Theodosius: Liber IX

CTh.9.1.0. De accusationibus et inscriptionibus
CTh.9.2.0. De exhibendis vel transmittendis reis
CTh.9.3.0. De custodia reorum
CTh.9.4.0. Si quis imperatori maledixerit
CTh.9.5.0. Ad legem iuliam maiestatis
CTh.9.6.0. Ne praeter crimen maiestatis servus dominum vel patronum libertus seu familiaris accuset
CTh.9.7.0. Ad legem iuliam de adulteriis
CTh.9.8.0. [=brev.9.5.0.] Si quis eam, cuius tutor fuerit, corruperit.
CTh.9.9.0. [=brev.9.6.0.] De mulieribus, quae se servis propriis iunxerunt.
CTh.9.10.0. Ad legem iuliam de vi publica et privata
CTh.9.11.0. [=brev.9.8.0.] De privati carceris custodia.

CTh.9.1.0. On accusations and inscriptions
CTh.9.2.0. On defendants to be produced or transmitted
CTh.9.3.0. On the custody of the accused
CTh.9.4.0. If anyone has spoken ill of the emperor
CTh.9.5.0. Under the Julian law on treason
CTh.9.6.0. That, except for the crime of treason, a slave not accuse his master, nor a freedman his patron, nor a familiar of the household
CTh.9.7.0. Under the Julian law on adultery
CTh.9.8.0. [=brev.9.5.0.] If anyone has corrupted her of whom he has been guardian.
CTh.9.9.0. [=brev.9.6.0.] On women who have joined themselves to their own slaves.
CTh.9.10.0. Under the Julian law on public and private violence
CTh.9.11.0. [=brev.9.8.0.] On the custody of a private prison.

CTh.9.12.0. De emendatione servorum
CTh.9.13.0. [=brev.9.10.0.] De emendatione propinquorum.
CTh.9.14.0. Ad legem corneliam de sicariis
CTh.9.15.0. [=brev.9.12.0.] De parricidis.
CTh.9.16.0. De maleficis et mathematicis et ceteris similibus
CTh.9.17.0. De sepulchri violati
CTh.9.18.0. [=brev.9.14.0.] Ad legem Fabiam.

CTh.9.12.0. On the emendation of slaves
CTh.9.13.0. [=brev.9.10.0.] On the emendation of relatives.
CTh.9.14.0. According to the Cornelian law on assassins
CTh.9.15.0. [=brev.9.12.0.] On parricides.
CTh.9.16.0. On malefics and astrologers and the other similar
CTh.9.17.0. On the violation of a sepulcher
CTh.9.18.0. [=brev.9.14.0.] According to the Fabian law.

CTh.9.19.0. Ad legem corneliam de falso
CTh.9.20.0. Victum civiliter agere et criminaliter posse.
CTh.9.21.0. De falsa moneta
CTh.9.22.0. [=brev.9.18.0.] Si quis solidi circulum exteriorem inciderit vel adulteratum in vendendo subiecerit.
CTh.9.23.0. Si quis pecunias conflaverit vel mercandi causa transtulerit aut vetitas contrectaverit
CTh.9.24.0. De raptu virginum vel viduarum
CTh.9.25.0. De raptu vel matrimonio sanctimonialium virginum vel viduarum
CTh.9.26.0. Ad legem iuliam de ambitu
CTh.9.27.0. Ad legem iuliam repetundarum
CTh.9.28.0. De crimine peculatus
CTh.9.29.0. De his, qui latrones vel aliis criminibus reos occultaverint
CTh.9.30.0. Quibus equorum usus concessus est aut denegatus
CTh.9.31.0. Ne pastoribus dentur filii nutriendi
CTh.9.32.0. De nili aggeribus non corrumpendis
CTh.9.33.0. [=brev.9.23.0.] De his, qui plebem audent contra publicam colligere disciplinam.

CTh.9.19.0. To the Cornelian law on forgery.
CTh.9.20.0. Having been defeated in a civil suit and yet to be able to proceed criminally.
CTh.9.21.0. On counterfeit coin.
CTh.9.22.0. [=brev.9.18.0.] If anyone shall cut the outer rim of a solidus or shall put forward an adulterated one in selling.
CTh.9.23.0. If anyone shall melt down coin, or shall transfer it for the purpose of trading, or shall handle prohibited coin.
CTh.9.24.0. On the abduction of virgins or widows.
CTh.9.25.0. On the abduction or marriage of sanctimonial virgins or widows.
CTh.9.26.0. To the Julian law on canvassing (electoral bribery).
CTh.9.27.0. To the Julian law on extortions.
CTh.9.28.0. On the crime of peculation.
CTh.9.29.0. On those who have concealed bandits or persons guilty of other crimes.
CTh.9.30.0. To whom the use of horses is granted or denied.
CTh.9.31.0. That children not be given to shepherds for rearing.
CTh.9.32.0. On the embankments of the Nile not to be damaged.
CTh.9.33.0. [=brev.9.23.0.] On those who dare to gather the people against public discipline.

CTh.9.34.0. De famosis libellis
CTh.9.35.0. De quaestionibus
CTh.9.36.0. [=brev.9.26.0.] Ut intra annum criminalis actio terminetur.
CTh.9.37.0. De abolitionibus
CTh.9.38.0. De indulgentiis criminum
CTh.9.39.0. [=brev.9.29.0.] De calumniatoribus.
CTh.9.40.0. De poenis
CTh.9.41.0. [=brev.9.31.0.] Ne sine iussu principis certis iudicibus liceat confiscare.

CTh.9.34.0. On defamatory libels
CTh.9.35.0. On interrogations under torture
CTh.9.36.0. [=brev.9.26.0.] That a criminal action be terminated within a year.
CTh.9.37.0. On abolitions
CTh.9.38.0. On pardons for crimes
CTh.9.39.0. [=brev.9.29.0.] On calumniators.
CTh.9.40.0. On penalties
CTh.9.41.0. [=brev.9.31.0.] That it be not permitted for certain judges to confiscate without the order of the emperor.

CTh.9.42.0. De bonis proscriptorum seu damnatorum
CTh.9.43.0. [=brev.9.33.0.] De sententiam passis et restitutis et liberis eorum.
CTh.9.44.0. De his, qui ad statuas confugiunt
CTh.9.45.0. De his, qui ad ecclesias confugiunt

CTh.9.42.0. On the goods of the proscribed or condemned
CTh.9.43.0. [=brev.9.33.0.] On those who have suffered sentence and those restored and their children.
CTh.9.44.0. On those who flee for refuge to statues
CTh.9.45.0. On those who flee for refuge to churches

CTh.9.1.0. De accusationibus et inscriptionibus

CTh.9.1.0. On accusations and inscriptions

CTh.9.1.1 [=brev.9.1.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad octavianum comitem hispaniarum. quicumque* clarissimae dignitatis virginem rapuerit, vel fines aliquos invaserit, vel in aliqua culpa seu crimine fuerit deprehensus, statim intra provinciam, in qua facinus perpetravit, publicis legibus subiugetur, neque super eius nomine ad scientiam nostram referatur, nec fori praescriptione utatur.

emperor constantine augustus to octavianus, count of the spains. whoever* shall have abducted a virgin of most illustrious dignity, or shall have invaded any bounds,
or shall have been apprehended in any fault or crime, let him at once within the province in which he perpetrated the deed be subjected to the public laws,
and let there be no reference concerning him to our knowledge, nor let him make use of the forum prescription.

omnem enim honorem reatus excludit, quum criminalis causa et non civilis res vel pecuniaria moveatur. dat. prid.

for the charge excludes every honor, since a criminal cause, and not a civil or pecuniary matter, is set in motion. Given the day before.

non. dec. serdicae.

december 5, at serdica.

acc. v. non. mart.

received on March 3.

cordubae, gallicano et basso coss.

at corduba, in the consulship of gallicanus and bassus.

interpretatio. quicumque* damnabile vel puniendum legibus crimen admiserit, non se dicat in foro suo, id est in loco, ubi habitat, debere pulsari: sed ubi crimen admissum est, ab eius loci iudicibus vindicetur, nec de eius persona ad principem referatur

interpretation. whoever* has committed a crime damnable or to be punished by the laws, let him not say that he ought to be impleaded in his own forum, that is, in the place where he dwells, but where the crime has been committed, let him be prosecuted by the judges of that place, nor let a report concerning his person be referred to the emperor

CTh.9.1.2

Theodosian Code 9.1.2

Idem a. ad ianuarinum. quicumque ex eo die, quo reus fuerit in iudicio petitus, intra anni spatium noluerit adesse iudicio, res eius fisco vindicentur et si postea repertus nocens fuerit, deprehensus saeviori sententiae subiugetur. sed et si argumentis evidentibus et probatione dilucida innocentiam suam purgare suffecerit, nihilo minus facultates eius penes fiscum remaneant.

The same emperor to ianuarinus. Whoever, from the day on which he has been sued as a defendant in court, shall have been unwilling to be present at the court within the space of a year, let his property be adjudged to the fisc;
and if afterward he shall be found guilty, once apprehended, let him be subjected to a harsher sentence. but even if by evident arguments and clear proof he shall have sufficed to purge his innocence, nonetheless let his faculties remain with the fisc.

dat. id. ianuar., acc. v kal.

dated on the Ides of January, received on the 5th day before the Kalends.

aug. corintho constantino a. v et licinio caes. conss.

In August, at Corinth: with Constantine, Augustus, in his 5th [consulship], and Licinius, Caesar, as consuls.

(319 ian. 13).

(319 Jan. 13).

CTh.9.1.3 [=brev.9.1.2]

Theodosian Code 9.1.3 [= breviary 9.1.2]

Idem a. ad agricolanum..... quum ius evidens atque manifestum sit, ut intendendi criminis publici facultatem non nisi ex certis causis mulieres habeant, hoc est si suam suorumque iniuriam persequantur, observari antiquitus statuta oportet. neque enim fas est, ut passim mulieribus accusandi permissa facultas sit; alioquin in publicis olim quaestionibus interdum aut admissa probatio est aut accusantis auctoritas. patroni etiam causarum monendi sunt, ne respectu compendii feminas, securitate forsitan sexus in actionem illicitam proruentes, temere suscipiant.

The same Augustus to Agricolanus..... since the law is evident and manifest, that women have the faculty of instituting a public criminal charge only from certain causes—that is, if they pursue injury done to themselves and to their own kin—the statutes established of old ought to be observed. For it is not right that the faculty of accusing be permitted to women indiscriminately; otherwise, in public inquests of old, sometimes either an admitted proof or the accuser’s authority prevailed. The patrons of causes also are to be warned not, out of regard for gain, to undertake women who, perhaps relying on the security of their sex, rush into an illicit action, rashly.

pp. v. id. febr. probiano et iuliano coss.

Posted on 9 February, in the consulship of Probianus and Julianus.

interpretatio. feminis nisi in sua suorumque causa quemquam accusare non liceat, quia susceptione alienarum causarum legibus prohibentur. advocati etiam commonendi sunt, ne contra leges suscipiant in alienis causis feminas litigare cupientes

interpretation. let it not be permitted to women to accuse anyone unless in their own case and that of their own people, because by the laws they are prohibited from the undertaking of alien causes. advocates also are to be admonished, lest, contrary to the laws, they undertake, in alien cases, women desiring to litigate

CTh.9.1.4

Idem a. ad universos provinciales. si quis est cuiuscumque loci ordinis dignitatis, qui se in quemcumque iudicum comitum amicorum vel palatinorum meorum aliquid veraciter et manifeste probare posse confidit, quod non integre adque iuste gessisse videatur, intrepidus et securus accedat, interpellet me: ipse audiam omnia, ipse cognoscam et si fuerit comprobatum, ipse me vindicabo. dicat, securus et bene sibi conscius dicat: si probaverit, ut dixi, ipse me vindicabo de eo, qui me usque ad hoc tempus simulata integritate deceperit, illum autem, qui hoc prodiderit et comprobaverit, et dignitatibus et rebus augebo.

The same Augustus, to all provincials. If there is anyone, of whatever place, order, or dignity, who trusts that he can truly and manifestly prove something against any one of my judges, counts, friends, or palatines, namely that he seems not to have conducted himself uprightly and justly, let him approach unafraid and secure, let him appeal to me: I myself will hear everything, I myself will examine, and if it has been proved, I myself will vindicate myself.
Let him speak—let him speak secure and well conscious of himself: if he has proved it, as I said, I myself will take vengeance upon the one who up to this time has deceived me with a feigned integrity; but the one who has revealed and substantiated this I will increase both in dignities and in possessions.

ita mihi summa divinitas semper propitia sit et me incolumem praestet, ut cupio, felicissima et florente re publica. proposita xv kal. octob.

so may the supreme divinity always be propitious to me and keep me safe, as I desire, with the commonwealth most felicitous and flourishing. posted on September 17.

nicomediae paulino et iuliano conss. (325 sept. 17).

at nicomedia, in the consulship of paulinus and julianus (325 september 17).

CTh.9.1.5 [=brev.9.1.3]

Theodosian Code 9.1.5 [= breviary 9.1.3]

Idem a. ad maximum pf. u. quodam tempore admissum est, ut non subscriptio, sed professio criminis uno sermone ex ore fugiens tam accusatorem quam reum sub experiendi periculo de patria, de liberis, de fortunis, de vita denique dimicare cogeret. ideoque volumus, ut, remota professionis licentia ac temeritate, ad subscriptionis morem ordinemque criminatio referatur, ut iure veteri in criminibus deferendis omnes utantur, id est ut, sopita ira et per haec spatia mentis tranquillitate recepta, ad supremam actionem cum ratione veniant atque consilio. dat.

The same Augustus to Maximus, urban prefect: at a certain time it was permitted that not subscription, but profession of the crime, in one utterance fleeing from the mouth, should compel both accuser and defendant, under the peril of undergoing trial, to fight concerning their fatherland, their children, their fortunes, and finally their life. And therefore we wish that, with the license and rashness of profession removed, the accusation be referred to the custom and order of subscription, so that all may use the old law in reporting crimes, that is, that, anger having been lulled and, through these intervals, calmness of mind having been recovered, they may come to the supreme action with reason and counsel. Given.

xi. kal. iun. sirmio.

May 22, at Sirmium.

acc. romae, constantino a. vii. et constantio c. coss.

received at Rome, when Constantine Augustus for the 7th time and Constantius Caesar were consuls.

interpretatio. si quis iratus crimen aliquod temere cuilibet obiecerit, convicium non est pro accusatione habendum, sed permisso tractandi spatio, id quod iratus dixit, per scripturam se probaturum esse fateatur. quod si fortasse resipiscens post iracundiam, quae dixit, iterare aut scribere fortasse noluerit, non ut reus criminis teneatur

interpretation. if anyone, being angry, has rashly objected some crime to anyone, the insult is not to be held in place of an accusation, but with a span for handling allowed, let him confess that he will prove by a writing that which he said in anger. but if perhaps, coming to his senses after anger, he should be unwilling to repeat or to write what he said, the person is not to be held as a defendant on the charge.

CTh.9.1.6

Theodosian Code 9.1.6

Idem a. secundo praefecto praetorio. edi criminalia acta ut civilia iubemus, his videlicet, quorum salus ad discrimen vocatur, neque expectari deprecationem actorum neque arte accusatoris differri, ut de innocentia iudicantis adque aequitate consistat. dat.

The same Augustus, to the praetorian prefect, for the second time. We order the criminal proceedings to be published as the civil, namely for those whose welfare is called into danger, and that neither a plea concerning the proceedings be awaited nor a delay be contrived by the art of the accuser, so that it may consist in the innocence of the judge and in equity. Given.

kal. decemb. ianuarino et iusto conss.

on the kalends of december, in the consulship of Ianuarinus and Iustus.

(328 [362/3] dec. 1).

(328 [362/3] Dec. 1).

CTh.9.1.7

Theodosian Code 9.1.7

Imp. constantius a. domitio leontio praefecto praetorio. ii, quos custodia delatae criminationis includit, intra unius mensis spatium audiantur inquisitione completa, ne, si delati criminis causam segnius iudicantis lenitudo distulerit, reciprocos poenae sortiatur incursus.

The Emperor Constantius Augustus to Domitius Leontius, Praetorian Prefect. 2, those whom the custody of a reported accusation confines, within the span of one month
let them be heard, the investigation having been completed, lest, if the leniency of the judge more sluggishly postpones the case of the reported crime, it should bring about reciprocal incursions of penalty.

dat. xv kal. novemb.

given on the 15th day before the Kalends of November.

urso et polemio conss. (338 oct. 18).

Urso and Polemius, consuls. (October 18, 338).

CTh.9.1.8

Codex Theodosianus 9.1.8

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad maximinum correctorem tusciae. non sinendum est, ut quisque negotii criminalis strepitu terreatur, nisi inscriptione conscribtus et exhibitionis iniuriam et rei condicionem sustineat.

the emperors valentinian and valens, augusti, to maximinus, corrector of tuscia. it must not be allowed that anyone be terrified by the clamor of a criminal business, unless, enrolled by an indictment (inscriptio), he sustain both the hardship of production/appearance and the condition of the case.

dat. xv kal. dec.

dated 15 days before the Kalends of December.

remis, acc. florentiae gratiano nob. p. c. et dagalaifo conss.

At Reims; received at Florence, with Gratian, most noble boy, and Dagalaifus, consuls.

(366 nov. 17).

(Nov. 17, 366).

CTh.9.1.9 [=brev.9.1.4]

CTh.9.1.9 [=Breviary9.1.4]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad valerianum pf. u. non prius quemquam sinceritas tua ad tuae sedis examen iubebit adduci, quam solennibus satisfecerit, qui nititur fidem doloris asserere, quum iuxta formam iuris antiqui ei, qui coeperit arguere, aut vindicta proposita sit, si vera detulerit, aut supplicium, si fefellerit.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Valerianus, Urban Prefect. Your Sincerity shall not order anyone to be brought to the examination of your seat before he has satisfied the solemnities,
he who strives to assert the credence of a grievance, since, according to the form of the ancient law, for him who has begun to accuse, either redress is set forth, if he has reported truths,
or punishment, if he has deceived.

dat. vii. kal.

given on the 7th day before the Kalends.

dec. remis, gratiano n. p. et dagalaipho coss.

in December, at Reims, Gratian, most noble youth, and Dagalaiphus, consuls.

interpretatio. tam civile negotium quam criminale accusationis professio manu accusatoris conscripta praecedat

interpretation. both the civil business as well as the criminal: let the profession of accusation, written by the hand of the accuser, precede

CTh.9.1.10 [=brev.9.1.5]

Iidem aa. et grat. a. ad florianum comitem. post alia: ultra provinciae terminos accusandi licentia non progrediatur.

The same Emperors and Gratian Augustus to the Count Florianus. After other things: let the license of accusing not advance beyond the boundaries of the province.

oportet enim illic criminum iudicia agitari, ubi facinus dicitur admissum. peregrina autem iudicia praesentibus legibus coercemus. dat.

For it is proper that the judgments of crimes be conducted there where the offense is said to have been committed. Moreover, we coerce peregrine judgments by the present laws. Given.

v. id. nov. martianopoli, valentin. et valente iv. aa. coss.

on the 5th day before the ides of november, at marcianopolis, valentinian and valens, augusti, consuls (with valens for the 4th time).

interpretatio. criminum discussio ibi agitanda est, ubi crimen admissum est; nam alibi criminis reus prohibetur audiri

interpretation. The discussion of crimes must be conducted there where the crime was committed; for elsewhere the accused of the crime is forbidden to be heard

CTh.9.1.11 [=brev.9.1.6]

Iidem aaa. ad florianum comitem. post alia: nullus secundum iuris praescriptum, crimen, quod intendere proposuerit, exsequatur, nisi subeat inscriptionis vinculum.

The same Augusti to Florianus, count. after other things: let no one, according to the prescription of law, prosecute a crime which he has proposed to intend, unless he undergo the bond of inscription.

etenim qui alterius famam, fortunas, caput denique et sanguinem in iudicium devocaverit, sciat sibi impendere congruam poenam, si, quod intenderit, non probaverit etc. dat. v. id. nov.

For indeed, whoever shall have called another’s reputation, fortunes, and, finally, head and blood into judgment, let him know for himself
that a fitting penalty impends, if he does not prove what he has intended, etc. Given on the 9th of November.

martianopoli, valentin. et valente iv. aa. coss.

at Martianopolis, Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, consuls for the 4th time.

interpretatio. nisi inscriptione celebrata per ordinem reum quemquam non fieri, nec ad iudicium exhiberi, quia sicut convictum poena constringit, ita et accusatorem, si non probaverit, quod obiecit

interpretation. unless an inscription, celebrated in due order, has taken place, no one becomes a defendant, nor is produced to judgment, because just as the penalty constrains the convicted, so also the accuser, if he has not proved what he objected

CTh.9.1.12 [=brev.9.1.7]

Iidem aaa. laodicio praesidi sardiniae. neganda est accusatis licentia criminandi, priusquam se crimine, quo premuntur, exuerint.

The same Augusti to Laodicius, governor of Sardinia. The license of accusing is to be denied to the accused, before they have stripped off the charge by which they are pressed.

nam sanctionum veterum conditores adimendam licentiam omnibus censuerunt in accusatores suos invidiosam dicendi vocem. nullam itaque obtineat in iudiciis auctoritatem periclitantium furor, qui si latius evagetur, ne ipse quidem cognitor tutus erit aut quaestionem securus agitabit, qui, exsequendo iuris severitatem, non potest illorum, quos punit, odium evitare. dat.

for the framers of the ancient sanctions decreed that the license be taken away from all to utter invidious speech against their accusers. Therefore let the fury of those on trial obtain no authority in the courts, which, if it should roam more widely, not even the inquisitor will be safe nor will he conduct the inquisition securely, who, in executing the severity of the law, cannot avoid the hatred of those whom he punishes. Given.

prid. id. aug. carnunti, gratiano a. iii.

the day before the Ides of August, at Carnuntum, in the 3rd consulship of Gratian Augustus.

et equitio v. c. coss.

and equitius, a most illustrious man, consuls.

interpretatio. non credendum est contra alios eorum confessioni, qui in criminibus accusantur, nisi se prius probaverint innocentes: quia periculosa est et admitti non debet rei adversus quemcumque* professio

interpretation. it is not to be believed, against others, the confession of those who are accused in crimes, unless they have first proved themselves innocent: because it is dangerous and ought not to be admitted—the profession of a defendant against anyone*

CTh.9.1.13

Theodosian Code 9.1.13

Imppp. valens, gratianus et valentinianus aaa. ad senatum.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian, augusti, to the senate.

post alia: provincialis iudex vel intra italiam, cum in eius disceptationem criminalis causae dictio adversum senatorem inciderit, intendendi quidem examinis et cognoscendi causas habeat potestatem, verum nihil de animadversione decernens integro non causae, sed capitis statu referat ad scientiam nostram vel ad inclytas potestates. referent igitur praesides et correctores, item consulares, vicarii quoque, proconsules de capite, ut diximus, senatorio negotii examine habito. referant autem de suburbanis provinciis iudices ad praefecturam sedis urbanae, de ceteris ad praefecturam praetorio.

after other matters: when the pleading of a criminal case against a senator falls into the adjudication of a provincial judge, or one within italy, he shall indeed have the power of initiating the examination and of investigating the causes, but deciding nothing concerning punishment,
with the status left intact not of the case but of the person, let him refer to our knowledge or to the illustrious authorities. therefore the governors and correctors, likewise the consulars, and the vicars too, and the proconsuls shall report on the capital issue, as we have said, once an examination of the senatorial matter has been held. let the judges, however, of the suburban provinces report to the prefecture of the urban seat, and of the others to the praetorian prefecture.

sed praefecto urbis cognoscenti de capite senatorum spectatorum maxime virorum iudicium quinquevirale sociabitur et de praesentibus et administratorum honore functis licebit adiungere sorte ductos, non sponte delectos. et cetera. lecta in senatu iii id. feb.

but to the Prefect of the City,
when taking cognizance concerning the capital matter of senators, a quinqueviral judgment—of men most distinguished—shall be associated; and both from those present and from administrators
who have discharged office it will be permitted to add men drawn by lot, not chosen of their own selection. And the rest. Read in the senate on 11 Feb.

valente v et valentiniano aa. conss. (376 febr. 11).

valens, for the 5th time, and valentinian, augusti, consuls. (376 feb. 11).

CTh.9.1.14 [=brev.9.1.8]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. ad marinianum vicarium hispaniae. qui vel internecivi exserit actionem vel crimen suspectae mortis intendit, non prius cuiuscumque* caput accusatione pulset, quam vinculo legis adstrictus pari coeperit poenae condicione* iurgare, ita ut etiam servos si quis crediderit accusandos, non prius ad miserorum tormenta veniatur, quam se accusator vinculo inscriptionis adstrinxerit.

aaa. to Marinianus, Vicar of Spain. Whoever either brings forth an internecine action or intends a charge of a suspected death, let him not first assail the head of anyone with an accusation, until, bound by the bond of the law, he has begun to litigate under a condition of equal penalty; such that, even if anyone has believed that slaves are to be accused, one is not to come first to the torments of the wretched before the accuser has bound himself by the bond of inscription.

appetendorum enim causa servorum aut dispendium facultatum est aut poena dominorum. dat. vi. kal.

for the pursuing of slaves entails either a loss of resources or a penalty upon their masters. Given on the 6th day before the Kalends.

iun. patavi, merobaude iterum et saturnino coss.

june, at padua,
merobaudes for the second time and saturninus, consuls.

interpretatio. quicumque* alium de homicidii crimine periculosa vel capitali obiectione pulsaverit, non prius a iudicibus audiatur, quam se similem poenam, quam reo intendit, conscripserit subiturum: et si servos alienos accusandos esse crediderit, se simili inscriptione constringat, futurum ut supplicia innocentum servorum aut poena capitis sui aut facultatum amissione compenset

interpretation. whoever* shall have assailed another with a perilous or capital objection of homicide, let him not be heard by the judges before
he shall have written that he himself will undergo a like penalty which he intends for the defendant: and if he has believed that another’s slaves ought to be accused, let him bind himself by a like inscription,
so that he compensate the punishments of innocent slaves either by the capital penalty upon his own head or by the loss of his means

CTh.9.1.15 [=brev.9.1.9]

Iidem aaa. cynegio pf. p. concessum singuli universique cognoscant, non emendicatis suffragiis decretorum, sed lite suis nominibus instituta illustris et magnificae celsitudinis tuae adeundam potestatem, quoniam accusari unumquemque per alterum non oportet: videlicet ut iustitia et aequitate, qua notus es, in iudice punias, si innoxios verberavit, in officio, si fortasse conticuit, quod caedi decuriones innoxios non liceret. dat.

The same Augusti to Cynegius, praetorian prefect. let individuals and all alike know that it has been granted, not by begged-for suffrages of decrees, but by a suit instituted in their own names, that the authority of your illustrious and magnificent highness be approached, since it is not proper for anyone to be accused through another: namely, that with the justice and equity for which you are known, you punish the judge, if he has beaten innocents, and the staff, if perhaps it kept silent, because it was not permitted that innocent decurions be beaten. Given.

prid. kal. mai.

the day before the Kalends of May.

constantinopoli, arcadio a. i. et bautone coss.

at Constantinople, in the consulship of Arcadius, junior Augustus, and Bauto.

interpretatio. in criminalibus causis vel obiectionibus per mandatum nullus accuset; nec si per rescriptum principis hoc potuerit impetrare. sed ipse, qui crimen intendit, praesens per se accuset, inscriptione praemissa. iudices autem puniendi sunt et damnandum officium, si fortasse tacuerint, si innocentem nisi praemissa inscriptione subdendum crediderint quaestioni

interpretation. in criminal cases or objections let no one accuse by mandate; nor may he obtain this even by an imperial rescript. but he himself, who intends the charge, must, being present, accuse in person, an inscription first submitted. moreover judges are to be punished and the office condemned, if perchance they have kept silent, if they have thought that an innocent person is to be subjected to inquiry without a prior inscription submitted

CTh.9.1.16

Idem aaa. extra provinciae terminos accusatori non erit licentia progredi, quia oportet illic criminum iudicia fieri, ubi facinus dicatur admissum. dat.

The same Augusti. beyond the borders of the province there shall not be license for the accuser to proceed, because it is fitting that the judgments of crimes be held there where the deed is said to have been committed.
Given.

iii kal. april. honorio nobilissimo puero et evodio conss.

the 3rd day before the kalends of april, in the consulship of honorius, most noble boy, and evodius.

(386 mart. 30).

(386 Mar. 30).

CTh.9.1.17

Theodosian Code 9.1.17

Idem aaa. tatiano praefecto praetorio. post alia: tunc convenit potentiores viros adesse iudiciis, cum eorum praesentiam criminalis per inscriptionem causa deposcat.

The same Augusti to Tatianus, Praetorian Prefect. After other matters: then it is fitting that more powerful men be present at judgments, when a criminal cause by inscription demands their presence.

dat. xv kal. mar.

dated on the 15th day before the Kalends of March.

mediolano valentiniano a. iiii et neoterio conss. (390 feb. 15).

at Milan, in the consulship of Valentinian Augustus, for the 4th time, and of Neoterius. (390 Feb. 15).

CTh.9.1.18 [=brev.9.1.10]

Impp. arcad. et honor.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. ne diversorum criminum rei vel desidia iudicum vel quadam lenitatis ambitione per provincias detenti in carcere crudelius differantur, moneantur omnes iudices, productos e custodiis reos disceptationi debitae subdere et, quod leges suaserint, definire. dat. iii.

The emperors, lest those charged with various crimes, detained in prison throughout the provinces, be more cruelly deferred either by the idleness of judges or by a certain ambition for leniency,
let all judges be warned to bring forth the defendants from custody and to subject them to the adjudication that is due, and to define what the laws shall have counseled,
to determine. Given on the 3rd.

non. aug. constantinopoli, arcadio iv. et honorio iii.

the nones of august at constantinople, in the consulship of arcadius 4 and honorius 3.

aa. coss.

the augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. rei non multo tempore in carcere vel in custodia teneantur, sed celeriter aut innocentes absolvantur, aut si convicti fuerint criminosi, sententia puniantur

interpretation. let defendants not be held for a long time in prison or in custody, but quickly either let the innocent be absolved, or, if they shall have been convicted as criminal, let them be punished by sentence

CTh.9.1.19pr. [=brev.9.1.11pr.]

Codex Theodosianus 9.1.19pref. [=Breviarium 9.1.11pref.]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

emperors honorius and theodosius.

aa. consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis, senatui suo salutem dicunt. accusationis ordinem iam dudum legibus institutum servari iubemus, ut, quicumque* in discrimen capitis arcessitur, non statim reus, qui accusari potuit, aestimetur, ne subiectam innocentiam faciamus. sed quisquis ille est, qui crimen intendit, in iudicium veniat, nomen rei indicet et vinculum inscriptionis arripiat, custodiae similitudinem, habita tamen dignitatis aestimatione, patiatur, nec impunitam fore noverit licentiam mentiendi, quum calumniantes ad vindictam poscat similitudo supplicii.

The Augusti send greeting to the consuls, praetors, tribunes of the plebs, and to their senate. We order that the order of accusation, long since instituted by the laws, be observed, to the end that whoever* is summoned into peril of life be not straightway reckoned a defendant merely because he could be accused, lest we subject innocence. But whoever he is who presses a charge, let him come into judgment, indicate the name of the defendant and seize the bond of inscription, let him undergo a likeness of custody, due regard, however, being had to rank, and let him know that the license of lying will not be unpunished, since the likeness of punishment demands vengeance upon calumniators.

CTh.9.1.19.1 [=brev.9.1.11.1]

Theodosian Code 9.1.19.1 [=breviary 9.1.11.1]

Nemo sibi tamen obiectu cuiuslibet criminis blandiatur de se in quaestione confessus, veniam propter flagitia sperans adiuncti, vel communione criminis consortium personae superioris optans, aut inimici supplicio in ipsa supremorum suorum sorte sociandus, aut eripi se posse confidens studio aut privilegio nominati, quum veteris iuris auctoritas de se confessos ne interrogari quidem de aliorum conscientia sinat. nemo igitur de proprio crimine confitentem super conscientia scrutetur aliena nemo credat supplicia fugienti; commonitoriis secreto mandatis fidem penitus abnegamus etc. dat.

Let no one, however, having confessed about himself under inquisition, flatter himself by the allegation of any crime, hoping for pardon on account of flagitious acts added, or
desiring, by the communion of the crime, the consortium of a superior person, or to be associated to an enemy’s punishment in the very lot of his own superiors, or
trusting that he can be snatched away by the zeal or privilege of the one named, since the authority of ancient law allows not even that those who have confessed about themselves be interrogated concerning the conscience of others. let no one, therefore, scrutinize one confessing his own crime about another’s conscience; let no one trust one fleeing punishments; we utterly deny credence to memoranda with secret mandates, etc. given.

viii. id. aug. ravennae, asclepiodoto et mariniano coss.

August 6 at Ravenna, Asclepiodotus and Marinianus, consuls.

interpretatio. ante inscriptionem nemo efficitur criminosus: nam inscriptione per ordinem facta, tunc a iudice suscipiendus est reus et custodiae cum accusatore tradendus est, ea tamen ratione, ut tam accusati quam accusatoris dignitas aestimetur, et unumquemque ante discussionem ita iudex faciat custodiri, ut eorum natales aut dignitas patiuntur. sane his, qui crimina sua in quaestione confessi sunt, de aliis si dicere voluerint, a iudice non credatur, quia iure et legibus constitutum est, ut spontanea professione reus reum non faciat, neque illi de altero credatur, qui se criminosum esse confessus est

interpretation. before the inscription no one is rendered criminal: for, the inscription having been made in due order, then the accused is to be received by the judge and is to be handed over to custody with the accuser, yet on this condition, that the dignity of both the accused and the accuser be assessed, and that each one before the discussion the judge cause to be kept in custody in such wise as their birth or dignity allows. indeed, as for those who have confessed their crimes under the question, about others, if they should wish to speak, let no credence be given by the judge, because by right and by the laws it is established that by a spontaneous profession a defendant does not make a defendant, nor let credence be given about another to him who has confessed himself to be criminal

CTh.9.2.0. De exhibendis vel transmittendis reis

CTh.9.2.0. On producing or transmitting defendants

CTh.9.2.1

Imp. iulianus a. sallustio praefecto praetorio. ius senatorum et auctoritatem eius ordinis, in quo nos quoque ipsos esse numeramus, necesse est ab omni iniuria defendere.

Emperor Julian Augustus to Sallustius, praetorian prefect. The right of the senators and the authority of that order, in which we also count ourselves, must be defended from every injury.

si quis ergo senator socius criminis insimulatus fuerit, ante causae cognitionem omni terrore calumniae, omni suspicionis molestia careat; vacuus sit prorsus et liber, antequam re convicta crimen agnoscat et exuat dignitatem. dat. non.

If therefore any senator shall have been accused as an associate of a crime, before the investigation of the case let him be free from every terror of calumny,
free from every molestation of suspicion; let him be wholly unencumbered and free, before, the matter having been proven, he acknowledges the charge and puts off his dignity. Given on the Nones.

feb. constantinopoli mamertino et nevitta conss. (362 febr.

Feb. at Constantinople, with Mamertinus and Nevitta as consuls (362 Feb.

5).

