HIRTI SUPPLEMENTO8 sections
COMMENTARIORUM LIBRI III DE BELLO CIVILI3 sections
LIBRI INCERTORUM AUCTORUM3 sections
Calpurnius Flaccus1 work
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Campion8 works
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Carmina Burana1 work
Cassiodorus5 works
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Censorinus1 work
Christian Creeds1 work
Cicero3 works
ORATORIA33 sections
PHILOSOPHIA21 sections
EPISTULAE4 sections
Cinna Helvius1 work
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Columbus1 work
Columella2 works
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Dante4 works
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de Ave Phoenice1 work
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Dies Irae1 work
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Egeria1 work
ITINERARIUM PEREGRINATIO2 sections
Einhard1 work
Ennius1 work
Epistolae Austrasicae1 work
Epistulae de Priapismo1 work
Erasmus7 works
Erchempert1 work
Eucherius1 work
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Eutropius1 work
BREVIARIVM HISTORIAE ROMANAE10 sections
Exurperantius1 work
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Falcandus1 work
Falcone di Benevento1 work
Ficino1 work
Fletcher1 work
Florus1 work
EPITOME DE T. LIVIO BELLORUM OMNIUM ANNORUM DCC LIBRI DUO2 sections
Foedus Aeternum1 work
Forsett2 works
Fredegarius1 work
Frodebertus & Importunus1 work
Frontinus3 works
STRATEGEMATA4 sections
DE AQUAEDUCTU URBIS ROMAE2 sections
OPUSCULA RERUM RUSTICARUM4 sections
Fulgentius3 works
MITOLOGIARUM LIBRI TRES3 sections
Gaius4 works
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LIBRI HISTORIARUM10 sections
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Historia Augusta30 works
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SERMONES2 sections
CARMINA4 sections
EPISTULAE5 sections
Hugo of St. Victor2 works
Hydatius2 works
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LEGENDA AUREA24 sections
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ETYMOLOGIARVM SIVE ORIGINVM LIBRI XX20 sections
SENTENTIAE LIBRI III3 sections
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Justin1 work
HISTORIARVM PHILIPPICARVM T. POMPEII TROGI LIBRI XLIV IN EPITOMEN REDACTI46 sections
Justinian3 works
INSTITVTIONES5 sections
CODEX12 sections
DIGESTA50 sections
Juvenal1 work
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Landor4 works
Laurentius Corvinus2 works
Legenda Regis Stephani1 work
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HISTORIA DE PRELIIS ALEXANDRI MAGNI3 sections
Leo the Great1 work
SERMONES DE QUADRAGESIMA2 sections
Liber Kalilae et Dimnae1 work
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Livy1 work
AB VRBE CONDITA LIBRI37 sections
Lotichius1 work
Lucan1 work
DE BELLO CIVILI SIVE PHARSALIA10 sections
Lucretius1 work
DE RERVM NATVRA LIBRI SEX6 sections
Lupus Protospatarius Barensis1 work
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DE REBUS GESTIS ROGERII CALABRIAE ET SICILIAE COMITIS ET ROBERTI GUISCARDI DUCIS FRATRIS EIUS4 sections
Manilius1 work
ASTRONOMICON5 sections
Marbodus Redonensis1 work
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May1 work
SUPPLEMENTUM PHARSALIAE8 sections
Melanchthon4 works
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Mirabilia Urbis Romae1 work
Mirandola1 work
CARMINA9 sections
Miscellanea Carminum42 works
Montanus1 work
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Nemesianus1 work
ECLOGAE4 sections
Nepos3 works
LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DVCIBUS EXTERARVM GENTIVM24 sections
Newton1 work
PHILOSOPHIÆ NATURALIS PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA4 sections
Nithardus1 work
HISTORIARUM LIBRI QUATTUOR4 sections
Notitia Dignitatum2 works
Novatian1 work
Origo gentis Langobardorum1 work
Orosius1 work
HISTORIARUM ADVERSUM PAGANOS LIBRI VII7 sections
Otto of Freising1 work
GESTA FRIDERICI IMPERATORIS5 sections
Ovid7 works
METAMORPHOSES15 sections
AMORES3 sections
HEROIDES21 sections
ARS AMATORIA3 sections
TRISTIA5 sections
EX PONTO4 sections
Owen1 work
Papal Bulls4 works
Pascoli5 works
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Patricius1 work
Tome I: Panaugia2 sections
Paulinus Nolensis1 work
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Petronius2 works
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Phaedrus2 works
FABVLARVM AESOPIARVM LIBRI QVINQVE5 sections
Phineas Fletcher1 work
Planctus destructionis1 work
Plautus21 works
Pliny the Younger2 works
EPISTVLARVM LIBRI DECEM10 sections
Poggio Bracciolini1 work
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DE CHOROGRAPHIA3 sections
Pontano1 work
Poree1 work
Porphyrius1 work
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ELEGIAE4 sections
Prosperus3 works
Prudentius2 works
Pseudoplatonica12 works
Publilius Syrus1 work
Quintilian2 works
INSTITUTIONES12 sections
Raoul of Caen1 work
Regula ad Monachos1 work
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HISTORIARUM LIBRI QUATUOR4 sections
Rimbaud1 work
Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles1 work
Roman Epitaphs1 work
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EPISTULAE TRES AD OVIDIANAS EPISTULAS RESPONSORIAE3 sections
Sallust10 works
Sannazaro2 works
Scaliger1 work
Sedulius2 works
CARMEN PASCHALE5 sections
Seneca9 works
EPISTULAE MORALES AD LUCILIUM16 sections
QUAESTIONES NATURALES7 sections
DE CONSOLATIONE3 sections
DE IRA3 sections
DE BENEFICIIS3 sections
DIALOGI7 sections
FABULAE8 sections
Septem Sapientum1 work
Sidonius Apollinaris2 works
Sigebert of Gembloux3 works
Silius Italicus1 work
Solinus2 works
DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI Mommsen 1st edition (1864)4 sections
DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI C.L.F. Panckoucke edition (Paris 1847)4 sections
Spinoza1 work
Statius3 works
THEBAID12 sections
ACHILLEID2 sections
Stephanus de Varda1 work
Suetonius2 works
Sulpicia1 work
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CHRONICORUM LIBRI DUO2 sections
Syrus1 work
Tacitus5 works
Terence6 works
Tertullian32 works
Testamentum Porcelli1 work
Theodolus1 work
Theodosius16 works
Theophanes1 work
Thomas à Kempis1 work
DE IMITATIONE CHRISTI4 sections
Thomas of Edessa1 work
Tibullus1 work
TIBVLLI ALIORVMQUE CARMINVM LIBRI TRES3 sections
Tünger1 work
Valerius Flaccus1 work
Valerius Maximus1 work
FACTORVM ET DICTORVM MEMORABILIVM LIBRI NOVEM9 sections
Vallauri1 work
Varro2 works
RERVM RVSTICARVM DE AGRI CVLTURA3 sections
DE LINGVA LATINA7 sections
Vegetius1 work
EPITOMA REI MILITARIS LIBRI IIII4 sections
Velleius Paterculus1 work
HISTORIAE ROMANAE2 sections
Venantius Fortunatus1 work
Vico1 work
Vida1 work
Vincent of Lérins1 work
Virgil3 works
AENEID12 sections
ECLOGUES10 sections
GEORGICON4 sections
Vita Agnetis1 work
Vita Caroli IV1 work
Vita Sancti Columbae2 works
Vitruvius1 work
DE ARCHITECTVRA10 sections
Waardenburg1 work
Waltarius3 works
Walter Mapps2 works
Walter of Châtillon1 work
William of Apulia1 work
William of Conches2 works
William of Tyre1 work
HISTORIA RERUM IN PARTIBUS TRANSMARINIS GESTARUM24 sections
Xylander1 work
Zonaras1 work
Prius est, ut criminibus, quae tibi ut graviora ab adversario tuo obiciuntur, caedis atque vulnerum respondeas, et tunc ex eventu causae iudex aestimabit, an tibi permittendum sit eundem accusare, tametsi prior inscriptionem deposuisti. * sev. et ant.
It is prior that you answer to the charges—which your adversary is bringing against you as the more serious ones—of homicide and of wounds; and then from the outcome of the case the judge will assess whether it should be permitted to you to accuse that same person, although you previously filed the inscription (formal indictment). * sev. et ant.
Sin vero post satisdationem praesentes non fuerint, edicto admonendi sunt, ut veniant ad causam agendam, et si non adfuerint, non solum extra ordinem puniendi sunt, sed etiam sumptus, quos in eam rem et circa ipsum iter ad litem vocati fecerunt, dependere cogentur. <a 222 pp. iii non. febr.
But if indeed after the furnishing of surety they should not be present, they must be admonished by edict to come to plead the cause; and if they do not appear, they are to be punished not only by extraordinary procedure, but also will be compelled to pay the expenses which those summoned to the suit incurred for that matter and for the journey itself. <a 222 pp. 3 non. febr.
Senatus consulto permissum non est mulieri legis corneliae crimine reum facere, nisi res ad eam pertineat. cum igitur filii tui tutores et curatores habent, ipsi deliberare debent, an instrumenta, ex quibus adversarium filiorum tuorum obtinuisse dicis, falsa esse accusare debeant. * alex.
By a senatorial decree it is not permitted for a woman to prosecute someone on a charge under the Lex Cornelia, unless the matter pertains to her. Since therefore your sons have tutors and curators, they themselves ought to deliberate whether they ought to accuse as false the documents on the basis of which you say the adversary of your sons has prevailed. * Alexander.
De crimine quod publicorum fuerit iudiciorum mulieri accusare non permittitur nisi certis ex causis, id est si suam suorumque iniuriam persequatur, secundum antiquitus statuta tantum de quibus specialiter eis concessum est non exacta subscriptione. * diocl. et maxim.
Concerning a crime that would belong to public prosecutions, a woman is not permitted to accuse, except for certain causes—that is, if she pursues the injury to herself and to her own—according to statutes anciently established, only in those matters in which it has been specially granted to them, with no exact subscription required. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Iniquum et longe a beatitudine saeculi nostri esse credidimus, ut thaumastus accusandi eius haberet facultatem, in cuius domo eum, licet ingenuum, a prima tamen aetate fuisse constabit. quare ex nomine thaumasti mentio super conflictu criminali symmacho conquiescat. si quam sane civilem petitionem idem thaumastus sibi competere confidit, iudicio praesidiali poterit experiri.
We have believed it unjust and far from the felicity of our age that Thaumastus should have the faculty of accusing him, in whose house it will be established that he, though freeborn (ingenuous), has been from his earliest age. Wherefore, under the name of Thaumastus, let mention concerning the criminal conflict against Symmachus come to rest. If indeed the same Thaumastus is confident that any civil petition pertains to him, he may try it in the praesidial court.
6. the augusti, consuls.*
Neganda est accusatis, qui non suas suorumque iniurias exsequantur, licentia criminandi in pari vel minori crimine, priusquam se crimine quo premuntur exuerint , secundum scita veterum iuris conditorum, ita tamen, ut et ipsi inscriptiones contra eos etiam pendente accusatione deponere possint. * valentin. valens et grat.
The license of accusing in an equal or lesser crime must be denied to the accused who are not pursuing their own injuries and those of their kin, before they have divested themselves of the crime by which they are pressed, according to the decrees of the ancient founders of the law; yet in such a way that they too may be able to lodge inscriptions against them even while the accusation is pending. * Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian.
Si quis ex familiaribus vel ex servis cuiuslibet domus cuiuscumque criminis delator atque accusator emerserit, eius existimationem caput atque fortunas petiturus, cuius familiaritati vel dominio inhaeserit, ante exhibitionem testium, ante examinationem iudicii, in ipsa expositione criminum atque accusationis exordio ultore gladio feriatur. vocem enim funestam intercidi oportet potius quam audiri. maiestatis autem crimen excipimus.
If anyone from the familiars or from the slaves of any household shall have emerged as the delator and accuser of whatever crime, aiming at the reputation, the head, and the fortunes of the one to whose familiarity or dominion he has adhered, before the production of witnesses, before the examination of the court, let him be struck by the avenging sword at the very exposition of the charges and at the commencement of the accusation. For the baneful voice ought rather to be cut off than to be heard. We except, however, the crime of treason against majesty.
Post probationes autem criminis non ipse dominus, sed servus pro suo delicto condemnationem sustineat. ideo enim servum suum domino defendere permissum est, ut pro eo possit competentes adlegationes offerre. <a 222 pp.Xi k.Dec.Alexandro a. cons.>
But after the proofs of the crime, let not the master himself, but the slave, sustain the condemnation for his own delict. For this reason indeed it has been permitted to the master to defend his slave, so that he may be able to offer on his behalf appropriate allegations. <a 222 pp.11 k.Dec. Alexander as consul.>
Si accusatoribus absentibus et non per contumaciam adesse iudicio cessantibus ex una postulatione aditus praeses provinciae non causa cognita sententiam dixit, qua eum de quo querimoniam detulisti liberandum existimavit, criminatione etiam nunc perseverante, quae contumacia vel cessatione accusatorum non interveniente auferri non potuit, causa intentati criminis apud eundem vel successorem eius more iudiciorum tractabitur. * gord. a. archelao.
If, the accusers being absent and not ceasing to be present at the trial through contumacy, the provincial governor, having been approached upon a single petition, pronounced sentence without the case having been examined, whereby he judged that the man about whom you lodged a complaint should be freed—while the crimination still even now persists, which could not be removed, no contumacy or cessation of the accusers intervening—the case of the intended (alleged) crime shall be handled before the same man or his successor according to the manner of trials. * Gordian Augustus to Archelaus.
Non ideo minus crimine seu atrociorum iniuriarum iudicio tenetur is qui in istam accusationem incidit, quod dicat alium se huius facti mandatorem habuisse. namque hoc casu praeter principalem reum mandatorem quoque ex sua persona conveniri posse ignotum non est. * gord.
He who has fallen under that accusation is not on that account any less held to a criminal charge or to a judgment for atrocious injuries, because he says that he had another as the mandator of this deed. For in this case it is not unknown that, besides the principal defendant, the mandator also can be convened in his own person. * gord.
Et ideo cum absentem te et ignorantem, cui numquam ullum crimen denuntiatum esset, per iniuriam a praeside provinciae in metallum datum dicas, quo magis in praesenti te agente, ut adseveras, iam nunc fides veri possit illuminari, praefectos praetorio adire cura, qui, quidquid novo more et contra formam constitutionum gestum deprehenderint, pro sua iustitia reformabunt. <a 243 pp.Iiii non. april.Arriano et papo conss.>
And therefore, since you say that, while you were absent and unaware—upon whom no charge had ever been denounced—you were, by injustice, consigned to the mines by the governor of the province, in order that, all the more with you now acting in person, as you assert, the credibility of the truth may now be illuminated, take care to approach the praetorian prefects, who, whatever they shall find to have been done in a new manner and contrary to the form of the constitutions, will, according to their justice, reform. <a 243 4 days before the Nones of april. arrianus and papus, conss.>
Si quis homicidii crimen existimat persequendum, secundum iuris publici formam debebit eum, qui in primordio homicidii postulaverat reum neque probaverat ideoque reus absolutus est, praevaricationis arguere: id enim salubriter statutis principum parentum nostrorum iurisque forma praescriptum est: vel si id non putaverit agendum, ad sequens crimen, id est pastorum latronumve, descendere eum coges atque id exsequi iudicio tuo, cum, si quidem id ab incusato appareat esse commissum, ob ultionem publicam obnoxius legibus fiat. * diocl. et maxim.
If anyone deems the charge of homicide to be pursued, according to the form of public law he ought to accuse of prevarication the one who, at the outset of the homicide case, had demanded the defendant and had not proved it, and for that reason the defendant was acquitted: for this has been beneficially prescribed by the statutes of our parent emperors and by the form of law: or, if he does not think that this should be undertaken, you shall compel him to descend to the next charge, that is, of shepherds or brigands, and to prosecute that under your judgment, since, if indeed it appears that this was committed by the accused, he becomes liable to the laws for public vengeance. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Nemo tamen sibi blandiatur obiectu cuiuslibet criminis de se in quaestione confessus, veniam sperans propter flagitia adiuncti, vel communione criminis consortium personae superioris optans, aut inimici supplicio in ipsa supremorum suorum sorte sociandus, aut eripi se posse confidens aut studio aut privilegio nominati, cum veteris iuris auctoritas de se confessos ne interrogari quidem de aliorum conscientia sinat. nemo igitur de proprio crimine confitentem super conscientia scrutetur aliena. <a 423 d.Viii id. aug.
Let no one, however, flatter himself—who, having confessed under examination some charge about himself, hopes for pardon on account of the outrages of an adjunct, or, by a communion of crime, desires partnership with a superior person, or to be joined, by an enemy’s punishment, to the very lot of his own superiors, or trusts that he can be snatched away either by the zeal or by the privilege of the one named—since the authority of the ancient law does not allow those who have confessed about themselves even to be questioned concerning the conscience of others. Therefore let no one scrutinize one confessing his own crime about another’s conscience. <a 423 d.Viii id. aug.
Eique qui deducendus erit ad disponendas res suas componendosque maestos penates spatium coram loci iudice aut etiam magistratibus sufficientium dierum, non minus tamen triginta tribuatur, nulla remanente apud eum qui ad exhibendum missus est copia nundinandi. <a 380 d. iii k. ian. constantinopoli gratiano v et theodosio aa. conss.>
And to him who is to be conducted to arrange his own affairs and to set in order his sorrowing Penates (household), let there be granted, before the judge of the place or even the magistrates, a span of sufficient days, yet not less than thirty, with no opportunity of market-trading (nundinae) remaining to the one who has been sent to “exhibit” him. <a 380 d. iii k. ian. constantinopoli gratiano v et theodosio aa. conss.>
Qui posteaquam ad iudicem venerit, adhibita advocatione ius debebit explorare quaesitum ac tamdiu pari cum accusatore fortuna retineri, donec reppererit cognitio celebrata discrimen. <a 380 d. iii k. ian. constantinopoli gratiano v et theodosio aa. conss.>
He who, after he has come before the judge, with advocacy employed, ought to explore the right in question and be kept for so long on an equal footing with the accuser, until, once the hearing has been conducted, the decision has been found. <a 380 d. 3 k. ian. constantinopoli gratiano 5 et theodosio aa. conss.>
Nec vero sedis intimae tenebras pati debebit inclusus, sed usurpata luce vegetari et, ubi nox geminaverit custodiam, vestibulis carcerum et salubribus locis recipi ac revertente iterum die ad primum solis ortum ilico ad publicum lumen educi, ne poenis carceris perimatur, quod innocentibus miserum, noxiis non satis severum esse dignoscitur. <a 320 d. prid. k. iul.
Nor indeed ought the confined man to endure the darkness of the innermost seat, but, with the light taken into use, be invigorated; and, when night has doubled the guard, let him be received into the vestibules of the prisons and into salubrious places, and, the day returning again, at the first rising of the sun, let him straightway be led out to the public light, lest he be destroyed by the punishments of the prison, which is recognized to be wretched for the innocent and not sufficiently severe for the guilty. <a 320 on the day before the Kalends of July.
Illud etiam observabitur, ut neque his qui stratorum funguntur officio neque ministris eorum liceat crudelitatem suam accusatoribus vendere et innocentes intra carcerum saepta leto dare aut subtractos audientiae longa tabe consumere. <a 320 d. prid. k. iul.
That also shall be observed: that it is not permitted either to those who perform the office of the stratores or to their ministers to sell their cruelty to accusers and to give innocents over to death within the enclosures of prisons, or to consume by long wasting those withdrawn from a hearing. <a 320 d. prid. k. iul.
Non enim existimationis tantum, sed etiam periculi metus iudici imminebit, si aliquem ultra debitum tempus inedia aut quocumque modo aliquis stratorum exhauserit, et non statim eum penes quem officium custodiae est atque eius ministros capitali poena subiecerit. <a 320 d. prid. k. iul.
For not only fear for repute, but even fear of peril will hang over the judge, if anyone of the stratores exhausts someone by starvation beyond the due time, or in whatever way, and if he does not immediately subject to capital punishment the one in whose hands lies the duty of custody, together with his subordinates. <year 320, on the day before the Kalends of July.
Si quis in ea culpa vel crimine fuerit deprehensus, quod dignum claustris carceris et custodiae squalore videtur, auditus apud acta, cum de admisso constiterit , poenam carceris sustineat atque ita postmodum eductus apud acta audiatur. * const. a. ad euagrium.
If anyone shall have been apprehended in such a fault or crime, which seems worthy of the bars of the prison and the squalor of custody, having been heard on the record, when it has been established concerning the misdeed , let him endure the penalty of imprisonment, and thus thereafter, having been brought out, let him be heard on the record. * constantine augustus to evagrius.
Quoniam unum carceris conclave permixtos secum criminosos includit, hac lege sancimus, ut, etiamsi ponae qualitas permixtione iungenda est, sexum tamen disparem diversa claustrorum habere tutamina iubeatur. * constant. a. acindyno pp. * <a 340 d. non.
Since a single chamber of the prison encloses criminals mixed together, by this law we sanction that, even if the quality of the punishment is to be joined by commixture, nevertheless the different sex is to be ordered to have different safeguards of the enclosures. * Constantine Augustus to Acindynus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 340 on the day of the Nones.
Ad commentariensem receptarum personarum custodia observatioque pertineat, nec putet hominem abiectum atque vilem obiciendum esse iudici, si reus modo aliquo fuerit elapsus. nam ipsum volumus eiusmodi poena consumi, cui obnoxius docebitur fuisse qui fugerit. * valentin.
Let the custody and observation of persons received pertain to the commentariensis, nor let him think that an abject and vile man may be put forward to the judge, if the defendant has in some way escaped. For we will that he himself be consumed by such a penalty as that to which the one who has fled will be shown to have been liable. * Valentinian.
Si vero commentariensis necessitate aliqua procul ab officio egerit, adiutorem eius pari iubemus invigilare cura et eadem statuimus legis severitate constringi. <a 371 d. iii k. iul. contionaci gratiano a. ii et probo conss.>
If indeed the commentariensis, by some necessity, has been compelled to be far from his post, we order that his assistant keep watch with equal care, and we determine that he be constrained by the same severity of the law. <a 371, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of July, at Contionacum, in the consulship of Gratian Augustus for the 2nd time and Probus.>
Iubemus autem, ut intra tricesimum diem semper commentariensis ingesserit numerum personarum, varietatem delictorum, clausorum ordinem aetatemque vinctorum. officium viginti libras auri aerario nostro iubemus inferre, iudicem desidem ac resupina cervice tantum titulum gerentem extorrem impetrata fortuna decem libras auri multandum esse censemus. <a 380 d. iii k. ian.
We order, moreover, that within the 30th day the commentariensis shall always have entered the number of persons, the variety of delicts, the order of the confined, and the age of the bound. we order the office to pay 20 pounds of gold into our treasury; we judge that the judge—idle and, with neck thrown back, bearing only the title—an exile, indulgence having been obtained, must be fined 10 pounds of gold. <a 380 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January.
Iubemus nemini penitus licere per alexandrinam splendidissimam civitatem vel aegyptiacam dioecesin aut quibuslibet imperii nostri provinciis vel in agris suis aut ubicumque domi privati carceris exercere custodiam, viro spectabili pro tempore praefecto augustali, et viris clarissimis omnium provinciarum rectoribus daturis operam semperque futuris in speculis, ut saepe dicta nefandissimorum hominum adrogantia modis omnibus opprimatur. * zeno a. basilio pp. * <a 486 d.K.Iul.Constantinopoli longino vc.Cons.>
We order that it be permitted to no one at all, throughout the most splendid city of Alexandria or the Egyptian diocese or any provinces of our empire, or on their own lands or wherever at home, to exercise the custody of a private prison, the Spectabilis for the time being, the Augustal Prefect, and the Most Illustrious men, governors of all the provinces, being about to give diligence and always to be on watch, so that the oft-mentioned arrogance of the most unspeakable men may be suppressed by every means. * Zeno Augustus to Basilius, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 486 on the Kalends of July at Constantinople, Longinus, a Most Illustrious Man, Consul.>
Nam post hanc saluberrimam constitutionem et vir spectabilis pro tempore augustalis et quicumque provinciae moderator maiestatis crimen procul dubio incursurus est, qui cognito huiusmodi scelere laesam non vindicaverit maiestatem: primatibus insuper officiorum eiusdem criminis laqueis constringendis, qui, simulatque noverint memoratum interdictum facinus in quocumque loco committi, proprios iudices de opprimendo nefandissimo scelere non protinus curaverint, instruendos. <a 486 d.K.Iul.Constantinopoli longino vc.Cons.>
For after this most salubrious constitution, both the man of Spectable rank serving for the time as the Augustalis and any governor of a province will, without doubt, incur the crime of maiestas (treason), if, once such a wickedness is known, he shall not have vindicated the majesty that has been harmed: moreover, the chiefs of the offices are to be bound by the snares of the same crime—those who, as soon as they learn that the aforesaid interdicted deed is being committed in any place, shall not at once have taken care that their own judges concern themselves with suppressing the most unspeakable crime—being so instructed. <a 486 d.K.Iul.Constantinopoli longino vc.Cons.>
Etsi Marcellus qui crimine falsi postulabatur vita functus est ac per hoc crimen in persona eius sit extinctum, accusatio tamen non est abolita, cum tam uxorem eius quam te eodem crimine postulatos proponas. * ant. a. eutychiano.