CTh.9.2.2

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. valentino consulari piceni. quisquis fuerit, quem crimen pulsat, quem negotium tangit, comprehensum eum iudex sub custodia constituat atque ita vel causae meritum vel personae qualitatem ad nos referat, vel, si longius fuerimus, ad illustres viros praefectos praetorio, sive ad magistros militum, si militaris fuerit persona, ne sub specie vel verae vel ementitae dignitatis facinora dilabantur.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Valentino, consularis of Picenum. Whoever he may be whom the accusation assails, whom the matter concerns, the judge, once he has been apprehended, shall place him under custody and thus report either the merit of the case or the quality of the person to us, or, if we are farther away, to the illustrious men, the Praetorian Prefects, or to the Masters of the Soldiers, if the person is military, lest misdeeds slip away under the appearance of either true or feigned dignity.

dabimus enim formam, quam unusquisque iudex sequetur in eo, qui reus fuerit inventus. interim ille, qui in suspicionem venerit negotii criminalis, cuiuscumque honoris esse dicatur, comprehensus ex officio non recedat. dat.

For we will give a form, which each judge shall follow in the case of one who has been found a defendant. Meanwhile he who shall have come under suspicion of a criminal matter, of whatever honor he is said to be, once apprehended by official duty, is not to depart.
Given.

xi kal. feb. mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss.

11th day before the Kalends of February, at Mediolanum; Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, consuls.

(365 ian. 22).

(365 Jan. 22).

CTh.9.2.3

Theodosian Code 9.2.3

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. eutropio praefecto praetorio.

the emperors gratian, valentinian and theodosius, the augusti, to eutropius, praetorian prefect.

nullus in carcerem, priusquam convincatur, omnino vinciatur. ex longinquo si quis est acciendus, non prius insimulanti adcommodetur adsensus quam sollemni lege se vinxerit et in poenam reciproci stilo trepidante recaverit. eique qui deducendus erit ad disponendas res suas componendosque maestos penates spatium coram loci iudice aut etiam magistratibus dierum xxx tribuatur, nulla remanente aput eum qui ad exhibendum missus est copia nundinandi.

let absolutely no one be bound in prison before he is convicted at all.
if anyone is to be summoned from afar, let no assent be accommodated to the accuser before he has bound himself by a solemn bond and, with the stylus trembling, has entered into recognizance for a reciprocal penalty.
and to him who is to be conducted, for arranging his affairs and for setting in order his sorrowful household, let a span of 30 days be granted in the presence of the judge of the place or even the magistrates,
with no opportunity remaining to the one who has been sent to produce him for trafficking.

qui posteaquam ad iudicem venerit, adhibita advocatione ius debebit explorare quaesitum ac tamdiu pari cum accusatore fortuna retineri, donec reppererit cognitio celebrata discrimen. dat. iii kal.

who,
after he has come before the judge, with advocation employed, ought to explore the right that is sought, and be kept for so long in a condition equal with the accuser,
until, the inquiry having been held, the issue has been determined. Given on the 3rd day before the Kalends.

ian. constantinopoli gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss. (380 dec.

jan. at constantinople under the consulship of the augusti gratian 5 and theodosius 1. (380 dec.

30).

CTh.9.2.4

Theodosian Code 9.2.4

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. drepanio proconsuli africae.

The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius, Augusti, to Drepanio, Proconsul of Africa.

neminem iudicio exhibendum esse praecipimus, nisi de cuius exhibitione iudex pronuntiaverit. dat. prid.

we order that no one is to be produced to judgment, unless the judge has pronounced concerning whose production.
given, the day before.

non. feb. mediolano valentiniano a. iiii et neoterio conss.

nones of february, at milan, valentinian augustus for the 4th time and neoterius, consuls.

(390 febr. 4).

(390 February 4).

CTh.9.2.5

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. caeciliano praefecto praetorio. defensores civitatum, curatores, magistratus et ordines oblatos sibi reos in carcerem non mittant, sed in ipso latrocinio vel congressu violentiae aut perpetrato homicidio, stupro vel raptu vel adulterio deprehensos et actis municipalibus sibi traditos expresso crimine prosecutionibus arguentium cum his, a quibus fuerint accusati, mox sub idonea prosecutione ad iudicium dirigant.

the emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to caecilianus, praetorian prefect. let the defenders of the cities, the curators, the magistrates, and the orders not send defendants presented to them
into prison, but those apprehended in the very act of latrociny (brigandage) or in a violent encounter, or with homicide, stuprum, or rape or adultery perpetrated,
and delivered to them with the crime stated in the municipal records, with the prosecutions of the accusers, together with those by whom they have been accused, forthwith, under
a suitable prosecution, let them direct to judgment.

et cetera. dat. xii kal.

and the rest. given on the 12th day before the Kalends.

feb. ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss. (409 ian.

feb. at ravenna, in the consulship of honorius 8 and theodosius 3, the augusti, consuls. (409 jan.

21).

CTh.9.2.6

Theodosian Code 9.2.6

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. caeciliano praefecto praetorio. si quos praecepto iudicum praemisso inscriptionis vinculo reos factos adminiculum curiae propriae dirigere iussum fuerit, municipalibus actis interrogentur, an velint iuxta praeceptum triumphalis patris nostri xxx diebus sibi concessis sub moderata et diligenti custodia propter ordinationem domus propriae parandosque sibi sumptus in civitate residere.

Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Caecilianus, Praetorian Prefect. If any persons, with the precept of the judges sent beforehand, have been made defendants by the bond of inscription and it shall have been ordered that they be directed as a support to their own curia, let them be asked in the municipal acts whether they wish, according to the precept of our triumphal father, with 30 days granted to them, to reside in the city under moderate and diligent custody, for the ordering of their own household and for preparing expenses for themselves.

quod si fieri voluerint, hoc genus beneficii cupientibus non negetur: si vero dirigi velint, mox reos cum suis accusatoribus mittant nec ad arbitrium adversariorum in civitatibus retineri patiantur. et cetera. dat.

but if they should wish this to be done, let not this kind of benefit be denied to those desiring it: but if they prefer to be sent on, let them at once dispatch the defendants with their accusers, and let them not allow them to be detained in the cities at the discretion of their adversaries. and the rest. given.

xii kal. feb. ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.

on the 12th day before the kalends of february, at ravenna, honorius for the 8th time and theodosius for the 3rd time, augusti.
consuls.

(409 ian. 21).

(409 Jan. 21).

CTh.9.3.0. De custodia reorum

CTh.9.3.0. On the custody of the accused

CTh.9.3.1pr.

CTh.9.3.1 preface.

Imp. constantinus a. ad florentium rationalem. in quacumque causa reo exhibito, sive accusator exsistat sive eum publicae sollicitudinis cura perduxerit, statim debet quaestio fieri, ut noxius puniatur, innocens absolvatur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Florentius, rationalis. In whatever case the defendant has been produced, whether an accuser is extant or the care of public solicitude has brought him, an inquiry must be made immediately, so that the guilty be punished, the innocent be absolved.

quod si accusator aberit ad tempus aut sociorum praesentia necessaria videatur, id quidem debet quam celerrime procurari. interea vero exhibito non ferreas manicas et inhaerentes ossibus mitti oportet, sed prolixiores catenas, ut et cruciatio desit et permaneat fida custodia. nec vero sedis intimae tenebras pati debebit inclusus, sed usurpata luce vegetari et, ubi nox geminaverit custodiam, vestibulis carcerum et salubribus locis recipi ac revertente iterum die ad primum solis ortum ilico ad publicum lumen educi, ne poenis carceris perimatur, quod innocentibus miserum, noxiis non satis severum esse cognoscitur.

but if the accuser is absent for a time or the presence of associates seems necessary, that indeed ought to be procured as swiftly as possible. meanwhile, however, once he has been produced, it is not proper that iron manacles clinging to the bones be put on, but rather longer chains, so that both torment be lacking and faithful custody remain. nor indeed ought the confined person to endure the darkness of the inmost quarters, but to be invigorated by the use of light, and, when night has doubled the guard, to be received in the vestibules of the prisons and in salubrious places, and, with day returning again, at the first rising of the sun, immediately to be led out to the public light, lest he be destroyed by the punishments of the prison, which is recognized as wretched for the innocent, not sufficiently severe for the guilty.

(320 iun. 30).

(320 June 30).

CTh.9.3.1.1

Theodosian Code 9.3.1.1

Illud etiam observabitur, ut neque his qui stratorum funguntur officio neque ministris eorum liceat crudelitatem suam accusatoribus vendere et innocentes intra carcerum saepta leto dare aut subtractos audientiae longa tabe consumere. non enim existimationis tantum, sed etiam periculi metus iudici imminebit, si aliquem ultra debitum tempus inedia aut quocumque modo aliquis stratorum exhauserit et non statim eum penes quem officium custodiae est adque eius ministros capitali poena subiecerit. dat.

This also shall be observed: that it is not permitted either to those who perform the office of the stratores or to their attendants to sell their cruelty to accusers and to give the innocent to death within the enclosures of prisons, or to consume by long wasting those who have been withdrawn from a hearing. not only, indeed, the fear of loss of reputation, but also of peril will hang over the judge, if any one of the stratores has exhausted someone beyond the due time by starvation or in whatever way, and he does not immediately subject to capital punishment him in whose charge the office of custody is and his attendants. Given.

prid. cal. iul.

the day before the Kalends of July (June 30).

serdicae constantino a. vi et constantino caes. conss. (320 iun.

At Serdica, when Constantine Augustus for the 6th time and Constantine Caesar were consuls (320, June).

30).

CTh.9.3.2

Theodosian Code 9.3.2

Idem a. ad evagrium. si quis in ea culpa vel crimine fuerit deprehensus, quod dignum claustris carceris et custodiae squalore videtur, auditus aput acta, cum de admisso constiterit, poenam carceris sustineat atque ita postmodum eductus aput acta audiatur. ita enim quasi sub publico testimonio commemoratio admissi criminis fiet, ut iudicibus inmodice saevientibus freni quidam ac temperies adhibita videatur.

The same emperor to Evagrius. If anyone shall be detected in that fault or crime which seems worthy of the bars of the prison and the squalor of custody, having been heard before the official records, when the offense has been established, let him endure the penalty of prison, and thus thereafter, having been brought out, let him be heard before the official records. For in this way, as if under public testimony, a commemoration of the admitted crime will be made, so that, with certain reins and a tempering applied, judges raging immoderately may seem to be restrained.

dat. iii non. feb.

Dated on the 3rd before the Nones of February.

heracleae constantino a. vii et constantio caes. conss. (326 febr.

at heraclea, when constantine augustus for the 7th time and constantius caesar were consuls. (326 febr.

3).

CTh.9.3.3 [=brev.9.2.1]

Imp. constantius a. acyndino pf. p. quoniam unum carceris conclave permixtos secum criminosos includit, hac lege sancimus, ut, etiamsi poenae qualitas permixtione iungenda est, sexum tamen disparem diversa claustrorum habere tutamina iubeatur. dat.

Emperor Constantius Augustus to Acyndinus, Praetorian Prefect. Since a single chamber of the prison confines criminals commingled together, we sanction by this law that, even if
the quality of the punishment must be joined by commixture, nevertheless the different sex is to be ordered to have the safeguards of separate enclosures. Given.

non. april. acyndino et proculo coss.

on the nones of april.
with acyndinus and proculus as consuls.

interpretatio. viri et mulieres, etiamsi criminis aequalitate iungantur, non tamen in unius carceris custodia teneantur

interpretation. men and women, even if they are joined by equality of the crime, nevertheless are not to be held in the custody of one prison

CTh.9.3.4

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad valerianum vicarium hispaniarum. post alia: nullus ante carceris custodiae mancipetur, quam ab eo, qui in accusationem eius erupit, in codice publico sollemnia inscriptionis impleta sint.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Valerian, Vicar of the Spains. After other matters: let no one be consigned to the custody of prison before, by him who has burst forth into his accusation, the solemnities of inscription have been completed in the public codex.

praelata litteris v. c. vicarii vi id. sep. veronae valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365 sept.

prefixed to the letters of the most distinguished man, the Vicarius, on the 6th day before the Ides of September, at Verona,
when Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, were consuls. (September 365.)

8).

CTh.9.3.5 [=brev.9.2.2]

Theodosian Code 9.3.5 [= Breviary 9.2.2]

Imppp. valent., valens et grat. aaa.

Emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti.

ad probum pf. p. ad commentariensem receptarum personarum custodia observatioque pertineat, nec putet hominem abiectum atque vilem obiiciendum esse iudiciis, si reus condicione* aliqua fuerit elapsus. nam ipsum volumus eius poena consumi, cui obnoxius docebitur fuisse, qui fugerit. si vero commentariensis necessitate aliqua procul ab officio egerit, adiutorem eius pari iubemus invigilare cura, et eadem statuimus legis severitate constringi.

To Probus, Praetorian Prefect: let the custody and observation of received persons pertain to the commentariensis, nor let him think that a cast‑off and cheap man is to be thrown to the courts if the defendant has slipped away by some condition. For we wish that the very person to whom he who has fled will be shown to have been obnoxious be consumed by the fugitive’s penalty. But if the commentariensis, by some necessity, has acted far from his office, we order his assistant to keep watch with equal care, and we decree that he be constrained by the same severity of the law.

dat. iii. kal.

dated, 3rd before the kalends.

iul. contionaci, gratiano a. ii. et probo coss.

july, at contionacum, when gratian augustus for the 2nd time and probus were consuls.

interpretatio. si de carcere reus fugerit, ab eo, cui est traditus, requiratur: qui si eum non potuerit praesentare, noverit negligens custos, illius se aut damnum aut poenam, qui fugerit, subiturum

interpretation. If the accused has fled from prison, let it be required from him to whom he has been delivered: who, if he cannot present him, let the negligent custodian know that he will undergo either the damages or the penalty of the one who has fled.

CTh.9.3.6

Theodosian Code 9.3.6

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. eutropio praefecto praetorio.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, Augusti, to Eutropius, Praetorian Prefect

de his quos tenet carcer id aperta definitione sancimus, ut aut convictum velox poena subducat aut liberandum custodia diuturna non maceret. temperari autem ab innoxiis austera praeceptione sancimus et praedandi omnem segetem de neglegentia iudicum provinciarum ministris feralibus amputamus. nam nisi intra tricensimum diem semper commentariensis ingesserit numerum personarum, varietatem delictorum, clausorum ordinem aetatemque vinctorum, officium viginti auri libras aerario nostro iubemus inferre, iudicem desidem ac resupina cervice tantum titulum gerentem extorrem impetrata fortuna decem auri libris multandum esse censemus.

Concerning those whom the prison holds, we sanction this by an open definition: that either swift punishment remove the convicted, or one to be freed not be wasted by long-continued custody. Moreover, by an austere precept we sanction that rigor be tempered in favor of the innocents, and we cut off from the baleful attendants the whole harvest of predation that arises from the negligence of the provincial judges. For unless within the thirtieth day the Commentariensis shall in every case have entered the number of persons, the variety of delicts, the status of those shut in, and the age of the bound, we order the officium to pay twenty pounds of gold into our aerarium; and we judge that the idle judge, with neck thrown back, bearing only the title—his preferment having been procured—be an exile and be fined ten pounds of gold.

dat. iii kal. ian.

given on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January.

constantinopoli gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss. (380 dec. 30).

at Constantinople, Gratian 5 and Theodosius 1, Augusti, consuls. (380
dec. 30).

CTh.9.3.7 [=brev.9.2.3]

Theodosian Code 9.3.7 [= breviary 9.2.3]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

The emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. caeciliano pf. p. post alia: iudices omnibus dominicis diebus productos reos e custodia carcerali videant et interrogent, ne his humanitas clausis per corruptos carcerum custodes negetur. victualem substantiam non habentibus faciant ministrari, libellis duabus aut tribus diurnis vel quot existimaverint, commentariensi decretis, quorum sumptibus* proficiant alimoniae pauperum quos ad lavacrum sub fida custodia duci oportet, mulcta iudicibus viginti librarum auri et officiis eorum eiusdem ponderis constituta, ordinibus quoque trium librarum auri mulcta proposita, si saluberrime statuta contempserint*. nec deerit antistitum christianae religionis cura laudabilis, quae ad observationem constituti iudicis hanc ingerat monitionem. dat.

The Augusti to Caecilianus, Praetorian Prefect. After other matters: let the judges, on all Sundays, see and question the defendants brought out from carceral custody,
lest humanity be denied to those shut in by corrupt keepers of the prisons. Let them have victual sustenance ministered to those who do not have it,
with two or three daily slips, or as many as they shall deem, issued to the Commentariensis, from whose expenditures* the alimentation of the poor may be provided,
whom it is proper to lead to the bath under faithful custody; a fine fixed for the judges of twenty pounds of gold and for their offices of the same weight,
and likewise a fine of three pounds of gold set for the orders, if they shall have contemned* these most healthful statutes. Nor will the praiseworthy care of the prelates of the Christian religion be lacking,
which should press this admonition for the observance of the judge’s decree. Given.

xii. kal. febr.

January 21.

ravenna, honorio viii. et theodos. iii.

ravenna, in the consulship of honorius 8 and theodosius 3.

aa. coss.

both consuls.

interpretatio. omnibus dominicis diebus iudices sub fida custodia de carceribus reos educant, ut eis a christianis vel a sacerdotibus substantia vel alimonia praebeatur, et ad balneum praedictis diebus sub fida custodia religionis contemplatione ducantur. si qui iudices hoc implere neglexerint, poenam, quam lex ipsa constituit, cogantur implere

interpretation. On all the Lord’s days the judges shall, under faithful custody, lead out from the prisons the accused, so that for them by Christians or by priests substance or alimentation may be provided, and to the bath on the aforesaid days, under faithful custody, in contemplation of religion, they shall be led. If any judges shall have neglected to fulfill this, they shall be compelled to fulfill the penalty which the law itself has established

CTh.9.4.0. Si quis imperatori maledixerit

CTh.9.4.0. If anyone shall have spoken ill of the emperor

CTh.9.4.1

Imppp. theodosius, arcadius et honorius aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio.

the emperors theodosius, arcadius and honorius, augusti, to rufinus, praetorian prefect.

si quis modestiae nescius et pudoris ignarus improbo petulantique maledicto nomina nostra crediderit lacessenda ac temulentia turbulentus obtrectator temporum fuerit, eum poenae nolumus subiugari neque durum aliquid nec asperum sustinere, quoniam si id ex levitate processerit, contemnendum est, si ex insania, miseratione dignissimum, si ab iniuria, remittendum. unde integris omnibus ad nostram scientiam referatur, ut ex personis hominum dicta pensemus et, utrum praetermitti an exequi rite debeat, censeamus. dat.

If anyone, unknowing of modesty and ignorant of shame, shall have believed that our names ought to be assailed with wicked and petulant malediction, and, turbulent with drunkenness, shall have been a detractor of the times, we do not wish him to be subjected to punishment nor to endure anything hard or harsh; since, if that has proceeded from levity, it is to be contemned; if from insanity, most worthy of commiseration; if from injury, to be remitted. Wherefore, with all things left intact, let it be referred to our knowledge, so that from the persons of the men we may weigh the sayings and judge whether it ought rightly to be passed over or executed. Given.

v id. aug. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio v. c. conss. (393 aug.

on the 5th day before the ides of august, at constantinople, in the consulship of theodosius augustus (3) and abundantius, a most distinguished man, consuls. (393 aug.)

9).

CTh.9.5.0. Ad legem iuliam maiestatis

CTh.9.5.0. On the julian law of majesty

CTh.9.5.1pr.

CTh.9.5.1 preface.

Imp. constantinus a. ad maximum praefectum urbi. si quis alicui maiestatis crimen intenderit, cum in huiuscemodi re convictus minime quisquam privilegio dignitatis alicuius a strictiore inquisitione defendatur, sciat se quoque tormentis esse subdendum, si aliis manifestis indiciis accusationem suam non potuerit comprobare.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Maximus, Prefect of the City. If anyone shall have laid against someone the charge of the crime of majesty (treason), since in a matter of this kind no one, once convicted, is by any means defended by the privilege of any dignity from a stricter inquisition, let him know that he too is to be subjected to torments, if by other manifest indicia he shall not have been able to verify his accusation.

cum eo, qui huius esse temeritatis deprehenditur, illum quoque tormentis subdi oportet, cuius consilio atque instinctu ad accusationem accessisse videbitur, ut ab omnibus conmissi consciis statuta vindicta possit reportari. (314 [320-323] ian. 1).

together with him who is discovered to be of this rashness, that man also must be subjected to tortures, at whose counsel and instigation he appears to have approached the accusation, so that from all accomplices in the deed the appointed vengeance can be recovered. (314 [320-323] Jan. 1).

CTh.9.5.1.1

In servis quoque vel libertis, qui dominos aut patronos accusare aut deferre temptaverint, professio tam atrocis audaciae statim in admissi ipsius exordio per sententiam iudicis comprimatur ac denegata audientia patibulo adfigatur. proposita kal. ianuar.

In the case also of slaves or freedmen who shall have attempted to accuse or to denounce their masters or patrons, the profession of such atrocious audacity shall at once
at the very inception of the offense itself be suppressed by the sentence of the judge, and, audience being denied, be affixed to the gibbet. Posted on the Kalends of January.

volusiano et anniano conss. (314 [320-323] ian. 1).

volusian and
annian, consuls. (314 [320-323] jan. 1).

CTh.9.6.0. Ne praeter crimen maiestatis servus dominum vel patronum libertus seu familiaris accuset

CTh.9.6.0. Let not, except for the crime of majesty, a slave accuse his master, nor a freedman his patron, nor a familiar.

CTh.9.6.1

Imppp. valens, gratianus et valentinianus aaa. ad maximum praefectum praetorio.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian, augusti, to maximus, praetorian prefect.

cessent liberti capitalium criminum tumultu et nefariae delationis indiciis auctores libertatis incessere, ita ut tam nefandos conatus ferri aut ignium poena compescat. proposita id. mart. valente v et valentiniano aa. conss.

Let freedmen cease from the tumult of capital crimes and from assailing the authors of their freedom with the indictments of nefarious delation, such that punishment of iron or of fires may restrain such unspeakable attempts.
Published on the Ides of March, when Valens for the 5th time and Valentinian, as Augusti, were consuls.

(376 mart. 15).

(376 March 15).

CTh.9.6.2 [=brev.9.3.1]

Imppp. valens, grat. et valent.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian.

aaa. ad maximum pf. p. quum accusatores servi dominis intonent, nemo iudiciorum exspectet eventum, nihil quaeri, nihil discuti placet, sed cum ipsis delationum libellis, cum omni scripturarum et meditati criminis apparatu nefandarum accusationum crementur auctores, excepto tamen appetitae maiestatis crimine, in quo etiam servis honesta proditio est: nam et hoc facinus tendit in dominos. dat.

aaa. to Maximus, the Praetorian Prefect. When accusers who are slaves thunder against their masters, let no one await the outcome of trials; we decree that nothing be inquired into, nothing be discussed, but that, together with the very libelli of delation, with all the writings and the apparatus of the meditated crime, the authors of the unspeakable accusations be burned; the crime of assailed Majesty, however, is excepted, in which even for slaves denunciation is honorable: for this deed, too, is aimed at the masters. given.

id. mart. valente v. et valentin. aa. coss.

ides of march. valens, 5th time, and valentinian, the augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. servus dominum accusans non solum audiendus non est, verum etiam puniendus, nisi forte dominum de crimine maiestatis tractasse probaverit

interpretation. a slave accusing his master is not only not to be heard, but even to be punished, unless perhaps he has proved that the master has engaged in the crime of majesty (treason)

CTh.9.6.3 [=brev.9.3.2]

Impp. arcad. et honor.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. eutychiano pf. p. si quis ex familiaribus vel ex servis cuiuslibet domus cuiuscumque* criminis delator atque accusator emerserit, eius existimationem, caput atque fortunas petiturus, cuius familiaritati vel dominio inhaeserit, ante exhibitionem testium, ante examinatum iudicium, in ipsa expositione criminum atque accusationis exordio ultore gladio feriatur. vocem enim funestam intercidi oportet potius quam audiri. maiestatis crimen excipimus.

the emperors to eutychianus, praetorian prefect.
if anyone from the familiars or from the slaves of any household should emerge as a delator and accuser of any* crime, intending to pursue the estimation, head, and fortunes of the one whose familiarity or dominion he has adhered to, before the production of witnesses, before a judgment has been examined, at the very exposition of the crimes and at the exordium of the accusation, let him be struck by the avenging sword. for a funest voice ought rather to be cut off than to be heard. we except the crime of majesty (treason).

dat. vi. id. nov. constantinopoli, caesario et attico coss.

Dated on the 6th day before the Ides of November, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Caesarius and Atticus.

interpretatio. si servus dominum aut amicus vel domesticus sive libertus patronum accusaverit vel detulerit cuiuslibet criminis reum, statim in ipso initio accusationis gladio puniatur: quia vocem talem exstingui volumus, non audiri, nisi forte dominum aut patronum de crimine maiestatis tractasse probaverit

interpretation. if a slave has accused his master, or a friend or household-member or a freedman has denounced his patron as guilty of any crime, let him be punished by the sword immediately at the very inception of the accusation: because we wish such a voice to be extinguished, not to be heard, unless perhaps he has proved that the master or patron has dealt in the crime of majesty (treason)

CTh.9.6.4 [=brev.9.3.3]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. ad senatum. post alia: libertorum adversus patronos illicitas atque improbas voces poenae obiectione praecludimus, atque ita, ut non modo sponte prodire non audeant, sed ne vocati quidem in iudicium venire cogantur etc. dat.

the emperors to the Senate. after other matters: we preclude the illicit and improper utterances of freedmen against their patrons by the threat of a penalty, and thus, that they not only do not dare to come forward of their own accord, but that not even when summoned are they compelled to come into court, etc. given.

viii. id. aug. ravenna, asclepiodoto et mariniano coss.

8th day before the ides of august, ravenna, asclepiodotus and marinianus, consuls.

interpretatio. liberti accusatores patronorum, ubi primum in accusationis vocem proruperint, puniantur

interpretation. let freedmen, accusers of their patrons, as soon as they have burst forth into the voice of accusation, be punished

CTh.9.7.0. Ad legem iuliam de adulteriis

CTh.9.7.0. Concerning the julian law on adulteries

CTh.9.7.1 [=brev.9.4.1]

Theodosian Code 9.7.1 [= Breviary 9.4.1]

Imp. constantinus a. africano v. c. quae adulterium commisit, utrum domina cauponae an ministra fuerit, requiri debebit, et ita obsequio famulata servili, ut plerumque ipsa intemperantiae vina praebuerit; ut, si domina tabernae fuerit, non sit a vinculis iuris excepta, si vero potantibus ministerium praebuit, pro vilitate eius, quae in reatum deducitur, accusatione exclusa, liberi, qui accusantur, abscedant, quum ab his feminis pudicitiae ratio requiratur, quae iuris nexibus detinentur, hae autem immunes a iudiciaria severitate praestentur, quas vilitas vitae dignas legum observatione non credidit. dat.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Africanus, most distinguished man: the woman who has committed adultery, whether she was the mistress of an inn or a female attendant, must be inquired into; and thus so subservient in servile attendance that she for the most part herself supplied the wines of intemperance; so that, if she was the mistress of a tavern, she is not exempt from the chains of the law, but if she provided service to drinkers, by reason of her low condition, she who is brought into indictment, the accusation being excluded, let the freeborn who are accused depart, since an account of chastity is required from those women who are held by the bonds of the law, but let those be presented immune from judicial severity whom the lowliness of life has not judged worthy of the observance of the laws. Issued.

iii. non. febr.

3 february.

heracleae, constantino a. vii. et constantio c. coss.

heraclea, in the consulship of constantine augustus for the 7th time and constantius caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. tabernae domina, hoc est uxor tabernarii, si inventa fuerit in adulterio, accusari potest: si vero eius ancilla vel quae ministerium tabernae praebuit, in adulterio fuerit deprehensa, pro vilitate dimittetur. sed et ipsa tabernarii uxor, si tam vilis ministerii officium egerit et in adulterio fuerit deprehensa, accusari non potest a marito

interpretation. the mistress of the tavern, that is, the wife of the tavern-keeper, if she shall have been found in adultery, can be accused: but if her maidservant or she who
provided the ministry/service of the tavern shall have been apprehended in adultery, she will be dismissed on account of her lowly status. but even the tavern-keeper’s wife herself, if she has performed the office of so vile a ministry
and has been apprehended in adultery, cannot be accused by her husband

CTh.9.7.2 [=brev.9.4.2]

Idem a. ad euagrium pf. p. quamvis adulterii crimen inter publica referatur, quorum delatio in commune omnibus sine aliqua legis interpretatione conceditur, tamen, ne volentibus temere liceat foedare connubia, proximis necessariisque personis solummodo placet deferri copiam accusandi, hoc est patri vel consobrino et consanguineo maxime fratri, quos verus dolor ad accusationem impellit. sed et his personis legem imponimus, ut crimen abolitione compescant. in primis maritum genialis tori vindicem esse oportet, cui quidem ex suspicione etiam ream coniugem facere, nec intra certa tempora inscriptionis vinculo contineri, veteres retro principes annuerunt.

The same Augustus to Evagrius, praetorian prefect. Although the crime of adultery is counted among public matters, the denunciation of which is granted in common to all without any interpretation of the law, nevertheless, lest it be permitted rashly to those who wish to befoul marriages, it is decided that the opportunity of accusing be deferred solely to the nearest and necessary persons—that is, to the father or the cousin and a consanguineous kinsman, especially a brother—whom true grief impels to accusation. But upon these persons also we impose a law, that they restrain the charge by abolition. First of all, the husband ought to be the vindicator of the nuptial couch, to whom indeed it has been permitted even on suspicion to make his spouse a defendant, and not to be contained within fixed times by the bond of inscription (formal filing), as former emperors in times past have assented.

extraneos autem procul arceri ab hac accusatione censemus. nam etsi omne genus accusationis necessitas inscriptionis adstringat, nonnulli tamen proterve id faciunt et falsis contumeliis matrimonia deformant. pp. nicomediae vii.

but we judge that outsiders are to be kept far away from this accusation. For although the necessity of inscription binds every kind of accusation, yet some do this impudently and disfigure marriages with false contumelies. pp. nicomediae 7.

kal. mai., constantino a. vii. et constantio c. coss.

On the Kalends of May, Constantine Augustus for the 7th time and Constantius Caesar,
consuls.

interpretatio. in adulterio extraneam mulierem nullus accuset, sed propinqui, ad quorum notam pertinet, hoc est frater germanus, frater patruelis, patruus et consobrinus, qui tamen ante inscriptionem, si accusata acquieverit, possunt per satisfactionem veniam promereri. reliqui ab accusatione prohibentur. maritis sane etiam ex suspicione accusare permissum est

interpretation. in adultery let no one accuse an extraneous woman, but the kin, to whose disgrace it pertains, that is the german brother (full brother), the brother
patruelis (paternal cousin), the patruus (paternal uncle) and the consobrinus (maternal cousin), who nevertheless, before inscription, if the accused has acquiesced, can through satisfaction merit pardon. the rest are prohibited from accusation. to husbands indeed it is permitted to accuse even on suspicion

CTh.9.7.3

Theodosian Code 9.7.3

Impp. constantius et constans aa. ad populum. cum vir nubit in feminam, femina viros proiectura quid cupiat, ubi sexus perdidit locum, ubi scelus est id, quod non proficit scire, ubi venus mutatur in alteram formam, ubi amor quaeritur nec videtur, iubemus insurgere leges, armari iura gladio ultore, ut exquisitis poenis subdantur infames, qui sunt vel qui futuri sunt rei.

The Emperors Constantius and Constans, Augusti, to the People. When a man weds as a woman, what can a woman, about to cast off men, desire, where sex has lost its place, where that is a crime which it does not profit to know, where Venus is changed into another form, where love is sought and is not seen, we order the laws to rise up, the rights to be armed with the avenging sword, so that with exquisite penalties the infamous be subjected, who are, or who are going to be, defendants.

dat. prid. non.

Dated the day before the Nones.

dec. mediolano, proposita romae xvii kal. ianuar.

in december at milan, posted
at rome on the 17th day before the kalends of january

constantio iii et constante ii aa. conss. (342 dec. 4).

constantius 3 and constans 2, the augusti, consuls. (342 dec. 4).

CTh.9.7.4pr. [=brev.9.4.3pr.]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius.

aaa. cynegio pf. p. in adulterii quaestione ab omni familia, non solum mariti, sed etiam uxoris, quae tamen tunc temporis domi fuerit, quo adulterium dicatur admissum, quaerendum est sine defensione cuiusquam.

aaa. to Cynegius, Praetorian Prefect. In the inquiry of adultery, questioning must be made from the whole household, not only of the husband’s but also of the wife’s, which, however, shall have been at home at the time when the adultery is said to have been committed, without anyone’s defense.

CTh.9.7.4.1 [=brev.9.4.3.1]

Idem volumus, et si forte mulier marito mortis parasse insidias vel quolibet alio genere voluntatem occidendi habuisse inveniatur.

We will the same, even if by chance a woman is found to have prepared ambushes of death for her husband, or by any other kind to have possessed the will of killing.

CTh.9.7.4.2 [=brev.9.4.3.2]

Parem etiam condicionem* in interrogatione mancipiorum servari volumus, si forte maritus eo modo insectetur uxorem. dat. iii.

We wish an equal condition* to be observed in the interrogation of slaves as well, if by chance the husband should assail his wife in that manner. given on the 3.

id. dec. constantinopoli, arcadio a. i. et bautone coss.

on the Ides of December, at Constantinople, when Arcadius, junior Augustus, and Bauto were consuls.

interpretatio. de adulterio uxorum mariti per tormenta familiae utriusque, hoc est suae et uxoris quaerere permittuntur; si tamen illo tempore, quo admissum dicitur, haec ipsa mancipia praesentia aut in eadem domo fuisse probantur. similiter et si mortem sibi ab uxore adultera maritus paratam fuisse conqueratur, utriusque familiae discussione quaeri licet. similiter etiam familiae utriusque poena quaerendum est, si maritus mortem uxori qualibet ratione paraverit

interpretation. concerning the adultery of wives, husbands are permitted to inquire by torment of the slaves of both households, that is, of their own and of the wife’s; provided, however, that at the time when the act is said to have been committed, these very slaves are proven to have been present or to have been in the same house. likewise, if the husband complains that death was prepared for him by an adulterous wife, it is permitted to seek by examination of the slaves of both households. likewise, too, inquiry is to be made by the punishment of the slaves of both households, if the husband has prepared death for his wife by whatever method.

CTh.9.7.5 [=brev.9.4.4]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius, and arcadius.

aaa. cynegio pf. p. ne quis christianam mulierem in matrimonium iudaeus accipiat, neque iudaeae christianus coniugium sortiatur. nam si quis aliquid huius modi admiserit, adulterii vicem commissi huius crimen obtinebit, libertate in accusandum publicis quoque vocibus relaxata.

the emperors to cynegius, praetorian prefect. let no jew accept a christian woman into matrimony, nor let a christian obtain conjugal union with a jewess.
for if anyone shall have committed anything of this sort, the charge of this deed will hold the place of adultery, with liberty in
accusing released even to public voices.

dat. iii. id. mart.

dated march 13.

thessalonica, theodos. a. ii. et cynegio coss.