Although Marcellus, who was arraigned for the crime of falsity, has departed life and through this the crime has been extinguished in his person, nevertheless the accusation is not abolished, since you set forth that both his wife and you are arraigned on the same crime. * antoninus augustus to eutychianus.
Si is, quem homicidii seu cuiusvis criminis postulasti reum, vita functus est, frustra ob poenam desertae accusationis conveniris, cum morte eius crimen cum poena eius sit extinctum ac per hoc tibi adempta est necessitas accusationis. * ant. a. proculo.
If he whom you have demanded as defendant for homicide or for any crime has died, you are proceeded against in vain for the penalty of a deserted accusation, since by his death the crime together with its penalty has been extinguished, and thereby the necessity of accusation has been taken from you. * antoninus to proculus.
Si, ut proponis, causa pecuniaria ad emolumentum tuum spectat, licet annianus, cui falsi crimen auctor tuus intendebat, vita functus sit, non prohiberis, si quis adversus te instrumento quod in dubium vocatur uti coeperit, accusationem instituere. * alex. a. veroniciano.
If, as you propose, the pecuniary cause has regard to your emolument, although Annianus, against whom your auctor was directing a charge of falsum (forgery), has departed this life, you are not prohibited, if anyone begins to use against you an instrument which is called into doubt, from instituting an accusation. * alex. a. to veronicianus.
Quamvis enim in persona principalis rei morte subducti iam subsistere non possit , tamen si quis illo uti voluerit, intellegit se periculo criminis esse subiectum. <a 227 pp.Vi k.Ian.Albino et aemiliano conss.>
Although indeed, since upon the death of the principal defendant the action, being withdrawn, can no longer subsist, nevertheless, if anyone should wish to use it, he understands that he is subject to the peril of a criminal charge. <a 227, 6 days before the Kalends of January, in the consulship of Albinus and Aemilianus.>
Defunctis reis publicorum criminum, sive ipsi per se ea commiserunt sive aliis mandaverunt, pendente accusatione, praeterquam si sibi mortem consciverint, bona successoribus eorum non denegari notissimi iuris est. * gord. a. rufo.
With defendants in public crimes deceased—whether they themselves committed them in their own person or ordered others to do them—while the accusation is pending, except if they have procured death for themselves, it is most well‑known law that their goods are not denied to their successors. * Gordian Augustus to Rufus.
Sin autem relegationis poenam sustinuit et in parte bonorum damnatus appellatione usus est, etiam post mortem eius nihilo minus appellationis ratio examinabitur, cum desideretur, utrum valeat nec ne particularis publicatio. <a 239 pp.Vi k.Aug.Gordiano a. et aviola conss.>
But if, however, he has endured the penalty of relegation and, having been condemned as to a part of his goods, has made use of an appeal, even after his death nonetheless the matter of the appeal will be examined, since it is sought whether the partial confiscation is valid or not. <a 239 pp.Vi k.Aug.Gordiano a. et aviola conss.>
Si quis modestiae nescius et pudoris ignarus improbo petulantique maledicto nomina nostra crediderit lacessenda ac temulentia turbulentus obtrectator temporum fuerit, eum poenae nolumus subiugari neque durum aliquid nec asperum sustinere, quoniam, si id ex levitate processit, contemnendum est, si ex insania, miseratione dignissimum, si ab iniuria, remittendum. * theodos. arcad.
If anyone, unacquainted with modesty and ignorant of shame, should believe that our names are to be assailed with a wicked and petulant slander, and, in temulence, should be a turbulent detractor of the times, we do not wish him to be subjected to penalty nor to endure anything hard or harsh; since, if this proceeded from levity, it is to be contemned; if from insanity, most worthy of commiseration; if from injury, it is to be remitted. * theodosius. arcadius.
Unde integris omnibus ad nostram scientiam referatur, ut ex personis hominum dicta pensemus et, utrum praetermitti an exsequi rite debeat, censeamus, <a 393 d.V id.Aug.Constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss.>
Whence, with all things intact, let it be referred to our knowledge, so that from the persons of the men we may weigh the dicta and may determine whether it ought duly to be pretermitted or executed, <a 393 on the 5th day before the Ides of August at Constantinople, in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus 3 and Abundantius.>
Si quis alicui maiestatis crimen intenderit, cum in huiuscemodi re convictus minime quisquam privilegio dignitatis alicuius a strictiore inquisitione defendatur, sciat se quoque tormentis esse subdendum, si aliis manifestis indiciis accusationem suam non potuerit comprobare. * const. a. ad maximum pu. * <a 314 pp.K.Ian.Volusiano et anniano conss.>
If anyone should lay against someone a charge of lèse-majesté, since in a matter of this kind no one, once convicted, is in the least defended by any privilege of dignity from a stricter inquisition, let him know that he too is to be subjected to torments, if he cannot corroborate his accusation by other manifest indications. * const. a. to Maximus, prefect of the city. * <a 314 the day before the Kalends of January, Volusianus and Annianus, consuls.>
Cum eo, qui huius esse temeritatis deprehenditur, illum quoque tormentis subdi oportet, cuius consilio atque instinctu ad accusationem accessisse videbatur, ut ab omnibus commissi consciis statuta vindicta possit reportari. <a 314 pp.K.Ian.Volusiano et anniano conss.>
Together with the one who is detected to be of this temerity, that person also must be subjected to tortures at whose counsel and instigation he seemed to have entered upon the accusation, so that from all who are conscious of the deed committed the statutory vengeance may be exacted. <a 314 pp.K.Ian.Volusiano et anniano conss.>
Nullus omnino, cui inconsultis ac nescientibus nobis fidicularum tormenta offerentur, militiae vel generis aut dignitatis defensione uti prohibeatur, excepta tamen maiestatis causa, in qua sola omnibus aequa condicio est. * valentin. valens et grat.
No one at all, for whom, without our being consulted and with us unaware, the tortures of the rack are applied, shall be forbidden to use the defense of military service or of birth or of dignity, except, however, in the case of Majesty (treason), in which alone the condition is equal for all. * Valentinian. Valens and Gratian.
Quisquis cum militibus vel privatis, barbaris etiam scelestam inierit factionem aut factionis ipsius susceperit sacramenta vel dederit, de nece etiam virorum illustrium qui consiliis et consistorio nostro intersunt, senatorum etiam ( nam et ipsi pars corporis nostri sunt), cuiuslibet postremo qui nobis militat cogitarit ( eadem enim severitate voluntatem sceleris qua effectum puniri iura voluerunt), ipse quidem utpote maiestatis reus gladio feriatur, bonis eius omnibus fisco nostro addictis: * arcad. et honor. aa. eutychiano pp. * <a 397 d. prid.
Whoever with soldiers or with private persons, even with barbarians, shall have entered a wicked faction, or shall have taken the sacraments (oaths) of the faction itself or given them; whoever shall even have contemplated the killing of men of illustrious rank who take part in our councils and in our consistorium, even of senators ( for they too are part of our body), or, finally, of anyone who serves us ( for the laws have wished the will of the crime to be punished with the same severity as the effect), let he himself, as being guilty of treason, be struck by the sword, with all his goods adjudged to our fisc: * Arcadius and Honorius, emperors, to Eutychianus, praetorian prefect. * <a 397 day before
Filii vero eius, quibus vitam imperatoria specialiter lenitate concedimus ( paterno enim deberent perire supplicio, in quibus paterni, hoc est hereditarii, criminis exempla metuentur), a materna vel avita, omnium etiam proximorum hereditate ac successione habeantur alieni, testamentis extraneorum nihil capiant, sint perpetuo egentes et pauperes, infamia eos paterna semper comitetur, ad nullos umquam honores, nulla prorsus sacramenta perveniant, sint postremo tales, ut his perpetua egestate sordentibus sit et mors solacio et vita supplicio. <a 397 d. prid. non.
But his sons, to whom we specially grant life by imperial lenience (for by a paternal punishment they ought to perish, in whom the examples of the father’s, that is, hereditary, crime will be feared), let them be held alien from the inheritance and succession of the mother or the grandfather, and indeed of all their nearest kin; let them take nothing from the testaments of outsiders; let them be perpetually needy and poor; let the father’s infamy always accompany them; let them attain to no honors ever, to absolutely no oaths of service; let them, finally, be such that, as they are soiled by perpetual destitution, death is a solace to them and life a punishment. <a 397 d. the day before the Nones.
Ad filias sane eorum, quolibet numero fuerint, falcidiam tantum ex bonis matris, sive testata sive intestata defecerit, volumus pervenire, ut habeant mediocrem potius filiae alimoniam quam integrum emolumentum ac nomen heredis. mitior enim circa eas debet esse sententia, quas pro infirmitate sexus minus ausuras esse confidimus. <a 397 d. prid.
As to their daughters indeed, whatever in number they may be, we will that only the Falcidian portion from the mother’s goods, whether she has died testate or intestate, should come to them, so that the daughters may have rather moderate alimony than the entire emolument and the name of heir. For the judgment ought to be gentler toward them, whom, on account of the infirmity of sex, we are confident will dare less. <a 397 d. prid.
Emancipatio, quae a praedictis sive in filios, post legem dumtaxat latam, sive in filias fuerit collata, non valeat. dotes donationes, quarumlibet postremo rerum alienationes, quas ex eo tempore qualibet fraude vel iure factas esse constiterit, quo primum memorati de ineunda factione ac societate cogitaverint, nullius statuimus esse momenti. <a 397 d. prid.
Emancipation, which by the aforesaid persons, whether upon sons—provided only after the law has been passed—or upon daughters, shall have been conferred, shall not be valid. dowries, donations, and lastly alienations of whatever things, which shall have been established to have been made from that time by any fraud or under law, from the time when the aforesaid first thought of entering into a faction and association, we decree to be of no effect. <a 397 d. prid.
Uxores sane praedictorum recuperatas dotes, si in ea condicione fuerint, ut, quae a viris titulo donationis acceperunt, filiis debeant reservare, tempore quo usus fructus absumitur omnia ea fisco nostro se relicturas esse cognoscant, quae iuxta legem filiis debebantur: falcidia etiam ex his rebus filiabus tantum, non etiam filiis deputata. <a 397 d. prid. non.
Wives, indeed, of the aforesaid men, having recovered their dowries, if they shall be under this condition, that what they have received from their husbands under the title of donation they must reserve for their children, at the time when the usufruct is consumed let them understand that they will leave to our fisc all those things which according to the law were owed to the children: the Falcidian portion also from these things is deputed to daughters only, not also to sons. <a 397, the day before the Nones.
Sane si quis ex his in exordio initae factionis, studio verae laudis accensus, ipse prodiderit factionem, et praemio a nobis et honore donabitur. is vero, qui usus fuerit factione, si vel sero, tamen incognita adhuc consiliorum arcana patefecerit, absolutione tantum ac venia dignus habebitur. <a 397 d. prid.
Indeed, if anyone of these, at the outset of the faction undertaken, inflamed by zeal for true praise, shall himself betray the faction, he will be endowed by us with reward and honor. But he who shall have made use of the faction—if even late, yet shall lay open the still-unknown arcana of the counsels—will be held worthy only of absolution and pardon. <a 397 d. prid.
Paulus de publicis iudiciis. meminisse oportebit, si quid contra maiestatem imperatoris commissum dicatur, etiam post mortem rei id crimen instaurari solere, posteaquam divus marcus depitiani utpote senatoris, qui cassiani furoris socius fuerat, bona post mortem fisco vindicari iussit et nostro tempore multis heredibus ablata sunt. * paulus de publicis iudiciis.* <a xxx d. iii non.
paulus on public prosecutions. it will be proper to remember that, if anything is alleged to have been committed against the majesty of the emperor, that charge is wont to be revived even after the defendant’s death, after the deified marcus ordered that the goods of depitianus, inasmuch as he was a senator who had been an associate of cassianus’s frenzy, be claimed by the fisc after his death, and in our time they have been taken away from many heirs. * paulus on public prosecutions.* <a 30 d. 3 non.
Post divi marci constitutionem hoc iure uti coepimus, ut etiam post mortem nocentium hoc crimen inchoari possit, ut convicto mortuo memoria eius damnetur et bona eius successoribus eripiantur: nam ex quo sceleratissimum quis consilium cepit, exinde quodammodo sua mente punitus est. <a xxx d. iii non. mart.>
After the constitution of the deified Marcus, we began to employ this law, that even after the death of the guilty this crime can be initiated, so that, the dead man having been convicted, his memory is condemned and his goods are snatched from his successors: for from the moment someone took the most wicked counsel, from then he is, in a certain manner, punished by his own mind. <a xxx d. iii non. mart.>
In hac causa in caput domini servi torquentur, id est propter causam maiestatis. et si decesserit quis, propter incertam personam successoris bona observantur, si in causa maiestatis fuisse mortuus arguatur, ut severus et antoninus litteris ad rationales missis rescripserunt. . . <a xxx d. iii non.
In this case slaves are tortured against the head of their master, that is, on account of the cause of Majesty (treason). And if someone has died, because the person of the successor is uncertain, the goods are kept under sequestration, if it is alleged that he died in a cause of Majesty, as Severus and Antoninus wrote back in a rescript, in letters sent to the Rationales. . . <a xxx d. iii non.
Publico iudicio non habere mulieres adulterii accusationem, quamvis de matrimonio suo violato queri velint, lex iulia declarat, quae, cum masculis iure mariti facultatem accusandi detulisset, non idem feminis privilegium detulit. * sev. et ant.
By public prosecution women do not have an accusation of adultery, although they may wish to complain of their violated marriage, the Julian Law declares; which, since it had conferred upon males, by the right of husband, the faculty of accusing, did not confer the same privilege upon females. * Severus and Antoninus.
Verba legis iuliae de adulteriis coercendis, sed etiam sententia per quaestionem quoque servorum sive ancillarum crimen admissum probari volentis ad earum tantum personarum servos ei rei exhibendos pertinet, de quibus specialiter comprehendit, id est mulieris et patris eius, non naturalis, sed iusti dumtaxat, quos intra sexagesimum diem ex dissolutione matrimonii numerandum manumitti vel distrahi prohibet et quorum dominis caveri praecipit, si defuncti fuerint in quaestione vel facti deteriores, secuta absolutione. * ant. a. iuliano.
The words of the Lex Julia on restraining adulteries, and also the opinion of one wishing that the crime committed be proved by inquest (quaestio) also of slaves or maidservants, pertain to the producing for that matter only of the slaves of those persons whom it specifically comprehends, that is, of the woman and of her father—not the natural, but only the lawful—whom it forbids to be manumitted or alienated within the sixtieth day to be counted from the dissolution of the marriage; and it prescribes that security be given to their masters, if they shall have died under inquest or been made worse, an acquittal having followed. * Antoninus to Julianus.
Gracchus, quem numerius in adulterio noctu deprehensum interfecerit, si eius condicionis fuit, ut per legem iuliam impune occidi potuerit, quod legitime factum est, nullam poenam meretur: idemque filiis eius qui patri paruerunt praestandum est. * alex. a. iuliano procons.
Gracchus, whom Numerius killed at night after he had been caught in adultery, if he was of such a condition that, under the Julian law, he could be slain with impunity, since this was done legitimately, incurs no penalty: and the same must be provided for his sons who obeyed their father. * Alexander Augustus to Julianus, proconsul.
Iure mariti adulterii accusare volenti sexaginta dies utiles computantur, quibus in publico eius facultas fuerit, apud quem reus vel rea postulari potest. et cum praeterierint dies isti utiles, maritus quoque iure extranei agere potest. * alex.
By the husband’s right, for one willing to accuse of adultery, sixty useful days are computed, during which he has the opportunity, in a public forum, before a magistrate by whom the male or female defendant can be arraigned. And when those useful days have passed, the husband too may proceed by the right of a stranger. * alex.
Et qui confidit accusationi, calumniae notam timere non debet: nam ad probationem sceleris divi parentes mei quaestionem de mancipiis eodem modo haberi permiserunt, quo si iure mariti ageretur. <a 223 pp.Ii id.Aug.Maximo ii et aeliano conss.>
And he who trusts in the accusation ought not to fear the brand of calumny: for, for the proof of the crime, my deified parents permitted an inquiry (quaestio) of slaves to be held in the same manner as if proceedings were being taken under a husband’s right. <a 223, the day before the Ides of August, in the consulship of Maximus 2 and Aelianus, consuls.>
Castitati temporum meorum convenit lege iulia de pudicitia damnatam in poenis legitimis perseverare. qui autem adulterii damnatam, si quocumque modo poenam capitalem evaserit, sciens duxit uxorem vel reduxit, eadem lege ex causa lenocinii punietur. * alex.
It accords with the chastity of my times that one condemned under the Julian law on chastity persist in the lawful penalties. But whoever, knowing, has married or has taken back as wife a woman condemned for adultery, if she has in any way escaped the capital penalty, will be punished by the same law on the ground of lenocinium (pandering). * alex.
De crimine adulterii pacisci non licet et par delictum accusatoris praevaricatoris et refugientis veritatis inquisitionem est. qui autem pretium pro comperto stupro accepit, poena legis iuliae de adulteriis tenetur. * alex.
It is not permitted to compromise concerning the crime of adultery, and an equal offense is that of an accuser who prevaricates and who shuns the investigation of the truth. But whoever has accepted a price for a discovered act of sexual defilement is held under the penalty of the Julian Law on adulteries. * alex.
Si, dum in tuo matrimonio uxor tua esset, se adulterio polluit, in ea provincia in qua id factum est adulterium more solito persequi debes nec enim ab ea quae iam nupta est adulterium passa exordium accusationis sumi potest, si denuntiatio criminis nuptias non praecessit. * gord. a. aquilae.
If, while in your marriage your wife was, she defiled herself by adultery, you must prosecute the adultery, in the province in which it was committed, in the customary manner; for the inception of an accusation cannot be taken from a woman who, already married, has undergone adultery, if the denunciation of the crime did not precede the nuptials. * Gordian Augustus to Aquila.
Etsi crimine adulterii damnatus restitutus non esset, ut proponis, si tamen soror tua, cum qua adulterium commissum dicebatur, non est accusata, nec poenae nec infamiae subici potuit, et multo magis, cum et accusatorem vita esse functum proponas. * gord. a. basso.
Even if, condemned for the crime of adultery, he had not been restored, as you set forth, if however your sister, with whom the adultery was said to have been committed, was not accused, she could be subjected neither to penalty nor to infamy; and much more so, since you also state that the accuser has departed this life. * gordian to bassus.
Sane cum per occupationes militares licuerit, accusare eam sollemniter poteris: nec enim tempus, quo muneribus militaribus occuparis, vindictam tibi, quam maritali dolore percussus reposcis, debet auferre. <a 242 pp. iiii id. mart. attico et praetextato conss.>
Certainly, when it has been permitted amid military occupations, you will be able to accuse her in solemn form: for the time during which you are occupied with military duties ought not to take from you the punishment which, smitten by marital grief, you demand. <a 242 pp. 4 id. Mar., Atticus and Praetextatus being consuls.>
Ceterum erras tu marite existimans, etiam si simpliciter, id est sine abolitione , destitisses, senatus consulto in persona tua futurum locum non fuisse: diversum enim divi principes saepe sanxerunt. <a 256 pp. xv k. iun. maximo et glabrione conss.>
But you err, husband, in supposing that, even if you had simply, that is, without abolition , desisted, there would not have been place for a senatus consultum in your person: for the deified princes have often sanctioned the contrary. <a 256 pp. 15th day before the Kalends of June, Maximus and Glabrio, consuls.>
Quin hoc amplius scias nullam fuisse tibi ulterius potestatem instituendae huiusmodi accusationis, quia et decreto patrum et lege petronia ei, qui iure viri delatum adulterium non peregit, numquam postea id crimen deferre permittitur. <a 256 pp. xv k. iun. maximo et glabrione conss.>
Nay, know this further: that you had no further power to institute an accusation of this kind, because both by a decree of the Fathers and by the Petronian law, he who, having had adultery laid by right of the husband, did not carry it through, is never thereafter permitted to bring that charge. <a 256 pp. 15 k. iun. maximo et glabrione conss.>
Is enim committit in poenam, quam lex certo capite denuntiat, qui vel publice adulterio damnatam habet vel adulteram sciens, ut ignorationem simulare non possit, retinet uxorem. <a 257 pp. vi k. aug. ipsis aa. iiii et iii conss.>
For he incurs the penalty which the law announces in a specific chapter, who either publicly keeps one condemned for adultery, or, knowing her to be an adulteress, so that he cannot feign ignorance, retains her as his wife. <in the year 257, on the 6th day before the Kalends of August, the emperors themselves being consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>
Verumtamen ei, qui te ficto caelibatu, cum aliam matrem familias in provincia reliquisset, sollicitavit ad nuptias, crimen etiam stupri, a quo tu remota es, quod uxorem te esse credebas, ab accusatore legitimo sollemniter inferetur. <a 258 accepta id. mai. antiochiae tusco et basso conss.>
Nevertheless, against him who, with a feigned celibacy—though he had left another materfamilias in the province—solicited you to marriage, the charge also of stuprum, from which you are exempt, since you believed yourself to be a wife, will be solemnly brought by a lawful accuser. <a 258 received on the Ides of May at Antioch, in the consulship of Tuscus and Bassus.>
Certe res tuas omnes, quas ab eo interceptas matrimonii simulatione deploras, restitui tibi omni exactionis instantia impetrabis a rectore provinciae: nam ea quidem, quae se tibi ut sponsae daturum promisit, quomodo repetere cum effectu potes quasi sponsa? <a 258 accepta id. mai. antiochiae tusco et basso conss.>
Certainly you will obtain from the governor of the province, with every urgency of enforcement, that all your property, which you lament as having been intercepted by him under the pretense of marriage, be restored to you: for indeed, as regards those things which he promised that he would give to you as a fiancée, how can you recover them with effect as if a fiancée? <a 258 accepta id. mai. antiochiae tusco et basso conss.>
Quamvis indubitati iuris sit, quotiens adulterii crimen intenditur, praesentiam accusatoris procedere oportere, tamen quoniam ex litteris tuis cognovimus materiam praepositi viatoris uxorem habitis quaestionibus cum iuliano quondam adulterium commisisse detectam sub ipsa prolatione sententiae viatoris ipsius praesentiam postulasse, non putavimus confecto paene in iudicio facinore et iam agitata quaestione convicto praepositum ab excubiis limitis revocandum. * diocl. et maxim.
Although it is a matter of indubitable law that, whenever the charge of adultery is brought, the presence of the accuser ought to be present, nevertheless, since from your letter we learned that in this case the wife of the courier’s commander, after examinations had, was detected to have committed adultery with one Julianus, and at the very pronouncement of the sentence demanded the presence of the courier himself, we did not think that—when the crime was almost completed in judgment and the inquiry already conducted, he being convicted—the commander should be recalled from the frontier watches. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Foedissimam earum nequitiam, quae pudorem suum alienis libidinibus prosternunt, non etiam earum, quae per vim stupro comprehensae sunt, inreprehensam voluntatem leges ulciscuntur, quando etiam inviolatae existimationis esse nec nuptiis earum aliis interdici merito placuit. * diocl. et maxim.
The laws punish the most foul wickedness of those who prostrate their modesty to others’ libidinous desires, but not the irreproachable will of those who have been seized by force and raped, since it has rightly been decreed that they are of inviolate reputation, and that their nuptials with others be not interdicted. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Si igitur per occupationes publicas accusationem instituere non potuisti nec ante creditum tibi munus praescripta tempora transacta sunt, post depositam sollicitudinem qua detineris integram accusandi potestatem habebis. <a 290 pp. xiiii k. nov. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>
If therefore, on account of public occupations, you were not able to institute an accusation, and the prescribed times have not run while the office entrusted to you is pending, after you lay aside the solicitude by which you are detained you shall have unimpaired power to accuse. <a 290 pp. 14th day before the Kalends of November, the very same Augusti consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>
Is autem, qui post dissociatum matrimonium uxorem licito iure duxerit obque intentatae accusationis ac potentis patrocinii metum ei qui accusationem instituerat aurum et argentum dedit, ad recipiendum id ulciscendamque turpis lucri cupiditatem adire praesidem potest, qui examinatis partium adlegationibus et inquisita fide veri, si quid ab eo qui innocens est ob illati criminis timorem datum esse cognoverit, quemadmodum sententiam formare debeat, evidentibus iuris placitis instruetur. <a 290 pp. k. nov. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>
Moreover, he who, after a dissociated marriage, has taken a wife by lawful right and, from fear of a threatened accusation and of powerful patronage, gave gold and silver to the one who had instituted the accusation, may approach the governor to recover it and to avenge the lust for base gain; and the governor, after the allegations of the parties have been examined and the credibility of the truth inquired into, if he learns that anything was given by one who is innocent because of fear of the charge alleged, will be instructed by the evident decrees of law how he ought to frame his sentence. <a 290 pp. k. nov. ipsis 4 et 3 aa. conss.>
Sin vero constiterit corrupti matrimonii velut mercedem ad captandam impunitatem solutam esse, eum, qui etiam adversus senatus consulti censuram cum foedissimo flagitio accepit, puniri iubebit. <a 290 pp. k. nov. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>
But if indeed it is established that payment was made, as though a bribe for the corruption of a marriage, to capture impunity, he will order to be punished the one who, even against the censure of a senatus consultum, accepted it with a most foul scandal. <a 290 pp. k. nov. ipsis 4 et 3 aa. conss.>
Etsi libidine intemperatae cupiditatis ex actorum lectione exarsisse te cognitum est, tamen cum ancillam comprehendisse et non liberam stuprasse detectum sit, ex huiusmodi sententia gravatam potius opinionem tuam quam infamia adflictam esse manifestum est. * diocl. et maxim.
Although it has been known from the reading of the records that you blazed up with the lust of intemperate desire, nevertheless, since it has been detected that you apprehended a slave-girl and did not ravish a free woman, from a sentence of this kind it is manifest that your reputation has been rather burdened than afflicted with infamy. * diocl. et maxim.
Quoniam alexandrum, qui in crimen vocatur, etiam praescriptionem esse pollicitum eo nomine, quod accusator uxorem post comprehensum adulterium penes se habuisse videatur, et de statu suo agere nunc velle perspeximus, ita ordo quaestionis dirimendus videtur, ut in primis quidem de statu alexandri quaeratur, ita ut, si eum liberum esse adhibita audientia deprehenderis, praescriptionis ei obiciendae facias potestatem: sin vero eundem servum esse cognoveris, remotis praescriptionis impedimentis in adulterium crimen protinus debebis inquirere ac, si eum detectum in eo flagitio esse perspexeris, poenam decernere, quam in adulterii crimen legum sanctio statuit. * diocl. et maxim.
Since Alexander, who is called into accusation, has also promised to have a prescription on the ground that the accuser seems to have had the wife in his possession after the adultery was apprehended, and since we have perceived that he now wishes to litigate concerning his status, the order of the inquiry seems to be resolved thus: first, indeed, let inquiry be made concerning the status of Alexander, such that, if you discover him to be free, a hearing having been held, you grant him the power to raise the prescription; but if you learn that the same man is a slave, the impediments of prescription being removed, you must at once inquire into the crime of adultery and, if you perceive him to have been detected in that disgrace, decree the penalty which the sanction of the laws has established for the crime of adultery. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Ita nobis pudor cordi est, ut removeamus prisci iuris ambages et constituamus in adulterii quaestione abolitis de medio ceteris praescriptionibus praeter quinquennii temporis et lenocinii quod marito obicitur exceptionem, illam etiam, quae post solutum prius matrimonium ante denuntiationem nuptae competit, fidem criminis nosci. indignum est enim, ut ultionem pudoris praestigiae versuti iuris excludant. * diocl.
Thus modesty is at heart for us, such that we remove the labyrinths of the ancient law and establish, in the inquiry of adultery, with the other prescriptions removed out of the way, except the exception of the five-year period and of lenocinium which is objected to the husband, and also that exception which, after the prior marriage has been dissolved, before denunciation, belongs to the wife, that the credibility (proof) of the crime be ascertained. For it is unworthy that the vengeance of modesty be excluded by the prestidigitations of a wily law. * diocl.
Quae adulterium commisit, utrum domina cauponae an ministra fuerit, requiri debebit, et ita obsequio famulata servili, ut plerumque ipsa intemperantiae vina praebuerit: ut, si domina tabernae fuerit, non sit a vinculis iuris excepta, si vero potantibus ministerium praebuit, pro vilitate eius quae in reatum deducitur accusatione exclusa liberi qui accusantur abscedant, cum ab his feminis pudicitiae ratio requiratur, quae iuris nexibus detinentur et matris familias nomen obtinent, hae autem immunes ab iudiciaria severitate praestentur, quas vilitas vitae dignas legum observatione non credidit. * const. a. africano.
The woman who has committed adultery—whether she was the mistress of an inn or a serving-woman—must be inquired into; and thus as having served in servile attendance, such that for the most part she herself supplied the wines of intemperance: so that, if she was the mistress of a tavern, she is not excepted from the chains of the law; but if she furnished service to drinkers, on account of the vileness of her who is brought into indictment, with the accusation excluded, let the freeborn who are accused depart, since an account of chastity is demanded from those women who are held by the bonds of the law and obtain the name of materfamilias, whereas let those be presented as immune from judicial severity whom the meanness of life has not believed worthy of the observance of the laws. * Constantine Augustus to Africanus.
Quamvis adulterii crimen inter publica referatur, quorum delatio in commune omnibus sine aliqua legis interpretatione conceditur, tamen ne volentibus temere liceat foedare conubia, proximis necessariisque personis solummodo placet deferri copiam accusandi, hoc est patri fratri nec non patruo et avunculo, quos verus dolor ad accusationem impellit. * const. a. ad euagrium.
Although the crime of adultery is counted among public matters, the delation of which is granted in common to all without any interpretation of the law, nevertheless, lest it be permitted to those willing rashly to defile marriages, it pleases that the opportunity to accuse be conferred only upon the nearest and necessary persons, that is, the father, the brother, and also the paternal uncle and the maternal uncle, whom true grief impels to accusation. * the constitution of the Augustus to Evagrius.
In primis maritum genialis tori vindicem esse oportet, cui quidem ex suspicione ream coniugem facere licet, vel eam, si tantum suspiciatur, penes se detinere non prohibetur: nec inscriptionis vinculo contineri, cum iure mariti accusaret, veteres retro principes adnuerunt. <a 326 pp. nicomediae vii k. mai. constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss.>
First and foremost, it is proper that the husband be the vindicator of the nuptial couch, to whom indeed it is permitted, on suspicion, to make his spouse a defendant, or, if she is only suspected, he is not prohibited from detaining her in his own custody; nor is he constrained by the bond of formal inscription when he accuses by the right of a husband, as the former princes have assented. <a 326 published at Nicomedia, on the 7th day before the Kalends of May, in the consulship of Constantine Augustus 7 and Constantius Caesar, consuls.>
Extraneos autem procul arceri ab accusatione censemus: nam etsi omne genus accusationis necessitas inscriptionis adstringat, nonnulli tamen proterve id faciunt et falsis contumeliis matrimonia deformant. <a 326 pp. nicomediae vii k. mai. constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss.>
Moreover, we decree that outsiders be kept far away from accusation: for although the necessity of inscription constrains every kind of accusation, nonetheless some do this insolently and disfigure marriages with false contumelies. <a 326 pp. nicomediae vii k. mai. constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss.>
Cum vir nubit in feminam, femina viros proiectura quid cupiat? ubi sexus perdidit locum, ubi scelus est id quod non proficit scire, ubi venus mutatur in alteram formam, ubi amor quaeritur nec videtur: iubemus insurgere leges, armari iura gladio ultore, ut exquisitis poenis subdantur infames, qui sunt vel qui futuri sunt rei. * constantius et constans aa. ad pop.
When a man marries as a woman, what would a woman, about to cast away men, desire? where sex has lost its place; where the crime is that which it does not profit to know; where Venus is changed into another form; where love is sought and is not seen: we command the laws to rise up, that the rights be armed with an avenging sword, so that the infamous—those who are, or who shall be, defendants—be subjected to exquisite punishments. * Constantius and Constans, Augusti, to the people.
Adulterii accusatione proposita praescriptiones civiles, quibus aut dos repeti fingitur aut ex ratione aliqua debitum flagitatur, quae occurrere atque perstrepere examini consuerunt, iussimus sequestrari nec earum obice aliquid negotio tarditatis adferri: sed accusatione fundata, hoc est cum constiterit, quo iure ( id est mariti vel extranei) quove tempore actio fuerit intromissa, discutiatur crimen, facti qualitas publicetur, cum et iurgia quae magnitudine superant praeponantur et civilis actio criminali iure postponatur, idem tamen, cum competere coeperit, habitura momenti, dummodo non obsit examini. * theodos. arcad.
With an accusation of adultery brought forward, the civil prescriptions by which either the dowry is alleged to be reclaimed or a debt is demanded on some account—which are accustomed to intrude and make a din upon the examination—we have ordered to be sequestered, and that by the obstacle of these nothing of delay be brought upon the business; but, the accusation being grounded, that is, when it has been established under what right ( id est of the husband or of an outsider) and at what time the action was introduced, let the crime be examined, let the quality of the deed be made public, since both the disputes which surpass in magnitude are to be set before and the civil action is postponed to criminal law; the same, however, when it shall begin to be competent, shall have weight, provided that it does not hinder the examination. * Theodosius, Arcadius.
Si qui adulterii fuerint accusati et obtentu proximitatis intentata depulerint, per commemorationem necessitudinis fidem crimini derogando, dum existimatur non debere credi quod adlegatur, non potuisse committi, hi si postmodum in nuptias suas consortiumque convenerint, facinus illud, in quo fuerint accusati, manifesta fide atque indiciis evidentibus publicabunt. * theodos. arcad.
If any have been accused of adultery and have repelled the attempts by the plea of proximity—through the commemoration of kinship, derogating credibility to the charge, since it is thought that what is alleged ought not to be believed, that it could not have been committed—these persons, if afterward they come together into their own nuptials and consortium, will make public that crime, in which they were accused, by manifest proof and evident indicia. * Theodosius, Arcadius.
Libertatem servorum, qui ad dominium pertinent uxoris vel mariti vel parentium eorum, repudio misso propter suspicionem criminis adulterii, legum conditores intra duorum mensum spatium post missionem repudii numerandum suspendi definiunt propter tormentorum quaestionem, si opus exegerit, eis imponendam. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 532 d. v k. nov.
The freedom of slaves who pertain to the ownership of the wife or the husband or their parents, when a repudiation has been sent on account of suspicion of the crime of adultery, the framers of the laws define is to be suspended within a span of two months, to be counted after the sending of the repudiation, on account of the interrogation by tortures to be imposed upon them, if need shall require. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 532, on the 5th day before the Kalends of November.
Sin vero uxor matrimonio sub praefato modo dissoluto rebus humanis exempta fuerit, nihil de tempore, quousque servos eos propter memoratam causam permanere deceat, adiciunt. <a 532 d. v k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc. anno secundo.>
But if indeed the wife, with the marriage dissolved in the aforesaid manner, has been removed from human affairs, they add nothing about the time, how long those slaves ought to remain on account of the aforementioned cause. <a 532 on the 5th day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, in the second year.>
Nobis vero necessarium esse videtur certum tempus etiam in hoc casu statuere propter dotis quaestionem, utrum in lucrum marito cedat an heredibus mulieris restituatur. <a 532 d. v k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc. anno secundo.>
But to us it seems necessary to establish a definite time even in this case on account of the question of the dowry, whether it should pass into the husband's profit or be restored to the woman's heirs. <a 532, on the fifth day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, in the second year after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>
Sancimus itaque duos etiam menses post mortem mulieris servari, ut intra eos ante dicti servi permaneant et facultatem maritus habeat probationes adulterii per eos praestare: transacto vero memorato tempore licentiam habere heredem mulieris libertatem eis imponere, nisi per culpam eius maritus prohibitus fuerit causam adulterii, ipse videlicet imminens, exercere. <a 532 d. v k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc. anno secundo.>
We therefore sanction that two months also after the woman’s death be observed, so that within them the aforesaid slaves remain, and that the husband have the faculty to furnish proofs of adultery through them: but after the aforesaid time has elapsed, that the heir of the woman have license to impose liberty upon them, unless through his fault the husband has been prevented from exercising the cause of adultery, he himself, namely, being intent upon it. <a 532 on the 5th day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, in the second year after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>
Si tutor pupillam quondam suam violata castitate stupraverit, deportatione subiugetur atque universae eius facultates fisci viribus vindicentur, quamvis eam poenam debuerit sustinere, quam raptori leges imponunt. * const. a. ad bassum vic.
If a tutor, with chastity violated, should debauch his former female pupil, let him be subjected to deportation, and let all his faculties be vindicated to the power of the fisc, although he ought to have sustained that penalty which the laws impose upon a ravisher. * Constantine Augustus to Bassus, the vicarius.
Sitque omnibus facultas crimen publicum arguendi, sit officio copia nuntiandi, sit etiam servo licentia deferendi, cui probato crimine libertas dabitur. <a 326 d.Iiii k.Iun.Serdicae constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss.>
And let there be for all the faculty of prosecuting a public crime; let there be for the official the means of announcing; let there also be for a slave the license of denouncing, to whom, when the crime has been proven, freedom will be given. <a 326 on the 4th day before the Kalends of June, at Serdica, Constantine Augustus for the 7th time and Constantius Caesar, consuls.>
Filii etiam, quos ex hac coniunctione habuit, exuti omnibus dignitatis insignibus in nuda maneant libertate, neque per se neque per interpositam personam quolibet titulo voluntatis accepturi aliquid ex facultatibus mulieris. <a 326 d.Iiii k.Iun.Serdicae constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss.>
The sons also, whom he has had from this union, stripped of all insignia of dignity, shall remain in bare liberty, and neither in their own person nor through an interposed person, under any gratuitous title, shall they receive anything from the woman’s faculties. <a 326 on the 4th day before the Kalends of June, at Serdica, Constantine A. 7 and Constantius C., consuls.>
Successio autem mulieris ab intestato vel filiis, si erunt legitimi, vel proximis cognatisque deferatur vel ei, quem ratio iuris admittit: ita ut et quod ille qui quondam amatus est et quod ex eo suscepti filii quolibet casu in sua videantur habuisse substantia, mulieris dominio sociatum a memoratis successoribus vindicetur. <a 326 d.Iiii k.Iun.Serdicae constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss.>
Moreover, the intestate succession of the woman shall be conferred either upon the sons, if they shall be legitimate, or upon the nearest cognates and kinsmen, or upon him whom the reason of law admits: in such wise that both what the one once loved and what the sons begotten from him may in any event seem to have had in their own substance, being associated to the woman’s dominion, shall be vindicated by the aforesaid successors. <a 326 d.4 k.Iun.Serdicae constantino a. 7 et constantio c. conss.>
Tutoris tui lege iulia de vi privata damnati si tertia pars bonorum fisco vindicata est, tutelae actionem pro ea portione adversus fiscum dirige, modo si nulla praescriptio locum habeat. nam successio oneribus portionis suae respondet. * ant.
If, your guardian having been condemned under the Julian Law on Private Violence, a third part of his goods has been claimed by the fiscus, direct the guardianship action against the fiscus for that portion, provided that no prescription has place. For the succession answers for the burdens of its own share. * ant.
Sed quoniam a fuscinillo etiam te verberibus adflictum adseveras, si hominibus coactis hoc fecit, de hoc etiam, si legis iuliae de vi privata reum deferendum putaveris, apud praesidem provinciae age non ignarum, quemadmodum criminibus probatis res vindicari debeat. <a 293 s.Xvii k.Iul.Sirmi aa. conss.>
But since you also aver that you were afflicted with blows by Fuscinillus, if he did this with men gathered, then about this as well—if you have thought him to be denounced as a defendant under the Julian law on private violence—proceed before the governor of the province, who is not ignorant how, once the charges have been proved, the matter ought to be vindicated. <a 293 s.Xvii k.Iul.Sirmi aa. conss.>
Quoniam multa facinora sub uno violentiae nomine continentur, cum aliis vim inferre certantibus, aliis cum indignatione resistentibus verbera caedesque crebro deteguntur admissae, placuit, si forte quis vel ex possidentis parte vel eius qui possessionem temerare temptaverit interemptus sit, in eum supplicium exerceri , qui vim facere temptavit et alterutri parti causam malorum praebuit: et non iam relegatione aut deportatione insulae plectetur, sed supplicium capitale excipiat nec interposita provocatione sententiam quae in eum fuerit dicta suspendat. * constant. a. ad catullinum procons.
Since many crimes are contained under the single name of violence, when—with some striving to inflict force and others resisting with indignation—beatings and slayings are frequently discovered to have been committed, it has been decreed that, if perchance someone either from the side of the possessor or of him who has attempted to violate the possession has been slain, punishment shall be exacted upon him who attempted to do violence and furnished to either party the cause of the evils: and he shall no longer be punished by relegation or deportation to an island, but shall undergo capital punishment, nor shall the sentence which shall have been pronounced against him be suspended by the interposition of an appeal. * constantine augustus to catullinus, proconsul.
Si quis ad se fundum vel quodcumque aliud adserit pertinere ac restitutionem sibi competere possessionis putat, civiliter super possidendo agat aut impleta sollemnitate iuris crimen violentiae opponat, non ignarus eam se sententiam subiturum, si crimen obiectum non potuerit comprobare, quam reus debet excipere. * const. a. ad bassum pu. * <a 319 pp.Prid.Non.Oct.Romae constantino a.V et licinio c. conss.>
If anyone asserts that a farm or whatever else pertains to himself and thinks that restoration of possession is due to him, let him proceed civilly concerning possession, or, with the solemnity of the law fulfilled, let him bring the charge of violence—being not unaware that he will undergo that sentence which a defendant ought to incur, if he cannot prove the crime alleged. * constitution of the Augustus to Bassus, urban prefect. * <a 319, the day before the Nones of October, at Rome, Constantine, Augustus, 5, and Licinius, Caesar, consuls.>
Quod si omissa interpellatione vim possidenti intulerit, ante omnia violentiae causam examinari praecipimus et in ea requiri, quis ad quem venerit possidentem, ut ei quem constiterit expulsum amissae possessionis iura reparentur, eademque protinus restituta, si criminalis quaestio agitetur, violentus poenae non immerito destinatus in totius litis terminum differatur, ut agitato negotio principali, si contra eum fuerit iudicatum, in insulam deportetur bonis omnibus abrogatis. <a 319 pp.Prid.Non.Oct.Romae constantino a.V et licinio c. conss.>
But if, the interpellation having been omitted, he has brought force against a possessor, we direct that, before all else, the cause of the violence be examined and that it be inquired therein who went to whom—the possessor—so that for him whom it is established was expelled the rights of the lost possession may be restored; and, that being forthwith restored, if a criminal question is being agitated, let the violent man, destined not undeservedly for penalty, be deferred to the end of the whole suit, so that, when the principal matter has been agitated, if it be judged against him, he be deported to an island, with all his goods taken away. <in the year 319, posted the day before the Nones of October at Rome, Constantine Augustus for the 5th time and Licinius Caesar consuls.>
Quod si illi metu atque exhortatione dominorum violentiam admiserint, palam est secundum legem iuliam dominum infamem pronuntiatum loci aut originis propriae dignitate non uti, servos vero, quos furoribus talium paruisse constiterit, metallis post sententiam dedi. <a 390 d. prid. non.
But if they, through fear and the exhortation of their masters, have admitted violence, it is plain, according to the Julian law, that the master, having been pronounced infamous, does not enjoy the dignity of his station or of his own origin; but the slaves, whom it has been established have obeyed the frenzies of such men, are consigned to the mines after sentence. <a 390 d. prid. non.
Quod si quis praeter haec, quae nostra mansuetudo salubriter ordinavit, armata mancipia seu bucellarios aut isauros in suis praediis aut iuxta se habere temptaverit, post exactam centum librarum auri condemnationem vindictam in eos severissimam proferri sancimus. <a 468 d. v k. sept. anthemio a. ii cons.>
But if anyone, beyond these things which our clemency has salubriously ordained, should attempt to have armed slaves, or bucellarii, or Isaurians on his own estates or near himself, after a condemnation of 100 pounds of gold has been exacted, we decree that the severest punishment be inflicted upon them. <a 468 on the 5th day before the Kalends of September, in the 2nd consulship of Anthemius.>
Viri quoque clarissimi provinciarum rectores in speculis esse debebunt, ne quis audeat statuta nostrae mansuetudinis in aliquo violare, scientes, quod ex dissimulatione dignitatis et administrationis cingulo privabuntur et post centum librarum auri multam salutis vitaeque suae periculum sustinebunt: primatibus videlicet apparitionis suae personis praeter amissionem fortunarum suarum capitali quoque supplicio feriendis. <a 468 d. v k. sept. anthemio a. ii cons.>
The most distinguished men, the governors of the provinces, must also be on the watch, lest anyone dare in any respect to violate the statutes of our clemency, knowing that for dissimulation they will be deprived of dignity and of the belt of administration, and, after a fine of 100 pounds of gold, will undergo peril to their safety and life: namely, the leading persons of their apparitorial staff, in addition to the loss of their fortunes, are also to be struck with capital punishment. <a 468 d. v k. sept. anthemio a. ii cons.>
Raptores virginum honestarum vel ingenuarum, sive iam desponsatae fuerint sive non, vel quarumlibet viduarum feminarum, licet libertinae vel servae alienae sint, pessima criminum peccantes capitis supplicio plectendos decernimus, et maxime si deo fuerint virgines vel viduae dedicatae ( quod non solum ad iniuriam hominum, sed ad ipsius omnipotentis dei inreverentiam committitur, maxime cum virginitas vel castitas corrupta restitui non potest): et merito mortis damnantur supplicio, cum nec ab homicidii crimine huiusmodi raptores sint vacui. * iust. a. hermogeni mag.
Abductors of honorable or freeborn virgins, whether they have already been betrothed or not, or of any widowed women, even if they be freedwomen or slaves belonging to another, being guilty of the worst of crimes, we decree to be punished with capital punishment, and especially if they are virgins or widows dedicated to God ( which is committed not only to the injury of men, but to the irreverence of almighty God himself, especially since virginity or chastity, once corrupted, cannot be restored): and deservedly they are condemned to the punishment of death, since such abductors are not even free from the crime of homicide. * justinian the augustus to hermogenes, the magister.