Thessalonica, in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus for the 2nd time and Cynegius, consuls.

interpretatio. nec iudaeus christianam nec christianus iudaeam ducat uxorem. quod si fecerit, cuiuslibet accusatione velut in adulteros vindicetur

interpretation. let neither a Jew take a Christian woman nor a Christian take a Jewish woman as a wife. but if he should do so, upon anyone’s accusation let him be punished, as in the case of adulterers

CTh.9.7.6 [=brev.9.4.5]

Iidem aaa. orientio vicario urbis romae. omnes, quibus flagitii usus est, virile corpus muliebriter constitutum alieni sexus damnare patientia (nihil enim discretum videntur habere cum feminis), huius modi scelus spectante populo flammis vindicibus expiabunt.

The same Augusti to Orientius, Vicar of the City of Rome. All those whom the practice of the flagitium has involved, who, with a virile body womanishly constituted, condemn it by the passivity of an alien sex (for they seem to have nothing different from women), will expiate a crime of this kind, with the people looking on, by avenging flames.

pp. in foro traiani viii. id. aug., valentin. a. iv. et neoterio coss.

posted in
the Forum of Trajan, August 6, Valentinian Augustus for the 4th time and Neoterius, consuls.

haec lex interpretatione non indiget.

this law has no need of interpretation.

CTh.9.7.7 [=brev.9.4.6]

Imppp. theodos., arcad. et honor.

The Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, and Honorius.

aaa. rufino pf. p. adulterii accusatione proposita, praescriptiones civiles, quibus aut dos repeti fingitur, aut ex ratione aliqua debitum flagitatur, quae occurrere atque perstrepere examini consuerunt, iussimus sequestrari, nec earum obice aliquid negotio tarditatis afferri; sed accusatione fundata, hoc est quum, quo iure quove tempore actio fuerit intromissa, constiterit, discutiatur crimen, facti qualitas publicetur, quum et iurgia, quae magnitudine superant, praeponantur, et civilis actio criminali iure postponatur, idem tamen, quum competere coeperit, habitura momenti, dummodo non obsit examini. dat.

The Augusti, to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. With the accusation of adultery brought, the civil prescriptions by which either the dowry is alleged to be sought back, or a debt is demanded on some account, which are accustomed to occur and to make a din before the examination, we have ordered to be sequestered, and that by their obstacle no tardiness be brought upon the matter; but, once the accusation is grounded—that is, when it has been established by what law and at what time the action was introduced— let the charge be examined, let the character of the deed be made public, since both suits which surpass in magnitude are to be set before, and a civil action is to be postponed to criminal law, the same civil action nevertheless, when it begins to be competent, to have its force, provided it does not hinder the examination. Given.

vii. id. dec. constantinopoli, arcadio a. ii. et rufino coss.

December 7, at Constantinople,
Arcadius Augustus for the 2nd time and Rufinus, consuls.

interpretatio. quum adulterium maritus accusator obiecerit, dotis aut donationis repetitio conquiescat quia civilem repetitionem misceri criminali accusationi non oportet

interpretation. when the husband, as accuser, has charged adultery, the recovery of the dowry or of the donation should rest, because a civil recovery ought not to be mixed
with a criminal accusation

CTh.9.7.8 [=brev.9.4.7]

Iidem aaa. rufino pf. p. si qui adulterii fuerint accusati et obtentu proximitatis intentata depulerint, per commemorationem necessitudinis fidem crimini derogando, dum existimatur non debere credi, quod allegatur, non potuisse committi, hi si postmodum in nuptias suas consortiumque convenerint, facinus illud, quo fuerint accusati, manifesta fide atque indiciis evidentibus publicabunt. unde si qui eius modi reperti fuerint, iussimus in eosdem severissime vindicari, et veluti convictum facinus confessumque puniri.

The same Emperors to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. If any who have been accused of adultery have repelled the attempts under the pretext of proximity, by the commemoration of kinship derogating credence to the charge, while it is supposed that it ought not to be believed that what is alleged could have been committed, these men—if afterward they have come together into their own nuptials and consortium—will make that crime, of which they were accused, public with manifest credibility and with evident indicia. Whence, if any of this sort shall be found, we have ordered that the same be proceeded against most severely, and that the crime be punished as though convicted and confessed.

dat. prid. non.

Dated the day before the Nones.

dec. constantinopoli, theodos. a. iii.

december, at constantinople, theodosius, year 3.

et abundantio v. c. coss.

and Abundantio, most illustrious man, consuls.

interpretatio. qui in adulterio accusantur et se propinquitatis aut amicitiarum excusatione defenderint, si fortasse quolibet tempore secretum crimen publica coniunctione prodiderint, eos velut manifestos adulteros puniri placet

interpretation. those who are accused of adultery and have defended themselves by an excuse of propinquity or of friendships, if perhaps at any time they have betrayed the secret crime by a public conjunction, it is decreed that they be punished as manifest adulterers

CTh.9.7.9

Theodosian Code 9.7.9

Idem aaa. gildoni comiti et magistro utriusque militiae per africam. si quis adulterii reus factus accusatoris mariti forum declinare temptaverit, in hoc non possit eludere, nec praerogativa militari defensetur, ibi confestim audiendus, ubi fuerit accusatus.

The same Augusti to Gildo, count and master of both services through Africa. If anyone, having been made defendant for adultery, shall attempt to decline the forum of the accusing husband, let him not be able to evade this, nor be defended by military prerogative; he must be heard forthwith where he has been accused.

dat. iii kal. ianuar.

given on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January.

constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss. (393 dec. 30).

at Constantinople, in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus for the 3rd time and Abundantius, consuls. (393 Dec. 30).

CTh.9.8.0. [=brev.9.5.0.] Si quis eam, cuius tutor fuerit, corruperit.

CTh.9.8.0. [=brev.9.5.0.] If anyone shall have corrupted her whose tutor (guardian) he has been.

CTh.9.8.1 [=brev.9.5.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad bassum vicarium italiae. post alia: ubi puellae ad annos adultae aetatis accesserint et adspirare ad nuptias coeperint, tutores necesse habeant comprobare, quod puellae sit intemerata virginitas, cuius coniunctio postulatur.

emperor constantine augustus to bassus, vicar of italy. after other things: when girls have reached the years of adult age and have begun to aspire to nuptials
the tutors (guardians) must be required to verify that the girl, whose union is requested, is of inviolate virginity.

quod ne latius porrigatur, hic solus debet tutorem nexus adstringere, ut se ipsum probet ab iniuria laesi pudoris immunem. quod ubi constiterit, omni metu liber optata coniunctione frui debebit; officio servaturo, ut, si violatae castitatis apud ipsum facinus haereat, deportatione plectatur, atque universae eius facultates fisci viribus vindicentur, quamvis eam poenam debuerit sustinere, quam raptori leges imponunt. dat.

So that it may not be extended more broadly, here this bond alone ought to bind the guardian, so that he prove himself immune from the injury of wounded modesty. When this has been established, free from all fear he ought to enjoy the desired conjunction; with the duty being maintained, that, if the crime of violated chastity cleaves to him, he be punished by deportation, and all his resources be vindicated to the power of the fisc, although he ought to have sustained that penalty which the laws impose upon a ravisher. Given.

prid. non. april.

the day before the Nones of April.

aquileia, constantino a. vi. et constantino c. coss.

aquileia, under constantine augustus 6 and constantine caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. ubi primum puellae sub tutore viventes ad annos pervenerint nuptiales, et quicumque* petitor accesserit, non prius puella iungatur, nisi virginitas illius, quod a tutore servata sit, fuerit approbata: nam si ab ipso tutore convincitur eius violata virginitas, statim exsilio deputetur, et res illius omnes fiscus usurpet

interpretation. As soon as girls living under a tutor have come to nuptial years, and whatever* suitor shall have approached, not before let the girl be joined in marriage, unless her virginity—inasmuch as it has been kept by the tutor—has been approved: for if by the tutor himself it is proved that her virginity has been violated, let him immediately be assigned to exile, and let the fisc appropriate all his property

CTh.9.9.0. [=brev.9.6.0.] De mulieribus, quae se servis propriis iunxerunt.

CTh.9.9.0. [=brev.9.6.0.] On women, who have joined themselves to their own slaves.

CTh.9.9.1pr. [=brev.9.6.1pr.]

Theodosian Code 9.9.1, preface [=Breviarium 9.6.1, preface]

Imp. constantinus a. ad populum. si qua cum servo occulte rem habere detegitur, capitali sententiae subiugetur, tradendo ignibus verberone, sitque omnibus facultas crimen publicum arguendi, sit officio copia nuntiandi, sit etiam servo licentia deferendi, cui probato crimine libertas dabitur, quum falsae accusationi poena immineat.

The emperor Constantine Augustus to the people. If any woman is discovered to have intercourse in secret with a slave, let her be subjected to a capital sentence, by consigning to the flames
or the lash; and let there be for all the faculty of prosecuting this public crime, let there be for the office the means of giving notice, let there even be for the slave license to denounce, to whom, when the crime is proven, liberty shall be given, since a penalty impends upon a false accusation.

CTh.9.9.1.1 [=brev.9.6.1.1]

Theodosian Code 9.9.1.1 [= Breviary 9.6.1.1]

Ante legem nupta tali consortio segregetur, non solum domo, verum etiam provinciae communione privata, amati abscessum defleat relegati.

Let a woman married before the law in such a consortium be segregated, deprived not only of the house, but also of the communion of the province, let her bewail the departure of her beloved who has been relegated.

CTh.9.9.1.2 [=brev.9.6.1.2]

Filii etiam, quos ex hac coniunctione habuerit, exuti omnibus dignitatis insignibus, in nuda maneant libertate, neque per se neque per interpositam personam quolibet titulo voluntatis accepturi aliquid ex facultatibus mulieris.

The sons also, whom he may have had from this conjunction, stripped of all insignia of dignity, shall remain in bare liberty, and neither by themselves nor through an
interposed person, under any title of will (testament), are to accept anything from the woman’s faculties.

CTh.9.9.1.3 [=brev.9.6.1.3]

Successio autem mulieris ab intestato vel filiis, si erunt legitimi, vel proximis cognatisque deferatur vel ei, quem ratio iuris admittit, ita ut et quod ille, qui quondam amatus est, et quod ex eo suscepti filii quolibet casu in sua videntur habuisse substantia, dominio mulieris sociatum a memoratis successoribus vindicetur.

Moreover, the intestate succession of the woman shall be devolved either to the sons, if they shall be legitimate, or to the nearest and to the cognates, or to him whom the reason of law admits, in such a way that
both what that man, who once was beloved, and what the sons conceived from him in any event seem to have had in their own substance, being associated to the woman’s dominion,
shall be claimed by the aforementioned successors.

CTh.9.9.1.4 [=brev.9.6.1.4]

His ita omnibus observandis, et si ante legem decessit mulier vel amatus, quoniam vel unus auctor vitii censurae occurrit.

With all these things thus to be observed, even if the woman or the beloved died before the law, since even a single author of the vice meets with censure.

CTh.9.9.1.5 [=brev.9.6.1.5]

Sin vero iam uterque decessit, soboli parcimus, ne defunctorum parentum vitiis praegravetur; sint filii, sint potiores fratribus, proximis atque cognatis, sint relictae successionis heredes.

But if indeed both have already deceased, we spare the offspring, lest they be overburdened by the faults of the defunct parents; let the children stand, let them be preferred to brothers, to the nearest and to the cognates, let them be heirs of the succession left behind.

CTh.9.9.1.6 [=brev.9.6.1.6]

Post legem enim hoc committentes morte punimus. qui vero ex lege disiuncti clam denuo convenerint, congressus vetitos renovantes, hi servorum indicio vel speculantis officii vel etiam proximorum delatione convicti poenam similem sustinebunt. dat.

For after the law we punish with death those committing this. but those who, though separated by the law, shall secretly have come together anew, renewing forbidden assemblies, these
convicted by the information of slaves or of the watchful office or even by the denunciation of their nearest relatives, will endure a like penalty. Given.

iv. kal. iun. serdicae, constantino a. vii.

on the 4th day before the Kalends of June, at Serdica,
under Constantine Augustus, year 7.

et constantio c. coss.

and Constantius, Caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. si qua ingenua mulier servo proprio se occulte miscuerit, capitaliter puniatur. servus etiam, qui in adulterio dominae convictus fuerit, ignibus exuratur.

Interpretation. If any freeborn woman has secretly mingled herself with her own slave, let her be punished capitally. The slave also, who has been convicted in his mistress’s adultery, let him be burned with fire.

in potestate habeat huius modi crimen quicumque* voluerit accusare. servi etiam aut ancillae, si de hoc crimine accusationem detulerint, audiantur: ea tamen ratione, ut si probaverint, libertatem consequantur, si fefellerint, puniantur. hereditas mulieris, quae se tali crimine maculaverit, vel filiis, si sunt ex marito suscepti, vel propinquis ex lege venientibus tribuatur

Let whoever* wishes to accuse have the power to prosecute a crime of this kind. Slaves also or maidservants, if they have brought an accusation about this crime, shall be heard: on this condition, however, that if they have proved it, they shall obtain liberty; if they have deceived, they shall be punished. The inheritance of a woman who has stained herself with such a crime shall be assigned either to the sons, if they have been begotten from her husband, or to the relatives coming by law.

CTh.9.10.0. Ad legem iuliam de vi publica et privata

CTh.9.10.0. On the Julian law concerning public and private violence

CTh.9.10.1 [=brev.9.7.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad catulinum proconsulem africae. qui in iudicio manifestam detegitur commisisse violentiam, non iam relegatione aut deportatione insulae plectatur, sed supplicium capitale excipiat, nec interposita provocatione sententiam, quae in eum fuerit dicta, suspendat, quoniam multa facinora sub uno violentiae nomine continentur, quum aliis vim inferre tentantibus, aliis cum indignatione repugnantibus verbera caedesque crebro deteguntur admissae.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Catulinus, proconsul of Africa. He who in judgment is detected to have committed manifest violence is no longer to be punished by relegation or by deportation to an island, but let him undergo capital punishment; nor shall an interposed provocation suspend the sentence which shall have been pronounced against him, since many crimes are contained under the single name of violence, when, with some attempting to inflict force and others resisting with indignation, beatings and slayings are frequently uncovered as having been admitted.

unde placuit, si forte quis vel ex possidentis parte vel ex eius, qui possessionem temerare tentaverit, interemptus* sit, in eum supplicium exseri, qui vim facere tentavit et alterutri parti causam malorum praebuit. dat. xv. kal.

whence it was decreed that, if perchance anyone either from the possessor’s side or from that of the one who
attempted to violate the possession, should have been slain*, let punishment be exacted upon him who tried to commit violence and furnished to either party the cause of the evils.
Given on the 15th before the Kalends.

mai. serdicae, gallicano et basso coss.

May. at Serdica, Gallicanus and Bassus, consuls.

interpretatio. convictus in iudicio de evidenti violentiae crimine capite puniatur, nec sententiam iudicis qui damnatus est qualibet appellatione suspendat: et si fortasse homicidia ab utraque parte commissa fuerint, in illum vindicetur, qui ut alium per caedem expelleret, violenter ingressus est

interpretation. one convicted in court of the evident crime of violence shall be punished with capital punishment, nor shall he who has been condemned suspend the judge’s sentence by any appeal: and if perhaps homicides have been committed by both sides, let punishment be exacted upon him who, in order to expel another by slaughter, entered violently

CTh.9.10.2

Theodosian Code 9.10.2

Idem a. ad bassum praefectum urbi. si quis per violentiam alienum fundum invaserit, capite puniatur. et sive quis ex eius parte, qui violentiam inferre temptaverit, sive ex eius, qui iniuriam repulsaverit, fuerit occisus, eum poena adstringat, qui vi deicere possidentem voluerit.

The same Augustus to Bassus, Prefect of the City. If anyone has invaded another’s estate by violence, let him be punished capitally. And whether someone from the side of him who has attempted to inflict violence, or from the side of him who has repelled the injury, has been slain, let the penalty attach to him who has willed to eject by force the possessor.

dat. vi id. mart. romae gallicano et basso conss.

Given on 10 March at Rome, in the consulship of Gallicanus and Bassus.

(317 mart. [?] 10).

(317 March [?] 10).

CTh.9.10.3 [=brev.9.7.2]

Iidem a. ad bassum pf. u. si quis ad se fundum vel quodcumque* aliud asserit pertinere, ac restitutionem sibi competere possessionis putat, civiliter super possidendo agat, aut impleta solennitate iuris crimen violentiae opponat, non ignarus, eam se sententiam subiturum, si crimen obiectum non potuerit comprobare, quam reus debet excipere. quod si omissa interpellatione vim possidenti intulerit, ante omnia violentiae causam examinari praecipimus, et in ea requiri, quis ad quem venerit possidentem, ut ei, quem constiterit expulsum, amissae possessionis iura reparentur, eademque protinus restituta violentus, poenae non immerito destinatus, in totius litis terminum differatur, ut, agitato negotio principali, si contra eum fuerit iudicatum, in insulam deportetur, bonis omnibus abrogatis. quod si pro eo, quem claruerit esse violentum, sententia proferetur, omnium rerum, de quibus litigatum est, media pars penes eum resideat, cetera fisci viribus vindicentur.

The same Augusti to Bassus, Prefect of the City. If anyone asserts that an estate or whatever* other thing pertains to himself, and thinks that restitution of possession is competent to him, let him sue civilly concerning possession, or, the solemnity of the law having been fulfilled, let him oppose the crime of violence, not unaware that he will undergo that sentence, if he cannot prove the crime alleged, which the defendant ought to incur. But if, interpellation having been omitted, he has brought force against the possessor, we order, before all things, that the cause of violence be examined, and in it to be inquired who came against whom as possessor, so that for him who shall be established to have been expelled the rights of the lost possession be restored; and the same being forthwith restored, the violent man, not undeservedly destined for a penalty, shall be deferred to the end of the whole litigation, so that, the principal matter having been agitated, if it shall have been judged against him, he shall be deported to an island, with all his goods revoked. But if sentence shall be pronounced for him whom it has been made clear to be violent, one half of all the things about which there was litigation shall remain with him, the rest shall be vindicated by the powers of the fisc.

pp. prid. non. oct.

posted on the day before the Nones of October

romae, constantino a. v. et licinio c. coss.

at Rome, Constantine Augustus for the 5th time and Licinius Caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis adversarium suum ita apud iudicem crediderit accusandum, ut se asserat violentiam pertulisse, ad probationem rei eum convenit attineri: quod si probare non potuerit, quem dixerat violentum, eandem poenam suscipiat, quam ille, quem impetit, convictus potuisset excipere. de reliquo haec lex praetermittenda est, quia in quarto libro sub titulo unde vi, quae tamen temporibus posterior inventa est, habetur exposita

interpretation. if anyone shall have believed that his adversary is to be accused before a judge, in such a way that he asserts he has borne violence, it is fitting that he be held to the proof of the matter: if he should be unable to prove it, let him undergo the same penalty as the one whom he had called violent, which the one whom he assails, if convicted, might have received. as to the rest, this law is to be passed over, because in the fourth book under the title Whence Force (unde vi), which, however, was devised in later times, it is set forth

CTh.9.10.4pr. [=brev.9.7.3pr.]

CTh.9.10.4, preface [=brev.9.7.3, preface]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius, and arcadius

aaa. ad albinum pf. u. servos, qui fecisse violentiam confessionibus testium aut propriis docebuntur, si id inscio domino commiserint, postremo supplicio deditos luere perpetrata censemus. quod si illi metu atque exhortatione dominorum violentiam admiserint, palam est, secundum legem iuliam dominum infamem pronuntiandum loci aut originis propriae dignitate non uti, servos vero, quos furoribus talium paruisse constiterit, metallis per sententiam dedi.

aaa. to Albinus, Urban Prefect. Slaves who will be shown, by the confessions of witnesses or by their own, to have committed violence, if they have committed it with their master unaware, we decree are to pay for what they perpetrated, delivered over to the ultimate punishment.
But if they have committed violence through the fear and exhortation of their masters, it is plain, according to the Julian law, that the master is to be pronounced infamous, not to enjoy the dignity of his rank or of his own origin; while the slaves, whom it shall have been established to have obeyed the furies of such men, are to be consigned by sentence to the mines.

viles autem infamesque personae et hi, qui bis aut saepius violentiam perpetrasse convincentur, constitutionum divalium poena teneantur.

vile and infamous persons, and those who are convicted of having perpetrated violence twice or more often, shall be held liable to the penalty of the imperial constitutions.

CTh.9.10.4.1 [=brev.9.7.3.1]

Iudicem vero nosse oportet, quod gravi infamia sit notandus, si violentiae crimen apud se probatum distulerit, omiserit vel impunitate donaverit aut molliore, quam praestituimus, poena perculerit. dat. prid.

Indeed, a judge ought to know that he is to be branded with grave infamy, if he has deferred, omitted, or granted impunity to a charge of violence proved before him,
or has punished it with a milder penalty than we have prescribed. given the day before.

non. mart. mediolano, valentin.

the nones of march, at milan, valentinian.

a. iv. et neoterio v. c. coss.

in the consulship of the Augustus for the 4th time and of Neoterius, a most distinguished man, consuls.

interpretatio. si servi inscio domino confessi vel convicti fuerint violentiam commisisse, addicti tormentis gravibus puniuntur. si vero iubentibus dominis violentiae crimen admiserint, domini, qui illicita praeceperunt, notantur infamia et nobilitatis vel honoris sui dignitatem tenere non possunt.

interpretation. if slaves, with the master unaware, have confessed or been convicted of having committed violence, they are consigned to grievous tortures and punished. if, however at their masters’ orders they have committed the crime of violence, the masters, who have commanded illicit things, are branded with infamy and of their nobility or honor the dignity they cannot hold.

servi autem, qui talibus dominorum furoribus paruerunt, in metallum detruduntur. ceterum non liceat iudicibus discussionem violentiae differre vel dimittere vel donare: qui si probaverint violentiam et non statim vindicaverint, noverint se periculum subituros. viles autem personae, quae bis aut frequenter admisisse violentiam comprobantur, constituta legibus poena supra scripta omnimodis feriantur

However, the slaves who have obeyed such rages of their masters are consigned to the mines. Moreover, it is not permitted to the judges to defer the investigation of violence or to dismiss it or to grant pardon: if they shall have proved the violence and do not at once vindicate it, let them know that they will incur peril. But base persons, who are verified to have committed violence twice or frequently, let them in every way be struck by the penalty established by the laws written above

CTh.9.11.0. [=brev.9.8.0.] De privati carceris custodia.

CTh.9.11.0. [=brev.9.8.0.] On the custody of a private prison.

CTh.9.11.1 [=brev.9.8.1]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius

aaa. erytrio praefecto augustali. si quis posthac reum privato carceri destinarit, reus maiestatis habeatur.

aaa. to Erytrius, the Augustal Prefect. If anyone hereafter shall consign an accused to a private prison, let him be held guilty of treason.

dat. prid. kal.

given, on the day before the kalends.

mai. thessalonica, theodos. a. ii. et cynegio v. c. coss.

may. thessalonica, theodosius augustus 2 and cynegius, a most distinguished man, consuls.

ista lex interpretatione non indiget.

That law does not need interpretation.

CTh.9.12.0. De emendatione servorum

CTh.9.12.0. On the correction of slaves

CTh.9.12.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad bassum. si virgis aut loris servum dominus adflixerit aut custodiae causa in vincla coniecerit, dierum distinctione sive interpretatione depulsa nullum criminis metum mortuo servo sustineat.

The Emperor Constantine Augustus to Bassus. If a master has beaten a slave with rods or thongs, or has cast him into chains for purposes of custody, with any distinction of days or interpretation set aside, let him incur no fear of a criminal charge if the slave has died.

nec vero inmoderate suo iure utatur, sed tunc reus homicidii sit, si voluntate eum vel ictu fustis aut lapidis occiderit vel certe telo usus letale vulnus inflixerit aut suspendi laqueo praeceperit vel iussione taetra praecipitandum esse mandaverit aut veneni virus infuderit vel dilaniaverit poenis publicis corpus, ferarum vestigiis latera persecando vel exurendo admotis ignibus membra aut tabescentes artus atro sanguine permixta sanie defluentes prope in ipsis adegerit cruciatibus vitam linquere saevitia immanium barbarorum. dat. v id. mai.

nor indeed let him use his right immoderately, but then let him be guilty of homicide
if he has killed him by will or by a blow of a cudgel or of a stone, or certainly, by using a weapon, has inflicted a lethal wound, or has ordered him to be hung by a noose, or
by a foul command has ordered that he be hurled headlong, or has poured in the venom of poison, or has torn the body to pieces with public punishments, by the marks of wild beasts scoring the flanks,
or by burning the limbs with fires brought near, or has driven the decaying limbs—putrid matter mixed with black blood flowing—almost in the very torments to leave life, by the savagery of monstrous barbarians. Given May 11.

romae constantino a. v et licinio c. conss. (319 mai. 11).

at rome constantine augustus 5 and licinius caesar were consuls. (319 may 11).

CTh.9.12.2 [=brev.9.9.1]

Imp. constantinus a. maximiliano macrobio... quoties verbera dominorum talis casus servorum comitabitur, ut moriantur, culpa nudi sunt, qui, dum pessima corrigunt, meliora suis acquirere vernulis voluerunt. nec requiri in huius modi facto volumus, in quo interest domini incolume iuris proprii habere mancipium, utrum voluntate occidendi hominis an vero simpliciter facta castigatio videatur.

The Emperor Constantine Augustus to Maximilianus Macrobius... Whenever the blows of masters are accompanied by such an accident of slaves that they die, those are bare of blame who, while correcting the worst, wished to acquire better things for their homeborn slaves. Nor do we wish it to be inquired, in a deed of this kind, in which it is in the master’s interest to have his slave—subject of his own proprietary right—unharmed, whether it appears to have been done with the intent of killing the man or in truth that a simple castigation was carried out.

toties etenim dominum non placet morte servi reum homicidii pronuntiari, quoties simplicibus quaestionibus domesticam exerceat potestatem. si quando igitur servi plagarum correctione, imminente fatali necessitate, rebus humanis excedunt, nullam metuant domini quaestionem. dat.

for so often, indeed, it does not please us that the master be pronounced guilty of homicide by the death of a slave, whenever he exercises domestic power by simple examinations. If therefore at any time slaves, by the correction of blows, with fatal necessity impending, depart from human affairs, let the masters fear no inquest. Given.

xiv. kal. mai.

april 18.

sirmio, constantino a. vii. et constantio c. coss.

sirmium, in the consulship of constantine augustus 7 and constantius caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. si servus, dum culpam dominus vindicat, mortuus fuerit, dominus culpa homicidii non tenetur, quia tunc homicidii reus est, si occidere voluisse convincitur. nam emendatio non vocatur ad crimen

interpretation. if a slave, while the master vindicates the fault, should have died, the master is not held on the charge of homicide, because then the accused of homicide is, if he is proved to have wished to kill. for emendation is not called to a crime

CTh.9.13.0. [=brev.9.10.0.] De emendatione propinquorum.

CTh.9.13.0. [=brev.9.10.0.] On the emendation of kinsmen.

CTh.9.13.1 [=brev.9.10.1]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad senatum.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to the Senate.

in corrigendis minoribus pro qualitate delicti senioribus propinquis tribuimus potestatem, ut, quos ad vitae decora domesticae laudis exempla non provocant, saltem correctionis medicina compellat. neque nos in puniendis morum vitiis potestatem in immensum extendi volumus, sed iure patrio auctoritas corrigat propinqui iuvenis erratum et privata animadversione compescat. quod si atrocitas facti ius domesticae emendationis excedit, placet, enormis delicti reos dedi iudicum notioni.

in correcting minors, we grant power to elder kinsmen according to the quality of the delict, so that those whom examples of domestic praise do not provoke to the honors of life, at least the medicine of correction may compel. nor do we wish the power in punishing moral vices to be extended to the boundless, but by the paternal right let the authority of a kinsman correct the youth’s error and restrain it by private animadversion. but if the atrocity of the act exceeds the right of domestic emendation, it is our pleasure that those accused of an enormous delict be delivered to the cognizance of the judges.

dat. prid. kal.

given, the day before the Kalends.

dec. valentin. et valente aa. coss.

December; Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. propinquis senioribus lege permittitur errorem vel culpas adolescentium propinquorum patria districtione corrigere, id est ut si verbis vel verecundia emendari non possint, privata districtione verberibus corrigantur. quod si gravior culpa fuerit adolescentis, quae privatim emendari non possit, in notitiam iudicis deferatur

interpretation. to elder kinsmen it is permitted by law to correct the error or faults of adolescent kinsmen by paternal constraint, that is that if they cannot be amended by words or by modesty, let them be corrected by private constraint with beatings. but if the adolescent’s fault be more grievous, which cannot be amended privately, let it be brought to the notice of the judge

CTh.9.14.0. Ad legem corneliam de sicariis

CTh.9.14.0. To the lex cornelia on assassins

CTh.9.14.1 [=brev.9.11.1]

Imppp. valent., valens et grat. aaa.

The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian, Augusti.

ad probum pf. p. si quis necandi infantis piaculum aggressus aggressave sit, erit capitale istud malum. pp. vii. id. febr.

To Probus, the praetorian prefect. If anyone has undertaken the piacular crime of killing an infant, whether male or female, that evil shall be capital. Published on the 7th day before the Ides of February (February 7).

romae, gratiano a. iii. et equitio coss.

at rome, when gratian augustus for the 3rd time and equitius were consuls.

interpretatio. sive vir sive mulier infantem necaverit, rei homicidii teneantur

interpretation. whether a man or a woman has killed an infant, let them be held liable for the crime of homicide

CTh.9.14.2 [=brev.9.11.2]

Theodosian Code 9.14.2 [=breviary 9.11.2]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius.

aaa. ad provinciales. liberam resistendi cunctis tribuimus facultatem, ut quicumque* militum vel privatorum ad agros nocturnus populator intraverit, aut itinera frequentata insidiis aggressionis obsederit, permissa cuicumque* licentia, dignus illico supplicio subiugetur, ac mortem, quam minabatur, excipiat, et id, quod intendebat, incurrat.

aaa. to the provincials. we have granted to all the free faculty of resisting, so that whoever* of the soldiers or of the civilians shall have entered the fields as a nocturnal depredator, or shall have beset the frequented roads with ambushes of aggression, with license granted to anyone*,
let him, as worthy, be subjected at once to punishment, and let him receive the death which he was threatening, and incur that which he was intending.

melius est enim occurrere in tempore, quam post exitum vindicari. vestram igitur vobis permittimus ultionem, et, quod serum est punire iudicio, subiugamus edicto. nullus parcat militi, cui obviari telo oporteat ut latroni.

for it is better to forestall in time than to be avenged after the outcome. therefore we permit to you your own vengeance, and what is belated to punish by judgment, we subjugate by edict. let no one spare a soldier, whom it is proper to confront with a weapon as a brigand.

dat. kal. iul.

given on the Kalends of July.

tatiano et symmacho coss.

tatianus and symmachus, consuls.

interpretatio. quoties ad faciendam rapinam aliquis aut iter agentem aut domum cuiuslibet nocturnus exspoliator aggreditur, huius modi personis, quae vim sustinent, damus etiam cum armis licentiam resistendi, et si pro temeritate sua occisus fuerit ille, qui venerit, mors latronis ipsius a nemine requiratur

interpretation. whenever, to commit rapine, someone—a nocturnal despoiler—attacks either a traveler or the house of anyone, to persons of this kind who sustain force, we grant license to resist even with arms; and if, for his own temerity, he who has come has been killed, let no inquiry be made into the death of the robber himself

CTh.9.14.3pr.

Theodosian Code 9.14.3, preface.

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. quisquis cum militibus vel privatis, barbaris etiam scelestam inierit factionem aut factionis ipsius susceperit sacramenta vel dederit, de nece etiam virorum illustrium, qui consiliis et consistorio nostro intersunt, senatorum etiam, nam et ipsi pars corporis nostri sunt, cuiuslibet postremo qui nobis militat cogitarit, eadem enim severitate voluntatem sceleris qua effectum puniri iura voluerunt: ipse quidem utpote maiestatis reus gladio feriatur bonis eius omnibus fisco nostro addictis, filii vero eius, quibus vitam imperatoria specialiter lenitate concedimus, paterno enim deberent perire supplicio, in quibus paterni, hoc est hereditarii criminis exempla metuantur, a materna vel avita, omnium etiam proximorum hereditate ac successione habeantur alieni, testamentis extraneorum nihil capiant, sint perpetuo egentes et pauperes, infamia eos paterna semper comitetur, ad nullos umquam honores, nulla prorsus sacramenta perveniant, sint postremo tales, ut is perpetua egestate sordentibus sit et mors solacio et vita supplicio.

Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Eutychianus the Praetorian Prefect. Whoever with soldiers or with private persons, even with barbarians, shall have entered into a wicked faction, or shall have taken up the sacramenta of the faction itself or administered them; whoever shall even have contemplated the killing of men of illustrious rank who take part in our counsels and in our Consistorium, and of senators as well—for they too are a part of our body—and, finally, of anyone at all who serves us (for the laws have willed that the intention of a crime be punished with the same severity as its effect): he himself, as a defendant of majesty (treason), shall be struck by the sword, with all his goods adjudicated to our fisc. But his sons, to whom by imperial lenity we specially grant life—for they ought to perish by the paternal punishment—in whom the examples of the paternal, that is, hereditary, crime are to be feared, shall be held alien from the inheritance and succession of their mother or grandparents, and indeed of all near relatives; from the testaments of outsiders let them take nothing; let them be perpetually needy and poor; let their father’s infamy ever attend them; let them come to no honors ever, let them attain to absolutely no sacramenta; finally, let them be such that, for those so begrimed by perpetual destitution, death is a solace and life a punishment.

(397 sept. 4).

(September 4, 397).

CTh.9.14.3.1

Denique iubemus etiam eos notabiles esse sine venia, qui pro talibus umquam aput nos intervenire temptaverint. (397 sept. 4).

Finally, we order that even those be marked without pardon who have ever attempted to intercede with us on behalf of such persons. (397 September 4).

CTh.9.14.3.2

Theodosian Code 9.14.3.2

Ad filias sane eorum, quolibet numero fuerint, falcidiam tantum ex bonis matris, sive testata sive intestata defecerit, volumus pervenire, ut habeant ingrate potius filiae alimoniam quam integre emolumentum ac nomen heredis. mitior enim circa eas debet esse sententia, quas pro infirmitate sexus minus ausuras esse confidimus. (397 sept.

Indeed, to their daughters, in whatever number they may be, we will that only the Falcidian portion from the mother’s goods, whether she has died testate or intestate, should come,
so that the ungrateful daughters may have alimony rather than the full emolument and the name of heir. For the judgment ought to be milder toward them, whom, on account of the infirmity of the sex, we trust will dare less. (397 sept.

4).

CTh.9.14.3.3

Emancipatio, quae a praedictis sive in filios post legem dumtaxat latam sive in filias fuerit collata, non valeat. (397 sept. 4).

An emancipation, which by the aforesaid persons, whether it has been conferred upon sons only after the law was passed or upon daughters, shall not be valid. (397 sept. 4).

CTh.9.14.3.4

Dotes donationes, quarumlibet postremo rerum alienationes, quas ex eo tempore qualibet fraude vel iure factas esse constiterit, quo primum memorati de ineunda factione ac societate cogitaverint, nullius statuimus esse momenti. (397 sept. 4).

Dowries, donations, and finally alienations of things of whatever kind, which it shall have been established to have been made from that time by whatever fraud or right, from which first those aforementioned thought about entering a faction and society, we decree to be of no effect. (397 Sept. 4).