Ne igitur sine vindicta talis crescat insania, sancimus per hanc generalem constitutionem, ut hi, qui huiusmodi crimen commiserint et qui eis auxilium tempore invasionis praebuerint, ubi inventi fuerint in ipsa rapina et adhuc flagrante crimine comprehensi a parentibus virginum vel viduarum vel ingenuarum vel quarumlibet feminarum aut earum consanguineis aut tutoribus vel curatoribus vel patronis vel dominis, convicti interficiantur. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
Lest therefore such insanity grow without punishment, we sanction by this general constitution that those who have committed a crime of this kind, and those who have furnished them aid at the time of the invasion, whenever they shall have been found in the very act of rapine and, with the crime still flagrant, apprehended by the parents of virgins or widows or freeborn women or of any women whatsoever, or by their relatives or tutors or curators or patrons or masters, being convicted, shall be put to death. <a 533 d.15 k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.3 cons.>
Quae multo magis contra eos obtinere sancimus, qui nuptas mulieres ausi sunt rapere, quia duplici crimine tenentur tam adulterii quam rapinae et oportet acerbius adulterii crimen ex hac adiectione puniri. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
We sanction that it prevail much more against those who have dared to carry off married women, since they are held under a double crime, both of adultery and of rapine, and the crime of adultery ought to be punished more harshly by this addition. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
Sin autem post commissum tam detestabile crimen aut potentatu raptor se defendere aut fuga evadere potuerit, in hac quidem regia urbe tam viri excelsi praefecti praetorio quam vir gloriosissimus praefectus urbis, in provinciis autem tam viri eminentissimi praefecti praetorio per illyricum et africam quam magistri militum per diversas nostri orbis regiones nec non viri spectabiles praefectus aegypti vel comes orientis et vicarii et proconsules et nihilo minus omnes viri spectabiles duces et viri clarissimi rectores provinciarum nec non alii cuiuslibet ordinis iudices, qui in locis inventi fuerint, simile studium cum magna sollicitudine adhibeant, ut eos possint comprehendere et comprehensos in tali crimine post legitimas et iuri cognitas probationes sine fori praescriptione durissimis poenis adficiant et mortis condemnent supplicio. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constant inopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
But if, after the commission of so detestable a crime, the ravisher should have been able either to defend himself by influence or to escape by flight, then in this royal city both the Most Exalted Men, the Praetorian Prefects, and the Most Glorious Man, the Prefect of the City, and in the provinces both the Most Eminent Men, the Praetorian Prefects through Illyricum and Africa, and the Masters of the Soldiers through the diverse regions of our world, and likewise the Men of Spectable Rank, the Prefect of Egypt or the Count of the East, and the Vicars and the Proconsuls, and nonetheless all the Men of Spectable Rank, the Dukes, and the Men of Most Illustrious Rank, the Governors of the Provinces, and also other judges of whatever order who shall have been found in those places, shall apply similar zeal with great solicitude, so that they may be able to apprehend them, and, once apprehended in such a crime, after lawful proofs known to the law, without any plea of forum (jurisdiction), they shall afflict them with the harshest penalties and condemn them to the punishment of death. <a 533, day 15 before the Kalends of December, at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, Augustus, in his 3rd consulship.>
Sin autem in ingenuam personam tale facinus perpetretur, etiam omnes res mobiles seu immobiles et se moventes tam raptorum quam etiam eorum, qui eis auxilium praebuerint, ad dominium raptarum mulierum liberarum transferantur providentia iudicum et cura parentum earum vel maritorum vel tutorum seu curatorum. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
But if, however, such a crime be perpetrated against a freeborn person, then all things movable or immovable and self‑moving, both of the abductors and also of those who have afforded them aid, shall be transferred to the ownership of the ravished free women by the provision of the judges and the care of their parents or husbands or tutors or curators. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
Et si non nuptae mulieres alii cuilibet praeter raptorem legitime coniungentur, in dotem liberarum mulierum easdem res vel quantas ex his voluerint procedere, sive maritum nolentes accipere in sua pudicitia remanere voluerint, pleno dominio eis sancimus applicari, nemine iudice vel alia quacumque persona haec audente contemnere. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
And if women not married are legitimately conjoined to any other person besides the ravisher, we decree that the same things, or as many of these as they may wish, proceed into the dowry of the free women; or, if unwilling to accept a husband they should wish to remain in their own modesty, we sanction that they be applied to them in full dominium, no judge or any other person whatsoever daring to contemn these things. <a 533 d. 15 k. Dec. at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, consul 3.>
Nec sit facultas raptae virgini vel viduae vel cuilibet mulieri raptorem suum sibi maritum exposcere, sed cui parentes voluerint excepto raptore, eam legitimo copulent matrimonio, quoniam nullo modo nullo tempore datur a nostra serenitate licentia eis consentire, qui hostili more in nostra re publica matrimonium student sibi coniungere. oportet etenim, ut, quicumque uxorem ducere voluerit sive ingenuam sive libertinam, secundum nostras leges et antiquam consuetudinem parentes vel alios quos decet petat et cum eorum voluntate fiat legitimum coniugium. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
Nor let there be capacity for a ravished virgin or a widow or any woman to demand her ravisher as a husband for herself; but, to whom her parents shall have wished—except the ravisher—let her be joined in legitimate matrimony, since in no manner at no time is licence given by Our Serenity to consent to those who, in the manner of an enemy, strive in our commonwealth to conjoin a marriage to themselves. For it is fitting that whoever shall have wished to take a wife, whether freeborn or a freedwoman, according to our laws and ancient consuetude, seek the parents or others whom it is proper, and with their will let there be a legitimate conjugal union. <a 533 day 15 before the Kalends of December, at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, in his 3rd consulship.>
Ceteros autem omnes, qui conscii et ministri huiusmodi criminis reperti et convicti fuerint vel eos susceperint vel quacumque opem eis intulerint, sive masculi sive feminae sunt, cuiuscumque condicionis vel gradus vel dignitatis, poenae tantummodo capitali subicimus, ut huic poenae omnes subiaceant, sive volentibus sive nolentibus virginibus seu aliis mulieribus tale facinus fuerit perpetratum. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
But all the rest, who shall have been found and convicted as accomplices and agents of a crime of this kind, or who shall have received them or in any way have brought aid to them, whether they are male or female, of whatever condition or rank or dignity, we subject to capital punishment only, so that all are liable to this penalty, whether the foul deed was perpetrated upon virgins or other women with their will or against their will. <a 533 on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, consul for the 3rd time.>
Si enim ipsi raptores metu atrocitatis poenae ab huiusmodi facinore temptaverint se, nulli mulieri sive volenti sive nolenti peccandi locus relinquetur, quia hoc ipsum velle mulieri ab insidiis nequissimi hominis qui meditatur rapinam inducitur. nisi etenim eam sollicitaverit, nisi odiosis artibus circumvenerit, non facit eam velle in tantum dedecus sese prodere. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
For if the ravishers themselves, from fear of the atrocity of the penalty, shall restrain themselves from such a crime, no occasion for sinning will be left to any woman, whether willing or unwilling, because this very willingness in a woman is induced by the ambushes of a most nefarious man who is meditating rapine. For unless he has solicited her, unless he has circumvented her by odious arts, he does not make her wish to betray herself to so great a dishonor. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
Omnibus legis iuliae capitulis, quae de raptu virginum vel viduarum seu sanctimonialium sive antiquis legum libris sive in sacris constitutionibus posita sunt, de cetero abolitis, ut haec tantummodo lex in hoc capite pro omnibus sufficiat. <a 533 d.Xv k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.Iii cons.>
With all the chapters of the Julian law, which are set down concerning the ravishment (abduction) of virgins or widows or nuns, whether in the books of the ancient laws or in the sacred constitutions, henceforth abolished, let this law alone in this chapter suffice for all. <a 533 d.15 k.Dec.Constantinopoli dn.Iustiniano pp.A.3 cons.>
Nec vero immoderate suo iure utatur, sed tunc reus homicidii sit, si voluntate eum ictu fustis aut lapidis occiderit vel certe telo usus letale vulnus inflixerit aut suspendi laqueo praeceperit vel iussione taetra praecipitandum esse mandaverit aut veneni virus infuderit vel dilaniaverit poenis publicis corpus, ferarum unguibus latera persecando vel exurendo oblatis ignibus membra, aut tabescentes artus atro sanguine permixta sanie defluentes prope in ipsis adegerit cruciatibus vitam relinquere saevitia immanium barbarorum. <a 319 d.V id.Mai.Romae constantino a.V et licinio conss.>
Nor indeed should he use his right immoderately, but then let him be guilty of homicide, if intentionally he has killed him by a blow of a club or of a stone, or certainly, using a weapon, has inflicted a lethal wound, or has ordered him to be hanged by a noose, or by a foul injunction has commanded that he be hurled headlong, or has poured in the venom of poison, or has torn the body to pieces with public punishments, by scoring the flanks with the claws of beasts or by burning the limbs with fires applied, or has driven the wasting limbs, with putrid discharge mixed with black blood flowing down, almost amid the torments themselves, to relinquish life, by the savagery of monstrous barbarians. <in 319 on the 5th day before the Ides of May at Rome, constantine for the 5th time and licinius consuls.>
Frater vester rectius fecerit, si se praesidi provinciae obtulerit: qui si probaverit non occidendi animo iustum a se percussum esse, remissa homicidii poena secundum disciplinam militarem sententiam proferet. * ant. a. aurelio herculiano et aliis mil.
Your brother will have acted more rightly if he presents himself to the governor of the province: who, if he proves that, without an intention of killing, the man was struck by him lawfully, will remit the penalty for homicide and deliver sentence according to military discipline. * Antoninus to aurelius herculianus and other soldiers.
Eum, qui adseverat homicidium se non voluntate, sed casu fortuito fecisse, cum calcis ictu mortis occasio praebita videatur, si hoc ita est neque super hoc ambigi poterit, omni metu ac suspicione, quam ex admissae rei discrimine sustinet, secundum id quod adnotatione nostra comprehensum est volumus liberari. * diocl. et maxim.
He who asserts that he committed the homicide not by will but by fortuitous chance, since it appears that the occasion of death was provided by a kick, if this is so and no dispute can be raised about it, we will that he be freed from all fear and suspicion, which he sustains from the legal jeopardy of the act committed, according to that which is comprehended in our annotation. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Si forte mulier marito mortis parasse insidias vel quolibet alio genere voluntatem occidendi habuisse inveniatur, vel forte maritus eo modo insectetur uxorem, in eadem quaestione ab omni familia non solum mariti, sed etiam uxoris, quae tamen tunc temporis domi fuerit, quaerendum est sine cuiusquam defensione. * grat. valentin.
If perhaps a woman is found to have prepared a mortal ambush against her husband or in any other manner to have had the will to kill, or if perhaps the husband in like manner assails his wife, in the same inquiry there must be questioning from the whole household not only of the husband, but also of the wife’s, which nevertheless was at home at that time, without anyone’s defense. * Gratian and Valentinian.
Si quis in parentis aut filii aut omnino adfectionis eius quae nuncupatione parricidii continetur fata properaverit, sive clam sive palam id fuerit enisus, poena parricidii punietur neque gladio neque ignibus neque ulla alia sollemni poena subiugetur, sed insutus culleo et inter eius ferales angustias comprehensus serpentium contuberniis misceatur et, ut regionis qualitas tulerit, vel in vicinum mare vel in amnem proiciatur, ut omni elementorum usu vivus carere incipiat, ut ei caelum superstiti, terra mortuo auferatur. * const. a. ad verinum vic.
If anyone has hastened the death of a parent or a son, or generally of one bound by that affection which is contained under the appellation of parricide, whether he has attempted it secretly or openly, he shall be punished with the penalty of parricide, and he shall be subjected neither to the sword nor to fires nor to any other solemn penalty, but, sewn up in a sack and confined within its funereal narrows, he shall be mingled with the companionship of serpents and, as the condition of the region shall have allowed, be cast either into the neighboring sea or into a river, so that, while alive, he may begin to lack all use of the elements, so that the sky is taken from him while he survives, and the earth when he is dead. * constantine augustus to verinus, the vicarius.
Nullus haruspex, nullus sacerdos, nullus eorum, qui huic ritui adsolent ministrare, limen alterius accedat nec ob alteram causam, sed huiusmodi hominum amicitia quamvis vetus repellatur: concremando illo haruspice, qui ad domum alienam accesserit, et illo in insulam detrudendo post ademptionem bonorum, qui eum evocaverit suasionibus vel praemiis. * const. a. ad maximum.
Let no haruspex, no priest, none of those who are accustomed to minister to this rite, approach another’s threshold, nor on any other account; rather, the friendship of men of this sort, however old, shall be repelled: by cremating that haruspex who shall have approached another’s house, and by thrusting to an island, after the confiscation of his goods, the one who shall have summoned him by persuasions or rewards. * const. a. to maximus.
Eorum est scientia punienda et severissimis merito legibus vindicanda, qui magicis adcincti artibus aut contra salutem hominum moliti aut pudicos animos ad libidinem deflexisse detegentur. * const. a. et c. ad bassum pp. * <a 321 d.X k.Iun.Aquileiae crispo et constantino cc. conss.>
The knowledge of those who, girded with magical arts, shall be detected either to have plotted against the safety of men or to have deflected chaste minds toward libido is to be punished and deservedly vindicated by the most severe laws. * Const., the Augustus, and the Caesar, to Bassus, P.P. * <a 321 on the 10th day before the Kalends of June (May 23), at Aquileia; Crispus and Constantine, consuls.>
Nullis vero criminationibus implicanda sunt remedia humanis quaesita corporibus aut in agrestibus locis innocenter adhibita suffragia, ne maturis vindemiis metuerentur imbres aut ruentis grandinis lapidatione quaterentur, quibus non cuiusque salus aut aestimatio laederetur, sed quorum proficerent actus, ne divina munera et labores hominum sternerentur. <a 321 d.X k.Iun.Aquileiae crispo et constantino cc. conss.>
No accusations, moreover, are to implicate the remedies sought for human bodies, or the suffrages innocently applied in rustic places, lest rains be feared for ripened vintages or they be battered by the stoning of rushing hail, by which neither anyone’s health nor estimation would be harmed, but whose acts would be of benefit, lest the divine gifts and the labors of men be laid low. <a 321 d.X k.Iun.Aquileiae crispo et constantino cc. conss.>
Multi magicis artibus usi elementa turbare, vitas insontium labefactare non dubitant et manibus accitis audent ventilare, ut quisque suos conficiat malis artibus inimicos. hos, quoniam naturae peregrini sunt, feralis pestis absumat. * constantius a. et c. ad pop.
Many, employing magical arts, do not hesitate to disturb the elements, to undermine the lives of the innocent, and, with the spirits of the dead summoned, they dare to set them in motion, so that each may dispatch his enemies by evil arts. Let such men—since they are alien to nature—be consumed by a deathly pestilence. * Constantius the Augustus and the Caesar, to the People.
Etsi excepta tormentis sunt corpora honoribus praeditorum ( praeter illa videlicet crimina, quae legibus demonstrantur), etsi homines magi, in quacumque sint parte terrarum, humani generis inimici credendi sunt, tamen quoniam qui in comitatu nostro sunt ipsam pulsant propemodum maiestatem, si quis magus vel magicis contaminibus adsuetus, qui maleficus vulgi consuetudine nuncupatur, aut haruspex aut hariolus aut certe augur vel etiam mathematicus aut narrandis somniis occultans artem aliquam divinandi aut certe aliquid horum simile exercens in comitatu meo vel caesaris fuerit deprehensus, praesidio dignitatis cruciatus et tormenta non fugiat. * constantius a. et c. ad taurum pp. * <a 358 d.Iii non.Iul.Arimini datiano et cereale conss.>
Although the bodies of those endowed with honors are exempt from tortures ( except, namely, for those crimes which are shown by the laws), although men who are magi, in whatever part of the earth they may be, are to be believed enemies of the human race, nevertheless, since those who are in our retinue almost assail Majesty itself, if any mage or one accustomed to magical contaminations, who by the custom of the crowd is called a sorcerer, or a haruspex or a fortune‑teller, or at any rate an augur or even a mathematician, or one who by narrating dreams conceals some art of divination, or at any rate exercises something similar to these, should be apprehended in my or the Caesar’s retinue, let him not escape torments and tortures by the safeguard of rank. * constantius augustus et caesar to taurus, praetorian prefect. * <a 358 d.3 non.Jul. at Rimini, datianus and cerealis consuls.>
Quod si quisquam ex agitatoribus ( id est aurigis) seu ex quolibet alio genere hominum contra hoc interdictum venire temptaverit aut clandestinis suppliciis etiam manifestum reum maleficae artis oppresserit, ultimum supplicium non evadat geminae suspicionis obnoxius, quod aut publicum reum, ne facinoris socios publicaret, severitati legum et debitae subtraxerit quaestioni aut proprium fortassis inimicum sub huiusmodi vindictae nomine consilio atrociore confecerit. <a 389 d.Xvii k.Sept.Romae timasio et promoto conss.>
But if anyone from the charioteers (that is, the aurigae) or from any other class of men should attempt to come against this interdict, or should, by clandestine punishments, oppress even a manifest defendant of the malefic art, let him not escape the ultimate punishment, as liable to a twin suspicion: that either he has withdrawn a public criminal, lest he disclose the partners of the crime, from the severity of the laws and the due inquiry; or perhaps he has done away with his own personal enemy under the name of such vengeance by a more atrocious design. <a 389 on the 17th day before the Kalends of September at Rome, in the consulship of Timasius and Promotus.>
Si servus in demoliendis sepulchris fuerit apprehensus, si id sine domini scientia faciat, metallo addicetur, si vero domini auctoritate vel iussione urguetur, relegatione plectetur. et si forte detractum aliquid de sepulchris ad domum eius villamque provectum reperietur, villa sive domus aut aedificium quodcumque erit fisci viribus vindicetur. * constantius a. ad titianum pu. * <a 340 d.Vii k.Iul.Mediolani acyndino et proculo conss.>
If a slave is apprehended in the demolishing of sepulchres, if he does this without his master’s knowledge, he shall be assigned to the mines; but if he is driven by the master’s authority or command, the master shall be punished with relegation. And if perchance anything taken from the sepulchres is found to have been carried to his house and villa, the villa or house or whatever building it shall be is to be vindicated to the Fisc by its powers. * constantius augustus to titianus, prefect of the city. * <a 340 d.7 k.Jul. mediolani acyndino et proculo conss.>
Si quis sepulchrum laesurus attigerit, locorum iudices si hoc vindicare neglexerint, non minus nota quam viginti librarum auri in sepulchrorum violatores statuta poena grassetur, ut eam largitionibus nostris inferre cogantur. * constantius a. ad limenium pp. * <a 349 d.V k.April.Limenio et catullino conss.>
If anyone, about to injure a sepulchre, has touched it, if the judges of the places should neglect to vindicate this, let there proceed against them a censure no less than the penalty of twenty pounds of gold established for violators of sepulchres, so that they are compelled to pay it into Our Largesses. * Constantius Augustus to Limenius, Praetorian Prefect. * <a given in 349, on the 5th day before the Kalends of April. Limenius and Catullinus, consuls.>
Si quis igitur de sepulchro abstulerit saxa vel marmora vel columnas aliamve quamcumque materiam, fabricandi gratia sive id fecerit venditurus, decem pondo auri cogatur fisco inferre, sive quis propria sepulchra defendens hanc in iudicium querellam detulerit sive quicumque alius accusaverit vel officium nuntiaverit. <a 357 d.Id.Iun.Mediolani constantio a.Viiii et iuliano c.Ii conss. >
If anyone, therefore, has taken from a sepulcher stones or marbles or columns or any other material whatsoever, whether he has done it for the sake of fabricating/building or intending to sell it, let him be compelled to pay to the fisc ten pounds of gold, whether someone, defending his own sepulchers, has brought this complaint into judgment, or whoever else has accused or the office has reported. <a 357 on the Ides of June at Milan, constantius a. 9 and julian c. 2, consuls. >
Quae poena priscae severitati accedit: nihil enim derogatum est illi supplicio, quod sepulchra violantibus videtur impositum. <a 357 d.Id.Iun.Mediolani constantio a.Viiii et iuliano c.Ii conss. >
This penalty is added to the ancient severity: for nothing has been taken away from that punishment which is considered to have been imposed upon those who violate tombs. <a 357 on the Ides of June, at Milan, when Constantius, Augustus, was consul for the 9th time and Julian, Caesar, was consul for the 2nd time. >
Pergit audacia ad busta diem functorum et aggeres consecratos, cum et lapidem hinc movere et terram sollicitare et cespitem vellere proximum sacrilegio maiores semper habuerunt: sed et ornamenta quaedam tricliniis aut porticibus auferri de sepulchris. * iul. a. ad pop.
Audacity presses on to the tombs of those whose day is done and to consecrated mounds, although to move even a stone from there, to disturb the earth, and to pluck the sod our elders have always held as next to sacrilege; and yet even certain ornaments are carried off from sepulchres for triclinia or porticoes. * Julian the Augustus to the people.
Quibus primis consulentes, ne in piaculum incidant contaminata religione bustorum, hoc fieri prohibemus poena sacrilegii cohibentes. <a 363 d.Prid.Id.Febr.Antiochiae iuliano a.Iiii et sallustio conss. >
Having first regard for them, lest they fall into an expiatory offense, with the religion of the tombs defiled, we forbid this to be done, restraining it by the penalty of sacrilege. <a 363, on the day before the Ides of February, at Antioch, with Julian as Augustus for the 4th time and Sallustius as consuls. >
Cum sit iniustum et nostris alienum temporibus iniuriam fieri reliquiis defunctorum ab his, qui debitorem sibi esse mortuum dicendo debitumque exigendo sepulturam eius impediunt, ne in posterum eadem iniuria procederet cogendis his ad quos funus mortui pertinet sua iura perdere, ea quidem, quae mortuo posito ante sepulturam eius facta fuerint vel exigendo quod debitum esse dicitur vel confessiones aliquas aut fideiussorem aut pignora capiendo, penitus amputari praecipimus: redditis vero pignoribus vel pecuniis quae solutae sunt vel absolutis fideiussoribus et generaliter omnibus sine ulla innovatione in pristinum statum reducendis principale negotium ex integro disceptari: eum vero, qui in huiusmodi deprehensus fuerit flagitio, quinquaginta libras auri dependere vel, si minus idoneus sit ad persolvendum, suo corpore sub competenti iudice poenas luere. * iustinus a. theodoto pu. * <a 526 d.K.Dec.Constantinopoli olybrio vc.Cons.>
Since it is unjust and alien to our times that wrong be done to the relics of the deceased by those who, asserting that the dead man is their debtor and exacting the debt, impede his burial, lest in future the same injury proceed, by compelling those to whom the funeral of the dead pertains to lose their rights, we order that the things which, the dead man having been laid out, before his burial shall have been done either by exacting what is said to be owed or by taking any acknowledgments or a guarantor or pledges, be utterly cut off: with the pledges returned, or the monies that have been paid, or the guarantors released, and, generally, all things without any innovation brought back to their former status, the principal case is to be argued anew from the beginning: and the man who shall have been caught in such a disgrace is to pay 50 pounds of gold, or, if he be less able to pay, to pay the penalties with his own body under a competent judge. * Justinus Augustus to Theodotus, Urban Prefect. * <a 526 on the Kalends of Dec., at Constantinople, Olybrius, a most distinguished man, Consul.>
Pater tuus adversus eum, a quo sollicitatam ancillam, plagio quoque facto exportatam queritur, apud suum iudicem civiliter in rem actione instituta consistat. si in causa tenuerit, etiam legis fabiae crimen persequi poterit. quod si per violentiam mancipium abreptum est, accusationem vis non prohibetur intendere.
Let your father proceed before his own judge by a civil action in rem against the man by whom he complains the handmaid was solicited and, plagium (kidnapping) also having been committed, carried off. If he prevails in the case, he will also be able to prosecute the crime under the Lex Fabia. But if the slave has been snatched away by violence, he is not prevented from bringing an accusation of vis (violence).
Si ab aeliano servum tuum susceptum et aliquamdiu occultatum moxque eo suadente fugae datum probare potes, legis fabiae crimen per te vel actionem ad eam rem propositam, id est servi corrupti, per procuratorem tuum persequi potes. * ant. a. aurelio.
If you can prove that by Aelianus your slave was received and concealed for some time, and soon, with him urging, was given over to flight, you can prosecute either the offense of the Lex Fabia yourself, or the action proposed for that matter, that is, of a corrupted slave, through your procurator. * Antoninus to Aurelius.
In fuga servum constitutum neque vendere neque donare licet. unde intellegis te in legem incidisse, quae super huiusmodi delictis certam poenam fisco inferendam statuit, exceptis coheredibus et sociis, quibus in divisione communium rerum licitationem de fugitivo servo invicem facere permissum est. ita vero liceat fugitivum vendere, ut tunc venditio valeat, quando ab emptore requisitus fuerit deprehensus.
It is not permitted to sell or to donate a slave who is in flight. Whence you understand that you have fallen under the law, which, concerning delicts of this sort, establishes that a fixed penalty is to be paid into the fisc, except for coheirs and partners, to whom, in the division of common property, it is permitted to conduct a licitation among themselves regarding the fugitive slave. Yet it shall be permitted to sell a fugitive, on this condition: that the sale is valid then when he has been apprehended upon being sought by the buyer.
Ac propterea si quem in huiusmodi facinore deprehenderis, capite eum plecti non dubitabis, ut poenae genere deterreri ceteri possint, quominus istiusmodi audacia vel servos vel liberos ab urbe abstrahere atque alienare audeant. <a 287 d.Vi id.Dec.Diocletiano iii et maximiano aa. conss.>
And therefore, if you catch anyone in a crime of this sort, you will not hesitate to have him punished with the head—that is, with capital punishment—so that by this kind of penalty the rest may be deterred from daring, with such audacity, to drag away either slaves or freeborn from the city and to alienate them. <a 287 on the 6th day before the Ides of December. Diocletian for the 3rd time and Maximian, the Augusti, consuls.>
Praeses provinciae discreto prius iure dominii intellegat, audiendum sit plagii crimen nec ne. nam si proprietatis tuae mancipium esse constiterit, expirasse criminis intentionem emersa dominii luce manifestabit: si vero servum alienum esse constiterit, post disceptatam proprietatis quaestionem et criminis causam audiet. * diocl. et maxim.