CTh.9.14.3.5

Uxores sane praedictorum recuperatas dotes, si in ea condicione fuerint, ut, quae a viris titulo donationis acceperint, filiis debeant reservare, tempore quo ususfructus absumitur omnia ea fisco nostro se relicturas esse cognoscant, quae iuxta legem filiis debebantur: falcidia etiam ex his rebus filiabus tantum, non etiam filiis deputata. (397 sept. 4).

Wives indeed of the aforesaid, having recovered their dowries, if they shall be in such a condition that they ought to reserve for their sons the things which they have received from their husbands under the title of donation,
at the time when the usufruct is consumed, let them understand that they will leave to our fisc all those things which according to the law were owed to the sons: the Falcidian portion also from these things is assigned to daughters only, not also to sons. (397 sept. 4).

CTh.9.14.3.6

Id, quod de praedictis eorumque filiis cavimus, etiam de satellitibus consciis ac ministris filiisque eorum simili severitate censemus. (397 sept. 4).

That which we have provided concerning the aforesaid and their sons, we also decree with similar severity concerning their satellites, accomplices, and ministers, and their sons. (397 Sept. 4).

CTh.9.14.3.7

Sane si quis ex his in exordio initae factionis studio verae laudis accensus ipse prodiderit factionem, et praemio a nobis et honore donabitur. is vero, qui usus fuerit factione, si vel sero, tamen incognita adhuc consiliorum arcana patefecerit, absolutione tantum ac venia dignus habebitur. dat.

Indeed, if anyone of these, at the outset of the faction undertaken, inflamed by zeal for true praise, shall himself have betrayed the faction, he will be endowed by us with reward and honor.
But he who shall have made use of the faction, if even late, yet shall have laid open the as-yet-unknown arcana of the counsels, will be held worthy only of absolution and pardon. Given.

prid. non septemb. ancyrae caesario et attico conss.

the day before the Nones of September, at Ancyra, in the consulship of Caesarius and Atticus.

(397 sept. 4).

(September 4, 397).

CTh.9.15.0. [=brev.9.12.0.] De parricidis.

CTh.9.15.0. [=brev.9.12.0.] On parricides.

CTh.9.15.1 [=brev.9.12.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad verinum vicarium africae. si quis in parentis aut filii aut omnino affectionis eius, quae nuncupatione parricidii continetur, fata properaverit, sive clam sive palam id fuerit enisus, neque gladio, neque ignibus, neque ulla alia solenni poena subiugetur, sed insutus culeo et inter eius ferales angustias comprehensus serpentum contuberniis misceatur et, ut regionis qualitas tulerit, vel in vicinum mare vel in amnem proiiciatur, ut omni elementorum usu vivus carere incipiat, ut ei coelum superstiti, terra mortuo auferatur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Verinus, Vicar of Africa. If anyone, upon a parent or a son, or generally upon that bond of affection which is contained under the appellation of parricide,
has hastened the fates, whether he has endeavored it secretly or openly, let him be subjected neither to the sword nor to the flames nor to any other solemn penalty,
but, sewn into the culeus and confined within its funereal straits, let him be mingled with the company of serpents and, as the character of the region shall have allowed, either into the
neighboring sea or into a river let him be cast, so that alive he may begin to be deprived of all use of the elements, so that for him the sky be taken away while surviving, the earth when dead.

dat. xvi. kal.

dated on the 16th day before the Kalends.

dec. licinio v. et crispo c. coss. acc.

Dec. in the consulship of Licinius (5) and Crispus, Caesar; received.

prid. id. mart. karthagine, constantino a. v. et licinio c. coss.

the day before the ides of march. at carthage, constantine augustus for the 5th time and licinius caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis patrem matrem, fratrem sororem, filium filiam aut alios propinquos occiderit, remoto omnium aliorum genere tormentorum, facto de coriis sacco, qui culeus nominatur, in quo quum missus fuerit, cum ipso etiam serpentes claudantur: et si mare vicinum non fuerit, in quolibet gurgite proiiciatur, ut tali poena damnatus nullo tempore obtineat sepulturam

interpretation. if anyone kills his father or mother, brother or sister, son or daughter, or other near-kin, with every other kind of torments removed, a sack made of hides, which is called the culeus, being made, and when he has been sent into it, let serpents also be enclosed with him: and if the sea is not near, let him be thrown into any whirlpool, so that, condemned to such a penalty, he may at no time obtain sepulture

CTh.9.16.0. De maleficis et mathematicis et ceteris similibus

CTh.9.16.0. On sorcerers and astrologers and other similar persons

CTh.9.16.1

Theodosian Code 9.16.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad maximum. nullus haruspex limen alterius accedat nec ob alteram causam, sed huiusmodi hominum quamvis vetus amicitia repellatur, concremando illo haruspice, qui ad domum alienam accesserit et illo, qui eum suasionibus vel praemiis evocaverit, post ademptionem bonorum in insulam detrudendo: superstitioni enim suae servire cupientes poterunt publice ritum proprium exercere.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Maximus. Let no haruspex approach another’s threshold, nor on any other pretext; but let the friendship, however old, of men of this sort be repelled, the haruspex who shall have approached another’s house being burned to ashes, and the one who shall have summoned him by persuasions or rewards, after the confiscation of his goods, being thrust onto an island: for those who desire to serve their own superstition will be able publicly to exercise their own rite.

accusatorem autem huius criminis non delatorem esse, sed dignum magis praemio arbitramur. proposita kal. feb.

we judge that the accuser of this crime is not a delator, but rather worthy of a reward. posted on February 1.

romae constantino a. v et licinio caes. conss. (319 febr.

at Rome, in the consulship of Constantine Augustus, for the 5th time,
and Licinius Caesar, consuls. (319 febr.

1 [sept.....]).

CTh.9.16.2

Theodosian Code 9.16.2

Idem a. ad populum. haruspices et sacerdotes et eos, qui huic ritui adsolent ministrare, ad privatam domum prohibemus accedere vel sub praetextu amicitiae limen alterius ingredi, poena contra eos proposita, si contempserint legem. qui vero id vobis existimatis conducere, adite aras publicas adque delubra et consuetudinis vestrae celebrate sollemnia: nec enim prohibemus praeteritae usurpationis officia libera luce tractari.

The same Augustus to the people. We forbid the haruspices and the priests and those who are accustomed to minister to this rite to approach a private house or, under the pretext of friendship, to cross another’s threshold, with a penalty set forth against them if they contemn the law. But you who reckon that this is conducive for you, go to the public altars and the shrines and celebrate the solemnities of your custom: for we do not forbid the offices of past usurpation (usage) to be conducted in the free light of day.

dat. id. mai. constantino a. v et licinio conss.

given on the ides of may, when constantine augustus for the 5th time and licinius were consuls.

(319 mai. 15).

(319 May 15).

CTh.9.16.3 [=brev.9.13.1]

Imp. constantinus a. et c. ad bassum pf. p. eorum est scientia punienda et severissimis merito legibus vindicanda, qui magicis accincti artibus aut contra hominum moliti salutem aut pudicos ad libidinem deflexisse animos detegentur. nullis vero criminationibus implicanda sunt remedia humanis quaesita corporibus aut in agrestibus locis, ne maturis vindemiis metuerentur imbres aut ruentis grandinis lapidatione quaterentur, innocenter adhibita suffragia, quibus non cuiusque salus aut existimatio laederetur, sed quorum proficerent actus, ne divina munera et labores hominum sternerentur.

Emperor constantine a. and c. to bassus, pr. of the praetorium. The knowledge of those must be punished and deservedly vindicated by the most severe laws, who, equipped with magical arts, shall be detected either to have plotted against the safety of human beings or to have deflected modest minds to lust. But remedies sought for human bodies, or in rural places, lest rains be feared for ripe vintages or they be battered by the stone-throwing of rushing hail—suffrages innocently applied, by which neither anyone’s health nor reputation would be harmed, but whose operations would be of benefit—are not to be entangled in any accusations, lest divine gifts and the labors of men be laid low.

dat. x. kal. iun.

Given on the 10th day before the Kalends of June (May 23).

aquileia, crispo et constantino caess. coss.

aquileia, crispus and constantine, caesars, consuls.

interpretatio. malefici vel incantatores vel immissores tempestatum vel ii, qui per invocationem daemonum mentes hominum turbant, omni poenarum genere puniantur

interpretation. sorcerers or incantators or raisers of tempests, or those who through the invocation of demons disturb the minds of men, shall be punished with every kind of punishment

CTh.9.16.4 [=brev.9.13.2]

Theodosian Code 9.16.4 [=Breviary 9.13.2]

Imp. constantius a. et iulianus c. ad populum. nemo haruspicem consulat aut mathematicum, nemo hariolum.

The emperors Constantius Augustus and Julian Caesar to the people. Let no one consult a haruspex or a mathematicus (astrologer); let no one consult a soothsayer.

augurum et vatum prava confessio conticescat. chaldaei ac magi et ceteri, quos maleficos ob facinorum magnitudinem vulgus appellat, nec ad hanc partem aliquid moliantur. sileat omnibus perpetuo divinandi curiositas.

let the depraved profession of augurs and vates fall silent. let chaldeans and magi, and the rest whom the common crowd calls malefici on account of the magnitude of their crimes, not attempt anything in this sphere. let the curiosity of divination be silent forever among all.

etenim supplicium capitis feret gladio ultore prostratus, quicumque* iussis obsequium denegaverit. dat. viii.

For indeed whoever* shall have denied compliance with the orders will bear capital punishment, prostrated by the avenging sword. given on the 8th.

kal. febr. mediolano, constantio a. ix. et iuliano caes.

on the kalends of february, at milan, when constantius, augustus, for the 9th time, and julian, caesar, were consuls.

ii. coss.

2. consuls.

interpretatio. quicumque* pro curiositate futurorum vel invocatorem daemonum vel divinos, quos hariolos appellant, vel haruspicem, qui auguria colligit, consuluerit, capite punietur

interpretation. whoever* out of curiosity about future things has consulted either an invoker of demons, or diviners, whom they call soothsayers, or a haruspex, who gathers auguries, shall be punished with capital punishment

CTh.9.16.5

Theodosian Code 9.16.5

Idem a. ad populum. post alia: multi magicis artibus ausi elementa turbare vitas insontium labefactare non dubitant et manibus accitis audent ventilare, ut quisque suos conficiat malis artibus inimicos. hos, quoniam naturae peregrini sunt, feralis pestis absumat.

The same Augustus to the people. after other things: many, having dared by magical arts to disturb the elements, do not hesitate to subvert the lives of the innocent, and with the shades summoned they dare to fan, so that each may finish off his enemies by evil arts. Since they are foreigners to nature, let a deathly pestilence consume them.

dat. prid. non.

dated, on the day before the Nones.

decemb. mediolano constantio a. viiii et iuliano caes. ii conss.

in december, at mediolanum, in the consulship of constantius augustus for the 9th time and julian caesar for the 2nd, consuls.

(357 dec. [?] 4).

(357 Dec. [?] 4).

CTh.9.16.6

Idem a. ad taurum praefectum praetorio. etsi excepta tormentis sunt corpora honoribus praeditorum, praeter illa videlicet crimina, quae legibus demonstrantur, etsi omnes magi, in quacumque sint parte terrarum, humani generis inimici credendi sunt, tamen quoniam qui in comitatu nostro sunt ipsam pulsant propemodum maiestatem, si quis magus vel magicis contaminibus adsuetus, qui maleficus vulgi consuetudine nuncupatur, aut haruspex aut hariolus aut certe augur vel etiam mathematicus aut narrandis somniis occultans artem aliquam divinandi aut certe aliquid horum simile exercens in comitatu meo vel caesaris fuerit deprehensus, praesidio dignitatis cruciatus et tormenta non fugiat. si convictus ad proprium facinus detegentibus repugnaverit pernegando, sit eculeo deditus ungulisque sulcantibus latera perferat poenas proprio dignas facinore.

The same Augustus to Taurus, Praetorian Prefect. Although the bodies of those endowed with honors are excepted from tortures, except, namely, those crimes which are shown by the laws, although all magi, in whatever part of the lands they may be, are to be believed enemies of the human race, nevertheless, since those who are in our retinue almost strike at Majesty itself, if any magus or one accustomed to magical defilements—who by the custom of the crowd is called a malefic (sorcerer)—or a haruspex, or a soothsayer, or at least an augur, or even a mathematicus (astrologer), or one who by telling dreams conceals some art of divining, or at least one practicing something similar to these, shall have been apprehended in my or the Caesar’s retinue, let him not escape torments and torture by the protection of dignity. If, when convicted, he resists the revealers by denying his own crime, let him be given to the rack, and with the claws furrowing his sides let him endure punishments worthy of his own crime.

dat. iii non. iul.

Given on the 3rd day before the Nones of July (July 5).

arimini datiano et cereale conss. (358 iul. 5).

At Ariminum, with Datianus and Cerealis as consuls. (358 July 5).

CTh.9.16.7 [=brev.9.13.3]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad secundum pf. p. ne quis deinceps nocturnis temporibus aut nefarias preces aut magicos apparatus aut sacrificia funesta celebrare conetur.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Secundus, the praetorian prefect: that no one henceforth, at nocturnal times, either nefarious prayers or magical apparatus or
funest sacrifices should attempt to celebrate.

detectum atque convictum competenti animadversione mactari, perenni auctoritate censemus. dat. v. id. sept.

We decree, by perpetual authority, that one detected and convicted be put to death with appropriate punishment. Given on September 9.

divo ioviano a. et varroniano coss.

under the consuls the deified Jovian, Augustus, and Varronianus.

interpretatio. quicumque* nocturna sacrificia daemonum celebraverit vel incantationibus daemones invocaverit, capite puniatur

interpretation. whoever* shall have celebrated nocturnal sacrifices of demons or shall have invoked demons by incantations, let him be punished with capital punishment

CTh.9.16.8

Theodosian Code 9.16.8

Idem aa. ad modestum praefectum praetorio. cesset mathematicorum tractatus. nam si qui publice aut privatim in die noctuque deprehensus fuerit in cohibito errore versari, capitali sententia feriatur uterque.

The same Augusti to Modestus, Praetorian Prefect. Let the practice of the astrologers cease. For if anyone, publicly or privately, by day and by night,
shall be apprehended to be engaged in the prohibited error, let both be struck with a capital sentence.

neque enim culpa dissimilis est prohibita discere quam docere. dat. prid.

Nor indeed is the fault dissimilar to learn prohibited things as to teach.
Given the day before.

id. decemb. constantinopoli valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (370?

the Ides of December, at Constantinople, under Valentinian and Valens, emperors, consuls. (370?

373? dec. 12).

373? Dec. 12).

CTh.9.16.9

Theodosian Code 9.16.9

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad senatum.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti, to the senate.

haruspicinam ego nullum cum maleficiorum causis habere consortium iudico neque ipsam aut aliquam praeterea concessam a maioribus religionem genus esse arbitror criminis. testes sunt leges a me in exordio imperii mei datae, quibus unicuique, quod animo inbibisset, colendi libera facultas tributa est. nec haruspicinam reprehendimus, sed nocenter exerceri vetamus.

I judge that haruspicy has no association with the causes of malefices, nor do I reckon that it itself, or any other religion besides granted by the ancestors, is a kind of crime. The laws given by me at the beginning of my reign are witnesses, by which to each person the free faculty was granted of worshiping what he had imbibed in his mind. Nor do we reprehend haruspicy, but we forbid it to be exercised harmfully.

dat. iiii kal. iun.

given on the 4th day before the Kalends of June (May 29).

treviris gratiano a. ii et probo conss. (371 mai. 29).

at trier, under gratian augustus for the 2nd time and probus, consuls (371 may 29).

CTh.9.16.10

Idem aaa. ad ampelium praefectum urbi. quia nonnulli ex ordine senatorio maleficiorum insimulatione adque invidia stringebantur, idcirco huiusmodi negotia urbanae praefecturae discutienda permisimus.

The same Augusti to Ampelius, prefect of the city. Because some from the senatorial order were being pressed by insinuation of malefice and by envy, therefore we have permitted that business of this kind be examined by the urban prefecture.

quod si quando huiusmodi inciderit quaestio, quae iudicio memoratae sedis dirimi vel terminari posse non creditur, eos, quos negotii textus amplectitur, una cum gestis omnibus praesentibus adque praeteritis ad comitatum mansuetudinis nostrae sollemni observationi transmitti praecipimus. dat. viii id. dec.

But if ever a question of this sort should arise, which is not believed able to be resolved or terminated by the judgment of the aforesaid seat,
those whom the texture of the business embraces, together with all records, present and past,
we order to be sent to the court of Our Clemency for solemn observance. Given on the 8th day before the Ides of December.

gratiano a. ii et probo conss. (371 dec. 6).

in the consulship of gratian augustus, 2, and probus. (371 dec. 6).

CTh.9.16.11

Theodosian Code 9.16.11

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. albino praefecto urbi.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to albinus, prefect of the city.

quicumque maleficiorum labe pollutum audierit deprehenderit occupaverit, ilico ad publicum protrahat et iudiciorum oculis communis hostem salutis ostendat. quod si quisquam ex agitatoribus seu ex quolibet alio genere hominum contra hoc interdictum venire temptaverit aut clandestinis suppliciis etiam manifestum reum malificae artis suppresserit, ultimum supplicium non evadat geminae suspicionis obnoxius, quod aut publicum reum, ne facinoris socios pulicaret, severitati legum et debitae subtraxerit quaestioni aut proprium fortassis inimicum sub huius vindictae nomine consilio atrociore confecerit. dat.

whoever shall have heard of, detected, or seized someone polluted by the stain of maleficia, let him immediately bring him forth into public and show to the eyes of the courts the common enemy of safety. But if anyone of the charioteers or of any other kind of men shall have attempted to come against this interdict, or shall have suppressed by clandestine punishments even a manifest defendant of the malefic art, he shall not escape the ultimate punishment, being liable to a twin suspicion: that either he removed a public defendant from the severity of the laws and the due questioning, lest he should publicize the partners of the crime, or perhaps he has done away with his own private enemy under the name of this vengeance by a more atrocious plan. Given.

xvii kal. sept. romae timasio et promoto conss.

august 16 at rome, in the consulship of timasius and promotus.

(389 aug. 16).

(389 Aug. 16).

CTh.9.16.12

Theodosian Code 9.16.12

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. caeciliano praefecto praetorio. mathematicos, nisi parati sint codicibus erroris proprii sub oculis episcoporum incendio concrematis catholicae religionis cultui fidem tradere numquam ad errorem praeteritum redituri, non solum urbe roma, sed etiam omnibus civitatibus pelli decernimus.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Caecilianus, Praetorian Prefect. We decree that the mathematici, unless they are prepared, with the codices of their own error burned by fire under the eyes of the bishops, to entrust their faith to the cult of the Catholic religion, never to return to their past error, are to be expelled not only from the City of Rome, but also from all cities.

quod si hoc non fecerint et contra clementiae nostrae salubre constitutum in civitatibus fuerint deprehensi vel secreta erroris sui et professionis insinuaverint, deportationis poenam excipiant. dat. kal.

But if they do not do this, and, contrary to the salutary constitution of our Clemency, they are apprehended in the cities, or have insinuated the secrets of their error and profession, let them incur the penalty of deportation. Given on the Kalends.

feb. ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss. (409 febr.

feb. at ravenna
honorius 8 and theodosius 3, augusti, consuls. (409 febr.

1).

CTh.9.17.0. De sepulchri violati

CTh.9.17.0. On the violated sepulchre

CTh.9.17.1

Imp. constantius a. ad titianum praefectum urbi. si quis in demoliendis sepulchris fuerit adprehensus, si id sine domini conscientia faciat, metallo adiudicetur; si vero domini auctoritate vel iussione urgetur, relegatione plectatur.

the emperor constantius augustus to titianus, prefect of the city. if anyone shall be apprehended in demolishing sepulchers, if he does this without the knowledge of the owner, let him be adjudged to the mines; but if he is driven by the authority or order of the owner, let him be punished with relegation.

et si forte detractum aliquid de sepulchris ad domum eius villamque pervectum post hanc legem repperietur, villa sive domus aut aedificium quodcumque erit fisci viribus vindicetur. dat. vii kal.

and if by chance anything taken from tombs and conveyed to his house and villa should be found after this law,
let the villa or the house, or whatever edifice it shall be, be vindicated by the powers of the fisc. Given on the 7th day before the Kalends.

iul. mediolano acindyno et proculo conss. (340 iun.

jul. at Milan, in the consulship of Acindinus and Proculus. (340 jun.

25).

CTh.9.17.2pr.

CTh.9.17.2 preface.

Idem a. ad limenium praefectum praetorio. factum solitum sanguine vindicari multae inflictione corrigimus atque ita supplicium statuimus in futurum, ut nec ille absit a poena, qui ante commisit. universi itaque, qui de monumentis columnas vel marmora abstulerunt vel coquendae calcis gratia lapides deiecerunt, ex consulatu scilicet dalmatii et zenofili, singulas libras auri per singula sepulchra fisci rationibus inferant investigati per prudentiae tuae iudicium.

The same Augustus, to Limenius, Praetorian Prefect. An act accustomed to be avenged with blood we correct by the infliction of a mulct, and thus we establish the punishment for the future, so that not even he may be absent from penalty who committed it before. Therefore all who have taken from monuments columns or marbles or have thrown down stones for the sake of lime to be burned, dating from the consulate, namely, of Dalmatius and Zenophilus, shall pay one pound of gold for each sepulcher into the accounts of the fisc, having been investigated through the judgment of your prudence.

eadem etiam poena, qui dissiparunt vel ornatum minuerunt, teneantur et qui posita in agris suis monumenta calcis coctoribus vendiderunt una cum his, qui ausi sunt comparare - quidquid enim attingi nefas est, non sine piaculo comparatur - sed ita, ut ab utroque una libra postuletur. sed si ex praecepto iudicum monumenta deiecta sunt, ne sub specie publicae fabricationis poena vitetur, eosdem iudices iubemus hanc multam agnoscere; nam ex vectigalibus vel aliis titulis aedificare debuerunt. quod si aliquis multam metuens sepulchri ruinas terrae congestione celaverit et non intra statutum ab excellentia tua tempus confessus sit, ab alio proditus duas auri libras cogatur inferre.

let the same punishment also bind those who have scattered or diminished the ornament, and those who
have sold monuments placed in their own fields to lime-burners, together with those who have dared to purchase — for whatever it is unlawful to touch is not
acquired without expiation — but in such a way that from each party one pound be demanded. but if by the order of the judges monuments have been cast down, lest under the pretext
of public construction the penalty be avoided, we order those same judges to acknowledge this fine; for they ought to build from revenues or other headings.
but if anyone, fearing the fine, has concealed the ruins of a sepulcher by a piling-up of earth and does not confess within the time set by your excellency,
being informed upon by another, he shall be compelled to pay two pounds of gold.

qui vero libellis datis a pontificibus impetrarunt, ut reparationis gratia labentia sepulchra deponerent, si vera docuerunt, ab illatione multae separentur: at si in usum alium depositis abusi sunt, teneantur poena praescripta. (349 mart. 28).

Those who, with petitions presented by the pontiffs, obtained leave, for the sake of repair, to take down the slipping sepulchres, if they proved the truth, shall be separated from the imposition of the fine: but if they have abused the things taken down to another use, they shall be held to the prescribed penalty. (349 March 28).

CTh.9.17.2.1

Hoc in posterum observando, ut in provinciis locorum iudices. in urbe roma cum pontificibus tua celsitudo inspiciat, si per sarturas succurrendum sit alicui monumento, ut ita demum data licentia tempus etiam consummando operi statuatur. (349 mart.

This is to be observed hereafter: that in the provinces the judges of the localities, in the City of Rome your Highness with the pontiffs, should inspect whether some monument ought to be succored by repairs, so that only then, license having been granted, a time also be set for consummating the work. (349 Mar.

28).

CTh.9.17.2.2

Theodosian Code 9.17.2.2

Quod si aliquis contra sanctionem clementiae nostrae sepulchrum laesurus attigerit, xx libras auri largitionibus nostris cogatur inferre. locorum autem iudices si haec observare neglexerint, non minus nota quam statuta in sepulchrorum violatores poena grassetur. dat.

But if anyone, contrary to the sanction of our clemency, should touch a sepulcher with intent to injure it, let him be compelled to pay 20 pounds of gold to Our Largesses. But if the judges of the places should neglect to observe these things, let a censure no less than the penalty established for violators of sepulchers fall upon them. Given.

v kal. april. limenio et catullino conss.

on the 5th day before the Kalends of April (March 28), in the consulship of Limenius and Catullinus.

(349 mart. 28).

(349 Mar. 28).

CTh.9.17.3

Theodosian Code 9.17.3

Idem a. et iulianus caes. ad orfitum. quosdam comperimus lucri nimium cupidos sepulchra subvertere et substantiam fabricandi ad proprias aedes transferre.

the same augustus and julian caesar to orfitus. we have discovered certain persons, excessively desirous of lucre, to overturn sepulchers and to transfer the substance for building to
their own houses.

ii detecto scelere animadversionem priscis legibus definitam subire debebunt. proposita in foro traiani constantio a. viii et iuliano caes. conss.

they, the crime having been detected, must undergo the punishment defined by the ancient laws.
Posted in the Forum of Trajan, when Constantius Augustus for the 8th time and Julian Caesar were consuls.

(356.....).

CTh.9.17.4

Idem a. ad populum. qui aedificia manium violant, domus ut ita dixerim defunctorum, geminum videntur facinus perpetrare, nam et sepultos spoliant destruendo et vivos polluunt fabricando. si quis igitur de sepulchro abstulerit saxa vel marmora vel columnas aliamve quamcumque materiam fabricae gratia sive id fecerit venditurus, decem pondo auri cogatur inferre fisco: sive quis propria sepulchra defendens hanc in iudicium querellam detulerit sive quicumque alius accusaverit vel officium nuntiaverit.

Likewise the Augustus to the people. Those who violate the edifices of the Manes, the houses, so to speak, of the deceased, seem to perpetrate a twin crime, for both they despoil the buried by destroying and they pollute the living by building. If anyone therefore shall have removed from a tomb stones or marbles or columns or any other material whatsoever for the sake of construction, or shall have done it intending to sell, let him be compelled to pay ten pounds of gold to the fisc: whether someone defending his own tombs shall have brought this complaint into judgment or whoever else shall have accused or the office shall have reported.

quae poena priscae severitati accedit, nihil enim derogatum est illi supplicio, quod sepulchra violantibus videtur impositum. huic autem poenae subiacebunt et qui corpora sepulta aut reliquias contrectaverint. dat.

which penalty is added to ancient severity, for nothing has been derogated from that punishment which is considered to have been imposed upon those violating sepulchers. moreover, to this penalty shall also be subject those who shall have handled interred bodies or relics. given.

id. iun. mediolano constantio a. viiii et iuliano caes. ii conss.

On June 13 at Milan, when Constantius Augustus was consul for the 9th time and Julian Caesar for the 2nd, consuls.

(357

[356] iun. 13).

[356] June 13).

CTh.9.17.5pr.

Theodosian Code 9.17.5 preface.

Imp. iulianus a. ad populum. pergit audacia ad busta diem functorum et aggeres consecratos, cum et lapidem hinc movere et terram sollicitare et cespitem vellere proximum sacrilegio maiores semper habuerint.

Emperor Julian Augustus to the people. Audacity proceeds to the tombs of those who have finished their day and to consecrated mounds, whereas to move even a stone from there, to disturb the earth, and to pluck the sod, our elders have always held as next to sacrilege.

sed et ornamenta quidam tricliniis aut porticibus auferunt de sepulchris. quibus primis consulentes, ne in piaculum incidant contaminata religione bustorum, hoc fieri prohibemus poena manium vindice cohibentes. (363 febr.

But also certain persons carry off ornaments for triclinia or porticoes from sepulchres.
Having first regard for them, lest they fall into a piacular offense, the religion of the burial mounds being contaminated, we forbid this to be done, restraining them by the avenging penalty of the Manes. (363 febr.

12).

CTh.9.17.5.1

Secundum illud est, quod efferri cognovimus cadavera mortuorum per confertam populi frequentiam et per maximam insistentium densitatem; quod quidem oculos hominum infaustis incestat aspectibus. qui enim dies est bene auspicatus a funere aut quomodo ad deos et templa venietur? ideoque quoniam et dolor in exsequiis secretum amat et diem functis nihil interest, utrum per noctes an per dies efferantur, liberari convenit populi totius aspectus, ut dolor esse in funeribus, non pompa exsequiarum nec ostentatio videatur.

The next point is this: that we have learned the cadavers of the dead are carried out through the crowded concourse of the people and through the greatest density of those pressing; which indeed pollutes the eyes of men with ill-omened sights. For what day is well-omened from a funeral, or how will one come to the gods
and to the temples? And therefore, since grief in exequies loves secrecy, and to those whose day is done it makes no difference whether they are carried out by nights or by days,
it is fitting that the sight of the whole populace be spared, so that there may be grief in funerals, not the pomp of the exequies nor ostentation be seen.

dat. prid. id. feb.

given on the day before the ides of february.

antiochiae iuliano a. iiii et sallustio conss. (363 febr. 12).

at Antioch, Julian, Augustus, for the 4th time, and Sallustius, consuls. (February 12, 363).

CTh.9.17.6

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. pancratio praefecto urbi.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius, augusti, to pancratius, prefect of the city.

omnia quae supra terram urnis clausa vel sarcofagis corpora detinentur, extra urbem delata ponantur, ut et humanitatis instar exhibeant et relinquant incolarum domicilio sanctitatem. quisquis autem huius praecepti neglegens fuerit adque aliquid tale ab huius interminatione praecepti ausus fuerit moliri, tertia in futurum patrimonii parte multetur. officium quoque, quod tibi paret, quinquaginta librarum auri affectum despoliatione maerebit.

all bodies which above ground, enclosed in urns or sarcophagi
are kept, shall be carried out and placed outside the city, so that they may both exhibit a likeness of humanity and leave sanctity to the domicile of the inhabitants. whoever, however
shall have been negligent of this precept and shall have dared to undertake anything of the sort in defiance of the threat of this precept, shall be fined a third part of his patrimony
for the future. the staff also, which obeys you, will lament, afflicted with the despoiling of fifty pounds of gold.

ac ne alicuius fallax et arguta sollertia ab huius se praecepti intentione subducat atque apostolorum vel martyrum sedem humandis corporibus aestimet esse concessam, ab his quoque, ita ut a reliquo civitatis, noverint se atque intellegant esse submotos. dat. iii kal.

and lest anyone’s fallacious and
acute ingenuity withdraw itself from the intention of this precept and deem that the seat of the apostles or martyrs is to be
conceded for interring bodies, from these also, just as from the rest of the city, let them know and understand themselves to have been removed. given on the 3rd day before the kalends.

aug. heracleae eucherio et syagrio conss. (381 iul.

aug., at heraclea, in the consulship of eucherius and
syagrius, consuls. (381, jul.

30).

CTh.9.17.7

Theodosian Code 9.17.7

Idem aaa. cynegio praefecto praetorio. humatum corpus nemo ad alterum locum transferat; nemo martyrem distrahat, nemo mercetur.

The same Emperors to Cynegius, praetorian prefect. Let no one transfer a buried body to another place; let no one tear apart a martyr; let no one buy.

habeant vero in potestate, si quolibet in loco sanctorum est aliquis conditus, pro eius veneratione quod martyrium vocandum sit addant quod voluerint fabricarum. dat. iiii kal.

let them indeed have it in their power, if in any place of the saints someone is interred, for his veneration to add what ought to be called a martyrium,
whatever buildings they wish. Given on the 4 Kalends.

mart. constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 febr.

march. at constantinople, in the consulship of honorius, most noble boy, and evodius, consuls (386 febr.

26).

CTh.9.18.0. [=brev.9.14.0.] Ad legem Fabiam.

CTh.9.18.0. [=brev.9.14.0.] According to the Lex Fabia.

CTh.9.18.1 [=brev.9.14.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad domitium celsum vicarium africae. plagiarii, qui viventium filiorum miserandas infligunt parentibus orbitates, metalli poena cum ceteris ante cognitis suppliciis tenebantur.

The emperor Constantine Augustus to Domitius Celsus, vicar of Africa. Kidnappers, who inflict upon parents the pitiable bereavements of their living sons, were held to the penalty of the mines, along with the other punishments previously recognized.

si quis tamen eiusmodi reus fuerit oblatus, posteaquam super crimine patuerit, servus quidem vel libertate donatus bestiis primo quoque munere obiiciatur, liber autem sub hac forma in ludum detur gladiatorium, ut, antequam aliquid faciat, quo se defendere possit, gladio consumatur. eos autem, qui pro hoc crimine iam in metallum dati sunt, numquam* revocari praecipimus. dat.

if, however, any defendant of this sort shall have been presented, after it has become evident concerning the charge, a slave, even if endowed with liberty, shall be thrown to the beasts at the next available public show; but a free man shall be given to the gladiatorial school under this form, that, before he does anything by which he could defend himself, he be consumed by the sword. as for those who have already been consigned to the mines for this crime, we order that they never* be recalled. given.

kal. aug. constantino a. iv. et licinio iv. coss.

on the kalends of august, in the consulship of constantine augustus for the 4th time and licinius for the 4th time, consuls.

interpretatio. hi, qui filios alienos furto abstulerint et ubicumque* transduxerint, sive ingenui sive servi sint, morte puniantur

interpretation. those who have carried off by theft others’ sons and have conveyed them wherever*, whether they be freeborn or slaves, let them be punished with death

CTh.9.19.0. Ad legem corneliam de falso

CTh.9.19.0. On the Cornelian law on forgery

CTh.9.19.1pr. [=brev.9.15.1pr.]

Imp. constantinus a. mechilio hilariano correctori lucaniae et brittiorum. si quis decurio testamentum vel codicillos aut aliquam deficientis scripserit voluntatem, vel conscribendis publicis privatisque instrumentis praebuerit officium, si falsi quaestio moveatur, decurionatus honore seposito, quaestioni, si ita poposcerit causa, subdatur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Mechilius Hilarianus, Corrector of Lucania and the Bruttii. If any decurion shall have written a testament or codicils or any last will of a deceased person, or shall have rendered service for the drafting of public and private instruments, if a question of falsity be raised, the honor of the decurionate being set aside, let him be subjected to the inquiry, if the case shall so require.

sed non statim desinit esse decurio, qui in huius modi facto fuerit deprehensus. quantum enim ad municipales pertinet necessitates, decurio permanet; quantum ad rem gestam et veritatem reserandam, uti decurionatus honore non poterit.

but he does not at once cease to be a decurion, who shall have been detected in a deed of this kind. for as much as pertains to municipal necessities, he remains a decurion; for as much as pertains to the deed performed and to disclosing the truth, he will not be able to use the honor of the decurionate.

CTh.9.19.1.1 [=brev.9.15.1.1]

Nec vero is, qui ante fuerit tabellio, ad eludendam quaestionem super his, quae ante conscripsit, factus decurio defendi hac poterit dignitate, quoniam scripturae veritas, si res poposcerit, per ipsum debet probari auctorem. dat. iii.

Nor indeed can he who previously was a notary, having been made a decurio to elude the inquiry concerning those things which he wrote before, be defended by this dignity, since the truth of the writing, if the matter shall require it, ought to be proved through himself, the author. given on the 3rd.

kal. febr. acc.

received on the Kalends of February.

kal. aug. sabino et rufino coss.

Kalends of August, with Sabinus and Rufinus
as consuls.

interpretatio. si quis curialis voluntatem morientis aut quodlibet publicum documentum scripserit, et de falsitate accusatur, seposita primitus dignitate, si necesse fuerit, subdatur examini: qui si convincitur, a curia non expelletur, sed curiae dignitate privabitur, id est ut honoratus esse non possit. tabellio vero, qui amanuensis nunc vel cancellarius dicitur, etiamsi ad curiae pervenerit dignitatem, si de falsitate accusatus fuerit aut convictus, subdatur examini, ut per ipsum, per quem confecta est, scripturae veritas approbetur

interpretation. If any curial writes the volition of a dying person or any public document, and is accused of falsity, with his dignity first set aside, if it is necessary, let him be subjected to examination: who, if he is convicted, will not be expelled from the curia, but will be deprived of the curial dignity, that is, so that he cannot be an honoratus. But the notary, who is now called an amanuensis or chancellor, even if he has come to the dignity of the curia, if he should be accused of falsity or convicted, let him be subjected to examination, so that through the very person by whom it was drawn up the truth of the writing may be approved

CTh.9.19.2pr.

Theodosian Code 9.19.2, preface.

Imp. constantinus a. ad maximum praefectum urbi. cum in praeterito is mos in iudiciis servaretur, ut prolatis instrumentis, si ea falsa quis diceret, a sententia iudex civilis controversiae temperaret eoque contingeret, ut imminens accusatio nullis clausa temporibus petitorem possessoremve deluderet, commodum duximus, ut, etsi alteruter litigantium falsi strepitum intulisset, petitori tamen possessorive momentum prolatorum instrumentorum conferret auctoritas, ut tunc civili iurgio terminato secunda falsi actio subderetur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Maximus, Prefect of the City. Since in the past that custom was observed in trials, that when instruments were produced, if anyone said they were false, the judge would refrain from a sentence in the civil controversy, and it would come to pass that an imminent accusation, closed by no times, would delude the petitioner or the possessor, we have deemed it expedient that, even if either of the litigants had introduced the outcry of falsity, nevertheless authority should confer upon the petitioner or the possessor the weight of the instruments produced, so that then, the civil quarrel being terminated, a second action for falsity should be brought.

(326

[320] mart. 25).

[320] mar. 25).

CTh.9.19.2.1

Volumus itaque, ut primum cesset inscriptio. sed ubi falsi examen inciderit, tunc ad morem pristinum quaestione civili per sententiam terminata acerrima fiat indago argumentis testibus scripturarum collatione aliisque vestigiis veritatis. nec accusatori tantum quaestio incumbat nec probationis ei tota necessitas indicatur, sed inter utramque personam sit iudex medius nec ulla quae sentiat interlocutione divulget, sed tamquam ad imitationem relationis, quae solum audiendi mandat officium, praebeat notionem, postrema sententia quid sibi liqueat proditurus. (326

We wish, therefore, that first the inscription cease. But when an examination of falsity shall occur, then, according to the pristine custom, with the civil inquest terminated by a sentence, let a most keen investigation be made by arguments, by witnesses, by collation of writings, and by other vestiges of truth. Nor let the inquest rest upon the accuser alone, nor let the whole necessity of proof be assigned to him, but let the judge be in the middle between both persons, nor let him divulge by any interlocution what he thinks, but, as in imitation of a relation, which mandates only the office of hearing, let him provide cognizance, intending by the final sentence to declare what is clear to himself. (326

[320] mart. 25).

[320] march 25).

CTh.9.19.2.2

Theodosian Code 9.19.2.2

Ultimum autem finem strepitus criminalis, quem litigantem disceptantemque fas non sit excedere, anni spatio limitamus, cuius exordium testatae aput iudicem competentem actionis nascetur auspicium: capitali post probationem supplicio, si id exigat magnitudo commissi, vel deportatione ei qui falsum commiserit imminente. proposita viii kal. april.

We limit the ultimate end of criminal tumult, which it is not lawful for a litigant disputing to exceed, to the span of a year, the beginning of which will take its auspice from the attestation of the action before the competent judge: with capital punishment after proof, if the magnitude of the offense requires it, or deportation impending for him who has committed falsum. published on the 8th day before the Kalends of April.

in foro traiani constantino a. vii et constantio c. conss. (326

in the Forum of Trajan, Constantine Augustus for the 7th time and Constantius Caesar, consuls. (326

[320] mart. 25).

[320] mar. 25).

CTh.9.19.3

Theodosian Code 9.19.3

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad festum proconsulem africae. serenitas nostra prospexit inde caelestium litterarum coepisse imitationem, quod his apicibus tuae gravitatis officium consultationes relationesque complectitur, quibus scrinia nostrae perennitatis utuntur.

the emperors valentinian and valens, augusti, to festus, proconsul of africa. our serenity has perceived moreover that an imitation of the celestial letters has begun,
inasmuch as by these apices the officium of your gravitas embraces consultations and relations, which the scrinia of our perennity make use of.

quam ob rem istius sanctionis auctoritate praecipimus, ut posthac magistra falsorum consuetudo tollatur et communibus litteris universa mandentur, quae vel de provincia fuerint scribenda vel a iudice, ut nemo stili huius exemplum aut privatim sumat aut publice. dat. v id. iun.

For which reason, by the authority of this sanction we prescribe that henceforth the custom—the instructress of falsehoods—be abolished, and that all things which either are to be written concerning the province or by the judge be committed to common letters, so that no one may take a specimen of this style either privately or publicly. Given June 9.

treviris lupicino et iovino conss. (367 iun. [?] 9).

at Trier, under the consuls Lupicinus and Jovinus. (367 June [?] 9).

CTh.9.19.4pr. [=brev.9.15.2pr.]

Theodosian Code 9.19.4pref. [= breviary 9.15.2pref.]

Imppp. valens, grat. et valent.

The Emperors Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian.

aaa. ad maximinum pf. p. damus copiam iurgantibus, si apud iudicem proferatur scriptura, de qua oritur aliqua disputatio, spatium ut habeat, qui perurgeat, profitendi, utrum de falso criminaliter, an de scripturae fide statuat civiliter experiri.

aaa. to Maximinus, Praetorian Prefect. We grant to litigants, if a writing is produced before the judge, about which some disputation arises, that the one who urges it may have time to declare whether he will proceed criminally on a charge of falsity, or determine to try civilly concerning the credibility of the writing.

CTh.9.19.4.1 [=brev.9.15.2.1]

Quod si expetens vindictam falsi crimen intenderit, erit in arbitrio iudicantis, an eum sinat etiam sine inscriptione certare. iudicis enim potestati committi oportet, ut de eo, qui obiecta non probaverit, sumat propositum antiquo iure supplicium. rationi quoque huius modi plenissime suffragatur antiquitas, quae nequissimos homines et argui voluit et coerceri legibus variis, cornelia de veneficiis, sicariis, parricidiis, iulia de adulteris ambitusve criminibus, ceterisve ita promulgatis, ut possit etiam sine inscriptione cognosci, poena tamen accusatorem etiam sine solennibus occuparet.

But if, seeking retribution, he should bring an action on the crime of falsum, it will be in the discretion of the judge whether he allow him to contend even without inscription. For it ought to be committed to the judge’s power that he take, by ancient law, the punishment prescribed concerning him who shall not have proved the allegations. To this sort of reason antiquity lends its fullest support, which willed that the most nefarious men be both arraigned and restrained by various laws—the Cornelian on poisonings, assassins, parricides; the Julian on adulterers or the crimes of ambitus; and the others thus promulgated, so that it can be inquired into even without inscription—yet the penalty would seize the accuser even without the solemnities.

de qua re et divus antoninus rescripsisse docetur, id in iudicis potestate constituens, quod nosmet in legibus iusseramus. removebitur itaque istius lenitate rescripti praecepti superioris austeritas, ut, si quis deinceps tabulas testamenti, chirographa testationesque, nec non etiam rationes privatas vel publicas, pacta et epistolas vel ultimas voluntates, donationes, venditiones vel si quid prolatum aliud insimulare conabitur, habeat, praetermissis solennibus, accusandi facultatem, pro iudicis motu sententiam relaturus.

On which matter also the deified Antoninus is shown to have issued a rescript, establishing in the judge’s power that which we ourselves had commanded in the laws. Therefore, by the lenity of that rescript the austerity of the earlier precept will be removed, so that, if anyone hereafter shall attempt to impute against the tablets of a testament, chirographs and testations, and likewise also private or public accounts, pacts and epistles or last wills, donations, sales, or anything else that has been produced, he may have, the solemnities being passed over, the faculty of accusing, the sentence to be delivered according to the judge’s discretion.

CTh.9.19.4.2 [=brev.9.15.2.2]

Civiles autem inquisitiones inter utrasque confligentium partes aequali motu ingruit et recurrit humanitas, quum is, qui praeerit quaestioni, intentiones falsas aut conficta crimina ex legibus poenis competentibus possit ulcisci. pp. romae xvi. kal.

But in civil investigations, fairness advances and returns with equal movement between both of the contending parties, since he who will preside
over the inquiry can avenge false allegations or fabricated crimes with penalties appropriate under the laws. Posted at Rome on the 16th day before the Kalends.

mai., valente v. et valentin. aa. coss.

in May, when Valens for the 5th time and Valentinian, the Augusti, were consuls.

interpretatio. de falso potest et criminaliter et civiliter agi. civiliter, quum aliquis quibuslibet scripturis non falsi crimen obiecerit, sed veritatem scripturae se velle quaerere dicit.

interpretation. Concerning falsity, one can proceed both criminally and civilly. Civilly, when someone, with respect to any writings, does not bring the charge of falsity, but
says that he wishes to seek the truth of the writing.

nam si ad iudicem venerit accusator, et falsi crimen intenderit, iudex tribuat accusatori spatium, ut deliberet, utrum criminaliter agere an civiliter velit. qui si reversus ad iudicem in obiecto falsitatis crimine perseveraverit, in potestate iudicis erit, utrum inscriptionem celebrari velit, an obiectum crimen sine inscriptione discutere. quod quum iudex de obiectione falsitatis audierit, seu inscriptione habita seu omissa, aut in accusatum, si falsitas approbatur, aut in accusatorem, si falso obiecerit, proferatur, ex lege sententia

for if the accuser shall have come to the judge, and shall have intended the crime of falsity, let the judge grant to the accuser a period to deliberate whether he wishes to proceed criminally or civilly. And if, having returned to the judge, he shall have persevered in the crime of falsity objected, it will be in the power of the judge whether he wishes the inscription to be carried out, or to examine the objected crime without inscription. And when the judge shall have heard concerning the objection of falsity, whether the inscription has been had or omitted, either against the accused, if falsity is approved, or against the accuser, if he has objected falsely, let a sentence according to law be brought forth

CTh.9.20.0. Victum civiliter agere et criminaliter posse.

CTh.9.20.0. That the defeated party may bring a civil action and be able to proceed criminally.

CTh.9.20.1 [=brev.9.16.1]

Imppp. valens, grat. et valent.

The emperors Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian.

aaa. ad antonium pf. p. a plerisque prudentium generaliter definitum est, quoties de re familiari et civilis et criminalis competit actio, utraque licere experiri, nec si civiliter fuerit actum, criminalem posse consumi. sic denique et per vim possessione deiectus, si de ea recuperanda interdicto unde vi erit usus, non prohibetur tamen etiam lege iulia de vi publico iudicio instituere accusationem; et suppresso testamento quum ex interdicto de tabulis exhibendis fuerit actum, nihilo minus ex lege cornelia testamentaria poterit crimen inferri; et quum libertus se dicit ingenuum, tam de operis civiliter quam etiam lege visellia criminaliter poterit perurgeri.

aaa. to Antonius, the praetorian prefect: by most of the jurists it has been generally determined that, whenever in a matter of the household both a civil and a criminal action is competent, it is permitted to try both, and that, if it has been proceeded with civilly, the criminal action cannot be consumed. Thus, finally, also one cast out of possession by force, if he has used the interdict “unde vi” for recovering it, is not prohibited nevertheless also under the Julian Law on Violence to institute a public prosecution; and when a testament has been suppressed, although action has been taken on the interdict for producing the tablets, nonetheless under the Cornelian Testamentary Law a charge can be brought; and when a freedman says he is freeborn, he can be pressed both civilly concerning services and also criminally under the Visellian Law.

quo in genere habetur furti actio et legis fabiae constitutum. et quum una excepta sit causa de moribus, sexcenta alia sunt, quae enumerari non possunt, ut, quum altera prius actio intentata sit, per alteram, quae supererit, iudicatum liceat retractari. qua iuris definitione non ambigitur, etiam falsi crimen, de quo civiliter iam actum est, criminaliter esse repetendum.

And in this kind are held the action of theft and the provision of the Fabian law. And although one cause is excepted, that concerning morals, there are six hundred others which cannot be enumerated, such that, when one action has first been instituted, by the other which remains it is permitted that the judgment be retracted. By which juridical definition it is not in doubt that even the crime of falsum, about which it has already been acted civilly, must be pursued criminally.

dat. prid. id. ian.

dated the day before the Ides of January (January 12).

treviris, valente vi. et valentin. ii. aa. coss.

At Trier,
with Valens for the 6th time and Valentinian for the 2nd, the Augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. sunt causae permixtae, civiles pariter et criminales; et possunt hae causae ita dividi, ut prius civilis, deinde criminalis agatur, si voluerit accusator: ita ut si quis de re sua fuerit violenter expulsus, et rem ablatam civili primitus maluerit actione repetere, momentum sibi restitui petat, et si de eius proprietate is, qui expulsus est, civiliter fuerit superatus, criminali postmodum actione servata, recepto primitus momento, potest postmodum impetere violentum. de testamento etiam, si quis commendatum a testatore testamentum in fraudem heredis fortasse suppresserit, et id heres scriptus iudicio restitui petit, testamento per iudicium momenti beneficio restituto, potest postmodum de suppresso testamento criminalem proponere actionem. et reliquis similibus causis similis actio tribuatur

interpretation. There are mixed causes, civil and criminal alike; and these causes can be divided in such a way that first the civil, then the criminal be handled, if the accuser shall have wished: namely, that if someone has been violently expelled from his property, and should prefer first to recover the thing taken away by a civil action, let him ask to have possession restored to himself; and if, concerning its ownership, the one who was expelled has been defeated in the civil suit, with the criminal action reserved for afterwards, having first recovered possession, he can thereafter attack the violent man. Also concerning a testament: if someone has perhaps suppressed a testament entrusted by the testator, in fraud of the heir, and the written heir seeks by judgment to have it restored, the testament, by the benefit of the judgment of possession, having been restored, he can afterwards bring a criminal action about the suppressed testament. And in the remaining similar cases let a similar action be granted.

CTh.9.21.0. De falsa moneta

CTh.9.21.0. On counterfeit coinage

CTh.9.21.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad verinum. quicumque adulterina fecerit numismata, poenam pro discretione sexus et condicionis suae diversitate sustineat, hoc est ut, si decurio vel decurionis sit filius, exterminatus genitali solo ad quamcumque in longinquo positam civitatem sub perpetui exilii condicione mittatur ac super facultatibus eius ad nostram scientiam referatur; si plebeius, ut rebus amissis perpetuae damnationi dedatur; si servilis condicionis, ultimo supplicio subiugetur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Verinus. Whoever shall have made adulterine coinage, let him endure a penalty according to the distinction of sex and the diversity of his condition, that is, if he is a decurion or the son of a decurion, banished from his native soil, let him be sent under the condition of perpetual exile to whatever city is situated far away, and concerning his resources let it be reported to our knowledge; if he is a plebeian, that, his goods having been lost, he be handed over to perpetual condemnation; if of servile condition, let him be subjected to the ultimate punishment.

dat. et pp. xv kal. april.

Given and posted on the 15th day before the Kalends of April.

constantino a. v. et licinio caes. conss. (319 mart.

Constantine, Augustus, 5th time, and Licinius, Caesar, consuls. (March 319.

18).

CTh.9.21.2pr.

Theodosian Code 9.21.2pr.

Idem a. ad ianuarinum. quoniam nonnulli monetarii adulterinam monetam clandestinis sceleribus exercent, cuncti cognoscant necessitatem sibi incumbere huiusmodi homines inquirendi, ut investigati tradantur iudiciis, facti conscios per tormenta ilico prodituri ac sic dignis suppliciis addicendi. (321 nov.

The same Augustus to Ianuarinus. Since some mint-men practice adulterine coinage by clandestine crimes, let all know that the necessity lies upon them of searching out men of this sort, so that, once tracked down, they be handed over to the courts, being about immediately, by torture, to betray those privy to the deed, and thus to be consigned to worthy punishments. (321 Nov.

20).

CTh.9.21.2.1

Accusatoribus etiam eorum immunitatem permittimus, cuius modus, quoniam dispar census est, a nobis per singulos statuetur. servos etiam, qui hoc detulerint, civitate romana donamus, ut eorum domini pretium a fisco percipiant. (321 nov.

We also permit immunity to their accusers, whose measure, since the census is unequal, will be established by us for each individual. slaves also, who shall have denounced this, we grant Roman citizenship, so that their masters may receive the price from the fisc. (321 nov.

20).

CTh.9.21.2.2

Si quis autem militum huiusmodi personam susceptam de custodia exire fecerit, capite puniatur. (321 nov. 20).

If, however, any of the soldiers has caused a person of this sort, taken into custody, to go out from custody, let him be punished with capital punishment. (321 nov. 20).

CTh.9.21.2.3

Appellandi etiam privato licentia denegetur; si vero miles aut promotus huiusmodi crimen incurrerit, super eius nomine et gradu ad nos referatur. (321 nov. 20).

Let the license to appeal also be denied to a private individual; but if indeed a soldier or a promoted man should incur a crime of such a kind, let report be made to us concerning his name and rank. (321 nov. 20).

CTh.9.21.2.4

Si dominum fundi vel domus conscium esse probabitur, deportari eum in insulam oportebit, cunctis eius rebus protinus confiscandis; si vero eo ignaro crimen commissum est, possessionem aut domum debet amittere, in qua id scelus admissum est. actor fundi vel servus vel incola vel colonus, qui hoc ministerium praebuit, cum eo qui fecit supplicio capitali plectetur, nihilo minus fundo vel domo fisci viribus vindicanda. (321 nov.

If the owner of an estate or of a house shall be proved to have been privy, he must be deported to an island, with all his goods immediately to be confiscated; if
indeed the crime was committed with him unaware, he ought to lose the possession or the house in which that crime was committed. The steward of the estate or a slave or
an inhabitant or a colonus, who furnished this service, together with the one who did it, shall be punished with capital punishment, nonetheless the estate or the house is to be
claimed by the powers of the fisc. (321 nov.

20).

CTh.9.21.2.5

Theodosian Code 9.21.2.5

Quod si dominus ante ignorans, ut primum repperit, scelus prodidit perpetratum, minime possessio vel domus ipsius proscriptionis iniuriae subiacebit, sed auctorem ac ministrum poena capitalis excipiet. dat. xii kal.

But if the master, previously ignorant, as soon as he discovered it, disclosed the crime perpetrated, by no means shall his possession or house be subject to the injury of proscription, but the author and the minister will incur the capital penalty. given on the 12 Kalends.

dec. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss. (321 nov.

dec. at rome, crispus 2 and constantine 2, caesars, consuls. (321 nov.

20).

CTh.9.21.3

Theodosian Code 9.21.3

Idem a. ad tertullum proconsulem africae. si quis nummum falsa fusione formaverit, universas eius facultates fisco addici praecipimus, atque ipsum severitate legitima coherceri, ut in monetis tantum nostris cudendae pecuniae studium frequentetur. dat.

The same emperor to Tertullus, proconsul of Africa. If anyone shall have formed a coin by false fusion, we order all his assets to be adjudged to the fisc, and that he himself be coerced with lawful severity, so that zeal for coining money be practiced only in our mints. given.

prid. non. iul.

the day before the Nones of July (July 6)

mediolano constantino a. vii et constantio caes. conss. (326 iul.

At Milan, when Constantine Augustus for the 7th time and Constantius Caesar were consuls. (326 July.

6).

CTh.9.21.4pr.

CTh.9.21.4pref.

Idem a. helpidio. pridem statutum fuit, ut, si ignorante quoque domino in fundo eius vel domo figuratus clam nummus cuderetur, sedem flagitii suo fiscus dominio vindicaret. nunc discretionem fieri placet, ut, si dominus in proximo constitutus sit, cuius incuria vel neglegentia punienda est, praeceptum prius valeat, sin vero longissime ab ea domo vel possessione afuerit, nullum sustineat detrimentum.

The same Augustus to Helpidius. Long ago it was decreed that, if, even with the owner ignorant, on his estate or in his house a stamped coin were secretly struck, the seat
of the crime the fiscus should claim into its own dominion. Now it pleases that a distinction be made, that, if the owner is situated in the vicinity, whose carelessness or
negligence is to be punished, the earlier precept shall prevail; but if indeed he has been very far away from that house or possession, he shall sustain no detriment.

(329 mai. 4).

(329 May 4).

CTh.9.21.4.1

Viduas autem ac pupillos speciali dignos indulgentia credidimus, ut viduae nec in proximo constitutae domo sua vel possessione careant, si nulla aput ipsas tam gravis conscientiae noxa resideat, pupilli vero etiam si conscii fuerint, nullum sustineant detrimentum, quia aetas eorum, si tamen fuerint impuberes, quid videat ignorat. tutores tamen eorum si in proximo sint, quoniam ignorare eos, quid in re pupilli geritur, non oportet, haec poena expectabit, ut ex rebus eorum, si idonei fuerint, tantum fisco inferatur, quantum pupillo fuerat auferendum. quibus ita emendatis in omnibus capitulis lex pridem lata servabitur.

Moreover, we have believed widows and wards worthy of special indulgence, so that widows, even if situated close by, should not be deprived of their own house or possession, if no guilt of so grave a conscience resides with them; but wards, even if they should have been aware, shall sustain no detriment, because their age, if indeed they are underage, does not discern what it sees. however, their tutors (guardians), if they are close at hand, since it is not fitting that they be ignorant of what is being transacted in the matter of the ward, this penalty will await: that from their goods, if they are suitable/solvent, there be brought into the fisc as much as was to be taken from the ward. With these matters thus corrected in all the chapters, the law formerly enacted will be observed.

dat. iiii non. mai.

Dated on the 4th day before the Nones of May.

constantino a. viii et constantio iiii conss. (329 mai. 4).

constantine augustus 8 and constantius 4 consuls. (329 may 4).

CTh.9.21.5 [=brev.9.17.1]

Imp. constantius a. leontio pf. p. praemio accusatoribus proposito, quicumque* solidorum adulter potuerit reperiri vel a quoquam fuerit publicatus, illico, omni dilatione summota, flammarum exustionibus mancipetur. dat.

Emperor Constantius Augustus to Leontius, Praetorian Prefect: with a reward proposed for accusers, whoever* can be found to be an adulterator of solidi or has been
publicized by anyone, let him immediately, all delay removed, be consigned to the burnings of flames. Given.

xii. kal. mart.

12th day before the Kalends of March.

antiochiae, placido et romulo coss.

at antioch, in the consulship of placidus and romulus.

interpretatio. praemium accipiat, quicumque* adulterum monetarium prodiderit, et is, qui prodiius est, si de monetae adulteratione convictus fuerit, ignibus concremetur

interpretation. let him receive a reward, whoever* has denounced a moneyer adulterating the coinage, and he who has been denounced, if he shall be convicted of adulteration of the coinage, let him be burned with fire

CTh.9.21.6

Idem a. limenio praefecto praetorio. comperimus nonnullos flaturarios maiorinam pecuniam non minus criminose quam crebre separato argento ab aere purgare. si quis igitur post haec fuerit in hac machinatione deprehensus, capitaliter se fecisse cognoscat, verum et eos, qui domum agrumque praebuerint, relatis in largitionibus facultatibus esse plectendos: nostra scilicet super eorum nominibus edocenda clementia.

The same Augustus to Limenius, Praetorian Prefect. We have learned that certain smelters, no less criminally than frequently, purify maiorina money, the silver being separated from the bronze. If, therefore, anyone hereafter shall be apprehended in this machination, let him know that he has acted capitally; and indeed those also who have provided a house or a field are to be punished, their resources being entered in the Office of the Largesses: our clemency, namely, is to be informed concerning their names.

proposita prid. id. feb. limenio et catullino conss.

posted on the day before the ides of february, when limenius and catullinus were consuls.

(349 febr. 12).

(349 Feb. 12).

CTh.9.21.7

Theodosian Code 9.21.7

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad archelaum comitem sacrarum largitionum.

the emperors valentinian, valens, and gratian, augusti, to archelaus, count of the sacred largesses.

quidquid ex auro hominum privatorum in monetis publicis reppereris figuratum, id omne nostris scias largitionibus vindicandum, si quidem ipse se dignum condemnatione iudicavit, quisquis aurum proprium non coactus monetis fiscalibus sponte credidit inferendum. dat. v id. mar.

Whatever gold of private persons you shall have found stamped in the public mints, know that all of it must be claimed for our Largesses, since indeed he has judged himself worthy of condemnation, whoever, not compelled, has of his own accord entrusted his own gold to be brought into the fiscal mints. Given on the 5th day before the Ides of March.

marcianopoli valentiniano n. p. et victore conss. (369 mart. 11).

at marcianopolis valentinian
most noble youth, and with victor, consuls. (369 march 11).

CTh.9.21.8

Theodosian Code 9.21.8

Idem aaa. tatiano comiti sacrarum largitionum. solitae moderationis arbitrio superiorem sententiam mitigamus, qua omne aurum, quod a privatis pro figuratione monetis dicebatur illatum, fisci iusseramus commodis vindicari, ut pro omni summa, quae brevibus tenetur inserta, binae per singulas libras omissa frustratione unciae conferantur.

The same Augusti to Tatianus, Count of the Sacred Largesses. By the judgment of our accustomed moderation we mitigate the prior sentence, by which all gold which was said to have been brought in by private persons for the figuration of the mints we had ordered to be claimed for the benefits of the fisc, so that for every total which is held inserted in the briefs, two ounces for each pound, with the deduction of an ounce omitted, be contributed.

dat. xii kal. iun.

Given on the 12th day before the Kalends of June (May 21).

antiochiae gratiano a. iii et equitio conss. (374 mai. 21).

At Antioch, when Gratian Augustus for the 3rd time and Equitius were consuls. (374 may 21).

CTh.9.21.9

Codex Theodosianus 9.21.9

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. have tatiane karissime nobis.

The emperors Valentinian, Theodosius and Arcadius, Augusti. Hail, Tatianus, dearest to us.

falsae monetae rei, quos vulgo paracharactas vocant, maiestatis crimine tenentur obnoxii. dat. v kal.

Those guilty of the matter of false coinage, whom the common people call paracharacts, are held liable under the crime of lèse-majesty. Given on the 5th day before the Kalends.

iul. constantinopoli timasio et promoto conss. (389 iun.

jul. at constantinople in the consulship of timasius and promotus (389 jun.

27).

CTh.9.21.10

Theodosian Code 9.21.10

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. si quis super cudendo aere vel rescripto aliquo vel etiam adnotatione nostra sibi eripuerit facultatem, non solum fructum propriae petitionis amittat, verum etiam poenam quam meretur excipiat.

The same Augusti to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. If anyone, concerning the coining of bronze, by some rescript or even by our annotation, shall have snatched the faculty for himself, let him not only lose the fruit of his own petition, but also undergo the penalty he deserves.

dat. iiii id. iul. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio conss.

dated on the 4th day before the ides of july at constantinople
theodosius augustus for the 3rd time and abundantius, consuls.

(393 iul. 12).

(393 July 12).

CTh.9.22.0. [=brev.9.18.0.] Si quis solidi circulum exteriorem inciderit vel adulteratum in vendendo subiecerit.

CTh.9.22.0. [=brev.9.18.0.] If anyone cuts the outer ring of a solidus or, in selling, puts forward an adulterated one.

CTh.9.22.1 [=brev.9.18.1]

Imp. constantinus a. leontio pf. p. omnes solidi, in quibus nostri vultus ac veneratio una est, uno pretio aestimandi sunt atque vendendi, quamquam diversa formae mensura sit. nec enim qui maiore habitu faciei extenditur, maioris est pretii, aut qui angustiore expressione concluditur, minoris valere credendus est, quum pondus idem exsistat.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Leontius, Praetorian Prefect. All solidi, on which our visage and veneration are one, are to be appraised and sold at one price,
although the measure of the form is different. For neither is the one on which the face is displayed on a larger scale of greater price, nor is the one confined in a narrower expression to be believed to be of lesser value,
since the weight is the same.

quod si quis aliter fecerit, aut capite puniri debet, aut flammis tradi, vel alia poena mortifera. quod ille etiam patietur, qui mensuram circuli exterioris arroserit, ut ponderis minuat quantitatem, vel figuratum solidum adultera imitatione in vendendo subiecerit. dat.

But if anyone shall have done otherwise, he must either be punished with capital punishment, or handed over to the flames, or to another death-bringing penalty. This also he shall suffer who has gnawed away/filed down the measure of the outer circle (rim), so as to diminish the quantity of the weight, or has substituted in selling a figured solidus by adulterate imitation. Given.

vii. kal. aug.

July 26.

gallicano et basso coss.

in the consulship of gallicanus and bassus.

interpretatio. quicumque* solidum circumciderit aut adulterum supposuerit aut falsam monetam fecerit, capite puniatur

interpretation. whoever* shall have clipped a solidus or shall have passed off an adulterine one or shall have made false coinage, let him be punished with capital punishment

CTh.9.23.0. Si quis pecunias conflaverit vel mercandi causa transtulerit aut vetitas contrectaverit

CTh.9.23.0. If anyone has melted down monies or has transferred them for the purpose of commerce or has handled forbidden monies

CTh.9.23.1pr.

Theodosian Code 9.23.1, preface.

Imp. constantius a. et iulianus caes. ad rufinum praefectum praetorio.

the emperor constantius augustus and julian caesar to rufinus, praetorian prefect.

quicumque vel conflare pecunias vel ad diversa vendendi causa transferre detegitur, sacrilegii sententiam subeat et capite plectatur. portus enim litoraque diversa, quo facilior esse navibus consuevit accessus, et itineris tramites statuimus custodiri per idoneos officiales ac praepositos a praesidibus et nonnullis praeditis dignitate, ut cognita veritate provinciarum rectores obnoxios legibus puniant. officia quoque inmenso periculo subiacebunt.

whoever is detected either in amassing monies or in transferring them to different places for the purpose of selling, let him undergo the sentence of sacrilege and be punished capitally. for the ports and the diverse shores, to which access is accustomed to be easier for ships, and the byways of travel, we have decreed to be guarded by suitable officials and overseers, by order of the governors and of certain men endowed with dignity, so that, once the truth is known, the rectors of the provinces may punish those liable to the laws. the official staffs also shall be subject to immense peril.

(356

[352] mart. 8).

[352] Mar. 8).

CTh.9.23.1.1

Theodosian Code 9.23.1.1

Nec vero aliquis negotiatorum plus mille follibus pecuniae in usu publico constitutae animalibus propriis sumptuum gratia portare debebit. aut si ampliorem modum quisquam vehere detegatur, facultates eius fisci dominio vindicentur et ipse adficiatur exilio. (356

Nor indeed shall any of the merchants carry on their own animals, for the sake of expenses, more than a thousand folles of money appointed for public use. or if anyone is discovered to be conveying a larger amount, let his faculties be vindicated to the dominion of the fisc, and he himself shall be subjected to exile. (356

[352] mart. 8).

[352] March 8).

CTh.9.23.1.2

Theodosian Code 9.23.1.2

Nam pecunias navibus vectas non omnes iudicamus mercatores debere promere, quippe in usu tantum publico pecunias constitutas permittimus convehi itidemque eas solas species emi, quae mercatoribus more sollemni ad diversa portantur. pecunias vero nulli emere omnino fas erit nec vetitas contrectare, quia in usu publico constitutas pretium oportet esse, non mercem. (356

For we do not judge that merchants must produce all monies conveyed by ships, since we permit to be conveyed only monies constituted for public use, and likewise that only those species (kinds) be bought which are carried by merchants in the solemn custom to different places. But it shall be lawful for no one at all to buy monies, nor to handle what is forbidden, because, constituted for public use, they ought to be the price, not the merchandise. (356

[352] mart. 8).

[352] March 8).

CTh.9.23.1.3

Placet denique, ut, si quis forsitan nummus praeter eum, qui in usu publico perseverat, aput aliquem mercatorem fuerit inventus, fisci dominio cum omnibus delinquentis facultatibus vindicetur. et si forte cum mercibus ad quascumque provincias venerint naves, cuncta solita licentia mercabuntur praeter pecunias, quas more solito maiorinas vel centenionales communes appellant, vel ceteras, quas vetitas esse cognoscunt. acc.

It is finally decreed that, if perchance a coin other than the one which remains in public use should be found with any merchant, it shall be claimed to the ownership of the fisc together with all the delinquent’s assets. And if by chance ships should come with goods to whatever provinces, they shall trade everything with the customary license except the monies which, in the customary manner, they call maiorinas or common centenionales, or the others which they know to be forbidden. received.

viii id. mar. constantina constantio a. viii et iuliano caes. conss.

March 8, at Constantina, in the consulship of Constantius, Augustus for the 8th time, and Julian, Caesar.

(356

[352] mart. 8).

[352] March 8).

CTh.9.23.2

Theodosian Code 9.23.2

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. dextro praefecto praetorio. centenionalem tantum nummum in conversatione publica tractari praecipimus maioris pecuniae figuratione submota.

the emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Dextrus, praetorian prefect. We command that only the centenional coin be handled in public circulation, with the coinage of greater money removed.

nullus igitur decargyrum nummum alio audeat commutare, sciens fisco eandem pecuniam vindicandam, quae in publica potuerit conversatione deprehendi. dat. prid.

let no one, therefore, dare to exchange the decargyrus coin for another, knowing that the same money is to be claimed by the fisc,
which might be found in public circulation. given, the day before.

id. april. mediolano olybrio et probino conss. (395 apr.

ides of april, at milan, olybrius and probinus, consuls. (395 apr.

12).

CTh.9.24.0. De raptu virginum vel viduarum

CTh.9.24.0. On the abduction of virgins or widows

CTh.9.24.1pr. [=brev.9.19.1pr.]

Imp. constantinus a. ad populum. si quis nihil cum parentibus puellae ante depectus invitam eam rapuerit vel volentem abduxerit, patrocinium ex eius responsione sperans, quam propter vitium levitatis et sexus mobilitatem atque consilii a postulationibus et testimoniis omnibusque rebus iudiciariis antiqui penitus arcuerunt, nihil ei secundum ius vetus prosit puellae responsio, sed ipsa puella potius societate criminis obligetur.

The Emperor Constantine Augustus to the people. If anyone, having made no agreement beforehand with the girl’s parents, should seize her unwilling or lead her away willing, hoping for patronage from her reply, her whom, on account of the vice of levity and the mobility of the sex and of counsel, the ancients utterly debarred from petitions, testimonies, and all judicial matters, let the girl’s response profit him nothing according to the old law; but let the girl herself rather be bound by complicity in the crime.

CTh.9.24.1.1 [=brev.9.19.1.1]

Et quoniam parentum saepe custodiae nutricum fabulis et pravis suasionibus deluduntur, his primum, quarum detestabile ministerium fuisse arguitur redemptique* discursus, poena immineat, ut eis meatus oris et faucium, qui nefaria hortamenta protulerit, liquentis plumbi ingestione claudatur.