Let the governor of the province, the right of dominion having first been distinguished, determine whether the charge of plagiary is to be heard or not. For if it is established that the slave is your property, he will make it clear that the prosecution’s claim has expired, once the light of ownership has emerged: but if it is established that the slave is another’s, after the question of ownership has been disputed he will also hear the cause of the crime. * diocletian and maximian.
Si quis servum fugitivum sciens cum rebus furtivis suscepit, cum horum nomine furti actione teneatur, haec tibi rector provinciae cum solita poena restitui efficiet. sed et si criminis plagii accusationem institueris, tibi audientiam praebere non dubitabit. * diocl.
If anyone knowingly has received a fugitive slave together with stolen goods, since he is liable under an action of theft on account of these, the governor of the province will cause these to be restored to you with the customary penalty. But also, if you institute an accusation for the crime of plagiary, he will not hesitate to grant you a hearing. * diocl.
Si quis tamen eiusmodi reus fuerit oblatus, posteaquam super crimine patuerit, servus quidem vel libertate donatus bestiis obiciatur, ingenuus autem gladio consumatur. <a 315 d.K.Aug.Constantino a.Iiii et licinio iiii conss.>
If, however, anyone accused of such a kind shall have been presented, after the charge has become evident, a slave, even if manumitted, shall be thrown to the beasts; but a freeborn man shall be put to death by the sword. <a 315 on the Kalends of Aug. Constantine consul for the 4th time and Licinius for the 4th, consuls.>
Lex visellia libertinae condicionis homines persequitur, si ea quae ingenuorum sunt circa honores et dignitates ausi fuerint attemptare vel decurionatum adripere, nisi iure aureorum anulorum impetrato a principe sustentantur. tunc enim quoad vivunt imaginem, non statum ingenuitatis obtinent et sine periculo ingenuorum etiam officia peragunt publica. * diocl.
The Lex Visellia prosecutes persons of freed condition, if they have dared to attempt those things which belong to the freeborn concerning honors and dignities, or to seize the decurionate, unless they are sustained by the right of the golden rings obtained from the emperor. For then, as long as they live, they obtain the image, not the status, of freeborn condition, and they also perform public offices of the freeborn without danger. * diocl.
Qui autem libertinus se dicit ingenuum, tam de operis civiliter quam etiam lege visellia criminaliter poterit perurgueri: in curiam autem se immiscens damno quidem cum infamia adficitur: muneribus vero personalibus in patria patroni, quae congruunt huiusmodi hominibus, singulos pro viribus adstrictos esse non dubium est. <a 300? pp.Ii id.Febr.Antiochiae cc.Conss.>
But a freedman who calls himself freeborn can be prosecuted both civilly for operae and also criminally under the Lex Visellia: by intruding himself into the curia, moreover, he is afflicted with a penalty together with infamy: but as to personal munera in the homeland of his patron, which are congruent to men of this kind, it is not doubtful that individuals are bound according to their means. <a 300? pp.Ii id.Febr.Antiochiae cc.Conss.>
Si partus subiecti crimen diversae parti obicitis, causa capitalis in tempus pubertatis pueri differri non debuit, sicut iam pridem mihi et divo severo patri meo placuit. neque enim verisimile est eam quae arguitur non ex fide causam suam defensuram, cum periculum capitis subeat. * ant.
If you bring against the opposing party the charge of a substituted child, a capital cause ought not to be deferred to the time of the boy’s puberty, as long ago it pleased me and my deified father Severus. For it is not likely that she who is accused will not defend her case in good faith, since she incurs peril of life. * ant.
Satis aperte divorum parentum meorum rescriptis declaratum est, cum morandae solutionis gratia a debitore falsi crimen obicitur, nihilo minus salva exsecutione criminis debitorem ad solutionem compelli oportere. * alex. a. valerio.
It has been declared quite openly by the rescripts of my deified parents that, when for the sake of delaying payment the charge of falsum is brought by the debtor, nonetheless, with the prosecution of the crime preserved, the debtor ought to be compelled to payment. * alexander augustus to valerius.
Licet ex tabulis, quas sub nomine patris tui uxorem eius, id est novercam tuam, subrepto vero testamento falsas protulisse adlegas, cum crimen admissum ignores, legatum adscriptum tibi consecutus sis, tamen non impedieris accusationem contra eam impletis sollemnibus instituere. * alex. a. cassio.
Although from the tablets (documents)—which you allege that his wife, that is, your stepmother, brought forward as false under your father’s name, the true testament having been stolen away—although you are ignorant of the crime committed and have obtained the legacy ascribed to you, nevertheless you will not be impeded from instituting an accusation against her, the solemnities having been fulfilled. * alex. augustus to cassius.
Falsi quidem crimen vel aliud capitale movere vos matri vestrae secta mea non patitur. sed ea res pecuniarium compendium non aufert. si enim de fide scripturae , unde eadem mater vestra fideicommissum sibi vindicat, dubitatio est, inquiri fides veritatis etiam sine metu criminis potest.
Indeed, my sect does not permit you to bring a charge of falsum or any other capital crime against your mother. But that matter does not remove the pecuniary gain. For if there is doubt about the credibility of the writing , from which that same mother of yours claims a fideicommissum for herself, the faith of the truth can be inquired into even without fear of a criminal charge.
Ipse significas, cum primo adversarii instrumenta protulerunt, fidem eorum te habuisse suspectam. facta igitur transactione difficile est, ut is qui provinciam regit velut falsum, cui semel adquievisti, tibi accusare permittat. * valer.
You yourself indicate that, when at first the adversary produced the instruments (documents), you had held their credibility suspect. Therefore, with a settlement concluded, it is difficult that the one who governs the province should permit you to accuse as forged that to which you once acquiesced. * Valerian.
Si falsos codicillos ab his contra quos supplicas factos esse contendis, non ideo accusationem evadere possunt, quod se illis negent uti. nam illis prodest instrumenti usu abstinere, qui non ipsi machinatores falsi esse dicuntur et quos periculo solus usus adstrinxerit. qui autem compositis per scelus codicillis in severitatem legis corneliae inciderunt, non possunt defensiones eius recusando crimen evitare.
If you contend that false codicils were made by those against whom you petition, they cannot on that account evade the accusation because they deny that they use them. For it profits those to abstain from the use of the instrument who are not themselves said to be the contrivers of the forgery and whom only the use would have bound to peril. But those who, through codicils composed by wickedness, have fallen under the severity of the Cornelian law cannot avoid the charge by refusing to defend them.
Si docueris apud praesidem provinciae ab intestato te heredem eius extitisse, qui codicillos scripserat, ordinarium est, ut in hereditatis possessione constitutus fideicommissa praebeas, quae iure relicta sunt, nisi consilium est codicillos falsos arguere. * carinus et numer. aa. messio.
If you prove before the governor of the province that you have become heir ab intestato of the one who had written codicils, it is standard that, once established in possession of the inheritance, you should furnish the fideicommissa which have been left in accordance with law, unless the plan is to accuse the codicils as false. * carinus and numerian, emperors, to messio.
Quod si criminaliter coeptum interventu indulgentiae sopitum est, habes tamen residuam indagnationem, potest de fide scripturae civiliter quaeri. <a 284 pp. iii k. april. carino ii et numeriano aa. conss.>
But if what was begun as a criminal matter has been lulled to sleep by the intervention of indulgence, you nevertheless have a remaining investigation: the good faith/authenticity of the writing can be inquired into civilly. <a 284 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of April, when Carinus for the 2nd time and Numerian, emperors, were consuls.>
De fide testamenti querenti duplex via litigandi tributa est. quamvis itaque per procuratorem accusationem persequi non potes, disceptatione privata tamen de eius fide queri non prohiberis, cum reus ita conventus non tantum ab alio iuste, sed etiam eo qui civiliter egit sollemniter accusari possit. * diocl.
To one complaining of the validity of a testament, a double route of litigating has been granted. Although, therefore, you cannot pursue an accusation through a procurator, nevertheless you are not prohibited, by private disceptation, to complain concerning its validity, since a defendant thus convened can be solemnly accused not only justly by another, but also by the one who has proceeded civilly. * diocl.
Si itaque de fide delicti vel per accusationem vel per privatum iudicium quereris, rector provinciae tunc demum eos exhiberi de quibus interrogatio fieri potest iubebit, si prius ceteris indiciis fuerit commotus. <a 294 s.Iii id.Febr.Sirmi cc.Conss.>
If therefore you complain about the credibility of the offense either through accusation or through a private judgment, the rector of the province will then and only then order those to be produced about whom interrogation can be made, if he has first been moved by the other indications. <a 294 s.3 id.Febr.Sirmi cc.Conss.>
Si quis decurio testamentum vel codicillos aut aliquam deficientis scripserit voluntatem vel conscribendis publicis privatisque instrumentis praebuerit officium, si falsi quaestio moveatur, decurionatus honore seposito quaestioni, si ita poposcerit causa, subdatur. * const. a. maecilio hilariano correctori lucaniae et brittiorum.
If any decurion has written a testament or codicils or any will of one dying, or has rendered service for the drafting of public and private instruments, if an inquiry for forgery is set in motion, with the honor of the decurionate set aside he shall be subjected to the inquiry, if the case so requires. * constitution to Maecilius Hilarianus, corrector of Lucania and the Bruttii.
Sed non statim desinit esse decurio, qui in huiusmodi facto fuerit : quantum enim ad municipales pertinet necessitates, decurio permanet: quantum ad rem gestam et veritatem reserandam uti decurionatus honore non poterit. <a 316 d.Iii k.Febr.Sabino et rufino conss.>
But he does not immediately cease to be a decurion who shall have been involved in a deed of this sort: for, so far as municipal necessities are concerned, he remains a decurion; but, so far as regards the transaction and the truth to be unbarred, he will not be able to make use of the honor of the decurionate. <in the year 316, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of February, Sabinus and Rufinus, consuls.>
Nec vero is, qui ante fuerit tabellio, ad eludendam quaestionem super his quae ante conscripsit factus decurio defendi hac poterit dignitate, quoniam scripturae veritas, si res poposcerit, per ipsum debet probari auctorem. <a 316 d.Iii k.Febr.Sabino et rufino conss.>
Nor indeed can he who formerly was a tabellio, having been made a decurion, be defended by this dignity to elude inquiry concerning those things which he previously wrote, since the truth of the writing, if the matter should require it, ought to be proved through the author himself. <a 316 d.3 k.Febr.Sabinus and Rufinus, consuls.>
Ubi falsi examen inciderit, tunc acerrima fiat indago argumentis testibus scripturarum collatione aliisque vestigiis veritatis. * const. a. ad maximum pu. * <a 320 pp.Viii k.April.In foro traiani constantino a.Vi et constantino c.Conss.>
Where an examination of falsity shall have arisen, then let the most rigorous investigation be made by arguments, by witnesses, by a collation of writings, and by other traces of truth. * constitution of the Augustus to Maximus, Prefect of the City. * <a 320 8 days before the Kalends of April. In the Forum of Trajan, Constantine Augustus for the 6th time and Constantine Caesar, consuls.>
Ne accusatori tantum quaestio incumbat nec probationis ei tota necessitas indicatur, sed inter utramque personam sit iudex medius nec ulla interlocutione divulget quae sentiat, sed tamquam ad imitationem relationis, quae solum audiendi mandat officium, praebeat notionem, postrema sententia quid sibi liqueat proditurus. <a 320 pp.Viii k.April.In foro traiani constantino a.Vi et constantino c.Conss.>
Let not the inquiry rest upon the accuser alone, nor let the entire necessity of proof be imposed upon him; rather let the judge be a mediator between both parties, and by no interlocutory pronouncement let him divulge what he thinks, but, as in imitation of a relatio, which enjoins only the duty of hearing, let him afford the cognition, intending in the final sentence to bring forth what is clear to him. <a year 320 on the 8th day before the Kalends of April. In the Forum of Trajan Constantine Augustus, for the 6th time, and Constantine Caesar, consuls.>
Ultimum autem finem strepitus criminalis compendioso spatio limitamus, quem litigantem disceptantemque fas non sit excedere, cuius exordium nascetur auspicio testatae actionis apud iudicem competentem: capitali post probationem supplicio, si id exigat magnitudo commissi, vel deportatione ei qui falsum commiserit imminente. <a 320 pp.Viii k.April.In foro traiani constantino a.Vi et constantino c.Conss.>
Moreover, we set the ultimate limit of the clamor of criminal procedure within a concise span, which it shall not be right for the litigant and disputant to exceed, whose beginning will arise under the auspices of a recorded action before the competent judge: with capital punishment after proof, if the magnitude of the offense requires it, or with deportation impending for him who has committed falsehood. <a 320 on the 8th day before the Kalends of April, in the forum of Trajan, when Constantine Augustus for the 6th time and Constantine Caesar were consuls.>
Quod si expetens vindictam falsi crimen intenderit, tunc quaestione civili per sententiam terminata criminis fiat indago, ut, si quis tabulas testamenti chirographa testationesque nec non etiam rationes privatas vel publicas, pacta et epistulas vel ultimas voluntates, donationes venditiones, vel si quid prolatum aliud instituere conabitur, habeat accusandi facultatem. <a 376 pp.Xvi k.Mai.Romae valente v et valentiniano aa. conss.>
But if, seeking vengeance, he should bring a charge of falsum, then, after the civil inquiry has been concluded by a sentence, let an investigation of the crime be made, so that, if anyone shall attempt to set up testamentary tablets, chirographs and attestations, and also private or public accounts, pacts and letters, or last wills, donations, sales, or if he shall try to establish anything else that has been brought forward, he may have the faculty of accusing. <a 376, 16 days before the Kalends of May, at Rome, Valens 5 and Valentinian, Augusti, consuls.>
Civilis autem inquisitionis inter utrasque partes confligentium lenior examinatio procedat, cum iudex, qui praeerit quaestioni, intentiones actoris falsas et convicta crimina reorum ex legibus poenis competentibus possit ulcisci. <a 376 pp.Xvi k.Mai.Romae valente v et valentiniano aa. conss.>
But let a milder examination of the civil inquisition proceed between both parties of the litigants, since the judge who will preside over the inquiry can punish the plaintiff’s false claims and the defendants’ crimes, once proven, with penalties appropriate under the laws. <a 376, on the 16th day before the Kalends of May, at Rome, Valens in his 5th consulship and Valentinian, the Augusti, consuls.>
Praebemus licentiam, ut civiliter sive criminaliter, ut actor elegerit, super prolatis codicillis vel aliis instrumentis requiratur et incumbat probatio fidei instrumenti ei primitus, qui scripturam obtulerit, deinde ei, qui stricta instantia falsum arguere paratus est. * valentin. theodos.
We grant leave that, whether civilly or criminally, as the plaintiff shall have chosen, inquiry be made concerning the produced codicils or other instruments, and that the proof of the instrument’s authenticity first lie upon the one who has offered the writing, then upon the one who, with strict insistence, is prepared to allege falsity. * Valentinian, Theodosius.
Quamquam ita interpretentur iuris periti, ut contra legem corneliam videatur se scribere heredem filius emancipatus patre dictante, tamen cum et, si testamentum non esset scriptum, iustus successor futurus esset accepta bonorum possessione filius patri, perinde habebitur, atque si sua manu pater tuus te heredem scripsisset functus dulci officio. * ant. a. vallatio.
Although the jurists interpret it thus, that an emancipated son, with the father dictating, seems to write himself heir contrary to the Cornelian law, nevertheless, since also, if the testament had not been written, the son would be the lawful successor to the father upon acceptance of the possession of the goods, he will be held the same as if your father, having discharged the sweet office, had with his own hand written you heir. * ant. a. vallatio.
Senatus consulto et edicto divi claudii prohibitum est eos, qui ad scribenda testamenta adhibentur, quamvis dictante testatore aliquid emolumentum ipsis futurum scribere, et poena legis corneliae facienti inrogata est: cuius veniam deprecantibus ob ignorantiam et profitentibus a relicto discedere raro amplissimus ordo vel divi principes veniam dederunt. * alex. a. martiali.
By senatorial decree and by the edict of the deified Claudius it was prohibited that those who are brought in to write wills, even with the testator dictating, should write anything that would be an emolument for themselves, and the penalty of the Cornelian law was imposed upon the doer; remission of which, for those pleading on account of ignorance and professing to withdraw from the bequest, the Senate or the deified emperors have rarely granted. * alexander augustus to martialis.
Quod adhibitus ad testamentum commilitonis scribendum iussu eius servum tibi adscripsisti, pro non scripto habetur et ideo id legatum petere non potes. sed secutus tenorem indulgentiae meae poenam legis corneliae tibi remitto, in quam credo te magis errore quam malitia incidisse. * alex.
Because, having been called in to write the testament of your fellow‑soldier, at his order you enrolled his slave to yourself, it is held as not written, and therefore you cannot seek that legacy. But, following the tenor of my indulgence, I remit to you the penalty of the Cornelian law, into which I believe you fell more by error than by malice. * alex.
Si libertatem tibi manu tua imperante domino adscripsisti, cum proponas dominium non subscripsisse et suis litteris tuam libertatem expressim agnovisse, ad impetrandam libertatem senatus consulti auctoritas tibi obest. poena tamen falsi tibi remittitur, quoniam non potueras contra domini voluntatem venire. * diocl.
If you enrolled freedom for yourself by your own hand at your master’s command, while you assert that the master did not subscribe and that by his own letters he expressly acknowledged your freedom, the authority of the senatus consultum stands in your way for obtaining freedom. Nevertheless, the penalty for falsum (forgery) is remitted to you, since you could not have gone against your master’s will. * Diocletian.
Quoniam nonnulli monetarii adulterinam monetam clandestinis sceleribus exercent, cuncti cognoscant necessitatem sibi incumbere huiusmodi homines inquirendi, ut investigati tradantur iudiciis, facti conscios per tormenta ilico prodituri ac sic dignis suppliciis addicendi. * const. a. ad ianuarium.
Since some moneyers practice adulterine coin by clandestine crimes, let all understand that there lies upon them the necessity of searching out men of this sort, so that, once investigated, they may be handed over to the courts, those privy to the deed to divulge it forthwith under torture, and thus to be consigned to worthy punishments. * Constantine Augustus to Januarius.
Domus vero vel fundus, in quo haec perpetrata sunt, si dominus in proximo constitutus sit, cuius incuria vel neglegentia punienda est, etsi ignoret, fisco vindicetur, nisi dominus, ante ignorans, ut primum reppererit, scelus prodiderit perpetratum: tunc enim possessio vel domus ipsius proscriptionis iniuriae minime subiacebit. <a 321 d. xii k. dec. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>
But the house or estate in which these things were perpetrated, if the owner is located nearby—whose carelessness or negligence is to be punished—even if he is unaware, shall be claimed by the fisc, unless the owner, previously ignorant, as soon as he has discovered it, has disclosed the crime perpetrated: for then the possession or his house will by no means be subject to the injury of proscription. <a 321 on the 12th day before the Kalends of December at Rome, Crispus 2 and Constantine 2, Caesars, consuls.>
Sin vero longissime ab ea domo vel possessione afuerit, nullum sustineat detrimentum: actore videlicet fundi vel servis vel incolis vel colonis, qui hoc ministerium praebuerunt, cum eo qui fecit supplicio capitali plectendis. <a 321 d. xii k. dec. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>
But if he has been very far away from that house or possession, let him sustain no loss: namely the manager of the estate or the slaves or the inhabitants or the tenant-farmers, who furnished this service, together with the one who did it, are to be punished with capital punishment. <a 321 d. 12 k. dec. romae crispo 2 et constantino 2 cc. conss.>
Viduas autem ac pupillos speciali dignos indulgentia credidimus, ut viduae nec in proximo constitutae domo sua vel possessione careant, si nulla apud ipsas tam gravis conscientiae noxa resideat, impuberes vero, etiamsi conscii fuerint, nullum sustineant detrimentum, quia aetas eorum quid videat ignorat. <a 321 d. xii k. dec. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>
However, we have judged widows and orphans worthy of special indulgence, so that widows, even when situated close by, should not be deprived of their own house or possession, if no guilt of conscience so grave resides with them; but minors, even if they were conscious, shall sustain no detriment, because their age does not know what it sees. <a 321 on the 12th day before the Kalends of December (November 20), at Rome, Crispus 2 and Constantinus 2, Caesars, consuls.>
Tutores tamen eorum, si in proximo sint, quoniam ignorare eos, quid in re pupilli geritur, non oportet, haec poena expectabit, ut de rebus eorum, si idonei fuerint, tantum fisco inferatur, quantum a pupillo fuerat inferendum. <a 321 d. xii k. dec. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>
However, their tutors, if they are nearby—since it is not proper that they be ignorant of what is being transacted in the matter of the pupil—shall await this penalty: that from their property, if they are suitable, there be paid into the fisc as much as would have had to be paid by the pupil. <at rome, on the 12th day before the kalends of december, in the year 321, when crispus and constantine, caesars, were consuls for the 2nd time.>
Si quis nummum falsa fusione formaverit, universas eius facultates fisco nostro addici praecipimus: in monetis etenim tantum nostris cudendae pecuniae studium frequentari volumus. cuius obnoxii maiestatis crimen committunt, et praemio accusatoribus proposito, quicumque solidorum adulter poterit reperiri vel a quoquam fuerit publicatus, ilico omni dilatione submota flammarum exustionibus mancipetur. * const.
If anyone shall have formed coin by false casting, we order that all his assets be adjudged to our fisc: for we wish the pursuit of striking money to be carried on only in our mints. They thereby commit the crime of majesty (treason) and are liable to it; and, with a reward set forth for accusers, whoever can be found an adulterator of solidi or has been denounced by anyone, immediately, with every delay removed, let him be delivered over to burnings by flames. * constitution.
Sicut initio nominis cognominis praenominis recognoscendi singulos imposito privatim libera est, ita horum mutatio innocentibus periculosa non est.Mutare itaque nomen sive praenomen sine aliqua fraude licito iure, si liber es, secundum ea quae saepe statuta sunt minime prohiberis, nulli ex hoc praeiudicio futuro. * diocl. et maxim.
Just as at the outset the private imposition for recognizing individuals of a name, cognomen, praenomen is free, so a change of these is not dangerous to the innocent.Therefore to change a name or a praenomen without any fraud, by lawful right, if you are free, according to those things which have often been established, you are in no way prohibited, with no prejudice to anyone to ensue from this. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Ac si quispiam promotorum denuo ad munus etiam per sacras litteras inrepserit, quod ante docebitur gessisse, cassatis quae hoc modo sunt impetrata, ad solutionem debiti primitus artetur, et qui contra fecerint poenam deportationis ad instar legis iuliae ambitus excipiant. <a 400 d.Prid.K.Iun.Mediolani stilichone et aureliano conss.>
And if any one of the promoters shall have crept again into the office even through sacred letters—something which will be shown that he has previously exercised—let the things that have been obtained in this manner be annulled, let him first be constrained to the discharge of the debt, and let those who have acted contrary incur the penalty of deportation after the fashion of the Lex Julia on Ambitus. <a 400 the day before the Kalends of June, at Milan, in the consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus.>
Ut unius poena metus possit esse multorum, ducem qui male egit ad provinciam quam nudaverat cum custodia competenti ire praecipimus, ut non solum, quod eius non dicam domesticus, sed manipularius et minister accepit, verum etiam quod ipse a provincialibus nostris rapuit aut sustulit, in quadruplum invitus exsolvat. * grat. valentin.
So that the punishment of one may be the fear of many, we order that a leader who has acted badly go, with competent custody, to the province which he had denuded, so that not only what—I will not say his domestic—but his manipular (rank‑and‑file) soldier and minister received, but also what he himself seized or removed from our provincials, he shall pay out in quadruple, however unwilling. * Gratian, Valentinian.
Iubemus hortamur, ut, si quis forte honoratorum decurionum possessorum, postremo etiam colonorum aut cuiuslibet ordinis a iudice fuerit aliqua ratione concussus , si quis scit venalem de iure fuisse sententiam, si quis poenam vel pretio remissam vel vitio cupiditatis ingestam, si quis postremo quacumque de causa improbum iudicem potuerit approbare, is vel administrante eo vel post administrationem depositam in publicum prodeat, crimen deferat, delatum approbet, cum probaverit, et victoriam reportaturus et gloriam. * grat. valentin.
We order, we exhort, that, if by chance any of the honorati, of the decurions, of the possessors, finally even of the coloni or of any order whatsoever, shall by any means have been shaken down by a judge , if anyone knows that a judgment was venal in law, if anyone [knows that] a penalty was either remitted for a price or imposed by the vice of cupidity (greed), if finally anyone shall be able for whatever cause to prove a depraved judge, let him, either while he is administering his office or after the administration has been laid down, come forth into the public, bring the charge, make good the charge brought, and, when he has proved it, he shall carry off both victory and glory. * grat. valentin.