And since the custodies of parents are often deluded by the fables of nurses and by depraved persuasions, upon these women first—whose detestable ministry is proved to have been, and whose comings-and-goings were redeemed*—let punishment impend, so that
the passages of the mouth and of the throat of whoever has put forth nefarious exhortations
be closed by the ingestion of liquefied lead.

CTh.9.24.1.2 [=brev.9.19.1.2]

Et si voluntatis assensio detegitur in virgine, eadem, qua raptor, severitate plectatur, quum neque his impunitas praestanda sit, quae rapiuntur invitae, quum et domi se usque ad coniunctionis diem servare potuerint et, si fores raptoris frangerentur audacia, vicinorum opem clamoribus quaerere seque omnibus tueri conatibus. sed his poenam leviorem imponimus solamque eis parentum negari successionem praecipimus.

And if assent of will is detected in the maiden, let her be punished with the same severity as the ravisher, since neither should impunity be afforded to those who are carried off unwilling, since they could have kept themselves at home all the way up to the day of union, and, if the doors were broken by the ravisher’s audacity, to seek the help of neighbors with shouts and to protect themselves by every endeavor. but upon these we impose a lighter penalty and we order that to them only the succession of their parents be denied.

CTh.9.24.1.3 [=brev.9.19.1.3]

Raptor autem indubitate convictus si appellare voluerit, minime audiatur.

However, if the ravisher has been undoubtedly convicted and should wish to appeal, let him by no means be heard.

CTh.9.24.1.4 [=brev.9.19.1.4]

Si quis vero servus raptus facinus dissimulatione praeteritum aut pactione transmissum detulerit in publicum, latinitate donetur, aut, si latinus sit, civis fiat romanus: parentibus, quorum maxime vindicta intererat, si patientiam praebuerint ac dolorem compresserint, deportatione plectendis.

If, however, any slave shall have brought into the public record the crime of raptus that was passed over by dissimulation or waived by a pact, let him be endowed with Latinity; or, if he is a Latin, let him become a Roman citizen: the parents, in whose interest vengeance especially was concerned, if they have shown patience and suppressed their grief, are to be punished with deportation.

CTh.9.24.1.5 [=brev.9.19.1.5]

Participes etiam et ministros raptoris citra discretionem sexus eadem poena praecipimus subiugari, et si quis inter haec ministeria servilis condicionis* fuerit deprehensus, citra sexus discretionem eum concremari iubemus. dat. kal.

We order that the accomplices and ministers of the abductor, without distinction of sex, be subjected to the same penalty; and if anyone among these services of servile
condition* should be apprehended, without distinction of sex we order that person to be burned. given on the Kalends.

april. aquileia, constantino a. vi. et constantino c. coss.

april. Aquileia, when Constantine Augustus for the 6th time and
Constantine Caesar were consuls.

interpretatio. si cum parentibus puellae nihil quisquam ante definiat, ut eam suo debeat coniugio sociare, et eam vel invitam rapuerit vel volentem, si raptori puella consentiat, pariter puniantur. si quis vero ex amicis aut familia aut fortasse nutrices puellae consilium raptus dederint aut opportunitatem praebuerint rapiendi, liquefactum plumbum in ore et in faucibus suscipiant, ut merito illa pars corporis concludatur, de qua hortamenta sceleris ministrata noscuntur.

interpretation. if with the girl’s parents no one shall have previously defined that he ought to associate her to his own conjugal union, and he has seized her either unwilling or willing, if the girl consents to the raptor, let them be punished equally. if anyone indeed from the friends or the household or perhaps the nurses of the girl shall have given counsel of the abduction or shall have afforded the opportunity of abducting, let them receive molten lead in the mouth and in the throat, so that deservedly that part of the body may be sealed up, from which the exhortations of the crime are known to have been ministered.

illae vero, quae rapiuntur invitae, quae non vocibus suis de raptore clamaverint, ut vicinorum vel parentum solatio adiutae liberari possent, parentum suorum eis successio denegetur. raptori convicto appellare non liceat, sed statim inter ipsa discussionis initia a iudice puniatur. quod si fortasse raptor cum parentibus puellae paciscatur, et raptus ultio parentum silentio fuerit praetermissa, si servus ista detulerit, latinam percipiat libertatem, si latinus fuerit, civis fiat romanus.

but those who are indeed abducted unwilling, who have not cried out with their own voices about the raptor
so that, aided by the solace of neighbors or parents, they might be freed, let the succession of their parents be denied to them. For the convicted raptor
it shall not be permitted to appeal, but let him be punished at once at the very outset of the discussion by the judge. But if perhaps the raptor makes a pact with the girl’s parents,
and the vengeance for the abduction is passed over in the parents’ silence, if a slave has reported these things, let him receive Latin liberty; if he shall have been a Latin, let him become a Roman
citizen.

parentes vero, qui raptori in ea parte consenserint, exsilio deputentur. qui vero raptori solatia praebuerint, sive viri sive feminae sint, ignibus concrementur

but the parents who have consented to the rapist in that matter are to be consigned to exile. but those who have provided solace to the rapist, whether men or women, are to be consumed by fire

CTh.9.24.2

Imp. constantius a. ad tatianum. quamvis legis prioris extet auctoritas, qua inclytus pater noster contra raptores atrocissime iusserat vindicari, tamen nos tantummodo capitalem poenam constituimus, videlicet ne sub specie atrocioris iudicii aliqua in ulciscendo crimine dilatio nasceretur.

Emperor Constantius Augustus to Tatianus. Although the authority of the earlier law stands forth, by which our renowned father had ordered that ravishers be punished most atrociously, nevertheless we establish only the capital penalty, namely, lest under the guise of a more atrocious judgment any delay should arise in avenging the crime.

in audaciam vero servilem dispari supplicio mensura legum impendenda est, ut perurendi subiciantur ignibus, nisi a tanto facinore saltem poenarum acerbitate revocentur. dat. ii id. nov.

But indeed, against servile audacity a disparate punishment must be applied by the measure of the laws, so that they be subjected to fires to be thoroughly burned, unless they are at least recalled from so great a crime by the harshness of the penalties. Given on the 2 day before the Ides of November.

limenio et catullino conss. (349 nov. 12).

under limenius and catullinus, consuls. (349 Nov. 12).

CTh.9.24.3 [=brev.9.19.2]

Imppp. valens, grat. et valent.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian.

aaa. ad maximinum pf. p. qui coniugium raptus scelere contractum voluerit accusare, sive propriae familiae dedecus eum moverit seu commune odium delictorum, inter ipsa statim exordia insignem recenti flagitio vexet audaciam. sed si quo casu quis vel accusationem differat vel reatum, et opprimi e vestigio atrociter commissa nequiverint, ad persecutionem criminis ex die sceleris admissi quinquennii tribuimus facultatem.

the emperors to Maximinus, praetorian prefect: whoever shall have wished to accuse a conjugal union contracted by the crime of raptus (abduction), whether the disgrace of his own household move him or the common odium of delicts, let him at once, in the very beginnings, assail the conspicuous audacity marked by the recent flagitium. But if by some chance anyone either defers the accusation or the charge, and the atrociously committed acts cannot be crushed on the spot, we grant the faculty for the prosecution of the crime for a quinquennium from the day the crime was committed.

quo sine metu interpellationis et complemento accusationis exacto, nulli deinceps copia patebit arguendi, nec de coniugio aut sobole disputandi. dat. xviii.

whereby, without fear of interpellation and with the completion of the accusation carried through, thereafter no one will have an opportunity for accusing, nor for disputing about the marriage or the offspring. Given on the 18th.

kal. dec. gratiano a. iii.

on the kalends of december, when gratian was augustus for the 3rd time.

et equitio coss.

and Equitius, consuls.

interpretatio. si accusationem raptus vel per metum vel per voluntatem per quinquennium quisquam distulerit, a die raptus expleto quinquennio, accusandi ultra non habeat potestatem, sed post quinquennium nec de tali coniunctione raptoribus aliquid opponatur, et filii omnes legitimi habeantur

interpretation. if anyone shall have deferred an accusation of ravishment either through fear or through will/consent for a five-year period, from the day of the ravishment, once the five years are completed,
he shall no longer have the power of accusing; but after five years let nothing be objected to the ravishers concerning such a conjunction/union, and
let all children be considered legitimate

CTh.9.25.0. De raptu vel matrimonio sanctimonialium virginum vel viduarum

CTh.9.25.0. On the abduction or marriage of consecrated virgins or widows

CTh.9.25.1 [=brev.9.20.1]

Theodosian Code 9.25.1 [= Breviary 9.20.1]

Imp. constantius a. ad orfitum... eadem utrumque raptorem severitas feriat, nec sit ulla discretio inter eum, qui pudorem virginum sacrosanctarum et castimoniam viduae labefactare scelerosa raptus acerbitate detegitur. nec ullus sibi ex posteriore consensu valeat raptae blandiri.

The emperor Constantius Augustus to Orfitus... let the same severity strike each ravisher, and let there be no discretion between him who is uncovered as having, by the criminal harshness of rape, undermined the modesty of sacrosanct virgins and the chastity of a widow. Nor let anyone be able to flatter himself by the subsequent consent of the woman carried off.

dat. xi. kal. sept.

dated August 22.

constantio a. vii. et constante c. coss.

constantius augustus for the 7th time and constans caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. quicumque* vel sacratam deo virginem vel viduam fortasse rapuerit, si postea eis de coniunctione convenerit, pariter puniantur

interpretation. whoever* shall have carried off either a virgin consecrated to God or perhaps a widow, if afterwards it has been agreed with them about a conjugal union, let them be equally punished

CTh.9.25.2 [=brev.9.20.2]

Imp. iovianus a. ad secundum pf. p. si quis non dicam rapere, sed vel attentare matrimonii iungendi causa sacratas virgines vel viduas, volentes vel invitas, ausus fuerit, capitali sententia ferietur. [filii ex tali contubernio nati, punitis his iuxta legem, in hereditatem non veniant; quibus etiamsi principali beneficio praestetur vetetur et facultas... eorum proximis heredibus acquirendam]. dat.

Emperor Jovian, Augustus, to Secundus, Praetorian Prefect. if anyone—not to say to seize, but even to attempt for the cause of joining in matrimony—sacred virgins or widows, willing or unwilling, shall have dared, he shall be struck with a capital sentence. [the sons born from such a contubernium, with these punished according to the law, are not to come into inheritance; for whom, even if a princely beneficium be bestowed, let even the capacity... to be acquired by their nearest heirs be forbidden]. given.

xi. kal. mart. antiochiae, ioviano a. et varroniano coss.

February 19, at Antioch, in the consulship of Jovianus Augustus and Varronianus.

haec lex expositione non indiget.

this law does not need an exposition.

CTh.9.25.3

Theodosian Code 9.25.3

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. palladio praefecto praetorio. post alia: si quis dicatam deo virginem prodigus sui raptor ambierit, publicatis bonis deportatione plectatur, cunctis accusationis huius licentia absque metu delationis indulta.

the emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to palladius, praetorian prefect. after other things: if anyone, a ravisher prodigal of himself, should court a virgin dedicated to god, let him be punished by deportation, his goods having been made public, license for this accusation having been granted to all without fear of delation.

neque enim, exigi convenit proditorem, quem pro pudicitia religionis invitat humanitas. dat. viii id mart.

nor indeed is it fitting that the informer be compelled, whom humanity invites for the pudicity of religion. Given on the 8th day before the Ides of March.

ravennae theodosio a. viiii et constantio iii v. c. conss. (420 mart. 8).

at ravenna, when theodosius, augustus, for the 9th time, and constantius, a most distinguished man (vir clarissimus), for the 3rd time, were consuls. (420
march 8).

CTh.9.26.0. Ad legem iuliam de ambitu

CTh.9.26.0. On the Julian law concerning ambitus (electoral bribery)

CTh.9.26.1

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. ad caesarium praefectum praetorio. si quis ad illustrem palatii nostri ambierit dignitatem atque ad eos honores ascendere ambitione temptaverit, qui non nisi probatis nobis viris nostro iudicio deferuntur, cuiuslibet ille sit loci ordinis dignitatis, amissis bonis et fisco nostro protinus vindicatis deportationis multetur exilio.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Caesarius, Prefect of the Praetorium. If anyone shall have canvassed for the illustrious dignity of our palace and shall have attempted by ambition to ascend to those honors
which are conferred by our judgment only upon men approved by us, whatever be his place, order, or rank,
let him, his goods having been lost and at once vindicated to our fisc, be punished with deportation into exile.

neque aliud inter coeptum ambitum atque perfectum esse arbitretur, cum pari sorte leges scelus quam sceleris puniant voluntatem. dat. xiiii kal.

nor let him think there is any difference between an ambition undertaken and one perfected,
since by an equal lot the laws punish the crime as well as the intention of the crime. given on the 14th day before the Kalends.

mar. constantinopoli caesario et attico conss. (397 febr.

Mar. at Constantinople, Caesarius and
Atticus, consuls. (397 Feb.

16).

CTh.9.26.2

Theodosian Code 9.26.2

Idem aa. pompeiano proconsuli africae. nullus omnino principatum ceteraque officia repetere audeat, cum publicae disciplinae semel gesta sufficiant, ac si quispiam promotorum denuo ad id munus irrepserit, quod docebitur ante gessisse affectus gravissimis suppliciis poenam deportationis excipiat, ita ut primates officii, quorum interest ambientibus obviare, hanc propositam poenam non dubitent. dat.

The same emperors to pompeianus, proconsul of africa. Let no one at all dare to repeat the chiefship and the other offices, since things once performed for public discipline suffice; and if anyone of the promoters should slip back anew into that duty, which he will be shown to have previously held, having been subjected to the most severe punishments let him incur the penalty of deportation, in such a way that the primates of the office, whose concern it is to oppose those canvassing, may not hesitate at this proposed penalty. Given.

prid. kal. iun.

the day before the Kalends of June.

mediolano stilichone et aureliano conss. (400 mai. (?) 31).

at milan, with stilicho and aurelianus consuls. (400 may (?) 31).

CTh.9.26.3

Theodosian Code 9.26.3

Idem aa. et theodosius a. strategio vicario africae. non absque publicae dilacerationis incommodo officia peracta repetuntur. quare huius praecepti auctoritate censemus, ut ad eadem rursus officia subrepticiis nemo supplicationibus admittatur, sed cassatis quae hoc modo sunt impetrata ad solutionem debiti primitus artentur et qui contra fecerint poenam in futurum deportationis excipiant.

The same augusti and theodosius augustus, to Strategius, vicarius of Africa. Completed offices are being demanded again, not without the incommodity of public disruption. Wherefore, by the authority of this precept, we decree that no one be admitted again to the same offices by surreptitious supplications; but, the things which have been obtained in this way having been annulled, let them first be constrained to the payment of the debt, and those who shall have acted contrary shall henceforth incur the penalty of deportation.

dat. iii kal. iun.

dated on the 3rd day before the Kalends of June.

ravennae theodosio a. i et rumorido conss. (403 mai. 30).

at ravenna, theodosius augustus (1) and rumoridus, consuls (403 may 30).

CTh.9.26.4

Codex Theodosianus 9.26.4

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. palladio praefecto praetorio. si quis proconsularem aut vicariam potestatem vel consularitatis fasces aut vexilla praesidalia atque in discussionibus comitivas vel officia principatus contra definitionem nostram iterare temptaverit, fisco eius omne patrimonium sociari decernimus.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Palladius, Praetorian Prefect. If anyone shall have attempted to iterate, contrary to our definition, proconsular or vicariate power, or the fasces of consularity and the presidial vexilla, and, in hearings, the comitivas or the offices of the principate, we decree that all his patrimony be joined to the fisc.

dat. id. mart. ravennae d. n. theodosio a. vii et palladio v. c. conss.

dated the ides of march at ravenna, in the consulship of our lord theodosius, augustus, for the 7th time, and palladius, a most distinguished man, consuls.

(416 mart. 15).

(March 15, 416).

CTh.9.27.0. Ad legem iuliam repetundarum

CTh.9.27.0. On the Julian law of extortions

CTh.9.27.1 [=brev.9.21.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius.

aaa. neoterio pf. p. iudices, qui se furtis et sceleribus fuerint maculasse convicti, ablatis codicillorum insignibus et honore exuti inter pessimos quosque et plebeios habeantur. nec sibi posthac de eo honore blandiantur, quo se ipsi indignos iudicaverunt.

aaa. To Neoterius, Praetorian Prefect: judges who have been convicted of having stained themselves with thefts and crimes, the insignia of their codicils removed and stripped of honor, shall be held among the very worst and among the plebeians. Nor hereafter let them flatter themselves concerning that honor, of which they themselves have judged themselves unworthy.

dat. xviii. kal.

dated the 18th before the Kalends.

febr. thessalonica, gratiano v. et theodos. i. aa. coss.

february. thessalonica, in the consulship of gratian for the 5th time and theodosius for the 1st, the augusti, consuls.

ista lex tam evidens est, ut expositione non indigeat.

that law is so evident that it does not need an exposition.

CTh.9.27.2

Theodosian Code 9.27.2

Idem aaa. eutropio praefecto praetorio. ii, qui in re publica versati sinisterius sunt, perpetuo sibi omnes dignitates vel legitimas vel honorarias sciant esse praeclusas.

The same Augusti, to Eutropius, praetorian prefect. 2, those who have conducted themselves more dishonestly in the republic should know that for them all dignities, whether legitimate or honorary, are barred in perpetuity.

quocirca iubemus, ut illustris magnificentia tua nullum omnino, qui superiore tempore male usae administrationis crimen excepit, ad provincias patiatur accedere, sed de his ad nos referat. dat. xv kal.

Wherefore we order that your Illustrious Magnificence allow absolutely no one, who at a former time incurred the charge of misused
administration, to approach the provinces, but that you report to us about these. Given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

iul. thessalonica gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss. (380 iun.

Jul. Thessalonica: when Gratian for the 5th time and Theodosius for the 1st, the Augusti, were consuls.
(380 Jun.

17).

CTh.9.27.3

Theodosian Code 9.27.3

Idem aaa. matroniano duci et praesidi sardiniae. ut unius poena metus possit esse multorum, natalem quondam ducem sub custodia protectorum ad provinciam quam nudaverat ire praecipimus, ut non solum quod eius non dicam domesticus, sed manipularius et minister accepit, verum etiam quod ipse a provincialibus nostris rapuit ac sustulit, in quadruplum invitus exsolvat.

The same Augusti, to Matronianus, dux and praeses of Sardinia. So that the penalty of one may be the fear of many, we order Natalis, formerly a dux, to go under the custody of the protectors to the province which he had stripped, so that not only what—not to say his domestic—but even his manipularius and minister received, but also what he himself snatched and carried off from our provincials, he shall, unwilling, pay back in quadruple.

dat. prid. id. iun.

Given on the day before the Ides of June.

constantinopoli antonio et syagrio conss. (382 iun. 12).

at constantinople antonius and syagrius consuls. (382 june 12).

CTh.9.27.4 [=brev.9.21.2]

Iidem aaa. floro pf. p. sciant iudices, super admissis propriis aut a se aut ab heredibus suis poenam esse repetendam. dat.

The same Augusti, to Florus, Praetorian Prefect: let the judges know that, regarding their own offenses, the penalty is to be recovered either from themselves or from their heirs. Given.

x. kal. sept. antonio et syagrio coss.

the 10th day before the Kalends of September, with Antonius and Syagrius as consuls.

interpretatio. omnes iudices sciant, quicquid male rapuerint, si ipsi non reddiderint, a suis heredibus esse reddendum

interpretation. let all judges know that whatever they have wrongfully seized, if they themselves do not render it, it is to be rendered by their heirs

CTh.9.27.5

Theodosian Code 9.27.5

Idem aaa. have marcelline karissime nobis. omnes cognitores et iudices a pecuniis atque patrimoniis manus abstineant neque alienum iurgium putent suam praedam.

The same Augusti. Hail, Marcellinus, dearest to us. Let all cognitors and judges keep their hands off monies and patrimonies, nor think another’s lawsuit their own prey.

etenim privatarum quoque litium cognitor idemque mercator parem capitis ac vitae, quae peculatus reos consuevit involvere, cogetur subire iacturam. dat. prid.

for indeed the cognitor of private lawsuits, and likewise a merchant, will be compelled to undergo a loss of civil status and of life equal to that which is accustomed to entangle defendants of peculation (embezzlement). Given the day before.

non. april. mediolano merobaude ii et saturnino conss.

on the Nones of April, at Milan, Merobaudes 2 and Saturninus, consuls.

(383 apr. 4).

CTh.9.27.6

Theodosian Code 9.27.6

Idem aaa. et arcadius a. edictum ad provinciales. iubemus hortamur, ut, si quis forte honoratorum decurionum possessorum, postremo etiam colonorum aut cuiuslibet ordinis a iudice fuerit aliqua ratione concussus, si quis scit venalem de iure fuisse sententiam, si quis poenam vel pretio remissam vel vitio cupiditatis ingestam, si quis postremo quacumque de causa improbum iudicem potuerit adprobare, is vel administrante eo vel post administrationem depositam in publicum prodeat, crimen deferat, delatum adprobet, cum probaverit et victoriam reportaturus et gloriam.

The same Augusti and Arcadius Augustus, an edict to the provincials. We order and exhort that, if anyone perchance of the honorati, the decurions, the possessors, finally
even the coloni or of whatever order has by any means been shaken down by a judge, if anyone knows that a judgment concerning right has been venal, if anyone
[a] penalty either remitted for a price or inflicted by the fault of cupidity, if anyone finally for whatever cause shall have been able to prove a wicked judge,
let him, either while he is administering or after the administration has been laid down, come forth into public, bring the charge, and prove what has been brought; when he has proved it, he shall carry off both victory and glory.

dat. x kal. iul.

dated the 10th day before the Kalends of July (June 22).

constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio conss. (386 inn. 22).

At Constantinople, under Honorius, most noble boy, and Evodius, consuls. (386, indiction 22).

CTh.9.27.7

Theodosian Code 9.27.7

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. severino comiti rerum privatarum.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, the augusti. to severinus, count of the private estates.

unusquisque procurator praepositus gynaecei tabularius susceptor colonus vel quicumque se a comite domorum meminerit esse concussum, cum ipse cui pecuniam numeraverit administratione decesserit, intra anni spatia ad iudicium spectabilitatis tuae quidquid dederit repetiturus adcurrat, ut prosit pensionibus quidquid ille reddiderit. sin vero ex tempore depositae administrationis praestituti temporis curricula transfluxerint, nulla vox advocationis emergat, sed ipsos procuratores praepositos colonos tabularios susceptores obnoxios ad solutionem iubemus artari. dat.

Let every procurator, superintendent of the gynaeceum, tabularius, susceptor, colonus, or whoever remembers that he has been shaken down by the Count of the Houses, when the very man to whom he counted out money has departed from office, within the space of a year let him hasten to the judgment-seat of Your Spectability, intending to recover whatever he gave, so that whatever he shall have returned may profit the pensions (assessments). But if, from the time the administration was laid down, the courses of the time appointed have elapsed, let no voice of advocacy arise; rather we order that the procurators, superintendents, coloni, tabularii, and susceptores themselves, as liable to payment, be constrained to pay. Given.

prid. non. iun.

the day before the nones of june.

mediolano valentiniano a. iiii et neoterio conss. (390 iun. 4).

at milan in the consulship of valentinian augustus (4th) and neoterius, consuls (390 june 4).

CTh.9.28.0. De crimine peculatus

CTh.9.28.0. On the crime of peculation

CTh.9.28.1

Imppp. theodosius, arcadius et honorius aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio.

Emperors theodosius, arcadius and honorius, augusti, to rufinus, praetorian prefect.

pridem fuerat constitutum, ut hi iudices, qui peculatu provincias quassavissent, multae dispendio subiacerent. sed quoniam nec condigna crimini ultio est nec par poena peccato, placuit tam severam animadvertendi esse censuram, ut, cum vix par poena his possit flagitiis inveniri neque condignis tantum nefas cruciatibus expiari, capitale hoc esse praecipiamus adque animadversione severissima coherceri. dat.

long ago it had been constituted that those judges who had shaken the provinces by peculation should be subject to the expense of a mulct.
but since neither is the vengeance worthy of the crime nor the penalty equal to the sin, it has seemed good that the censure of animadverting be so severe that, since scarcely a penalty equal to these flagitious acts can be found nor can so great a nefariousness be expiated by torments, even condign ones, we order that this be capital and be restrained by the most severe animadversion. dat.

iiii id. septemb. constantinopoli arcadio a. ii et rufino conss. (392 sept.

On the 4th day before the Ides of September, at Constantinople, when Arcadius Augustus for the 2nd time and
Rufinus were consuls. (September 392)

10).

CTh.9.28.2

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. aureliano praefecto praetorio ii. non est sanctitatis negotium rapinis et praedis fidem adhibere, quando quidem haec scelera velut contagium quoddam funestae pestis debeant declinari. nec enim crimen dissimile est rapere et ei, qui rapuerit, rapta servare.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Aurelianus, Praetorian Prefect, for the 2nd time. It is not the business of sanctity to lend credence to rapines and depredations, since indeed these crimes ought to be shunned as though a certain contagion of a deadly pestilence. For it is not a dissimilar crime to plunder and, for him who has plundered, to keep the plunder.

dat. iii non. mar.

Given on March 5.

constantinopoli honorio x et theodosio vi aa. conss. (415 mart. 5).

at constantinople, honorius for the 10th time and theodosius for the 6th time, augusti, consuls. (march 5, 415).

CTh.9.29.0. De his, qui latrones vel aliis criminibus reos occultaverint

CTh.9.29.0. On those who have concealed robbers or defendants for other crimes

CTh.9.29.1

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. simplicio vicario.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti, to simplicius, vicarius.

eos, qui secum alieni criminis reos occulendo sociarunt, par atque ipsos reos poena expectet. proposita romae x kal. april.

Let a punishment equal to that of the defendants themselves await those who, by concealing persons accused of another’s crime, have made themselves their associates. Posted at Rome on the 10th day before the Kalends of April.

gratiano a. iii et equitio v. c. conss. (374 mart. 23).

when gratian, augustus, for the 3rd time, and equitius, a most distinguished man, were consuls. (374 march 23).

CTh.9.29.2 [=brev.9.22.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. ad flavianum pf. p. post alia: latrones quisquis sciens susceperit vel offerre iudiciis supersederit, supplicio corporali aut dispendio facultatum pro qualitate personae et iudicis aestimatione plectatur. si vero actor sive procurator latronem domino ignorante occultaverit et iudici offerre neglexerit, flammis ultricibus concremetur.

the augusti to Flavianus, praetorian prefect, after other things: whoever knowingly has received brigands or has refrained from offering them to the courts,
let him be punished with corporal punishment or with a dispend of means, according to the quality of the person and the judge’s estimation. if indeed an actor or procurator,
with the master being unaware, shall have concealed a brigand and has neglected to offer him to the judge, let him be consumed by avenging flames.

dat. iii. kal.

given on the 3rd day before the kalends.

mart. merobaude ii. et saturnino coss.

in March, Merobaudes for the 2nd time and
Saturninus, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis sciens in domo sua latronem susceperit aut eum occultare voluerit aut eum iudici tradere fortasse neglexerit, si ingenua et vilior persona est, fustigetur: si vero melior, damno ad arbitrium iudicis feriatur. si vero actor aut procurator inscio domino hoc fecerit, incendio concremetur

interpretation. if anyone knowingly has received a robber in his house or has wished to conceal him, or perhaps has neglected to hand him over to the judge, if he is a freeborn and humbler person, let him be flogged; but if of better rank, let him be struck with a penalty at the judge’s discretion. but if an agent or procurator has done this without the master’s knowledge, let him be consumed by fire

CTh.9.30.0. Quibus equorum usus concessus est aut denegatus

CTh.9.30.0. To whom the use of horses has been conceded or denied

CTh.9.30.1

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad mamertinum praefectum praetorio. exceptis senatoribus atque honoratis, sed et his, qui provincias administrant, veteranis etiam, qui sub armis militia functi sunt, et decurionibus ceteris omnibus per picenum atque flaminiam nec non etiam apuliam et calabriam, brittios et lucaniam atque samnium habendi equi vel equae copiam praeclusam esse sancimus.

Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Mamertinus, praetorian prefect. Excepting senators and honorati, and also those who administer provinces, and veterans as well, who have performed military service under arms, and decurions, we sanction that for all the rest throughout Picenum and Flaminia and likewise also Apulia and Calabria, the Bruttii and Lucania and Samnium, the opportunity of having a horse or a mare is precluded.

ii vero, qui minime animos ab huius modi usurpatione deflectunt, abactorum supplicio teneantur. dat. prid.

those indeed who
by no means turn their minds away from a usurpation of this kind shall be held liable to the penalty of abactors (cattle‑rustlers). given, the day before.

kal. octob. altino divo ioviano et varroniano conss.

On the Kalends of October, at Altinum, in the consulship of the deified Jovian and
Varronianus.

(364 sept. 30).

CTh.9.30.2

Idem aa. ad buleforum consularem campaniae. post alia: ut omnes latronum conatus debilitati conquiescant, pastoribus rei nostrae, id est lanigerarum ovium pecudumque custodibus, nec non etiam procuratoribus et actoribus senatorum habendi equini pecoris licentiam denegamus, sub hac videlicet interminatione, ut ii, qui nostrae mansuetudinis statuta temptaverint violare, abactorum supplicia tolerare cogantur. dat.

The same Augusti to the boulephorus, the consularis of Campania. after other things: so that all the attempts of robbers, enfeebled, may come to rest, we deny to the shepherds of our estate, that is, to the keepers of wool-bearing sheep and of cattle, and likewise also to the procurators and agents of senators, the license of having equine herds, under this, namely, threat, that those who shall have attempted to violate the statutes of our clemency be forced to endure the punishments of abactors (cattle-rustlers). given.

iii non. octob. altino divo ioviano et varroniano conss.

october 5, at altinum, in the consulship of the deified jovian and varronianus.

(364 oct. 5).

CTh.9.30.3

Theodosian Code 9.30.3

Idem aa. rufino praefecto praetorio. cum omnifariam urbicarias regiones ab omni crimine et adsiduis abactorum rapinis quietas esse cuperemus, eo usque intentio nostra prospexit, ut istis in locis equo vehi his tantummodo liceret, quos ab huius modi sceleris suspicione locus aut dignitas vindicavit. sed postea sanximus, ut suarii equis quidem uterentur, verum ad periculum suum pertinere cognoscerent, si quid in his regionibus sceleris esset admissum.

The same emperors to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. Since we desired that in every way the urban regions be quiet from every crime and from the assiduous rapines of rustlers, our intention provided to this extent: that in those places it would be permitted to ride on horseback only to those whom place or dignity has vindicated from suspicion of such a crime. But afterward we sanctioned that swineherds might indeed make use of horses, yet they should recognize that it pertains to their own peril, if any crime were committed in these regions.

nunc quia advertimus, a suariis, qui propriis officiis occupantur, hanc necessitatem alienam esse debere, excellentia tua ita his sedendorum equorum potestatem datam esse cognoscat, ut nullo prioris sanctionis timore teneantur per ea sane loca, quae neque abactoribus neque aliis criminationibus infamata sunt. dat. xi kal.

Now, since we have observed that for the suarii, who are occupied with their own proper duties, this necessity ought to be foreign, let your Excellency understand that permission for them to ride horses has been granted in such a way that they are held by no fear of the prior sanction, in those, assuredly, places which are ill‑famed neither for rustlers nor for other accusations. Given on the 11th day before the Kalends.

iul. mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365 iun.

July. At Milan Valentinian and
Valens, Augusti, consuls. (365 Jun.

21).

CTh.9.30.4

Theodosian Code 9.30.4

Idem aa. ad valentinum consularem piceni. palatini utendorum equorum per picenum ad itinerum necessitatem habeant facultatem. dat.

The same Augusti to Valentinus, consularis of Picenum. Let the palatines have the faculty of using horses throughout Picenum for the necessity of journeys. Given.

xvii kal. ian. mediolano valentiniano et valente aa. conss.

17 Kalends of January, at Milan, under the consulship of Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti.

(365 dec. [?] 16).

(365 December [?] 16).

CTh.9.30.5

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. benigno vicario urbis romae. pastores valeriae provinciae vel piceni uti equinis animalibus non iubemus.

emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to benignus, vicar of the city of rome. we do not permit the shepherds of the province of valeria or of picenum to make use of equine animals.

alioquin, si interdictus usus animalium vindicetur, conscios usurpationis huius seu dominos vel procuratores relegationis poena retinebit. dat. kal.

otherwise, if the interdicted use of the animals is prosecuted, those privy to this usurpation, whether owners or procurators, the penalty of relegation will hold. Given on the Kalends.

decemb. mediolano theodoro v. c. cons. (399 dec.

December, at Milan, with Theodorus, a most distinguished man, as consul. (December 399)

1).

CTh.9.31.0. Ne pastoribus dentur filii nutriendi

CTh.9.31.0. That sons to be nourished not be given to shepherds

CTh.9.31.1

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. caeciliano praefecto praetorio. post alia: nemo curialium plebeiorum possessorumve filios suos nutriendos pastoribus tradat.

The emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to caecilianus, praetorian prefect. After other things: let no one of the curials, plebeians, or possessors hand over their sons to shepherds to be reared.

aliis vero rusticanis, ut fieri solet, nutriendos dari non vetamus. si vero post istius legis publicationem quisquam nutriendos pastoribus dederit, societatem latronum videbitur confiteri. dat.

but we do not forbid that those to be reared be given to other rustics, as is wont to happen. if, however, after the publication of this law anyone shall have given those to be reared to shepherds, he will be seen to confess the society of bandits. given.

xii kal. feb. ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.

on the 12th day before the Kalends of February, at Ravenna, Honorius for the 8th time and Theodosius for the 3rd time, emperors,
consuls.

(409 ian. 21).

(409 Jan. 21).

CTh.9.32.0. De nili aggeribus non corrumpendis

CTh.9.32.0. On not damaging the embankments of the Nile

CTh.9.32.1

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. anthemio praefecto praetorio. si quis posthac per aegyptum intra duodecimum cubitum fluminis nili ulla fluenta de propriis ac vetustis usibus praeter fas praeterque morem antiquitatis usurpaverit, flammis eo loco consumatur, in quo vetustatis reverentiam et propemodum ipsius imperii adpetierit securitatem: consciis et consortibus eius oasenae deportationi constringendis, ita ut numquam supplicandi eis vel recipiendi civitatem vel dignitatem vel substantiam licentia tribuatur.

emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to anthemius, praetorian prefect. if anyone hereafter throughout egypt, within the twelfth cubit of the river nile,
shall usurp any flows from their proper and ancient uses, beyond what is right and beyond the custom of antiquity, let him be consumed by flames in that very place where he has assailed the reverence of antiquity and well-nigh the security of the empire itself:
his accomplices and associates are to be constrained to deportation to the oasis, so that there shall never be granted to them the license of petitioning or of receiving back citizenship or rank or property.

dat. x kal. octob.

dated 10 days before the Kalends of October.

constantinopoli honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss. (409 sept. 22).

at Constantinople, Honorius 8 and Theodosius 3, the Augusti, consuls. (409 Sept. 22).

CTh.9.33.0. [=brev.9.23.0.] De his, qui plebem audent contra publicam colligere disciplinam.

CTh.9.33.0. [=brev.9.23.0.] On those who dare to gather the plebs against public discipline.