Unusquisque procurator, praepositus gynaecei, tabularius susceptor colonus vel quicumque se a comite domorum meminerit esse concussum, cum ipse cui pecuniam numeraverit administratione decesserit, intra anni spatia ad iudicium spectabilitatis tuae quidquid dederit repetiturus occurrat, ut prosit pensionibus, quidquid ille reddiderit. * valentin. theodos.
Let each procurator, the praepositus of the gynaeceum, the tabularius, the susceptor, the colonus, or whoever remembers that he has been extorted by the comes of the houses, when the very person to whom he has counted out money has departed from his administration, within the space of a year let him appear before the judgment of Your Spectability, intending to recover whatever he has given, so that whatever that man shall have repaid may be credited to the instalments. * valentin. theodos.
Sin vero ex tempore depositae administrationis praestituti temporis curricula transfluxerint, nulla vox advocationis emergat, sed ipsos procuratores praepositos colonos tabularios susceptores obnoxios ad solutionem volumus artari. <a 390 d. prid. non.
But if indeed, from the time the administration has been laid down, the courses of the prescribed period shall have flowed by, let no voice of advocation arise; rather, we will that the procurators themselves, the praepositi, the coloni, the tabularii, the susceptores, liable to payment, be constrained to payment. <a 390 on the day before the Nones.
Sancimus eiusmodi viros ad provincias regendas accedere, qui honoris insignia non ambitione vel pretio, sed probatae vitae et amplitudinis tuae solent testimonio promoveri, ita sane ut, quibus hi honores per sedis tuae vel nostram fuerint electionem commissi, iurati inter gesta depromant se pro administrationibus sortiendis neque dedisse quippiam neque daturos umquam postmodum fore, sive per se sive per interpositam in fraudem legis sacramentique personam, aut donationis venditionisve titulo aut alio velamento cuiuscumque contractus, et ob hoc exceptis salariis nihil penitus tam in administratione positos quam post depositum officium pro aliquo praestito beneficio tempore administrationis, quam gratuito meruerint, accepturos. * theodos. et valentin.
We decree that men of such a kind shall accede to govern the provinces, who are wont to be promoted to the insignia of honor not by ambition or by price, but by the testimony of a life approved and of your Eminence; provided, of course, that those to whom these honors have been entrusted by the election of your seat or of ours, having sworn, produce among the records that, for obtaining administrations by lot, they have neither given anything nor will ever hereafter give, whether by themselves or through a person interposed in fraud of the law and of the oath, either under the title of donation or of vendition, or under any other veil of whatever contract; and on this account, salaries excepted, they will accept nothing whatsoever, whether while placed in administration or after the office has been laid down, in return for any favor furnished during the time of administration, which they shall have merited gratis. * THEODOSIUS AND VALENTINIAN.
Et licet neminem divini timoris contemnendo iureiurando arbitramur immemorem, ut saluti propriae ullum commodum anteponat, tamen, ut ad salutis timorem et necessitas periculi subiungatur, tunc si quis ausus fuerit praebita sacramenta neglegere, non modo adversus accipientem, sed etiam adversus dantem accusandi cunctis tamquam crimen publicum concedimus facultatem, quadrupli poena eo qui convictus fuerit modis omnibus feriendo. <a 439 d. vi k. dec. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>
And although we do not suppose anyone, by contemning a sworn oath, to be unmindful of divine fear, so as to prefer any advantage to his own salvation, nevertheless, in order that to the fear for salvation there may also be joined the necessity of peril, then, if anyone shall have dared to neglect the sacraments (oaths) tendered, we grant to all the faculty of accusing, as a public crime, not only against the receiver but also against the giver, inflicting in every way upon whoever shall be convicted the penalty of quadruple damages. <a 439 on the 6th day before the Kalends of December, at Constantinople, Theodosius Augustus, 17, and Festus, consuls.>
Iudices, qui tempore administrationis publicas pecunias subtraxerunt, lege iulia peculatus obnoxii sunt et capitali animadversioni eos subdi iubemus: his nihilo minus, qui ministerium eis ad hoc adhibuerunt vel qui subtracta ab his scientes susceperunt, eadem poena percellendis. * theodos. arcad.
Judges, who during the time of their administration have embezzled public monies, are liable under the Julian law of peculation, and we order them to be subjected to capital punishment: no less are those who supplied them with service for this, or who knowingly received what was subtracted by them, to be struck by the same penalty. * Theodosius, Arcadius.
Ne quis sine sacrilegii crimine desiderandum intellegat gerendae ac suscipiendae administrationis officium intra eam provinciam, in qua provincialis et civis habetur, nisi hoc cuidam ultronea liberalitate per divinos adfatus imperator indulgeat. * grat. valentin.
Let no one suppose, without incurring the crime of sacrilege, that the duty of an administration to be conducted and undertaken is to be desired within that province in which he is held as a provincial and citizen, unless the emperor, by spontaneous liberality through his divine addresses, grants this to someone. * Gratian and Valentinian.
In nullis locis aut civitatibus tumultuosis clamoribus cuiusquam interpellatio contumeliosa procedat nec ad solam cuiusquam invidiam petulantia verba iactentur : scituris his, qui huiusmodi voces emiserint moverintque tumultus, se quidem fructum ex his quae postulant nullatenus habituros, subdendos autem poenis his, quas de seditionum et tumultus auctoribus vetustissima decreta sanxerunt. * leo a. erythrio pp. * <a 466 d. ii non. mart.
in no places or cities shall a contumelious interpellation of anyone proceed by tumultuous clamors, nor shall petulant words be cast forth to the mere envy of anyone : let those who have emitted such voices and have stirred up tumults know that they will in no way have the fruit of the things they demand, but are to be subjected to the penalties which the most ancient decrees have sanctioned concerning the authors of seditions and of tumult. * leo augustus to erythrius, praetorian prefect. * <a 466 dated the 2nd day before the nones of march.
A plerisque prudentium generaliter definitum est, quotiens de re familiari et civilis et criminalis competit actio, utraque licere experiri, sive prius criminalis sive civilis actio moveatur, nec si civiliter fuerit actum, criminalem posse consumi, et similiter e contrario. * valens grat. et valentin.
By most of the jurists it has been generally defined that, whenever in a matter of family property both a civil and a criminal action are competent, it is permitted to try both, whether the criminal or the civil action is first set in motion; nor, if it has been proceeded with civilly, can the criminal be consumed, and similarly conversely. * Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian.
Sic denique et per vim possessione deiectus, si de ea recuperanda interdicto unde vi erit usus, non prohibetur tamen etiam lege iulia de vi publico iudicio instituere accusationem: et suppresso testamento cum ex interdicto de tabulis exhibendis fuerit actum, nihilo minus ex lege cornelia testamentaria poterit crimen inferri: et cum libertus se dicit ingenuum, tam de operis civiliter quam etiam lege viselli criminaliter poterit perurgueri. <a 378 d. prid. id. ian.
Thus, finally, even one ejected from possession by force, if he has made use of the interdict unde vi for recovering it, is nonetheless not prohibited also to institute an accusation by public prosecution under the Julian law on violence; and with a will suppressed, although there has been action under the interdict for producing the tablets, nonetheless a charge can be brought under the Cornelian testamentary law; and when a freedman says that he is freeborn, he can be pressed both civilly concerning the services and also criminally under the Visellian law. <a 378 d. prid. id. ian.
Quo in genere habetur furti actio et legis fabiae constitutum, et plurima alia sunt, quae enumerari non possunt, ut, cum altera prius actio intentata sit, per alteram quae supererit iudicatum liceat retractari. <a 378 d. prid. id. ian.
In this kind are held the action of theft and the constitution of the Lex Fabia, and there are very many other things that cannot be enumerated, such that, when one action has first been instituted, by the other which remains it is permitted that the judgment be retracted. <a 378 d. the day before the Ides of January.
Expilatae quidem hereditatis crimen intentare non potes, quando communis arcae rebus inspectis claves traditas coheredi profitearis. sed cum de his exhibendis apud iudicem quaereretur, rationem compensationis induci non oportuit. exhibitis enim quae desiderantur suis iudicibus directa quaestio derelinquenda est.
You cannot, indeed, bring the charge of a plundered inheritance, since you profess that, after the goods of the common chest had been inspected, the keys were handed over to the coheir. But when, before the judge, inquiry was made about producing these, it was not proper to introduce a plea of compensation (set-off). For, once the things sought have been produced before their proper judges, the direct inquiry is to be left off.
Et ideo res, quas per eandem abesse quereris, competenti in rem actione vel, si dolo malo fecerit, quo minus res mobiles possideret, ad exhibendum persequere. <a 242 pp. vi k. mart. attico et praetextato conss.>
And therefore, as to the things which you complain are absent through that same person, pursue them by the appropriate in rem action; or, if he has acted in malicious fraud so that he would not possess the movable things, pursue an action ad exhibendum. <in the year 242, on the 6th day before the kalends of march, in the consulship of atticus and praetextatus.>
Fructus autem rerum quas mala fide tenuit, licet expilatae hereditatis non teneatur crimine, suos non facit, sed extantes quidem vindicari, absumptos vero condici posse procul dubio est. <a 242 pp. vi k. mart. attico et praetextato conss.>
But as for the fruits of the things which he held in bad faith, although he is not held by the crime of a plundered inheritance, he does not make them his own; rather, those that are extant are indeed to be vindicated, while those that have been consumed can, beyond doubt, be claimed by condictio. <a 242 pp. 6 k. mart. attico et praetextato conss.>
Si res mobiles, quarum in te fuerat dominium perfecta donatione translatum, violenter heres donatricis abripuit, vi bonorum raptorum actionem intra annum quidem, quo experiundi potestas fuit, in quadruplum, post annum in simplum intendere non vetaris. * valer. et gallien.
If movable things, the dominion of which had been transferred to you by a perfected donation, were violently snatched away by the heir of the female donor, you are not forbidden to bring the vi bonorum raptorum action within a year—namely, from when the power to sue existed—for quadruple; after a year, for the simple. * Valerian and Gallienus.
Res obligatas sibi creditorem vi rapientem non rem licitam facere, sed crimen committere convenit, eumque etiam vi bonorum raptorum infra annum utilem in quadruplum, post simpli actione conveniri posse non ambigitur. * diocl. et maxim.
It is agreed that a creditor who by force seizes things pledged to himself does not do a lawful act, but commits a crime; and it is not doubted that he can also be proceeded against by the action for goods seized by force within the useful year for quadruple, and thereafter for the simple. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Sive negotiorum gestorum contra novercam tuam sive actione vi bonorum raptorum, quae in quadruplum intra annum utilem ac post in simplum constituta est, putaveris agendum, notione praesidali poteris experiri. * diocl. et maxim.
Whether you think suit should be brought either by the action of negotiorum gestorum against your stepmother, or by the action vi bonorum raptorum, which is established at quadruple within the utile year and thereafter at simple, you can make trial under praesidial cognizance. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Improbum quidem et criminosum fateris easdem res pluribus pignorasse, dissimulato in posteriore obligatione, quod eaedem aliis pignori tenentur. verum securitati tuae consules, si oblato omnibus debito criminis instituendi causam peremeris. * alex.
You acknowledge that it is indeed improper and criminal to have pledged the same things to several creditors, concealing in the later obligation that those same things are held in pledge to others. But you will consult your own security, if, by tendering to all the entire debt, you extinguish the cause for instituting a criminal charge. * alex.
Si pater tuus in te donationem contulit et, cum emancipatus esses, traditionibus dominium corporum in te transtulit posteaque creditorem sortitus quasdam earum rerum sine tua voluntate velut proprias suas obstrinxit, ius tuum non laesit. nec tamen iniuria stellionatus crimine petetur, cum sciens alienam rem te non consentiente velut propriam suo nexuit creditori. * gord.
If your father conferred a donation upon you and, when you had been emancipated, by deliveries transferred into you the dominion of the corporeals, and afterwards, having incurred a creditor, he bound to his creditor as if his own certain of those things without your will, he did not injure your right. nor, however, will he be unjustly proceeded against on the charge of stellionatus, since, knowing the thing to be another’s, and you not consenting, he tied it to his creditor as if it were his own. * gord.
Ignorantia creditoris, cui res pridem apud alios obligatae pignoris seu hypothecae iure obligantur, non sine periculo capi consuevit. etenim eiusmodi fraudes ad extraordinariam criminis exsecutionem spectare ac stellionatus commissum severissime esse vindicandum saepe rescriptum est. * philipp.
the ignorance of a creditor, to whom things previously obligated with others are bound by the right of pledge or hypothec, is not wont to be taken without danger. for indeed it has often been decreed in rescripts that frauds of this sort pertain to the extraordinary prosecution of the crime and that the stellionate committed is to be punished most severely. * philipp.
Proinde sive ignorantiam tuam debitor circumvenire temptaverit, seu obligatione rite perfecta participato fraudis consilio per subiectam quasi anteriorem personam dispendium tuum ad occultum compendium suum pertemptat, adire suum iudicem potes congruentem iuri ac debitae religioni sententiam relaturum. <a 244 pp. vi id. mai. peregrino et aemiliano conss.>
Accordingly, whether a debtor has tried to circumvent your ignorance, or, with the obligation duly perfected, by participating in a counsel of fraud he attempts through an interposed, as-it-were prior, person to turn your loss into his hidden gain, you can approach your judge, who will deliver a sentence congruent to law and to due religion. <a 244 pp. 6 id. mai. peregrino et aemiliano conss.>
Si non es nuntiator, vereri non debes, ne eapropter, quod iniuriae faciendae gratia quidam te veluti delatorem esse dixerunt, opinio tua maculata sit. quin immo adversus eos, quos minuendae opinionis tuae causa aliquid confecisse comperietur, more solito iniuriarum iudicio experiri potes. * gord.
If you are not a notifier, you ought not to fear, lest for that reason, because certain persons said that you were, as it were, a delator for the sake of committing an injury, your reputation be stained. Nay rather, against those who shall be found to have accomplished something for the purpose of diminishing your reputation, you can proceed, in the customary manner, by an action for injuries. * gord.
Si non convicii consilio te aliquid iniuriosum dixisse probare potes, fides veri a calumnia te defendit. si in rixa inconsulto calore prolapsus homicidii convicium obiecisti et ex eo die annus excessit, cum iniuriarum actio annuo tempore praescripta sit, ob iniuriae admissum conveniri non potes. * diocl.
If you can prove that you said something injurious not with a design of reviling, the credit of truth defends you from calumny. If in a brawl, slipping in unadvised heat, you hurled the reproach of homicide and a year has passed from that day, since the action for injuries is prescribed by an annual term, you cannot be sued for the injury committed. * Diocletian.
Cum nec patronos iniuriam facere libertis iuris aequitas permittat, proponasque patronae heredes eum, qui libertatem a defuncta acceperat, iniuriis adficere, curabit praeses provinciae contumeliam heredum compescere. * diocl. et maxim.
Since the equity of the law does not permit patrons to do injury to their freedmen, and you allege that the heirs of the patroness are subjecting to injuries the man who received liberty from the deceased, the governor of the province will take care to restrain the contumely of the heirs. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Si quidem aviam tuam ancillam infamandi causa rei publicae civitatis comanensium dixit zenodorus ac recessit, iniuriarum actione statim conveniri potest. nam si perseveret in causa facultatem habens agendi, super hac deferri querellam ac tunc demum, si non esse serva fuerit pronuntiata, postulari convenit. * diocl.
If indeed Zenodorus, for the sake of defamation, said before the commonwealth of the city of the Comanenses that your grandmother was a maidservant (a slave) and then withdrew, he can at once be sued by an action for injury. For if he persists in the case, having the faculty to proceed, a complaint should be brought on this matter, and then at last, if it has been pronounced that she is not a slave, it is proper that he be called to trial. * diocletian.
Si quando iniuriarum actio, quam inter privata delicta veteris iuris auctores connumerant, a quibuslibet illustribus viris, militantibus seu sine cingulo constitutis, vel uxoribus eorum vel liberis masculini sexus vel filiabus, superstitibus videlicet patribus aut maritis illustribus, vel si adversus aliquam huiusmodi personam criminaliter forte movetur, ipsos quidem, qui super iniuria queruntur, inscribere aliaque omnia, quae in huiusmodi causis de more procedunt, sollemniter observare decernimus: licere autem illustri accusatori vel reo, uxori vel liberis masculini sexus seu filiae itidem illustris superstitis causam iniuriarum in quocumque iudicio competenti per procuratorem criminaliter suscipere vel movere, sententiam iudice contra eum qui procuratorem dederit, etsi ipse non adesset iudiciis nec causam per procuratorem diceret, legibus prolaturo: ita tamen, ut nullus alius idem sibi audeat vindicare vel a nostro numine postulare: sed in ceteris mos iudiciorum qui hactenus obtinuit et in posterum servetur intactus. * zeno a. alexandro viro illustri. * <a 478 d. v non.
If ever an action for injuries (iniuriae), which the authors of the old law reckon among private delicts, is brought by any Illustrious men, whether serving in the military or established without the belt, or by their wives or by their children of the male sex or by their daughters—namely, with their fathers or illustrious husbands surviving—or if it is perchance moved criminally against any person of this sort, we decree that those who complain about the injury are to file the charge and solemnly observe all the other things which proceed by custom in cases of this kind. But it shall be permitted to the Illustrious accuser or defendant, to the wife or to the children of the male sex or likewise to the daughter of an Illustrious man who survives, to undertake or to move criminally, through a procurator, the cause of injuries in whatever competent court, the judge to pronounce sentence according to the laws against the one who has appointed the procurator, even if he himself should not be present at the proceedings nor plead the cause through the procurator: provided, however, that no other shall dare to claim the same for himself or to request it from our divinity; but in other respects let the custom of the courts which has obtained up to now be preserved intact in the future. * Zeno Augustus to Alexander, an Illustrious man. * <a 478 d. v non.
Sin vero non statim easdem chartulas vel corruperit vel igni consumpserit, sed vim earum manifestaverit, sciat se quasi auctorem huiusmodi delicti capitali sententia subiugandum. <a 365 d. xiiii k. mart. constantinopoli valentiniano et valente aa. conss.>
But if indeed he has not immediately either destroyed those same papers or consumed them by fire, but has made their force known, let him know that, as if the author of such a crime, he is to be subjected to a capital sentence. <a 365 on the 14th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, consuls.>
Sane si quis devotionis suae ac salutis publicae custodiam gerit, nomen suum profiteatur et ea, quae per famosum persequenda putavit, ore proprio edicat, ita ut absque ulla trepidatione accedat, sciens, quod si adsertionibus veri fides fuerit opitulata, laudem maximam ac praemium a nostra clementia consequetur. <a 365 d. xiiii k. mart. constantinopoli valentiniano et valente aa. conss.>
Indeed, if anyone bears the guardianship of his own devotion and of the public safety, let him declare his name and set forth with his own mouth those things which he has thought ought to be prosecuted through a libelous notice, such that he approach without any trepidation, knowing that, if trust has aided assertions of truth, he will obtain the greatest praise and a reward from our clemency. <given in 365 on the 14th day before the Kalends of March at Constantinople, when Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, were consuls.>
Si quis posthac per aegyptum intra duodecimum cubitum fluminis nili ulla fluenta de propriis ac vetustis usibus praeter fas praeterque morem antiquitatis usurpaverit, flammis eo loco consumatur, in quo vetustatis reverentiam et propemodum ipsius imperii appetierit securitatem: consciis et consortibus eius deportatione constringendis, ita ut numquam supplicandi eis vel recipiendi civitatem vel dignitatem vel substantiam licentia tribuatur. * honor. et theodos.
If anyone hereafter throughout Egypt, within the twelfth cubit of the river Nile, shall usurp any flows from their proper and age-old uses to private use, contrary to right and contrary to the custom of antiquity, let him be consumed by flames in that very place where he has assailed the reverence of antiquity and well-nigh the security of the empire itself; his knowing accomplices and partners are to be constrained by deportation, such that permission is never granted to them to make supplication or to recover citizenship or rank or property. * honorius and theodosius.
Et latrones quisquis sciens susceperit vel offerre iudiciis supersederit, supplicio corporali aut dispendio facultatum pro qualitate personae et iudicis aestimatione plectatur. <a 374 pp.Romae x k.April.Gratiano a.Iii et equitio conss.>
And whoever knowingly has received brigands or has refrained from presenting them to the courts shall be punished with corporal punishment or with loss of property, according to the quality of the person and the judge’s estimation. <a 374 at Rome 10 days before the Kalends of April, in the consulship of Gratian for the 3rd time and Equitius.>
Si qui latrones seu aliis criminibus obnoxii in possessione degunt seu latitant, dominus possessionis, si praesto est, aut procuratores, si dominus abest, seu primates possessionis ultro eos offerant aut, si scientes hoc sponte non fecerint, conveniantur a civili officio, ut tradant provinciali iudicio eos qui requiruntur, prout iuris est sub examine iudicis arguendos et poenas post documenta congruas subituros. si vero exhibere eos domini vel procuratores aut primates possessionis distulerint, tunc ad detinendos eos a rectore provinciae omnia civilia dirigantur auxilia. * marcian.
If any bandits or those liable to other crimes dwell in a possession or are in hiding, the lord of the possession, if he is present, or the procurators, if the lord is absent, or the primates of the possession, shall of their own accord present them; or, if knowing this they have not done so voluntarily, let them be summoned by the civil office, so that they hand over to the provincial court those who are sought, to be arraigned, as the law provides, under the judge’s examination, and to undergo appropriate penalties after the proofs. But if the lords or procurators or the primates of the possession have delayed to produce them, then, for detaining them, let all civil assistance be directed by the governor of the province. * marcian.
Si autem propter multitudinem forte eorum, qui in praedio sunt, civile adminiculum sufficere non posse constiterit et memorati audaces exsecutoribus obiecerint manus vel alias parere distulerint, tunc iudex provinciae memor periculi sui a viro devoto tribuno seu primatibus militum qui in locis sunt auxilium postulet, ut per militarem manum correpti accusati sine damno atque laesione cuiuslibet legibus offerantur et convicti poenas subeant competentes: non ignaro iudice, quod, si adversus innocentes vel ob aliam causam praeter latronum vel aliorum nocentium investigationem militare auxilium postulaverit aut dispendiis adfici provinciales concesserit, commotione severissima, prout tua celsitudo iudicaverit, ferietur. <a 451 d.Xii k.Ian.Constantinopoli marciano a. cons.>
If, however, on account of the multitude, perhaps, of those who are on the estate, it has been established that the civil assistance cannot suffice, and the aforesaid bold men have thrown hands against the executors or otherwise have deferred to obey, then the judge of the province, mindful of his own peril, should request aid from a devoted man, a tribune, or from the chiefs of the soldiers who are in those places, so that, seized by military force, the accused may be presented to the laws without loss and injury to anyone, and, once convicted, may undergo the penalties that are fitting. With the judge not ignorant that, if he shall have requested military aid against innocents or for any cause other than the investigation of bandits or other guilty persons, or shall have permitted provincials to be afflicted with losses, he will be struck with the most severe punishment, as your celsitude shall judge. <a year 451, on the 12th day before the kalends of january, at constantinople, marcian as consul.>
Tribuni etiam seu primates numerorum, qui in locis sunt, admoniti per litteras iudicis si adminiculum militare praebere noluerint, aut si ab ipsis militibus damna provincialibus inflicta fuerint, et damna et laesiones restituent et acerrima condemnatione pro arbitrio virorum illustrium magistrorum militum ferientur. <a 451 d.Xii k.Ian.Constantinopoli marciano a. cons.>
Tribunes also, or the chiefs of the units who are in the localities, if, when admonished by the judge’s letters, they are unwilling to furnish military aid, or if damages have been inflicted upon provincials by the soldiers themselves, shall restore both the damages and the injuries, and shall be struck with a most severe condemnation at the discretion of the Illustrious Men, the Masters of Soldiers. <a 451 d.Xii k.Ian.Constantinopoli marciano a. cons.>
Domini etiam praediorum seu procuratores vel primates possessionum impunes non manebunt, si praesentes et scientes ultro non obtulerint nocentes vel admoniti eos exhibere distulerint: nam dominus quidem possessionis dominio privabitur, procurator vero seu primates perpetuo exilio subiacebunt. ipsi quoque procuratori vel domino vel primatibus possessionis, si se ad comprimendam multitudinem rusticanorum sufficere non posse firmaverint et id provinciali iudicio palam fecerint, militare auxilium rector provinciae a tribuno vel primatibus numeri faciet dari, si civilia sufficere non posse perspexerit. <a 451 d.Xii k.Ian.Constantinopoli marciano a. cons.>
The lords of estates also, or the procurators or chiefs of holdings, shall not remain unpunished if, being present and aware, they do not of their own accord produce the guilty, or, when admonished, defer to present them: for the owner of the holding shall be deprived of ownership, while the procurator or the chiefs shall be subjected to perpetual exile. To the procurator himself, or to the owner, or to the chiefs of the holding as well, if they shall have affirmed that they cannot suffice to restrain the multitude of rustics and shall have made this plain in a provincial judgment, the governor of the province shall cause military aid to be given by the tribune or the chiefs of the numerus, if he shall have perceived that civil means cannot suffice. <a 451 d.Xii k.Ian.Constantinopoli marciano a. cons.>
Si vero post exhibitionem eorum qui accusantur innocentes eos esse et nihil criminis admisisse patuerit, accusatores poenam quae in calumniatores exercenda est subire cogantur. exemplo autem grave est sic latronem requirere, ut innocentibus periculum fiat. <a 451 d.Xii k.Ian.Constantinopoli marciano a. cons.>
But if, after the production of those who are accused, it has become evident that they are innocent and have admitted no crime, let the accusers be compelled to undergo the penalty which is to be inflicted upon calumniators. Moreover, as a precedent it is serious to seek a robber in such a way that danger befalls the innocent. <a 451 the 12th day before the Kalends of January at Constantinople in the consulship of Marcian Augustus.>
Postquam vero requirendus factus intra annum redierit, si se crimine purgaverit, res arbitrio iudicis signatas recipiat: sin vero intra id tempus reversus post intimationem suam fuerit defunctus, etsi necdum se purgaverit, ad heredes proprios res transmittit. <a 211 d.Gentiano et basso conss.>
After indeed, having been declared “to be sought,” he returns within a year, if he has purged himself of the charge, let him receive the sealed property at the judge’s discretion; but if, within that time, after his own intimation, he has returned and died, although he has not yet purged himself, the property passes to his own heirs. <a 211, in the consulship of Gentianus and Bassus.>
Quicumque ex eo die, quo reus fuerit in iudicio petitus, intra anni spatium noluerit adesse iudicio, res eius fisco vindicentur, et si postea repertus nocens fuerit deprehensus, saeviori sententiae subiugetur. sed et si argumentis evidentibus et probatione dilucida innocentiam suam purgare suffecerit, nihilo minus facultates eius penes fiscum remaneant. * const.