CTh.9.33.1 [=brev.9.23.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. florentio pf. augustali. si quis contra evidentissimam iussionem suscipere plebem et adversus publicam disciplinam defendere fortasse tentaverit, mulctam gravissimam sustinebit.

aaa. to Florentius, the Augustal Prefect. if anyone, against the most evident jussion, should perhaps attempt to take up the plebs and to defend against public discipline, he will sustain a most severe mulct.

dat. xiii. kal.

given on the 13th day before the Kalends.

ian. constantinopoli, richomere et clearcho coss.

Jan., at Constantinople, with Richomer and
Clearchus as consuls.

interpretatio. si quis populum ad seditionem concitaverit, damnis gravissimis subiacebit

interpretation. if anyone shall have incited the people to sedition, he will be subject to the gravest damages

CTh.9.34.0. De famosis libellis

CTh.9.34.0. On defamatory libels

CTh.9.34.1 [=brev.9.24.1]

Theodosian Code 9.34.1 [= Breviary 9.24.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad verinum vicarium africae. si quando famosi libelli reperiantur, nullas exinde calumnias patiantur hi, quorum de factis vel nominibus aliquid continebunt, sed scriptionis auctor potius requiratur et repertus cum omni vigore cogatur his de rebus, quas proponendas credidit, comprobare; nec tamen supplicio, etiamsi aliquid ostenderit, subtrahatur.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Verinus, Vicar of Africa. If ever defamatory libels are found, let those whose deeds or names they contain suffer no calumnies therefrom; but rather let the author of the writing be sought, and, once found, with all vigor be compelled to prove these matters, which he believed ought to be proposed; nor, however, even if he has shown something, let him be withdrawn from punishment.

pp. iv. kal. april. karthagine, constantino a. v. et licinio c. coss.

posted on the 4th day before the Kalends of April at Carthage,
when Constantine Augustus for the 5th time and Licinius Caesar were consuls.

interpretatio. qui famosam chartam ad cuiuscumque* iniuriam et maculam conscripserit, in secreto aut in publico affixerit inveniendamque proiecerit, illi, contra quem proposita est chartula, non nocebit, nec famae eius aliquid derogabit. sed si inveniri potuerit, qui huius modi chartulam fecit, constringatur, ut probet, quae conscripsit: qui si etiam, quae scripsit, probare potuerit, fustigetur, qui infamare maluit quam accusare

interpretation. whoever has written a defamatory document to the injury and stain of whosoever*, and has affixed it in secret or in public and has thrown it out to be found, it will not harm the one against whom the little document has been posted, nor will it derogate anything from his fame. but if the man who made a little document of this sort can be found, let him be constrained to prove what he wrote: and if he also is able to prove what he wrote, let him be cudgelled, he who preferred to defame rather than to accuse

CTh.9.34.2

Idem a. ad aelianum proconsulem africae. licet serventur in officio tuo et vicarii exemplaria libellorum, qui in africa oblati sunt, tamen eos quorum nomina continent metu absolutos securitate perfrui sinas solumque moneas, ut ab omni non solum crimine, sed etiam suspicione verisimili alieni esse festinent. nam qui accusandi fiduciam gerit, oportet comprobare, nec occultare quae scierit, quoniam praedicabilis erit ad dicationem publicam merito perventurus.

The same Augustus to Aelianus, proconsul of Africa. Although copies of the libelli which have been presented in Africa are kept in your office and that of the vicarius, nevertheless allow those whose names they contain, absolved from fear, to enjoy security, and only warn them to hasten to be alien from all, not only crime, but even likely suspicion. For he who bears the confidence of accusing ought to prove, and not to conceal what he has known, since he will be praiseworthy, destined deservedly to arrive at public proclamation.

proposita v kal. mar. carthagine constantino a. vi et constantino c. conss.

published on 25 february at carthage in the consulship of constantine augustus for the 6th time and constantine caesar consuls.

(320/6

[313] febr. 25).

[313] Feb. 25).

CTh.9.34.3

Idem a. ad ianuarinum agentem vicariam praefecturam. ut accusatoribus patientia praebenda est, si quem persequi in iudicio volunt, ita famosis libellis fides habenda non est nec super his ad nostram scientiam referendum, cum eosdem libellos flammis protinus conducat aboleri, quorum auctor nullus existit. proposita prid.

The same Augustus to Ianuarinus, acting for the vicarian prefecture. Just as patience must be afforded to accusers, if they wish to pursue someone in judgment, so no faith is to be given to slanderous libels, nor should anything concerning these be referred to our knowledge, since it is expedient that these same libels be immediately abolished by flames, of which no author exists. published the day before.

non. dec. romae constantino a. vi et constantino caes.

on the nones of december at rome, in the consulship of constantine augustus for the 6th time and constantine caesar.

conss. (320 dec. 4).

consuls. (320 Dec. 4).

CTh.9.34.4

Codex Theodosianus 9.34.4

Idem a. ad dionysium. famosa scriptio libellorum, quae nomine accusatoris caret, minime examinanda est, sed penitus abolenda. nam qui accusationis promotione confidat, libera potius intentione quam captiosa atque occulta conscriptione alterius debet vitam in iudicium devocare.

The same a. to dionysius. an infamous writing of libels, which lacks the name of the accuser, is by no means to be examined, but is to be utterly abolished. for he who trusts in the promotion of an accusation ought to call another’s life into judgment with a freer intention rather than by a captious and occult composition.

proposita tyro xii kal. nov. ianuarino et iusto conss.

Published at Tyre on the 12th day before the Kalends of November (October 21), in the consulship of Ianuarinus and Iustus.

(328 oct. 21).

(328 October 21).

CTh.9.34.5

Theodosian Code 9.34.5

Imp. constantius a. ad afros. libellis quos famosos vocant, si fieri possit, abolendis inclytus pater noster providit et huiusmodi libellos ne in cognitionem quidem suam vel publicam iussit admitti.

Emperor Constantius Augustus to the Africans. Our renowned father took care, if it could be done, to abolish the libelli which they call “defamatory,” and he ordered that such libels not even be admitted into his own hearing or into a public one.

non igitur vita cuiusquam, non dignitas concussa his machinis vacillabit; nam omnes huiusmodi libellos concremari decernimus. dat. xiiii kal.

therefore neither the life of anyone nor dignity, shaken by these machinations, will vacillate; for
we decree that all libels of this kind be cremated. given on the 14th day before the kalends.

iul. urso et polemio conss. (338 iun.

Jul. In the consulship of Ursus and Polemius, consuls. (338 Jun.

18).

CTh.9.34.6

Codex Theodosianus 9.34.6

Idem a. ad populum. nemo prorsus de famosis libellis, qui neque aput me neque in iudiciis ullum obtinent locum, calumniam patiatur. nam et innocens creditur, cui defuit accusator, cum non defuerit inimicus.

The same emperor, to the people. Let no one at all suffer calumny on account of libelous pamphlets, which have no place either with me or in the courts. For even he is believed innocent who has lacked an accuser, when an enemy has not been lacking.

dat. prid. kal.

given on the day before the Kalends.

nov. mediolano arbitione et lolliano conss. (355 oct.

nov. at milan, in the consulship of arbitio and lollianus. (355 oct.

31).

CTh.9.34.7

Theodosian Code 9.34.7

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad edictum. famosorum infame nomen est libellorum, ac si quis vel colligendos vel legendos putaverit ac non statim chartas igni consumpserit, sciat, se capitali sententia subiugandum.

Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to the edict. The name of defamatory libels is infamous, and if anyone should think them to be gathered or read, and does not immediately consume the papers with fire, let him know that he is to be subjected to a capital sentence.

sane si quis devotionis suae ac salutis publicae custodiam gerit, nomen suum profiteatur et ea, quae per famosum persequenda putavit, ore proprio edicat, ita ut absque ulla trepidatione accedat, sciens quod, si adsertionibus veri fides fuerit opitulata, laudem maximam ac praemium a nostra clementia consequetur. dat. xiiii kal.

indeed, if anyone bears the guardianship of his own devotion and of the public safety, let him profess his name and with his own mouth proclaim those things which he has thought ought to be pursued by a defamatory writing, so that he may approach without any trepidation, knowing that, if credence shall have aided the assertions of the truth, he will obtain the greatest praise and a reward from our clemency. dat. 14 kal.

mar. constantinopoli valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365?

March, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Valentinian and Valens, emperors. (365?

368? 370? 373?

feb. 16).

CTh.9.34.8

Theodosian Code 9.34.8

Idem aa. ad florianum comitem. iam pridem adversus calumnias firmissima sunt praesidia comparata. nullus igitur calumniam metuat.

The same Augusti to Count Florianus. Long since the firmest safeguards have been prepared against calumnies. Therefore let no one fear calumny.

contestatio vero, quae caput alterius contra iuris ordinem pulsat, depressa nostris legibus iaceat; intercidat furor famosorum, saepe ut constituimus, libellorum. et cetera. dat.

But the contestation that strikes at another’s civil status contrary to the order of law shall lie cast down, pressed by our laws; let the frenzy of infamous libels be cut off, as we have often
established. And the rest. Given.

v id. nov. marcianopoli valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (368 nov.

9 Nov., at Marcianopolis, Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, consuls. (Nov. 368

9).

CTh.9.34.9 [=brev.9.24.2]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius.

aaa. cynegio pf. p. si quis famosum libellum sive domi sive in publico vel quocumque* loco ignarus offenderit: aut discerpat prius, quam alter inveniat, aut nulli confiteatur inventum, nemini denique, si tam curiosus est, referat, quid legendo cognoverit. nam quicumque* obtulerit inventum, certum est, ipsum reum ex lege retinendum, nisi prodiderit auctorem, nec evasurum poenam huius modi criminibus constitutam, si proditus fuerit cuiquam retulisse, quod legerit.

aaa. to Cynegius, praetorian prefect. If anyone, unwitting, should come upon a libelous libellus, whether at home or in public or in whatever* place,
either let him tear it up before another may find it, or let him confess to no one that it was found, and finally, if he is so curious, let him report to no one what he has learned by reading.
For whoever shall have presented the thing found, it is certain that he himself must be held as a defendant under the law, unless he betrays the author, nor will he escape the penalty established for crimes of this kind,
if it is disclosed that he has reported to anyone what he read.

dat. xiv. kal.

Dated on the 14th day before the kalends.

febr. constantinopoli, honorio n. p. et evodio coss.

Feb., at Constantinople, Honorius, noblest youth, and Evodius, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis chartulam famosam in cuiuscumque* iniuriam vel infamiam in publico propositam viderit et legerit et non statim discerpserit, sed cuicumque*, quae in ea legerit, fortasse retulerit, ipse velut auctor huius criminis teneatur

interpretation. if anyone shall have seen and read a libellous leaflet posted in public to the injury or infamy of anyone whatsoever*, and has not immediately torn it up, but has perhaps related to anyone whatsoever* what he has read in it, he himself shall be held as though the author of this crime

CTh.9.34.10

Theodosian Code 9.34.10

Imppp. arcadius, honorius et theodosius aaa. anthemio praefecto praetorio et patricio.

the emperors arcadius, honorius and theodosius, augusti. to anthemius, praetorian prefect and patrician.

universi, qui famosis libellis inimicis suis velut venenatum quoddam telum iniecerint, ii etiam, qui famosam seriem scriptionis impudenti agnitam lectione non ilico discerpserint vel flammis exusserint vel lectorem cognitum prodiderint, ultorem suis cervicibus gladium reformident. dat. iiii kal.

All who shall have hurled at their enemies defamatory libels, as if some poisoned missile,
and those also who, having recognized a defamatory series of writing by shameless reading, shall not immediately have torn it up or burned it with flames or betrayed the reader once identified, let them dread an avenging sword for their own necks. given 4 Kal.

mai. constantinopoli arcadio a. vi et probo conss. (406 apr.

may. at constantinople
arcadius augustus for the 6th time and probus, consuls. (406 apr.

28).

CTh.9.35.0. De quaestionibus

CTh.9.35.0. On interrogations

CTh.9.35.1

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad olybrium praefectum urbi.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti, to olybrius, prefect of the city.

nullus omnino ob fidiculas perferendas inconsultis ac nescientibus nobis vel militiae auctoramento vel generis aut dignitatis defensione nudetur, excepta tamen maiestatis causa, in qua sola omnibus aequa condicio est. ii quoque citra consultationis modum subiciantur quaestioni, qui evidentibus argumentis subscriptiones nostras finxisse prodentur, qua in re ne palatini quidem nominis adsumptionem huius esse volumus quaestionis exortem. dat.

No one at all, for the sake of bearing the torture-cords, shall, without our being consulted and aware, be stripped either of the military enlistment-pledge or of the defense of birth or dignity, except, however, in the case of treason, in which alone there is an equal condition for all. Those also, without the procedure of consultation, shall be subjected to the question, who shall be shown by evident proofs to have fabricated our subscriptions; in which matter we wish not even the assumption of the Palatine name to be exempt from this questioning. Given.

viii id. iul. valentiniano nob. p. et victore conss.

July 8, in the consulship of Valentinian, the most noble boy, and Victor, consuls.

(369 iul. 8).

(369 July 8).

CTh.9.35.2pr.

CTh.9.35.2 preface.

Idem aaa. ad antonium praefectum praetorio galliarum. decuriones sive ob alienum sive ob suum debitum exortes omnino earum volumus esse poenarum, quas fidiculae et tormenta constituunt.

the same augusti to antonius, praetorian prefect of the gauls. we will that decurions, whether on account of another’s debt or their own, be wholly exempt from those punishments which the rack and tortures impose.

quod quidem capitale iudici erit, si in contumeliam ordinis exitiumque temptetur. maiestatis tantummodo reos et quae nefanda dictu sunt conscios aut molientes ex ordine municipali maneat tam cruenta condicio. debitores vero et quos allectos aut susceptores memorant a summo usque ad infimum ordinem curiales exortes talium volumus esse poenarum.

and this indeed shall be capital for the judge, if an attempt be made to the contumely and ruin of the order. let so blood-stained a condition remain only for those charged with treason and for those privy to, or attempting, deeds unspeakable to say, from the municipal order. but debtors and those whom they call allected or susceptors—the curials from the highest down to the lowest order—we will to be exempt from such penalties.

habet severitas multa, quae sumat ad sanciendam publici officii disciplinam, ut abstineat tam cruentis. (376 sept. 17).

Severity has many things which it may assume to sanction the discipline of public office, so that it may abstain from such bloody means. (376 sept. 17).

CTh.9.35.2.1

Theodosian Code 9.35.2.1

Plumbatarum vero ictus, quos in ingenuis corporibus non probamus, non ab omni ordine submovemus, sed decemprimos tantum ordinis curiales ab immanitate huiusmodi verberum segregamus, ita ut in ceteris animadversionis istius habeatur moderatio commonentis. dat. xv kal.

But as for the blows of lead‑weighted scourges, which we do not approve upon freeborn bodies, we do not exclude them for every order, but we segregate only the decemprimi of the curial order from the savagery of suchlike beatings, so that in the rest a moderation of this animadversion be observed at the admonisher’s prompting. Given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

octob. treviris valente v et valentiniano aa. conss. (376 sept.

October, at Trier, in the consulship of Valens for the 5th time and Valentinian, the Augusti. (376 Sept.

17).

CTh.9.35.3

Imppp. valens, gratianus et valentinianus aaa. ad gracchum praefectum urbi.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian, the augusti, to gracchus, prefect of the city.

severam indagationem per tormenta quaerendi a senatorio nomine submovemus. dat. prid.

We remove the severe inquisition of seeking by torments from the Senatorial name. Given the day before.

non. ian. treviris gratiano a. iiii et merobaude conss.

on the Nones of January at Trier when Gratian Augustus for the 4th time and Merobaudes were consuls.

(377 ian. 4).

(377 Jan. 4).

CTh.9.35.4 [=brev.9.25.1]

Theodosian Code 9.35.4 [= Breviary 9.25.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. albuciano vicario macedoniae. quadraginta diebus, qui auspicio cerimoniarum paschale tempus anticipant, omnis cognitio inhibeatur criminalium quaestionum.

To Albucianus, Vicar of Macedonia. For the forty days which, under the auspice of the ceremonies, anticipate the Paschal season, let all cognizance of criminal questions be inhibited.

dat. vi. kal. april.

given 6 days before the kalends of april.

thessalonica, gratiano a. v. et theodos. a. i. coss.

thessalonica, gratian augustus 5 and theodosius augustus 1, consuls.

interpretatio. diebus quadragesimae pro reverentia religionis omnis criminalis actio conquiescat

interpretation. During the days of Quadragesima, out of reverence for religion, every criminal action shall rest.

CTh.9.35.5

Theodosian Code 9.35.5

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. tatiano praefecto praetorio.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to tatianus, praetorian prefect.

sacratis quadragesimae diebus nulla supplicia sint corporis, quibus absolutio expectatur animarum. dat. viii id. septemb.

During the sacred days of the Quadragesima (Lent), let there be no bodily punishments, in which the absolution of souls is expected.
Given on September 6.

foro flamini timasio et promoto conss. (389 sept. 6).

at forum flaminii, in the consulship of timasius and promotus. (389 sept. 6).

CTh.9.35.6

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. ad messalam praefectum praetorio. nihil sibi deflectens a iustitia indignatio cognitorum, nihil venalis exigentium terror in eas, quae aut innocentiae auctoritate securae aut principalitatis sunt honore munitae, intellegat licere personas ad inferendas iniurias corporales.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Messala, Praetorian Prefect. Let the indignation of the judges, bending itself in no way from justice, let the venal terror of the exactors, understand that nothing is permitted against those persons who are either secure by the authority of innocence or fortified by the honor of the principality, to inflict corporal injuries.

habeat hanc mercedem laboris multorum munerum testimoniis commendata devotio. et cetera. dat.

Let devotion, commended by the testimonies of many services, have this reward for its labor. And the rest. Given.

xii kal. sept. theodoro v. c. cons.

August 21, in the consulship of Theodorus, a most distinguished man.

(399 aug. 21).

CTh.9.35.7

Theodosian Code 9.35.7

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. ad anthemium praefectum praetorio. provinciarum iudices moneantur, ut in isaurorum latronum quaestionibus nullum quadragensimae nec venerabilem pascharum diem existiment excipiendum, ne differatur sceleratorum proditio consiliorum, quae per latronum tormenta quaerenda est, cum facillime in hoc summi numinis speretur venia, per quod multorum salus et incolumitas procuratur.

the emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to anthemius, prefect of the praetorium. let the judges of the provinces be admonished that, in the inquisitions of the isaurian bandits, they should deem no day of Quadragesima nor the venerable day of Pascha to be excepted, lest the disclosure of the criminals’ counsels be delayed, which must be sought through the torments of the bandits, since in this the pardon of the highest numen is most easily to be hoped for, whereby the safety and incolumity of many is procured.

dat. v kal. mai.

dated the 5th day before the Kalends of May.

constantinopoli basso et philippo conss. (408 apr. 27).

at constantinople, bassus and philip consuls. (408 apr. 27).

CTh.9.36.0. [=brev.9.26.0.] Ut intra annum criminalis actio terminetur.

CTh.9.36.0. [=brev.9.26.0.] That within a year the criminal action be terminated.

CTh.9.36.1 [=brev.9.26.1]

Imppp. valent., theodos. et arcad.

emperors valentinian., theodosius. and arcadius.

aaa. desiderio vicario. quisquis accusator reum in iudicium sub inscriptione detulerit, si intra anni tempus accusationem coeptam prosequi supersederit, vel, quod est contumacius, ultimo anni die adesse neglexerit, quarta bonorum omnium parte mulctatus aculeos consultissimae legis incurrat; scilicet manente infamia, quam veteres iusserant sanctiones.

aaa. to Desiderius, vicarius. Whoever, as accuser, shall have brought a defendant into judgment under an inscription, if within a year’s
time he shall have refrained from pursuing the accusation begun, or—what is more contumacious—shall have neglected to be present on the last day of the year, let him, mulcted by a fourth part of all his goods,
incur the goads of a most judicious law; namely, with the infamy remaining which the ancient sanctions had ordered.

dat. iv. id. iul. treviris, arcadio a. i. et bautone coss.

dated the 4th day before the ides of july at trier, arcadius, the younger augustus, and bauto, consuls.

interpretatio. quicumque* inscriptione praemissa cuiuscumque* criminis reum accusare voluerit, ab eo die, quo inscripsit, intra annum peragat propositam actionem. qui si distulerit, infamis effectus, bonorum suorum quarta parte mulctabitur

interpretation. whoever* with the inscription previously filed shall wish to accuse a defendant of any* crime, from that day on which he filed it, within a year
let him prosecute the proposed action. if he shall delay it, having been made infamous, he shall be mulcted of the fourth part of his goods

CTh.9.36.2 [=brev.9.26.2]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. caeciliano pf. p. post alia: noverint iudices cuilibet culmini honorive praesidentes, necessariis utrique parti, si petantur, dilationibus non negatis a die inscriptionis intra anni curricula criminales causas limitandas, quo emenso habeat accusator, quia destitit, poenam sibi legibus constitutam; et si persona vilior fuerit, cui damnum famae non sit iniuria, poenam patiatur exsilii, nisi forsitan intra anni metas consensus partium abolitionem poposcerit. in iudicum autem debet esse diligentia, ut, si nulla rationabilis a reo vel accusatore dilatio postuletur, urgeant talium causarum notionem, non exspectatis anni moris. si vero accusator vel reus, propter documenta forsitan sibi necessaria, annum voluerint custodiri, dare assensum debet patientia cognitoris, in alteram partem severiorem formatura sententiam etc.

the augusti to caecilianus, praetorian prefect. after other things: let the judges who preside over any summit of rank or honor know that, with the necessary dilations to each party, if they are requested, not denied, criminal causes are to be limited from the day of inscription within the courses of a year; when that has elapsed, let the accuser, because he has desisted, have the penalty established for himself by the laws; and if he shall be a lower-status person, for whom damage to reputation is not an injury, let him suffer the penalty of exile, unless perhaps within the bounds of the year the consensus of the parties has demanded abolition. but diligence ought to be in the judges, so that, if no reasonable dilation is requested by the defendant or the accuser, they urge the cognition of such causes, not waiting for the custom of a year. but if the accuser or the defendant, on account of documents perhaps necessary to themselves, should have wished the year to be observed, the patience of the cognitor ought to give assent, shaping the sentence into the severer direction against the other party, etc.

dat. xii. kal.

dated on the 12th day before the Kalends.

febr. ravenna, honorio viii. et theodos.

feb., ravenna, under honorius 8 and theodosius.

iii. aa. coss.

the Augusti, consuls for the 3rd time.

interpretatio. iudices, qui inscriptione praemissa criminalia negotia audire coeperint, a die inscriptionis, si inducias aut accusator aut reus petierit, intra annum praestare debebunt, ut haec actio intra anni curriculum finiatur. quod si accusator intra annum, quae proposuit, probare distulerit, absoluto reo, poenam suscipiat lege superiori comprehensam.

interpretation. Judges who, with the inscription previously entered, shall have begun to hear criminal business, from the day of the inscription, if either the accuser or
the defendant shall have requested an adjournment, must grant it within a year, so that this action may be finished within the course of a year. But if the accuser, within a year, the things which he has proposed,
shall have deferred to prove, the defendant being acquitted, let him incur the penalty included in the preceding law.

quod si talis persona sit, ad cuius deformitatem infamia non pertineat, exsilio deputetur. tamen si inter accusatorem et reum ita iudice praesente convenerit, ut pro instructione utriusque partis anni integri induciae tribuantur, debet a iudice non negari, futurum ut pars, quae post inducias fuerit superata, districtiori sententia feriatur

but if the person be of such a sort, to whose disrepute infamy does not pertain, let him be assigned to exile. Nevertheless, if between the accuser and the defendant, with the judge present, it has been agreed that, for the instruction of each party, a full year’s respite be granted, it ought not to be denied by the judge, with the result that the party which, after the respite, shall have been overcome be struck by a more stringent sentence.

CTh.9.37.0. De abolitionibus

CTh.9.37.0. On Abolitions

CTh.9.37.1 [=brev.9.27.1]

Codex Theodosianus 9.37.1 [= Breviarium 9.27.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad ianuarinum pf. u. si post strepitum accusationis exortae abolitio postuletur, causa novae miserationis debet inquiri, ut, si citra depectionem id fiat, postulata humanitas praebeatur; sin aliquid suspicionis exstiterit, quod manifestus reus depectione celebrata legibus subtrahatur, redemptae* miserationis vox minime admittatur, sed adversus nocentem reum, inquisitione facta, poena competens exseratur. dat.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Ianuarinus, Urban Prefect. If, after the noise of an accusation has arisen, an abolition is petitioned, the cause of the new compassion ought to be inquired into, so that, if this is done without compounding, the requested humanity may be afforded; but if any suspicion has emerged that, by a celebrated payoff, a manifest defendant is being withdrawn from the laws, the voice of ransomed compassion is by no means to be admitted, but, against a guilty defendant, once inquisition has been made, the competent penalty shall be exerted. Given.

vi. kal. dec. serdica, constantino a. v. et licinio c. coss.

26 nov., serdica, constantine augustus 5 and licinius caesar, consuls.

interpretatio. si quem poenituerit accusare criminaliter et inscriptionem fecisse de eo, quod probare non potuerit, si ei cum accusato innocente convenerit, invicem se absolvant. si vero iudex eum, qui accusatus est, criminosum esse cognoverit et inter reum et accusatorem per corruptionem de absolutione reatus convenerit, is, qui reus probatur, remoto colludio, poenam excipiat legibus constitutam

interpretation. if anyone shall have repented of accusing criminally and of having made an inscription concerning that which he could not prove, if he shall have come to terms with the accused, being innocent, let them mutually absolve one another. but if indeed the judge has recognized that he who is accused is criminous and between the defendant and the accuser, through corruption, it has been agreed concerning the absolution of the charge, let him who is proved guilty, collusion removed, incur the penalty established by the laws

CTh.9.37.2 [=brev.9.27.2]

Theodosian Code 9.37.2 [= Breviary 9.27.2]

Imppp. valent., valens et grat. aaa.

The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian, the Augusti.

ad probum pf. p. accusator, qui se laqueo legis adstringit, agnoscat, nullum sibi fore ad latebram abolitionis recursum, postquam aliquid iniuriae merito inscriptionis illatae tolerarit inscriptus, id est si vel carcerem sustinuerit vel tormenta vel verbera vel catenas, nisi forte ille, qui haec pertulit, contemnat et donet ipse, quod pertulit, ac par fuerit tam petitoris quam petiti in accipienda abolitione consensus. prius tamen quam aliquis de quaestione liberetur, sequitur illud, ut plerisque criminibus ne consentientibus quidem partibus praestetur abolitio, ut sunt illa, in quibus aut violata maiestas, aut patria oppugnata vel prodita, aut peculatus admissus, aut sacramenta deserta sunt, omniaque ea, quae iure veteri continentur. in quibus iudex non minus accusatorem ad docenda, quae detulit, quam reum ad purganda, quae negat, debet urgere.

to Probus, praetorian prefect: let the accuser, who binds himself with the noose of the law, recognize that there will be no recourse for himself to the refuge of abolition, after the one inscribed (the accused), by merit of the inscription brought, has endured some injury—that is, if he has borne prison or
tortures or beatings or chains—unless perhaps he who has suffered these should disregard and himself grant what he has suffered, and there be equal consent of both the petitioner and the petitioned in receiving the abolition. Yet before anyone is released from the question (interrogation), this follows, that for very many crimes abolition is not granted even with the parties consenting, such as those in which either majesty has been violated, or the fatherland attacked or betrayed, or peculation committed, or the oaths deserted, and all those things which are contained by the old law. In these the judge ought to press no less the accuser to prove what he has brought than the defendant to purge what he denies.

dat. prid. id. oct.

Given on the day before the Ides of October.

treviris, valentin. n. p. et victore coss. ista lex expositione non indiget.

At Trier, with Valentinian, the Most Noble Youth, and Victor as consuls.
That law has no need of exposition.

CTh.9.37.3

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. floro praefecto praetorio.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius, augusti, to florus, praetorian prefect.

fallaciter incusantibus, maxime post exhibitionem accusati, nullius iuris color velut derivata excusatione proficiat; non publica abolitio, non privata talibus prospiciat subveniatque personis, non specialis indulgentia, ne beneficium quidem eos generale subducat. sciant cuncti praemeditentur, ante praecaveant, eam se rem deferre debere in publicam notionem, quae munita sit testibus, instructa documentis, signis ad probationem luce clarioribus expedita. dat.

fallaciously accusing, especially after the exhibition of the accused,
let no color of law avail, as though by a derivative excuse; neither public abolition, nor a private one, shall look out for and come to the aid of such persons, nor
special indulgence; let not even a general benefit withdraw them. let all know, let them premeditate, let them take precaution beforehand, that they ought to bring
into public notice that matter which is fortified with witnesses, equipped with documents, provided with signs for proof clearer than light. given.

xv kal. iun. constantinopoli antonio et syagrio conss.

15 days before the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Antonius and Syagrius.

(382 mai. 18).

(382 May 18).

CTh.9.37.4 [=brev.9.27.3]

Impp. honor. et theodos.

Emperors Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. caeciliano pf. p. abolitionem invito reo, postquam fuerit officii custodiae traditus, intra dies xxx accusatori petenti dari permittimus, post hoc tempus, nisi reus consentiat, censemus non esse tribuendam. si vero ingenuos aliquos, velut testes criminis petitos ab accusatore, deductos esse constiterit, solam custodiae iniuriam tolerasse, qui testes dicantur esse, non conscii, eorum ab accusatore sumptibus* consulendum est. quod si ingenuorum, licet plebeiorum, corpora fuerint laesa verberibus tormentisque vexata, abolitionem, etiam duarum partium consensu petitam, iubemus vigore iudicum denegari, et crimen propositum, cuius examen tormentis iam coeperat, agitari, nec ante a iudice dimitti, quam in reum, probato crimine, vindicetur, aut in accusatorem pari forma sententiae damnatio referatur etc.

The Emperors to Caecilianus, Praetorian Prefect. We permit abolition, against the defendant’s will, after he has been handed over to the custody of the office, to be granted to the accuser who petitions within 30 days; after this time, unless the defendant consents, we judge that it is not to be granted. But if it has been established that certain freeborn persons, sought by the accuser as witnesses of the crime, have been brought in and have suffered only the injury of custody—persons who are said to be witnesses, not accomplices—provision must be made for them at the accuser’s expense. But if the bodies of freeborn persons, even if plebeians, have been harmed, vexed by beatings and torments, we order that abolition, even if sought by the consent of both parties, be denied by the vigor/authority of the judges, and that the proposed crime, the examination of which had already begun by torments, be pursued, nor is it to be dismissed by the judge before either punishment is exacted upon the defendant, the crime having been proved, or condemnation is referred upon the accuser by a sentence in like form, etc.

dat. xii. kal.

dated on the 12th day before the Kalends.

febr. ravenna, honorio viii. et theodos.

february, ravenna, in the consulship of honorius 8 and theodosius.

iii. aa. coss.

3. the Augusti, consuls.

interpretatio. si criminis accusator intra triginta dies abolitionem petierit, etiam invito reo a iudice concedatur: ut liberi et accusatus et accusator abscedant: post triginta vero dies, quam accusatus custodiae fuerit traditus, nisi abolitionem et reus et accusator a iudice petierint, accusatori solo non esse praestandam. quod si testes exhibiti ad petitionem accusatoris fuerint, et in custodiam missi fuerint, et abolitio petita praestitaque fuerit, sumptus*, quos fecerunt testes, eis accusator exsolvat. nam si testes exhibiti ab accusatore poenae subiacuerint, etiamsi consentient partes, abolitio a iudicibus denegetur, sed aut in accusatum, si convictus fuerit, aut in accusatorem, si non convicerit legibus, ex sententia iudicis poenam, quam passurus erat reus, accusator excipiat

interpretation. if the accuser of a crime within thirty days shall have sought abolition, let it be granted by the judge even with the defendant unwilling: so that both the accused and the accuser depart free: after thirty days, however, from when the accused shall have been handed over to custody, unless both the defendant and the accuser have sought abolition from the judge, it is not to be provided to the accuser alone. but if witnesses produced at the accuser’s petition shall have been, and shall have been sent into custody, and if abolition having been sought has been granted, the expenses*, which the witnesses have incurred, let the accuser pay out to them. for if witnesses produced by the accuser shall have been subject to penalty, even if the parties consent, let abolition be denied by the judges, but either against the accused, if he shall have been convicted, or against the accuser, if he shall not have convicted under the laws, by the sentence of the judge let the penalty which the defendant was going to suffer be undergone

CTh.9.38.0. De indulgentiis criminum

CTh.9.38.0. On indulgences for crimes

CTh.9.38.1

Imp. constantinus a. ad maximum praefectum praetorio. propter crispi atque helenae partum omnibus indulgemus praeter veneficos homicidas adulteros.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Maximus, Prefect of the Praetorium. On account of the birth of Crispus and Helena, we grant indulgence to all, except poisoners, murderers, and adulterers.

acc. iii kal. nov.

received on the 3rd day before the kalends of november.

romae probiano et iuliano conss. (322 oct. 30).

at Rome, with Probianus and Julianus as consuls. (322 Oct. 30).

CTh.9.38.2

Theodosian Code 9.38.2

Imp. constantius a. ad cerealem praefectum urbi. omnia penitus amputentur, quae tyrannicum tempus poterat habere tristissima.

The Emperor Constantius Augustus to Cerealis, Prefect of the City. Let everything be utterly amputated which the tyrannical time could have had as the most grievous.

universos ergo praecipimus esse securos exceptis quinque criminibus, quae capite vindicantur. dat. viii id. sep.

We therefore command that all be secure, except for the five crimes which are punished with capital penalty. Given on September 6.

lugduni constantio a. vii et constante c. conss. (354 [immo 353] sept. 6).

at Lugdunum, with Constantius Augustus for the 7th time and
Constans Caesar as consuls. (354 [rather 353] September 6).

CTh.9.38.3

Theodosian Code 9.38.3

Imppp. valentinianus, valens et gratianus aaa. ad viventium praefectum urbi.

the emperors valentinian, valens and gratian, augusti, to viventius, prefect of the city.

ob diem paschae, quem intimo corde celebramus, omnibus, quos reatus adstringit, carcer inclusit, claustra dissolvimus. adtamen sacrilegus in maiestate, reus in mortuos, veneficus sive maleficus, adulter raptor homicida communione istius muneris separentur. dat.

on account of the day of pasch (easter), which we celebrate in our inmost heart, for all those whom a charge binds, whom prison has enclosed, we dissolve the bars. yet let the sacrilegious, the guilty in majesty (treason), the guilty against the dead, the poisoner or malefic (sorcerer),
the adulterer, ravisher, murderer be separated from the communion of this gift. given.

iii non. mai. romae lupicino et iovino conss.

5 may at rome, with lupicinus and jovinus as consuls.

(367

[369] mai. 5).

[369] May 5).

CTh.9.38.4

Theodosian Code 9.38.4

Idem aaa. ad olybrium praefectum urbi. paschae celebritas postulat, ut, quoscumque nunc aegra exspectatio quaestionis poenaeque formido sollicitat, absolvamus.