Whoever, from that day on which he has been sought as a defendant in court, shall have been unwilling to be present at court within the space of a year, let his property be claimed by the fisc; and if thereafter, found guilty, he is apprehended, let him be subjected to a harsher sentence. But even if by evident arguments and clear proof he has sufficed to establish his innocence, nonetheless his assets shall remain with the fisc. * const.
In pecuniariis causis edictum contra latentem propositum existimationem eius non laedit. criminalis vero programmatis tenor hanc tantum ferat de iure censuram, ut inter reos adnotati non iam patrimonium debeat transferre, sed famae existimationem laedere. * honor.
In pecuniary causes an edict posted against one in hiding does not injure his estimation. But the tenor of the criminal programma should carry only this censure by law: that a person noted among the accused ought not now to transfer his patrimony, but to damage the estimation of his reputation. * honor.
In ceteris autem, quamquam ea, quae servus contra dominum dixit, iudicaturi sententiam formare non debeant, tamen si aliis quoque probationibus fides veritatis investigetur, praescriptionis invidia evanescit. <a 196 pp.K.Ian.Dextro et prisco conss.>
In other matters, however, although the things which a slave has said against his master ought not to form the judgment of those who are to judge, nevertheless, if by other proofs as well the credence of the truth is investigated, the prejudice of the plea of prescription vanishes. <a 196, on the day before the Kalends of January, in the consulship of Dextro and Priscus.>
Primum servi alieni interrogabuntur. si praestita fuerint ex tanto scelere argumenta, ut videantur accedere ad verisimilia causae crimina, ipsa quoque mulier torquebitur: neque enim aegre feret, si torqueatur, quae venenis viscera hominis extinxit. * ant.
First, other men’s slaves will be interrogated. If proofs shall have been furnished from so great a crime, such that the charges of the case seem to approach the verisimilar, the woman herself also will be put to the question: for she will not take it ill, if she be tortured, she who has extinguished a man’s viscera with poisons. * ant.
Sicuti convictis confessisque ad societatem scelerum vocantibus eos, a quibus apprehensi custoditive sunt, facile credi non oportet, ita, si evidentibus rationibus post commissum communiter facinus ad evitandam de se sententiam id fecisse fuerint probati, publicae vindictae non sunt subtrahendi. * ant. a. pars ex rescripto * <a 216 pp.V k.April.Sabino et anullino conss.>
Just as, when those convicted and having confessed, calling into a fellowship of crimes those by whom they were apprehended and kept in custody, ought not easily to be believed, so, if by evident reasons they have been proven to have done this after the crime was jointly committed, in order to avoid a sentence upon themselves, they are not to be withdrawn from public vengeance. * earlier, a part from the rescript * <a 216 pp.5 k.April.Sabinus and Anullinus, consuls.>
Pridem placuit domestica servorum seu libertorum propriorum vel maternorum interrogatione in causis ad dominos vel patronos pertinentibus abstinendum esse, ut neque pro his neque adversus eos in capitalibus vel pecuniariis quaestionibus veritatis vim obtinere possit, quod in confessionem ab eis fuerit deductum. * gord. a. herodiano.
Long ago it was decreed that one must abstain from the domestic interrogation of slaves or freedmen, whether one’s own or maternal, in causes pertaining to masters or patrons, so that neither on their behalf nor against them, in capital or pecuniary inquiries, can what has been elicited into a confession from them obtain the force of truth. * Gordian Augustus to Herodianus.
Milites neque tormentis neque plebeiorum poenis in causis criminum subiungi concedimus, etiamsi non emeritis stipendiis videantur esse dimissi, exceptis scilicet his, qui ignominiose sunt soluti. quod et in filiis militum et veteranorum servabitur. * diocl.
Soldiers we grant are neither to be subjected to torments nor to plebeian penalties in criminal cases, even if they seem to have been discharged without their terms of service having been completed, except, namely, those who have been dismissed with ignominy. This also will be observed in the sons of soldiers and of veterans. * diocl.
Et si his veluti certis indiciis ducti investigandae veritatis gratia ad tormenta putaverint esse veniendum, tunc id demum facere debebunt, si personarum condicio pateretur. hac enim ratione etiam universi provinciales nostri fructum ingenitae nobis benevolentiae consequentur. < pp. s. die et consule.>
And if, led by these, as it were certain indications, for the sake of investigating the truth they shall have thought that resort must be had to torture, then only then ought they to do this, if the condition of the persons permitted. For by this method even all our provincials will obtain the fruit of the benevolence innate to us. < pp. s. die et consule.>
Super statu ingenuitatis per omnia interrogationum et quaestionum vestigia decurrendum est, ne alieni forte sordidae stirpis splendidis et ingenuis natalibus audeant subrogari, vel propria ac debita per compositam quaestionem quibus competit successio denegetur. * diocl. et maxim.
On the status of freeborn condition, every vestige of interrogations and questions must be run through, lest persons of alien, sordid stock dare to be subrogated to splendid and freeborn parentage, or lest by a contrived question the proper and due succession be denied to those to whom succession is competent. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Cum testamentum falsum esse proponas, ad illuminandam veritatem servos hereditarios, etsi libertas eis ab eo qui se heredem esse adfirmat praestita est, etiam per tormenta interrogari constitutionibus principum est permissum. * diocl. et maxim.
Since you allege that a testament is false, for the illumination of the truth the hereditary slaves, even if liberty has been bestowed to them by the one who affirms himself to be heir, are permitted by the constitutions of the emperors to be interrogated even under torments. * Diocletian and Maximian.
Divo marco placuit eminentissimorum quidem necnon etiam perfectissimorum virorum usque ad pronepotes liberos plebeiorum poenis vel quaestionibus non subici, si tamen propioris gradus liberos, per quos id privilegium ad ulteriorem gradum transgreditur, nulla violati pudoris macula adspergit. * diocl. et maxim.
it pleased the deified Marcus that the offspring up to great‑grandchildren of men of the rank of eminentissimi, and likewise even of perfectissimi, are not to be subjected to plebeian penalties or interrogations, provided, however, that no stain of violated modesty bespatters the children of the nearer degree, through whom that privilege passes to the further degree. * diocl. and maxim.
Hoc, quod placet, si de hereditate quaeratur, hereditarios servos interrogari, tibi opitulari non potest. ibi enim, dum de dominio incertum est, ad quem ex hereditate pertineat, merito per interrogationem hereditarii servi ad veritatis indaginem perveniatur. tu autem adseverando servum communem esse non dubitas portionem ad eum pertinere, contra quem interrogari eum cupis: quae res quaestionem ab eo haberi non permittit, cum nec communis servus adversus dominum, qui non occidisse socium suum dicatur, interrogari possit.
This, which is approved—that, if the matter be about an inheritance, hereditary slaves be interrogated—cannot avail you. For there, while it is uncertain to whose ownership from the inheritance it pertains, it is rightly through the interrogation of the hereditary slave that one arrives at the investigation of the truth. But you, by asseverating that the slave is common, do not doubt that a share pertains to the person against whom you wish him to be interrogated: a circumstance which does not permit a questioning to be held of him, since not even a common slave can be interrogated against a master who is said not to have killed his associate.
Interrogari servos de facto suo non solum in criminali causa, sed etiam in pecuniaria ( veluti quando per eum depositi vel commodati nomine vel in aliis causis legibus cognitis res aliis praestitae sunt) posse non ambigitur. * diocl. et maxim.
It is not doubted that slaves may be interrogated about their own act not only in a criminal cause, but also in a pecuniary one ( for instance, when through him, under the name of deposit or of loan for use, or in other causes recognized by the laws, things have been furnished to others). * diocl. et maxim.
Maiestatis tantummodo reos et quae nefanda dictu sunt conscios aut molientes ex ordine municipali maneat tam cruenta condicio. <a 376 d.Xv k.Oct.Treviris valente v et valentiniano aa. conss.>
Let so bloody a condition remain only for defendants of treason and for those privy to or attempting deeds unspeakable to tell, from the municipal order. <a 376 on the 15th day before the Kalends of October, at Trier, in the consulship of Valens for the 5th time and Valentinian, the Augusti, consuls.>
Nihil sibi deflectens a iustitia indignatio cognitorum, nihil venalis exigentium terror in eas, quae aut innocentia securae aut principalis sunt honore munitae, intellegat licere personas ad inferendas iniurias corporales. habeat hanc mercedem laboris multorum munerum testimoniis commendata devotio. * arcad.
Let the indignation of the adjudicators, deflecting nothing from justice for itself, and the venal terror of the exactors, understand that it is not permitted to bring in persons to inflict bodily injuries upon those who are either secure by innocence or fortified by imperial honor. Let devotion, commended by the testimonies of many services, have this reward of labor. * arcad.
De tormentis hereditariorum servorum sancimus, nullo discrimine secundum anteriores leges et constitutiones interposito, sive de iure hereditatis aliqua moveatur inter heredes quaestio sive de corporibus tantum hereditariis sive de utroque eorum, servos de corporibus tantum hereditariis interrogari: et licere servos eos tantummodo, qui res regendas detinent, sive in servitute relicti sunt sive libertatem adipisci per ultimam testatoris voluntatem praecepti sunt, in quaestionem rerum hereditariarum deduci et ex his ea quae occultata sunt revelari: prius sacramento super his a nobis statuto praestando. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d.Xv k.Oct.Chalcedone decio vc.Cons.>
Concerning the tortures of hereditary slaves we sanction, with no distinction interposed according to the earlier laws and constitutions, whether a question is stirred among the heirs about the right of the inheritance, or only about the corporeal hereditary assets, or about both of them, that slaves are to be questioned only about the corporeal hereditary assets: and that it is permitted that only those slaves who hold the management of the affairs, whether they have been left in servitude or have been directed to obtain liberty by the testator’s last will, be brought into examination regarding the hereditary matters and that from them those things which have been concealed be revealed: first, the oath established by us concerning these matters being administered. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 529 on the 15th day before the Kalends of October, at Chalcedon, Decius, most distinguished man, consul.>
Praeses provinciae si perspexerit abolitionem ad omnia crimina quae mota sunt pertinentem a se impetratam, ne semel finita instaurentur, intercessione auctoritatis suae prospiciet. supplicatione vero porrecta nutui principali praefata abolitione sopitum crimen ab eadem persona renovari potest. * diocl.
The president of the province, if he has perceived that an abolition pertaining to all the charges which have been set in motion has been obtained from him, will provide, by the intercession of his authority, that matters once finished not be reinstated. But when a supplication is presented to the imperial nod, a crime lulled by the aforesaid abolition can be renewed by the same person. * diocl.
Abolitio praesentibus partibus causa cognita non a principe, sed a competenti iudice postulari debet, id est si per errorem seu temeritatem seu calorem ad accusationem prosiluerit: hoc enim accusator explanans abolitioni locum faciet. * const. a. ad ianuarinum pu. * <a 319 d.Vi k.Dec.Serdicae constantino a.V et licinio c.Conss.>
Abolition, with the parties present and the case known, ought to be requested not from the princeps (emperor), but from a competent judge—that is, if someone has leapt into an accusation through error or rashness or heat; for the accuser, explaining this, will make room for abolition. * constitution of the augustus to Januarinus, prefect of the city. * <a 319 on the 6th day before the Kalends of December, at Serdica, Constantine Augustus in his 5th consulship and Licinius Caesar, consuls.>
Sin autem per depectionem vel pecuniis a reo corruptus ad postulandam abolitionem venit, redemptae miserationis vox minime admittatur, sed adversus nocentem reum inquisitione facta poena competens exseratur. <a 319 d.Vi k.Dec.Serdicae constantino a.V et licinio c.Conss.>
But if, however, through bargaining or after being corrupted with monies by the defendant he comes to petition for abolition, the voice of bought-off pity is by no means to be admitted; rather, once inquiry has been made, let the competent penalty be enforced against the guilty defendant. <a 319 d.Vi k.Dec.Serdicae constantino a.V et licinio c.Conss.>
Sin autem sincera mente accusationem instituerit et reus aliquid iniuriae inscriptionis illatae toleraverit, id est si vel carcerem sustinuerit vel tormenta vel verbera vel catenas, abolitio non petetur, nisi forte ille qui haec passus est suum consensum ad petendam abolitionem accommodavit. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
But if he has initiated the accusation with a sincere mind, and the defendant has endured some injury inflicted by the inscription, that is, if he has borne either prison or tortures or beatings or chains, abolition shall not be sought, unless perhaps he who has suffered these things has given his own consent for seeking abolition. <a 369 d the day before the Ides of October at Trier, in the consulship of Valentinian, most noble youth, and Victor, consuls.>
Quando autem reus nihil tale passus est, postquam fuerit officii custodiae traditus, intra dies triginta accusatori petenti, etiam invito reo, dari permittitur. post hoc vero tempus, nisi reus consentiat, censemus non esse tribuendam. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
However, when the defendant has suffered nothing of the sort, after he has been handed over to the custody of the office, within thirty days it is permitted that abolition be granted to the requesting accuser, even with the defendant unwilling. But after this time, unless the defendant consents, we judge that it is not to be granted. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
Quod si ingenuorum, licet plebeiorum, qui conscii vel participes criminum non erant, testimonii gratia corpora fuerint lacessita verberibus tormentisque vexata , abolitionem etiam duarum partium consensu petitam iubemus vigore iudicis denegari et crimen propositum, cuius examen tormentis iam coeperat, agitari. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
But if the bodies of freeborn men, though plebeian, who were not privy to or participants in the crimes, have been assailed with beatings and vexed by tortures for the sake of testimony, we order that even an abolition sought by the consent of both parties be denied by the authority of the judge and that the proposed crime, whose examination had already begun by tortures, be prosecuted. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
Sin autem testibus tormenta minime sunt illata, et sic abolitio non dabitur in illis criminibus, ut in violata maiestate aut patria oppugnata vel prodita aut peculatus admissio aut sacramentis desertis, omniaque quae iuri veteri continentur: in quibus iudex non minus accusatorem ad docenda quae detulit, quam reum purganda quae negat debet urguere. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
But if, however, torture has by no means been inflicted upon the witnesses, likewise abolition will not be granted in those crimes, such as in violated majesty or the fatherland attacked or betrayed, or the commission of peculation, or the desertion of the military oath, and all things which are contained in the old law: in which the judge ought to press the accuser no less to demonstrate what he has brought forward, than the defendant to purge what he denies. <a 369 d prid.Id.Oct.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
Qui potentatus et vis aliorumque criminum reum fecit, si post abolitionem ex forma solita reorum factam et edicta proposita intra diem statutum repetere supersederit, persequi crimina volens non est audiendus. * ant. a. rutiliano consulari lyciae.
He who has made another defendant on the charges of potentatus, violence, and other crimes, if after an abolition made according to the customary form for defendants and the edicts having been posted he has refrained from renewing within the day set, wishing to prosecute the crimes he is not to be heard. * Antoninus to Rutilianus, consular governor of Lycia.
Quisquis accusator reum in iudicium sub inscriptione detulerit, si intra certum tempus accusationem coeptam persequi supersederit vel, quod est contumacius, ultimo die adesse neglexerit, quarta bonorum omnium parte multatus aculeos consultissimae legis incurrat, scilicet manente infamia, quam veteres iusserant sanctiones. * valentin. theodos.
Whoever, as accuser, has brought the defendant into court under an indictment, if within a fixed time he has desisted from pursuing the accusation he began, or, what is more contumacious, has neglected to be present on the last day, let him, fined one fourth part of all his goods, incur the penalties of the most well-considered law, namely, with the infamy remaining, which the ancient sanctions had decreed. * valentinian, theodosius.
Noverint iudices cuilibet culmini honorive praesidentes, necessariis utrique parti, si petantur, dilationibus non negatis praecedentibus scilicet inscriptionibus, intra certum tempus criminales causas limitandas: quo emenso subeat accusator, quia destitit, poenam legibus constitutam, et si persona vilior fuerit, cui damnum famae non sit iniuria, poenam patiatur exilii, nisi forte intra statuti temporis metas consensus partium abolitionem poposcerit. * honor. et theodos.
Let judges presiding over any eminence or honor know that, with the necessary adjournments for each party, if they are requested, not denied—after, namely, the formal inscriptions have preceded—criminal causes are to be limited within a fixed time: when that has elapsed, let the accuser, because he has desisted, undergo the penalty established by the laws; and if he is a humbler person, for whom damage to reputation is not an injury, let him suffer the penalty of exile, unless perhaps within the bounds of the time set by statute the consent of the parties has demanded abolition. * Honorius and Theodosius.
In iudicum autem debet esse diligentia, ut, si nulla rationabilis a reo vel accusatore dilatio postuletur, urgueant talium causarum notionem non expectatis moris. <a 409 d.Xii k.Febr.Ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.>
Moreover, there ought to be diligence on the part of judges, that, if no reasonable postponement is requested by the defendant or the accuser, they should press the cognizance of such cases without waiting for customary formalities. <in the year 409, on the 12th day before the Kalends of February, at Ravenna, under Honorius 8 and Theodosius 3, augusti, consuls.>
Criminales causas omnimodo intra duos annos a contestatione litis connumerandos finiri censemus nec ulla occasione ad ampliora produci tempora, sed post bienii excessum minime ulterius lite durante accusatum absolvi, scientibus iudicibus eorumque officiis, quod, si litigatoribus admonentibus ipsis litis introductionem vel examinationem distulerint, poena vicenarum librarum auri ferientur. * iust. a. menae.
We decree that criminal causes are in every way to be concluded within two years, to be counted from the contestation of the suit, and on no pretext to be extended to longer periods; but after the lapse of the biennium, the accused is to be acquitted, the suit not continuing any further— the judges and their staffs knowing that, if, the litigants themselves urging, they postpone the introduction or the examination of the suit, they will be struck with a penalty of twenty pounds of gold. * justinian the august to mena.
Is demum in senatus consultum incidisse videtur, qui crimen publici iudicii detulit et causa ordinata, id est inscriptionibus depositis et fideiussore de exercenda lite praestito eoque qui accusatur sub custodia officii facto, non impetrata abolitione ab exsecutione criminis destitit. * ant. a. anniano.
He is deemed at last to have fallen under the senatus consultum who brought a charge of a public prosecution and, the case having been set in order—that is, with the written accusations filed, a surety furnished for carrying on the suit, and the accused placed under the custody of the office—without having obtained an abolition, desisted from the prosecution of the crime. * Antoninus to Annianus.
Si pro eo, qui in crimen subscripsit, fidem tuam adstrinxisti isque destitit et commissa stipulatio est, non ultra quantitatem quam spopondisti obligatus es: eo qui destitit infamia nihilo minus notando et extra ordinem secundum iudicialem motum puniendo. * gord. a. appio.
If, on behalf of him who subscribed to the charge, you bound your faith, and he then desisted and the stipulation was incurred, you are not bound beyond the quantity which you promised: the one who desisted is nonetheless to be marked with infamy and punished extra ordinem according to judicial motion. * Gordian Augustus to Appius.
Quamvis eum ordinem scriptura contineat, ut primo abolitio criminis posceretur, tunc de omnibus placitis obtemperaretur, non observantibus tamen adversariis pactorum fidem instaurare accusationem minime potes, a qua ipse destitisti. * valer. et gallien.
Although the writing contains that order, that first an abolition of the charge be demanded, then that obedience be rendered with respect to all agreements, nevertheless, with the adversaries not observing the faith of the pacts, you are in no way able to reinstate the accusation, from which you yourself have withdrawn. * Valerian and Gallienus.
In exsecutionibus criminum obtinuisse videtur illos destitisse, qui animum accusationis implendae prorsus deseruerunt. cum igitur aliis ex causis vel simplicitatis ratione necdum te ad finem vindictae pervenisse preces tuae testentur, poteris postposita formidine impedimenti super aliquantulo silentio institutam accusationem secundum leges perferens quam probabis tibi debitam vindictam reportare. * diocl.
In prosecutions of crimes it seems to have been established that those are considered to have desisted who have entirely abandoned the intention of fulfilling the accusation. Since therefore your petitions attest that, for other causes or by reason of simplicity, you have not yet arrived at the end of retribution, you will be able, with the fear of impediment set aside, after a somewhat brief silence, by carrying through the instituted accusation according to the laws, to obtain the retribution which you will prove to be owed to you. * diocl.
Sed et extraneus heres, qui suspicionem, quam de morte sua habuisse defunctus cavit, exsequitur, hoc nomine a calumnia excusatus est, cum inter voluntariam accusationem et officii necessitatem heredis multum intersit. <a 224 pp.Vi k.Iul.Iuliano et crispino conss.>
But even an extraneous heir, who follows up the suspicion which the deceased took care to have regarding his own death, is on this ground excused from calumny, since there is much difference between a voluntary accusation and the necessity of the heir’s duty. <a 224 pp.6 k.Iul.Iuliano et crispino conss.>
Qui non probasse crimen quod intendit pronuntiatur, si calumniae non damnetur, detrimentum existimationis non patitur. non enim, si reus absolutus est, ex eo solo etiam accusator, qui potest iustam habuisse veniendi ad crimen rationem, calumniator credendus est. * alex.
He who is pronounced not to have proved the crime that he alleged, if he is not condemned for calumny, does not suffer a loss of reputation. not indeed, if the defendant has been acquitted, is the accuser on that account alone to be believed a calumniator, since he can have had a just reason for coming forward to the charge. * Alexander.
Non prius quemquam sinceritas tua ad tuae sedis examen iubebit adduci, quam sollemnibus satisfecerit, qui nititur fidem doloris adserere, cum iuxta formam iuris antiqui ei qui coeperit arguere aut vindicta proposita sit, si vera detulerit , aut supplicium, si fefellerit. * valentin. et valens aa. ad valerianum.
Your Sincerity will not order anyone to be brought to the examination of your see before he who strives to assert the credibility of his grievance has satisfied the solemn formalities, since, according to the form of ancient law, for him who has begun to accuse either retribution is set forth, if he has brought true charges , or punishment, if he has deceived. * valentinian and valens, emperors, to valerianus.
Atque ideo calumniosissimum caput et personam iudicio irritae delationis infamem supplicium sequatur, quo posthac singuli universique cognoscant non licere in eo quod non possit ostendi iudicium animos commovere. <a 385 d.Viii id.Mai.Constantinopoli arcadio a.Et bautone conss.>
And therefore let the most calumnious culprit, and the person made infamous by a judgment of a void delation, be visited with punishment, in order that hereafter individuals and all alike may know that it is not permitted, in a matter that cannot be shown, to stir minds to a judgment. <a 385 May 8 at Constantinople, Arcadius Augustus and Bauto, consuls.>
Fallaciter incusantibus, maxime post exhibitionem accusati, nullius iuris color velut derivata accusatione proficiat: non publica abolitio, non privata talibus prospiciat subveniatque personis: non specialis indulgentia, ne beneficium quidem eos generale subducat. * grat. valentin.
For those who accuse deceitfully, especially after the presentation of the accused, let no color of law profit as if by a derivative accusation: let neither public abolition nor private abolition provide for and come to the aid of such persons: let not special indulgence, nor even a general benefit, withdraw them. * Gratian, Valentinian.
Qui sententiam laturus est, temperamentum hoc teneat, ut non prius capitalem in quempiam promat severamque sententiam, quam in adulterii vel homicidii vel maleficii crimen aut sua confessione aut certe omnium, qui tormentis vel interrogationibus fuerint dediti, in unum conspirantem concordantemque rei finem convictus sit et sic in obiecto flagitio deprehensus, ut vix etiam ipse ea quae commiserit negare sufficiat. * const. a. ad catullinum.
He who is about to deliver a sentence should hold to this tempering: that he not first pronounce against anyone a capital and severe sentence, before he has been convicted of the charge of adultery or homicide or malefice, either by his own confession or at least by the unanimous agreement—conspiring into one and concordant as to the conclusion of the matter—of all who have been subjected to tortures or interrogations; and thus taken in the imputed flagitious offense, such that even he himself can scarcely deny the things he has committed. * a constitution to Catullinus.
Si quis in metallum fuerit pro criminum deprehensorum qualitate damnatus, minime in eius facie scribatur, cum et in manibus et in suris possit poena damnationis una scriptione comprehendi, quo facies, quae ad similitudinem pulchritudinis caelestis est figurata, minime maculetur. * const. a. eumelio.
If anyone has been condemned to the mines according to the quality of the crimes detected, let it by no means be written on his face, since both on the hands and on the calves the penalty of the condemnation can be comprehended by a single inscription, in order that the face, which has been fashioned to the likeness of celestial beauty, be not at all stained. * a constitution of the augustus to eumelius.
Dum reis manifesta probatione convictis spatium ante sententiam temporis datur, facultas supplicandi vel quibusdam malignis artibus tam praesidum quam officiorum poenas evitandi criminosissimis patet, cum in homicidii crimine et in aliis detectis gravioribus causis ultio differenda non sit. * constantius a. theodoro praesidi arabiae. * <a 346 d.Id.Oct.Constantio a.Iiii et constante c.Conss.>
While, when defendants convicted by manifest proof are granted a span of time before sentence, the opportunity of supplicating, or by certain malign arts of evading the penalties of both governors and their official staffs, lies open to the most criminal—whereas in the crime of homicide and in other more serious cases that have been detected, retribution ought not to be deferred. * Constantius Augustus to Theodorus, governor of Arabia. * <a 346 on the Ides of October, under Constantius Augustus for the 4th time and Constans Caesar, consuls.>
Si vindicari in aliquos severius contra nostram consuetudinem pro causae intuitu iusserimus, nolumus statim eos aut subire poenam aut excipere sententiam: sed per dies triginta super statu eorum sors et fortuna suspensa sit. * grat. valentin.
If we have ordered, for consideration of the cause, that some be proceeded against more severely contrary to our custom, we do not wish them immediately either to undergo a penalty or to receive sentence: but for thirty days let their lot and fortune be suspended concerning their status. * gratian. valentinian.
Propinquos notos familiares procul a calumnia submovemus, quos reos sceleris societas non facit: nec enim adfinitas vel amicitia nefarium crimen admittunt. <a 399 d.Viii k.Aug.Constantinopoli theodoro vc.Cons.>
We keep kinsmen, known persons, familiars far removed from calumny, those whom association does not make defendants of a crime: for neither affinity nor amity admit a nefarious crime. <a 399 on the 8th day before the Kalends of August, at Constantinople, Theodorus, a most distinguished man, consul.>
Omnes, quos damnationis condicio diversis exiliis destinatos metas temporis praestituti in carceris implesse custodia deprehendit, solutos poena vinculisque laxatos custodia liberari praecipimus nec formidare miserias ullas exilii. * honor. et theodos.
All those whom the condition of condemnation, destined to diverse exiles, the custody has discovered to have fulfilled the metes of the time prescribed in prison, we order to be freed by the custody, released from the penalty and loosened from chains, and not to dread any miseries of exile. * hon. and theod.
Sit satis immensorum cruciatuum semel luisse supplicia, ne, qui diu privati sunt aurae communis haustu et lucis adspectu non intra breve spatium catenarum ponderibus praegravati, etiam exilii poenam sustinere iterum compellantur. <a 414 d.Xiiii k.Mai.Constantio et constante conss.>
Let it be enough to have once paid the punishments of immeasurable torments, lest those who for a long time have been deprived of the draught of common air and the sight of light, for no brief span weighed down by the weights of chains, also be compelled to sustain the penalty of exile again. <a 414 d.14 k.Mai.Constantio et constante conss.>
Rectores provinciarum conveniri praecipimus, ut hi, quo pro suo crimine poenam exilii sub certo temporis spatio subire decreti sunt, exacto praefinito tempore nec claustris carceralibus nec in locis quibus exules versati sunt teneantur. * honor. et theodos.
We direct that the governors of the provinces be convened, so that those who, on account of their own crime, have by decree been set to undergo the penalty of exile for a fixed span of time, when the pre-defined term has elapsed, be detained neither in carceral enclosures nor in the places in which the exiles have been. * honor. and theodos.
Ipsius quoque praesentiae potestas ei dabitur, quoad rationes per eum administratae reddantur ac dispungantur. sed meminisse dominum oportebit instare, ut id velocius fiat, ut poenae suae reddi possit. <a 213 pp.Iii k.Aug.Antonino a. et balbino conss.>
Power for his personal presence will also be granted to him, until the accounts administered by him are rendered and expunged. But the master ought to remember to press, that this be done more swiftly, so that the penalty due to him can be rendered. <in the year 213, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August, under Antoninus Augustus and Balbinus, consuls.>
In metallum damnatus poenae servus efficitur et ideo eiusmodi sententiam passi bona vindicantur rationibus fisci. quare si quid rerum habuit is, quem postea indulgentia liberatum esse proponis, ad ius fisci potius quam ad ipsius dominium pertinet. * gord.
one condemned to the mines is made a slave of punishment, and therefore the goods of those who have undergone such a sentence are claimed to the accounts of the fisc. wherefore, if the person whom you propose was afterwards freed by indulgence had any property, it pertains to the right of the fisc rather than to his own ownership. * gord.
Si quis intra provinciam pro qualitate delicti stilum proscriptionis incurrerit, per ordinarii officii sollicitudinem bonorum eius indago diligentissime celebretur, ne quid rei privatae commodis per gratiam atque colludium furto subducatur. * valentin. valens et grat.
If anyone within the province, in proportion to the quality of the offense, has incurred the pen of proscription, let a most diligent investigation of his goods be conducted through the solicitude of the ordinary’s office, lest anything be withdrawn by theft from the interests of the Private Estate through favor and collusion. * Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian.
Et plena descriptio comprehendat, quod spatium et quod sit ruris ingenium, quid aut cultum sit aut colatur, quid in vineis olivis aratoriis pascuis silvis fuerit inventum, quae etiam gratia et quae amoenitas sit locorum, quis aedificiis ac possessionibus ornatus, quotve mancipia in praediis occupatis vel urbana vel rustica vel quarum artium generibus imbuta teneantur, quot sint casarii vel coloni, quot boum exercitiis terrarum atque vomeribus instruenium, quot pecorum et armentorum greges et in qua diversitate numerati sint, quantum auri et argenti, vestium ac monilium vel in specie vel in pondere et in quibus speciebus, quidve in enthecis sit repertum. <a 369 d.Iii non.Mai.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
And let the full description comprise what expanse and what the character of the countryside is, what either has been cultivated or is being cultivated, what has been found in vineyards, olive-groves, ploughlands, pastures, and forests; what also the grace and what the amenity of the places is; with what adornment in buildings and possessions; how many slaves (mancipia) are held on the seized estates, whether urban or rustic, and imbued with what kinds of arts; how many cottage-tenants (casarii) or coloni (tenant-farmers); how many oxen for the working of the lands and equipped with ploughs; how many flocks and herds of livestock and in what varieties they are counted; how much gold and silver, garments and jewelry, whether in kind or by weight and in what kinds; and what has been found in the storerooms (enthecae). <a 369 on the 3rd day before the Nones of May, at Trier, in the consulship of Valentinianus the most noble youth and Victor.>
Tum demum omnia ea, quae velle nos perspicis, inquisitione constricta rationalis rei privatae tradantur officio aut palatinis super hac causa missis nostro nectenda patrimonio. <a 369 d.Iii non.Mai.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
Then at length let all those things which you perceive that we wish, once the inquisition has been concluded, be handed over to the office of the rationalis of the res privata, or to palatine officials sent on this matter, to be bound to our patrimony. <a 369 d.3 Nones of May, at Trier, Valentinian n.p. and Victor, consuls.>
Nam si quid post factam a praedicto officio investigationem rationalis rei privatae, cui inquisitio secunda mandata est, amplius fortassis invenenerit, officium fraudulentum ea condemnatione ferietur, ut aliud tantum quantum fuerat subtractum ex propriis facultatibus inferat. <a 369 d.Iii non.Mai.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
For if, after the investigation made by the aforesaid office, the rationalis of the private estate, to whom a second inquiry has been mandated, should perhaps find anything further, the fraudulent office will be struck with this condemnation: that it pay in from its own resources another amount equal to what had been subtracted. <a 369 d.3 non.Mai.Treviris valentiniano np.Et victore conss.>
Si deportatus suos et emancipatos filios habuerit, pars, quae ex bonis eius liberis concessa est, ad eos tantum qui in potestate erant transferatur, si emancipati ea, quae consecuti erant emancipationis tempore, damnose existimant conferenda. * grat. valentin.
If a deported man has sons in his own power and emancipated sons, the portion which from his goods has been conceded to his children shall be transferred only to those who were in his power, if the emancipated deem that the things which they had obtained at the time of emancipation must be collated to their detriment. * Gratian, Valentinian.
Si quis posthac stilum, quod absit, proscriptionis exceperit, uxor res proprias ex quocumque titulo sibi quaesitas veluti manu iniecta mox vindicet aut certe quoquo modo occupatas statim recipiat. dos etiam, non quae aliquotiens inaniter dotalium instrumentorum tenore conscribitur, sed quam se corporaliter tradidisse docuerit, repraesentetur. ea etiam, quae ab innoxio adhuc ante nuptias titulo donationis acceperit, vel durante matrimonio largitione viri ad eam ante proscriptionem pervenerint, apud eam firmiter permaneant.
If anyone hereafter—God forbid—should incur the entry of proscription, the wife shall at once vindicate, as though by laying-on of hand, her own goods acquired for herself under whatever title, or at any rate shall immediately take back those that have been occupied in whatever manner. The dowry too shall be restored—not that which is sometimes vainly inscribed by the tenor of dotal instruments, but that which she shall have shown that she delivered corporally. Those things also which she received from him while still innocent before the nuptials by the title of donation, or which during the marriage, by the largess of the husband, came to her before the proscription, shall remain firmly with her.
Si quid etiam in emancipatos liberos ante tempus criminis ac reatus patrem contulisse claruerit, integrum isdem citra inquietudinem reservetur. quod vero nec uxor nec emancipati liberi potuerint vindicare, captum a publicis personis ita ad me referri specialiter censeo, ut illud quoque addatur, utrum filios habeat qui damnatus est, simulque adiciatur, utrum idem apud se ex causa donationis aliquid vindicaverint. <a 396 d.Iii non.Aug.Constantinopoli arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa.Conss.>
If it shall also have become clear that the father transferred anything to emancipated children before the time of the crime and charge, let it be reserved intact for the same, without disturbance. But what neither the wife nor the emancipated children have been able to vindicate, having been seized by public persons, I decree is to be reported to me in such a special manner that this also be added: whether he who has been condemned has sons; and at the same time it shall be added whether the same have vindicated anything in their possession on the ground of a donation. <a 396 on the 3rd day before the Nones of August at Constantinople, Arcadius 4 and Honorius 3, the Augusti, Consuls.>
Sed in his, qui fiscalibus actibus nexi sunt et pro ratiociniis proscribuntur et condemnantur, placuit, si quid proprium uxor habuit vel a marito datum ante initium actum, ex quo origo fraudis ac vitii in iudicium deducta est, si quid deinde in emancipatos filios donatione collatum est, antequam crimen oriatur, intemeratum apud accipientium iura persistere: nec quicquam fisco in qualibet causa teneatur obnoxium, nisi quod in dominio proprio cum obligari ortus est habuit vel quod agens tam suo quam uxoris vel filiorum vel cuiuscumque praeterea nomine comparavit. <a 396 d.Iii non.Aug.Constantinopoli arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa.Conss.>
But in the case of those who are bound by fiscal transactions and are proscribed and condemned for accountings, it has been decreed that, if the wife had anything of her own or received from her husband before the initiation of the proceeding from which the origin of the fraud and fault was brought into judgment, and if anything thereafter was conferred by donation upon emancipated sons before the crime arises, it shall remain inviolate within the rights of the recipients: nor shall anything be held liable to the fisc in any cause, except what he had in his own ownership when he began to be obligated, or what, acting in his own name as well as in the name of his wife or sons or of anyone else besides, he acquired. <a 396 d.Iii non.Aug.Constantinopoli arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa.Conss.>
Exceptis dumtaxat caesarianis, id est catholicianis, qui ab omni iuris beneficio excluduntur, nisi probata a me purgataque ratiocinia fuerint, ut, quod innoxie habuerint, transmittendi copiam habeant. <a 396 d.Iii non.Aug.Constantinopoli arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa.Conss.>
Except only the Caesarians, that is, the Catholiciani, who are excluded from every benefit of the law, unless the reckonings have been proved by me and purged, so that they may have the opportunity of transmitting what they have held innocently. <a 396 d.3 non.Aug.Constantinopoli arcadio 4 et honorio 3 aa.Conss.>
Quando quis quolibet crimine damnatus capitalem poenam vel deportationem sustineat, si quidem sine liberis mortuus sit, bona eius ad fiscum perveniant: si vero filii vel nepotes ex defunctis filiis relicti erunt, dimidia parte aerario vindicata alia eis reservetur. idem est et si postumos dereliquerit. * theodos.
Whenever anyone, condemned for any crime whatsoever, undergoes the capital penalty or deportation, if indeed he dies without children, his goods shall pass to the fisc: but if sons or grandsons from deceased sons are left, with half vindicated to the aerarium, the other shall be reserved to them. The same holds also if he has left posthumous children. * theodosius.
Decurioni vero, qui hoc incurrerit, si liberos non habeat, succedat curia bonaque universa detineat aut ipsa per se aut suo ordinatura periculo munera subiturum. <a 426 d.X k.Febr.Constantinopoli theodosio xii et valentiniano ii aa. conss.>
But as for the decurion who shall have incurred this, if he has no children, let the curia succeed and detain all the goods, either itself by itself or, appointing at its own risk, one who will undergo the public munera (duties). <a 426 on the 10th day before the Kalends of February, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Theodosius for the 12th time and Valentinian for the 2nd time, Augusti, consuls.>
Sin mares curiales fuerint intermixti, dimidia pars eis curiae nomine deferatur, et aliam, quam in commune omnibus tribuit indulgentia principalis, pro virili dividant portione. <a 426 d.X k.Febr.Constantinopoli theodosio xii et valentiniano ii aa. conss.>
But if male curials are intermingled, let half be assigned to them in the name of the curia, and the other half, which the imperial indulgence grants to all in common, let them divide by virile portion. <At Constantinople, 426, on the 10th day before the Kalends of February, Theodosius 12 and Valentinian 2, Augusti, consuls.>
Eapropter fratrem vel patrem tuum si nullo delato crimine, dolore aliquo corporis aut taedio vitae aut furore aut insania aut aliquo casu suspendio vitam finisse constiterit, bona eorum tam ex testamento quam ab intestato ad successores pertinebunt. <a 212 pp.Xii k.Ian.Duobus aspris conss.>
Therefore, if it has been established that either your brother or your father, with no crime laid against him, finished his life by hanging—because of some bodily pain or weariness of life, or through fury or insanity, or by some accident—their goods shall pertain to successors both under a testament and intestate. <a 212 pp.12 k.Ian.Duobus aspris conss.>
Cum patrem tuum in metallum damnatum fuisse proponas eiusque bona merito a fisco occupata sunt, non ideo, quod ex indulgentia mea poena tantummodo metalli liberatus esset, etiam bonorum restitutionem impetravit, nisi speciale beneficium super hoc fuerit impetratum. * ant. a. quieto.
Since you set forth that your father was condemned to the mines and that his goods were rightly seized by the fisc, it does not follow that, because by my indulgence he was released only from the penalty of the mines, he also obtained restitution of his goods, unless a special beneficium has been obtained concerning this. * Antoninus Augustus to Quietus.
Si debitor poenam sententiae passus est, quam bonorum ademptio secuta est, quamvis postea civitati romanae restitutus non totam substantiam, sed aliquid ex indulgentia principis ut haberet impetravit, aeris tamen alieni ex praecedente tempore poena liberatus est. * alex. a. stratoniciano.
if a debtor has undergone the penalty of a sentence, which was followed by a confiscation of goods, although afterwards restored to roman citizenship he obtained, by the indulgence of the princeps, to have not his whole estate but something, nevertheless he is freed from the penalty of debt from the preceding time. * alexander augustus to stratonicianus.
Tutor filiorum, quorum te bonorum possessionem accepisse dicis, in metallum damnatus et postea ex indulgentia generali regressus, quamquam locupletior sit, actione tutelae administratae tibi non tenetur, si non gratia sententiae facta specialiter statum pristinum cum bonis recuperaverit. * alex. a. valentinae.
The guardian of the sons, whose possession of the goods (bonorum possessio) you say you have received, having been condemned to the mines and afterward returned by a general indulgence, although he is wealthier, is not liable to you under the action for administered guardianship, unless, by a special favor regarding the sentence, he has recovered his former status together with his goods. * Alexander Augustus to Valentina.
Si ademptis bonis in insulam datus sis, quamvis ex indulgentia communi redisti, actiones tamen, quascumque habuisti, remanent in causa bonorum publicatorum, nec ex ordine est quod petis, ut contra heredes tutorum actiones tibi praestentur. * alex. a. iuliano.
If, your goods having been taken away, you were consigned to an island, although you have returned by common indulgence, nevertheless the actions, whatever you had, remain in the category of goods confiscated to the public; nor is what you seek according to order, namely, that actions be afforded to you against the heirs of the guardians. * Alexander Augustus to Julianus.
In insulam filio deportato hacque ratione vinculo paternae potestatis exempto, si postea ex indulgentia divi alexandri, ut proponis, reditus in patrium solum praecedensque dignitas restituta sit, potestas tamen patria repetita non videtur. * gord. a. fabiano.
With the son having been deported to an island and by this rationale exempted from the bond of paternal power, if thereafter by the indulgence of the deified Alexander, as you propose, return to the native soil and the preceding dignity have been restored, nevertheless the paternal power does not appear to have been resumed. * Gordian Augustus to Fabianus.
Frustra adhuc servum esse tui iuris existimas, qui in metallum datus poena eius postea liberatus est. per huiusmodi enim indulgentiae occasionem integrari dominium prius non placuit. verum idcirco tamen impune tibi eum praeses provinciae iniuriosum esse non patietur.
In vain you still suppose him to be under your right as a slave, who, having been consigned to the mines as his penalty, was afterwards released from it. For on the occasion of an indulgence of this kind, it has not been approved that the prior dominion be reintegrated. Yet for that reason the governor of the province will not allow him to be injurious toward you with impunity.
Si pater vester in insulam deportatus generali indulgentia restitutus est nec, ut liberos in potestatem reciperet, specialiter impetravit, in dubium non venit hereditatis commodum per vos ei adquiri, quos sententia contra eum prolata patres familias effecit, nequaquam potuisse. * diocl. et maxim.
If your father, having been deported to an island, was restored by a general indulgence, and did not specially obtain that he might receive his children back into his power, there is no question that the benefit of an inheritance could by no means be acquired for him through you, whom the sentence pronounced against him made patresfamilias. * Diocletian and Maximian.
In quaestione testamenti, quod deportati filius remeante patre fecisset, remotis ulpiani atque pauli notis papiniani placet valere sententiam, ut in patris sit filius potestate, cui dignitas ac bona restituta sunt. * const. a. ad maximum pu. * <a 321 d. xviii k. oct.
In the question of a testament which the son of a deported man had made, the father having returned, with the notes of Ulpian and Paul set aside, it pleases that the opinion of Papinian prevail: that the son be in the father’s power, to whom rank and goods have been restored. * const. of the emperor to Maximus, urban prefect. * <a 321 d. 18 k. oct.
Ita tamen, ut gesta per filium, cuius consilia legitima aetas firmaverat, rata sint eodem in potestate patria redeunte, ne eorum rescissio efficiat, quod est maxime absurdum, eodem tempore nec in patris nec in sua quemquam fuisse potestate. <a 321 d. xviii k. oct. sirmi crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>
Provided, however, that the acts transacted through the son—whose counsels a lawful age had confirmed—be valid upon his returning into the same paternal power, lest the rescission of them bring about, which is most absurd, that at the same time someone was in the power of neither his father nor himself. <a 321, on the 18th day before the Kalends of October, at Sirmium, when Crispus and Constantine, Caesars, were consuls for the 2nd time.>
Minores enim aetate iure quicquam agere prohibentur. quibus si damnato patre tutor datus est, necesse est, ut ab officio suo recedat regresso eo, quem non solum nomine redire, sed etiam officium suum nulla pravitate corruptum liberis praebere oportet, ut eorum bona tueatur et augeat. <a 321 d. xviii k. oct.
For minors by age are prohibited by law from doing anything. And if to them, with their father condemned, a tutor is given, it is necessary that he retire from his office upon that man’s return—who ought not only to return in name, but also to offer to his children his office, uncorrupted by any depravity—so that he may protect and augment their goods. <a 321 d. xviii k. oct.
Nam si patria potestate ad corrumpendi atque effundendi patrimonii licentiam abutetur, ut furioso ac dementi, item prodigo, libidinum omnium vitiorumque servo non est eorum pecunia committenda. <a 321 d. xviii k. oct. sirmi crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>
For if he should abuse paternal power as a license for corrupting and squandering the patrimony, then—as to a madman and a demented person, likewise to a prodigal, a slave of all lusts and vices—their money must not be entrusted to him. <in the year 321, on the 18th day before the Kalends of October, at Sirmium, with Crispus and Constantine, Caesars, consuls for the 2nd time.>
Sententia vero deportationis nullo patrem praeiudicio deminuat. quem si comperta integritas ut natura, ita officio liberis restituerit, ei gubernacula rerum tradenda sunt, cuius ad imitationem publici iuris provisa custodia est. quae nisi bonis patribus detur, luctuosior erit reditus quam discessus.
Yet let the sentence of deportation diminish the father by no prejudice. If proven integrity shall have restored him to his children, as by nature so by office, the helm of affairs is to be handed over to him, after the pattern of which the guardianship provided by public law has been established. Which, unless it be given to good fathers, the return will be more mournful than the departure.
Ideoque tantum ad restitutionem indulgentia valeat, quantum ad correctionem sententia valuit, utque deportationis ipsum per se nomen rerum omnium spoliatio est , ita indulgentiae restitutio bonorum ac dignitatis uno nomine amissorum omnium sit recuperatio. et filii emancipationem a patribus officiis petant, ut libertatem non damnationis, sed lenitatis paternae testem habeant. <a 321 d. xviii k. oct.
And therefore let indulgence avail for restitution as much as the sentence availed for correction, and just as the very name of deportation is in itself a despoiling of all things , so let the restitution of indulgence be the recovery of all goods and dignity, of all things lost under a single name. And let sons seek emancipation from their fathers through official procedures, so that they may have their liberty as a witness not of condemnation, but of paternal lenity. <a 321 d. 18 k. oct.