The same augusti to olybrius, prefect of the city. the celebration of pascha demands that we absolve whomever now a sickly expectation of inquisition and a fear of punishment disturbs.

decretis tamen veterum mos gerendus est, ne temere homicidii crimen, adulterii foeditatem, maiestatis iniuriam, maleficiorum scelus, insidias venenorum raptusque violentiam sinamus evadere. lecta viii id. iun. valentiniano et valente ii aa. conss.

nevertheless deference must be paid to the decrees of the ancients, lest we rashly allow the charge of homicide, the foulness of adultery, the injury of majesty (treason), the wickedness of maleficia (sorceries), the plots of poisons, and the violence of abduction (rape) to escape. lecta on june 6, with valentinian and valens, augusti, consuls for the 2nd time.

(368 iun. 6).

(368 June 6).

CTh.9.38.5

Theodosian Code 9.38.5

Idem aaa. ad senatum. indulgentia, patres conscripti, quos liberat notat nec infamiam criminis tollit, sed poenae gratiam facit.

The same Augusti to the senate. Indulgence, Conscript Fathers, marks those whom it frees and does not remove the infamy of the crime, but grants a grace regarding the penalty.

in uno hoc aut in duobus reis ratum sit: qui indulgentiam senatui dat, damnat senatum. dat. xiiii kal.

in this one case or in two defendants let it be ratified: whoever grants indulgence to the senate condemns the senate. Given on the 14th before the Kalends.

iun. treviris gratiano a. ii et probo conss. (371 mai.

June. At Trier, under Gratian Augustus for the 2nd time and Probus, consuls. (371
May.

19).

CTh.9.38.6

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. ad antidium v.C. vicarium.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, Augusti, to Antidius, a most distinguished man, Vicarius.

paschalis laetitiae dies ne illa quidem gemere sinit ingenia, quae flagitia fecerunt; pateat insuetis horridus carcer aliquando luminibus. alienum autem censemus ab indulgentia, qui nefariam criminum conscientiam in maiestatem superbe animaverit, qui parricidali furore raptus sanguine proprio manum tinxit, qui cuiusque praeterea hominis caede maculatus est, qui genialis tori ac lectuli fuit invasor alieni, qui verecundiae virginalis raptor extitit, qui venerandum cognati sanguinis vinculum profano caecus violavit incestu, vel qui noxiis quaesita graminibus et diris inmurmurata secretis. mentis et corporis venena composuit, aut qui sacri oris imitator et divinorum vultuum adpetitor venerabiles formas sacrilegio eruditus inpressit.

The days of Paschal joy do not suffer even those minds to groan which have committed flagitious deeds; let the grim prison at length lie open to unwonted lights. Yet we deem alien to indulgence: whoever has, in proud fashion, animated a nefarious consciousness of crimes against Majesty; whoever, seized by parricidal fury, has stained his hand with his own blood; whoever besides is besmirched by the slaughter of any man; whoever has been an invader of another’s nuptial couch and little bed; whoever has stood forth as a ravisher of virginal modesty; whoever, blind in profanation, has violated the venerable bond of kindred blood by incest; or whoever has compounded poisons of mind and body, sought by baneful herbs and muttered with dread secrets; or whoever, an imitator of the sacred countenance and a seeker after divine visages, schooled in sacrilege, has impressed venerable forms.

his ergo tali quoque sub absolutione damnatis indultum nostrae serenitatis eo praecepti fine concludimus, ut remissionem veniae crimina nisi semel commissa non habeant, ne in eos liberalitatis augustae referatur humanitas, qui impunitatem veteris admissi non emendationi potius quam consuetudini deputarunt. recitata xii kal. aug.

Therefore, for these, too, under such
an absolution, we conclude the grant of Our Serenity with this limit of the precept: that offenses do not have remission of pardon unless once
committed, lest the humanity of imperial liberality be extended to those who have assigned the impunity of a former transgression not to amendment rather
than to habit. read out on the 12th day before the Kalends of August.

romae syagrio et eucherio conss. (381 iul. 21).

at rome, syagrius and eucherius, consuls. (july 21, 381).

CTh.9.38.7

Idem aaa. ad marcianum vicarium. religio anniversariae obsecrationis hortatur, ut omnes omnino periculo carceris metuque poenarum eximi iuberemus, qui leviore crimine rei sunt postulati.

The same Augusti to Marcianus, Vicarius. The reverence of the anniversary supplication urges that we should order that all without exception who have been arraigned as defendants on a lighter charge be exempted from the peril of prison and the fear of punishments be exempted, who have been accused as defendants on a lighter charge.

unde apparet eos excipi, quos atrox cupiditas in scelera compulit saeviora: in quibus est primum crimen et maxime maiestatis, deinde homicidii veneficiique ac maleficiorum, stupri atque adulterii parique immanitate sacrilegii sepulchrique violatio, raptus monetaeque adulterata figuratio. dat. xi kal.

whence it appears that those are excepted, whom atrocious cupidity has driven into more savage crimes: among which the first and most serious is the crime of majesty (treason), then homicide and venefice (poisoning) and malefices, stuprum and adultery, and, with equal monstrosity, sacrilege and violation of a sepulcher, raptus (abduction) and the adulterated stamping of coinage (counterfeiting). given on the 11th day before the Kalends.

april. mediolano richomere et clearcho conss. (384 mart.

april. at milan richomer and clearchus, consuls. (384 march.

22).

CTh.9.38.8 [=brev.9.28.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

the emperors gratian, valentinian, and theodosius.

aaa. ad neoterium pf. p. nemo deinceps tardiores fortassis affatus nostrae perennitatis exspectet: exsequantur iudices, quod indulgere consuevimus. ubi primum dies paschalis exstiterit, nullum teneat carcer inclusum, omnium vincula solvantur.

The Augusti to Neoterius, praetorian prefect. Let no one henceforth expect, perhaps, slower utterances of Our Perpetuity:
let the judges carry out what we are accustomed to indulge. As soon as the Paschal day has arisen, let the prison hold no one enclosed, let the chains of all be loosed.

sed ab his secernimus eos, quibus contaminari potius gaudia laetitiamque communem, si dimittantur, advertimus. quis enim sacrilego diebus sanctis indulgeat? quis adultero vel incesti reo tempore castitatis ignoscat?

but from these we separate those whom we notice would rather contaminate the joys and the common gladness, if they were released. who, indeed,
would indulge a sacrilegious person on holy days? who would pardon an adulterer or a defendant of incest in a time of chastity?

quis non raptorem in summa quiete et gaudio communi persequatur instantius? nullam accipiat requiem vinculorum, qui quiescere sepultos quadam sceleris immanitate non sivit; patiatur tormenta veneficus, maleficus adulteratorque monetae; homicida, quod fecit, semper exspectet; reus etiam maiestatis de domino, adversum quem talia molitus est, veniam sperare non debet. dat.

Who would not pursue the ravisher more urgently in the utmost quiet and common joy?
let him receive no rest from chains, who by a certain monstrosity of crime did not allow the buried to rest;
let the poisoner, the malefic sorcerer, and the adulterator of coin suffer torments; let the homicide always expect what he did; the defendant even of lèse‑majesté against his lord,
against whom he has plotted such things, ought not to hope for pardon. Given.

v. kal. mart. mediolano, arcadio a. i. et bautone coss.

on the 5th day before the Kalends of March, at Milan, in the consulship of Arcadius, Augustus, for the 1st time, and Bauto.

interpretatio. sacrilegus, adulter, incesti reus, raptor, sepulcrorum violator, veneficus, maleficus, adulterator monetae, homicida diebus paschae nullatenus absolvantur. reliqui omnes, quos minorum causarum culpa constringit, diebus venerabilibus paschae specialiter absolvantur

interpretation. a sacrilegious person, an adulterer, one arraigned for incest, a ravisher, a violator of sepulchers, a poisoner, a maleficer, an adulterator of coinage, a homicide are by no means to be absolved on the days
of Pascha. all the rest, whom the fault of lesser cases constrains, on the venerable days of Pascha are to be specially
absolved

CTh.9.38.9

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. ad caesarium praefectum praetorio. devotissimae nobis provinciae lyciae priorem famam meritumque inter ceteras renovari censemus, idque excellens eminentia tua edictis propositis cunctis faciat innotescere, ne quis posthac civem lycium contumelioso nomine iniuriae audeat vulnerare.

the emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to caesarius, praetorian prefect. we judge that the former reputation and merit of the province of lycia, most devoted to us, be renewed among the others, and let your excellent eminence make this known to all by edicts posted, lest anyone hereafter dare to wound a lycian citizen with a contumelious name of injury.

teneant honores suos, quos meritis ac laboribus perceperunt et a nostra serenitate sumpturi sunt; habeant praeteritas dignitates sperentque sui devotione venturas. nec unius viri illustris tatiani tantum valuerit temporalis offensio, teterrimi iudicis inimici ut adhuc macula in lycios perseveret, quae in ipso iam temporis absolutione consumpta est. dat.

let them hold their honors, which by merits and labors they have received and are going to take up from our Serenity;
let them have past dignities and let them hope, through their devotion, for those to come. Nor shall the merely temporal offense of one Illustrious man, Tatianus, of a most foul judge and enemy, have had such weight that a stain upon the Lycians should still persist,
which has already been consumed in the very absolution of time itself. Given.

prid. kal. sept constantinopoli arcadio a. iiii et honorio a. iii conss.

on the day before the Kalends of September (August 31), at Constantinople, Arcadius Augustus for the 4th and Honorius Augustus for the 3rd, consuls.

(396 aug. 31).

(396 Aug. 31).

CTh.9.38.10

Theodosian Code 9.38.10

Idem aa. et theodosius a. romulo praefecto praetorio. omnes omnium criminum reos vel deportatione depulsos vel relegatione aut metallis deputatos, quos insulae variis servitutibus aut loca desolata susceperunt, hac nostra indulgentia liberamus, separatis illis, qui ad locum poenae destinatum contra iudicum sententias ire noluerunt. indignus est enim humanitate, qui post damnationem commisit in legem.

the same augusti and theodosius augustus to romulus, praetorian prefect. we free by this our indulgence all persons guilty of any crimes, whether driven away by deportation or by relegation or assigned to the mines, whom islands with various servitudes or desolate places have received, with those set apart who were unwilling to go to the place of punishment appointed, contrary to the judges’ sentences. for he is unworthy of humanity who, after condemnation, has committed an offense against the law.

dat. viii id. aug. ravennae stilichone et aureliano conss.

Given on August 6 at Ravenna, in the consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus.

(400

[405] aug. 6).

[405] Aug. 6).

CTh.9.38.11

Theodosian Code 9.38.11

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. gaisoni comiti et magistro officiorum. post alia: de his, qui tyrannicae praesumptionis ... aut sacramenta sectati ad nostrum imperium redierunt, hanc volumus esse sententiam, ut, quos inter incendia tyrannidis adsumptae fidelis paenitudo revocavit, ordinem et fructum militiae non amittant.

Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, the Augusti, to Gaiso, count and master of offices. After other things: concerning those who, having followed the presumption of tyranny ... or its oaths,
have returned to our imperium, we wish this to be the ruling: that those whom faithful repentance has recalled amid the conflagrations of the assumed tyranny
do not lose the rank and emolument of their military service.

eos vero, quibus lentum regressum necessitas desperationis indixit, soluto cingulo matricula convenit aboleri, ita ut illud quoque par reverentiae forma custodiat, ne redire ei ad pristinam militiam liceat, qui aliud militandi genus elegerit. dat. prid.

but those, upon whom the necessity of despair has imposed a slow return, with the belt loosed
it is fitting that the matricula be abolished, in such a way that a like form of reverence also preserve this: that it not be permitted for him to return to his former military service who has chosen another kind of soldiering.
Given, the day before.

id. feb. ravennae varana cons. (410 febr.

on the ides of february at ravenna, in the consulship of varana (410 febr.

12).

CTh.9.38.12

Theodosian Code 9.38.12

Idem aa. palladio praefecto praetorio. liberata re publica tyrannidis iniuria omnium criminum reos relaxari praecipimus. dat.

The same emperors, to Palladius, Praetorian Prefect. With the republic freed from the injury of tyranny, we order that those charged with all crimes be released. Given.

viii id. aug. ravennae varana v. c. cons. (410 [?] aug.

on the 8th day before the Ides of August, at Ravenna, Varana, a most distinguished man, consular. (410 [?] Aug.

6).

CTh.9.39.0. [=brev.9.29.0.] De calumniatoribus.

CTh.9.39.0. [=brev.9.29.0.] On calumniators.

CTh.9.39.1 [=brev.9.29.1]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

The emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. hellebico comiti et magistro utriusque militiae. non est ratio, qua manifesti calumniatoris supplicium differatur.

aaa. to hellebicus, count and master of both services. there is no reason why the punishment of a manifest calumniator should be deferred.

nec enim patimur frequenter iterari, quae consistere prima actione non quiverint, atque alienam innocentiam securitatemque sine crimine, damnabili appetitione terreri. dat. iii.

for we do not permit to be iterated frequently those matters which could not stand in the first action, nor that another’s innocence and security, without a charge, be terrified by a damnable pursuit. Given 3.

kal. ian. constantinopoli, merobaude ii. et saturnino coss.

on january 1, at constantinople, merobaudes (for the 2nd time) and saturninus, consuls.

ista lex sub eodem titulo similem interpretationem habet.

that law under the same title has a similar interpretation.

CTh.9.39.2 [=brev.9.29.2]

Iidem aaa. menandro vicario asiae. nostris et parentum nostrorum constitutionibus comprehensum est, eos, qui accusationem alienis nominibus praesumpsissent*, delatorum numero esse ducendos.

The same emperors to Menander, Vicarius of Asia. It has been comprehended in our constitutions and those of our parents that those who should have presumed an accusation under others’ names* are to be counted in the number of delators.

atque ideo calumniosissimum caput et personam iudicio irritae delationis infamem deportatio sequatur, quo posthac singuli universique cognoscant, non licere in eo principum animos commovere, quod non possit ostendi. dat. viii.

and therefore let deportation follow the most calumnious party and the person infamous by the judgment of a void delation, so that hereafter individuals and all may know that it is not permitted to move the minds of the princes in that which cannot be shown. Given on the 8.

id. mai. constantinopoli, arcadio a. i. et bautone coss. haec lex interpretatione non indiget.

on the ides of may, at constantinople, arcadius, junior augustus, and bauto, consuls. this law does not need interpretation.

CTh.9.39.3 [=brev.9.29.3]

Impp. arcad. et honor.

Emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. victorio proconsuli africae. innocentes sub specie falsae criminationis non patimur callidorum impugnatione subverti: qui si tentaverint, intelligant, sibimet severitatem legum pro commissis facinoribus incumbere. dat.

the augusti to victorius, proconsul of africa. we do not allow innocents to be subverted under the guise of a false crimination by the impugnation of the crafty: who, if they attempt it, let them understand that the severity of the laws bears down upon themselves for the crimes committed. given.

iii. id. mart. mediolano, honorio a. iv. et eutychiano coss.

March 13, at Milan,
Honorius Augustus, for the 4th time, and Eutychianus, consuls.

interpretatio. calumniatores sunt, quicumque* causas ad se non pertinentes sine mandato alterius proposuerunt. calumniatores sunt, quicumque* iusto iudicio victi causam iterare tentaverint.

interpretation. they are calumniators, whoever* have brought forward cases not pertaining to themselves without another’s mandate. they are calumniators, whoever* having been defeated by a just judgment have attempted to retry the case.

calumniatores sunt, quicumque* quod ad illos non pertinet, petunt aut in iudicio proponunt. calumniatores sunt, qui sub nomine fisci facultates appetunt alienas et innocentes quietos esse non permittunt. calumniatores etiam sunt, qui falsa deferentes contra cuiuscumque* innocentis personam principum animos ad iracundiam commovere praesumunt.

calumniators are, whoever* seek or propose in court that which does not pertain to them.
calumniators are they who, under the name of the fisc (treasury), pursue others’ faculties (assets) and do not permit the innocent to be at rest. calumniators also are they who, bringing false charges, against the person of any* innocent presume to move the minds of princes to wrath.

qui omnes infames effecti in exsilium detrudentur. hic de iure addendum, qui calumniatores esse possunt

all of whom, made infamous, will be thrust into exile. Here, as a matter of law, it should be added who can be calumniators

CTh.9.40.0. De poenis

CTh.9.40.0. On punishments

CTh.9.40.1 [=brev.9.30.1]

Imp. constantinus a. ad catulinum. qui sententiam laturus est, temperamentum hoc teneat, ut non prius capitalem in quempiam promat severamque sententiam, quam in adulterii vel homicidii vel maleficii crimine aut sua confessione aut certe omnium, qui tormentis vel interrogationibus fuerint dediti, in unum conspirantem concordantemque rei finem convictus sit et sic in obiecto flagitio deprehensus, ut vix etiam ipse ea, quae commiserit, negare sufficiat.

Emperor Constantine, Augustus, to Catulinus. Let him who is about to pronounce a sentence keep this moderation, that he not first put forth,
a capital and severe sentence, before in a charge of adultery or homicide or malefice (sorcery) either by his own confession or at any rate by the unanimous agreement of all who have been subjected to tortures or
interrogations, he be convicted into a single, conspiring and concordant conclusion of the case, and thus be apprehended in the alleged flagitious offense, so that
hardly even he himself is able to deny the things which he has committed.

dat. iii. non.

dated, the 3rd day before the Nones.

nov. treviris. acc.

November, at Trier. Received.

xv. kal. mai. hadrumeti, volusiano et anniano coss.

15th day before the Kalends of may, at hadrumetum, in the consulship of volusianus and annianus.

interpretatio. iudex criminosum discutiens non ante sententiam proferat capitalem, quam aut reus ipse fateatur, aut convictus aut per innocentes testes vel per conscios criminis sui aut homicidium aut adulterium aut maleficium commisisse manifestius convincatur

interpretation. a judge examining a criminal case should not bring forth a capital sentence before either the defendant himself confesses, or is convicted, or is more manifestly convicted through innocent witnesses or through those conscious of his crime, that he has committed either homicide or adultery or malefice (sorcery)

CTh.9.40.2

Idem a. eumelio. si quis in ludum fuerit vel in metallum pro criminum deprehensorum qualitate damnatus, minime in eius facie scribatur, dum et in manibus et in suris possit poena damnationis una scriptione comprehendi, quo facies, quae ad similitudinem pulchritudinis caelestis est figurata, minime maculetur. dat.

The same Augustus to Eumelius. If anyone shall have been condemned to the gladiatorial school or to the mines in proportion to the quality of the crimes detected, by no means let it be written on his face, since both on the hands and on the calves the penalty of the condemnation can be comprehended by a single inscription, so that the face, which has been formed to the likeness of heavenly beauty, be not at all defiled. Given.

xii kal. april. cavilluno constantino a. iiii et licinio iiii conss.

12 days before the Kalends of April, at cavilluno, when constantine, augustus, for the 4th time, and licinius, for the 4th time, were consuls.

(315 [316?] mart. 21).

(315 [316?] mar. 21).

CTh.9.40.3

Theodosian Code 9.40.3

Idem a. ad festum praesidem sardiniae. quicumque cohercitionem mereri ex causis non gravibus videbuntur, in urbis romae pistrina dedantur. quod ubi tua sinceritas coeperit observare, omnes sciant eos, qui, sicut dictum est, ex levioribus causis huiusmodi meruerint subire sententiam, ergastulis vel pistrinis esse dedendos adque ad urbem romam, id est ad praefectum annonae, sub idonea prosecutione mittendos.

The same Augustus, to Festus, governor of Sardinia. Whoever shall seem to deserve coercition for causes not grave, let them be consigned to the bakeries of the city of Rome
let them be given over. And when your Sincerity shall begin to observe this, let all know that those who, as has been said, from lighter causes have deserved to undergo such a sentence
are to be handed over to the ergastula or the bakeries and to the City of Rome, that is to the Prefect of the Annona, to be sent under suitable escort
to be sent.

dat. iiii kal. aug.

Given on the 4th day before the Kalends of August.

constantino a. v et licinio conss. (319 iul. 29).

under Constantine, Augustus, for the 5th time, and Licinius, consuls. (319 July 29).

CTh.9.40.4

Theodosian Code 9.40.4

Imp. constantius a. theodoro viro perfectissimo praesidi arabiae. dum reis manifesta probatione convictis spatium ante sententiam temporis datur, facultas supplicandi criminosissimis patet, cum in homicidii crimine et in aliis detecti gravioribus causis ultio differenda non sit.

The Emperor Constantius Augustus to Theodorus, a most perfect man, governor of Arabia. While to defendants convicted by manifest proof a span of time before sentence is granted, the opportunity of petitioning is open even to the most criminal, yet in the charge of homicide and in other graver causes when detected, retribution is not to be deferred.

igitur quidem qui iam impetraverunt, ad veniam pertineant: de cetero vero iuxta criminis qualitatem legem oportet servari et in scelerosos et in noxios proferri iuris sententiam. dat. id. octob.

Therefore, indeed, let those who have already obtained it pertain to pardon; but as for the rest, according to the quality of the crime, it is proper that the law be observed and that the judgment of the law be brought forward against both the criminal and the guilty. Given on the Ides of October.

constantio a. iiii et constante c. conss. (346 [?] oct. 15).

Constantius Augustus for the 4th time and Constans Caesar, consuls. (346 [?] oct. 15).

CTh.9.40.5

Impp. valentinianus et valens aa. ad symmachum praefectum urbi. leviorum criminum reos excellens auctoritas tua pistrinis iubebit legum aequitate servata damnari, sub hac videlicet observantia, ut sub obtutibus tuis semper pistoribus praecipiantur adsignari, ne, dum occulte per nequissimos commentarienses traduntur, gratia venalis existat.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Symmachus, Prefect of the City. Your Excellent Authority will order those guilty of lighter crimes to be condemned to the bakehouses, with the equity of the laws preserved,
under this, namely, observance: that they be directed to be assigned to the bakers always under your eyes, lest, while
they are handed over covertly through most wicked commentarienses (record-clerks), a venal favor come to exist.

dat. v id. iun. naisso divo ioviano et varroniano conss.

Given on June 9 at Naissus, when the deified Jovian and Varronianus were consuls.

(364 iun. 9).

(364
June 9).

CTh.9.40.6

Theodosian Code 9.40.6

Idem aa. artemio. omnes, qui in levioribus criminibus rei deteguntur, pistrinorum exercitio urbis romae damnare debebis, ita ut transmissio eorum ad officium praefecti annonae sine aliqua tergiversatione celebretur. dat.

The same Emperors to Artemius. All who are detected in lighter crimes you must condemn to the operation of the bakeries of the City of Rome, so that
their transfer to the office of the Prefect of the Annona may be carried out without any tergiversation. Given.

iii id. iun. naisso divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 iun.

june 11, at naissus, in the consulship of the deified jovian and varronianus, consuls. (364 jun.

11).

CTh.9.40.7

Theodosian Code 9.40.7

Idem aa. artemio. nullum ex his, quos pistrinis qualitas condemnationis addixerit, impertita ceteris reis indulgentia relaxari oportet, nisi aliquis speciale serenitatis nostrae meruerit reportare rescriptum. dat.

The same Augusti to Artemius. None of those whom the quality of their condemnation has assigned to the bakehouses (pistrina) ought to be released by an indulgence imparted to the other defendants, unless someone has deserved to receive back a special rescript of Our Serenity. Given.

viii id. octob. altino divo ioviano et varroniano conss. (364 oct.

October 8, at Altinum, in the consulship of the deified Jovian and Varronianus. (364 Oct.

8).

CTh.9.40.8

Theodosian Code 9.40.8

Idem aa. ad symmachum praefectum urbi. quicumque christianus sit in quolibet crimine deprehensus, ludo non adiudicetur. quod si quisquam iudicum fecerit, et ipse graviter notabitur et officium eius multae maximae subiacebit.

the same emperors to symmachus, prefect of the city. whoever is a christian caught in any crime, let him not be adjudged to the games. but if any of the judges shall have done this, he himself will be gravely censured, and his office will be subject to a very great fine.

dat. xviii kal. feb.

given on the 18th day before the Kalends of February

valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (365 ian. 15).

valentinian and valens
the Augusti, consuls. (January 15, 365).

CTh.9.40.9

Theodosian Code 9.40.9

Idem aa. ad olybrium praefectum urbi. ne quis pro cohercitione delicti vel pistoribus vel cuicumque alteri corpori, cum alterius sit corporis, addicatur; sed unusquisque pro crimine, in quo fuerit deprehensus, motum congruae severitatis excipiet. dat.

the same augusti to olybrius, prefect of the city. that no one, for the coercition of an offense, be assigned either to the bakers or to any other body, when he is of another body; but each person, for the crime in which he shall have been detected, shall undergo the application of appropriate severity. given.

iii id. april. valentiniano et valente aa. conss. (368?

April 11, in the consulship of Valentinian and Valens, Augusti (368?

370? apr. 11).

370? april 11).

CTh.9.40.10 [=brev.9.30.2]

Imppp. valent., valens et grat. aaa.

Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian, Augusti.

ad praetextatum pf. u. quoties in senatorii ordinis viros pro qualitate peccati austerior fuerit ultio proferenda, nostra potissimum explorentur arbitria, quo rerum atque gestorum tenore comperto, eam formam statuere possimus, quam modus facti contemplatioque dictaverit. dat. viii.

to praetextatus, urban prefect. whenever, against men of the senatorial order, a sterner retribution is to be brought forth according to the quality of the offense, let our judgments above all be examined, so that, the tenor of matters and deeds having been ascertained, we may be able to set that form which the measure of the act and consideration shall have dictated. given 8.

id. oct. remis, gratiano a. i. et dagalaipho coss.

on the Ides of October, at Reims, in the consulship of Gratian, Augustus, for the 1st time, and Dagalaiphus, consuls.

interpretatio. si quando aliquae maiores personae aut alicuius dignitatis viri vocantur in crimen, iudex ad rerum dominos referat, ut de huius modi personis quid fieri debeat, dominorum praeceptio iusta constituat

interpretation. if ever any higher persons or men of some dignity are called into a charge, let the judge refer to the lords of affairs, so that of
this kind of persons what ought to be done may be established by the just precept of the lords

CTh.9.40.11

Idem aaa. ad viventium praefectum urbi. neminem de numinis nostri sacrario prodeuntem harena suscipiat, lanista doceat, saeva meditatio et pugnatrix exerceat; multa si quidem possunt esse supplicia, quibus culpa plectatur.

The same augusti to viventius, prefect of the city. let the arena receive no one coming forth from the shrine of our divinity; let no lanista teach him, let no savage
and pugnacious practice exercise him; for indeed there can be many punishments by which the fault is punished.

dat. v id. april. lupicino et ioviano conss.

given on april 9, in the consulship of lupicinus and jovianus.

(367

[366] apr. 9).

[366] Apr. 9).

CTh.9.40.12

Imppp. valens, gratianus et valentinianus aaa. ad antonium praefectum praetorio.

the emperors valens, gratian, and valentinian, the augusti, to antonius, praetorian prefect.

campaniae consularibus formam iudicationis adscribimus, ne in loco certa condicione finito modum animadversionis excedant neque extra provinciam suam ius relegationis exerceant. dat. prid.

We prescribe to the consulars of Campania the form of adjudication, lest, in a matter with a fixed condition set, they exceed the measure of animadversion, nor exercise outside their own province the right of relegation. Given, the day before.

kal. decemb. treviris valente vi et valentiniano ii aa. conss.

on the Kalends of December at Trier, with Valens for the 6th time and Valentinian 2, the Augusti, as consuls.

(378 nov. 30).

CTh.9.40.13 [=brev.9.30.3]

Theodosian Code 9.40.13 [= Breviary 9.30.3]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. flaviano pf. p. illyrici et italiae. si vindicari in aliquos severius, contra nostram consuetudinem, pro causae intuitu iusserimus, nolumus statim eos aut subire poenam, aut excipere sententiam, sed per dies xxx super statu eorum sors et fortuna suspensa sit.

the augusti to flavianus, praetorian prefect of illyricum and italy. if we have ordered, against our custom, that some be proceeded against more severely in view of the case, we do not wish them immediately either to undergo the penalty or to receive the sentence, but for 30 days with respect to their status their lot and fortune shall be suspended.

reos sane accipiat vinciatque custodia, et excubiis solertibus vigilanter observet. dat. xv. kal.

Let custody indeed receive and bind the defendants, and with skillful sentries keep vigilant watch. Given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

sept. verona, antonio et syagrio coss.

Sept. verona, with antonius and syagrius as consuls.

interpretatio. si princeps cuiuscumque* gravi accusatione commotus quemquam occidi praeceperit, non statim a iudicibus, quae ab irato principe iussa sunt, compleantur, sed triginta diebus, qui puniri iussus est, reservetur, donec pietas dominorum iustitiae amica subveniat

interpretation. If the prince, moved by anyone’s* grave accusation, has ordered someone to be killed, let not immediately, by the judges, the things ordered by an angry prince be carried out, but let the one who has been ordered to be punished be kept for thirty days, until the piety of the lords, friendly to justice, may come to help.

CTh.9.40.14

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. ad principium praefectum praetorio.

Emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to principius, praetorian prefect.

ne diu apparitorum prava admodum venalisque perfidia in publica impune commoda desaeviret, censuimus etiam in absentes pro competenti ultione debere consurgi. dat. kal.

Lest the very depraved and venal perfidy of the apparitors rage with impunity for a long time against the public interests, we have decreed that, for appropriate retribution, proceedings ought to be brought even against those absent. Given on the Kalends.

iun. arcadio a. i et bautone conss. (385 iun.

Jun.; Arcadius, Augustus, for the first time, and Bauto, consuls. (385, Jun.

[?] 1).

CTh.9.40.15

Theodosian Code 9.40.15

Idem aaa. tatiano praefecto praetorio. si quis convictus reus maximi criminis fuerit subiectusque sententiae, competens iudicium compleatur nec exquisita commentis ars eiusmodi subornetur, ut direptus a clericis adseratur vel appellasse simuletur.

Likewise, the same Augusti, to Tatianus, praetorian prefect. If anyone, convicted as a defendant of a most serious crime, has been subjected to sentence, let the competent judgment be completed, and let no stratagem of this sort, contrived by contrivances, be suborned, such that he is alleged to have been snatched away by clerics or it is pretended that he has appealed.

quod si quisquam post iudicium vendibili coniventia licentiae huic praestiterit adsensum, haut levia sustinebit. nam proconsules, comites orientis, praefecti augustales, vicarii etiam adfecti nota deformi tricenas auri libras compendiis fiscalibus conferent, iudices autem ordinarii similiter deformati quinas denas cogentur exsolvere. officia vero eorundem isdem, quibus iudices sui, dispendiis subiacebunt, si in suggestione cessaverint ac non praeceptum legis ingesserint atque iniecta manu, ne rei auferantur, obstiterint ac nisi id quod fuerit constitutum in effectum exsecutionemque perduxerint.

but if anyone after the judgment shall have given assent to this license by a saleable connivence, he will not endure light (penalties). For proconsuls, the counts of the East, the Augustal prefects, and the vicarii also, afflicted with a disfiguring mark, will contribute thirty pounds of gold to fiscal gains; but the ordinary judges, similarly disfigured, will be compelled to pay fifteen. The staffs, moreover, of those same will be subject to the same losses as their own judges, if they have been remiss in the suggestion and have not thrust in the precept of the law, and if they have not, with hand laid on, stood in the way lest the defendants be carried off, and if they have not brought what shall have been decreed into effect and execution.

dat. iii id. mart. constantinopoli arcadio a. ii et rufino conss.

dated March 13 at Constantinople, in the consulship of Arcadius Augustus for the 2nd time and Rufinus, consuls.

(392 mart. 13).

(392 March 13).

CTh.9.40.16pr.

CTh.9.40.16 preface.

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. post alia: addictos supplicio et pro criminum immanitate damnatos nulli clericorum vel monachorum, eorum etiam, quos synoditas vocant, per vim adque usurpationem vindicare liceat ac tenere.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Eutychianus, Prefect of the Praetorium. After other matters: let it be permitted to none of the clerics or of the monks, even those whom they call Synodites, to claim for themselves by force and usurpation and to hold those consigned to punishment and condemned for the enormity of their crimes.

quibus in causa criminali humanitatis consideratione, si tempora suffragantur, interponendae provocationis copiam non negamus, ut ibi diligentius examinetur, ubi contra hominis salutem vel errore vel gratia cognitoris obpressa putatur esse iustitia: ea condicione, ut, sive pro consule, comes orientis, praefectus augustalis, vicarii fuerint cognitores, non tam ad clementiam nostram quam ad amplissimas potestates sciant esse referendum. eorum enim de his plenum volumus esse iudicium, qui, si ita res est et crimen exegerit, rectius possint punire damnatos. (398 iul.

to whom, in a criminal cause, out of a consideration of humanity, if the times lend their suffrage, we do not deny the opportunity of interposing an appeal, so that it may be examined more diligently there, where justice is thought to have been oppressed against a man’s safety either by the error or by the favor of the trial judge: on this condition, that, whether the proconsul, the count of the East, the augustal prefect, or the vicars were the judges, they should know that referral is to be made not so much to our clemency as to the most ample authorities. for we wish the full judgment concerning these matters to belong to them who, if that is the case and the crime shall have required it, can more rightly punish the condemned. (398 July.

27).

CTh.9.40.16.1

Theodosian Code 9.40.16.1

Reos etiam tempore provocationis emenso ad locum poenae sub prosecutione pergentes nullus aut teneat aut defendat, sed sciat se cognitor xxx librarum auri multa, primates officii capitali esse sententia feriendos, nisi usurpatio ista aut protinus vindicetur aut, si tanta clericorum ac monachorum audacia est, ut bellum potius quam iudicium futurum esse existimetur, ad clementiam nostram commissa referantur, ut nostro mox severior ultio procedat arbitrio. (398 iul. 27).

Let no one either detain or defend defendants who, the time for appeal having elapsed, are proceeding under prosecution to the place of punishment; but let the advocate know himself liable to a fine of 30 pounds of gold, and the chiefs of the office to be struck with a capital sentence, unless this usurpation be either punished forthwith, or, if the audacity of clerics and monks is so great that it is thought that war rather than judgment will ensue, let the matters entrusted be referred to our clemency, so that a severer retribution may soon proceed by our discretion. (398 July 27).

CTh.9.40.16.2

Ad episcoporum sane culpam ut cetera redundabit, si quid forte in ea parte regionis, in qua ipsi populo christianae religionis doctrinae insinuatione moderantur, ex his quae fieri hac lege prohibemus a monachis perpetratum esse cognoverint nec vindicaverint. ex quorum numero rectius, si quos forte sibi deesse arbitrantur, clericos ordinabunt. et cetera.

Indeed, the blame will redound upon the bishops, as in other matters, if perchance in that part of the region, in which they themselves moderate the people by the insinuation of the doctrine of the Christian religion, they have learned that anything of those things which we forbid to be done by this law has been perpetrated by monks and have not punished it. from whose number more rightly, if they think that some are lacking to themselves, they will ordain clerics. and so forth.

dat. vi kal. aug.

dated on the 6th day before the Kalends of August.

mnyzo honorio a. iiii et eutychiano conss. (398 iul. 27).

At Mnizo; Honorius, Augustus, for the 4th time, and Eutychianus, consuls.
(398 July 27).

CTh.9.40.17

Idem aa. aureliano praefecto praetorio. omnes res eutropi, qui quondam praepositus sacri cubiculi fuit, aerarii nostri calculis adiunximus, erepto splendore eius et consulatu a taetra illuvie et a commemoratione nominis eius et caenosis sordibus vindicato, ut eiusdem universis actibus antiquatis omnia mutescant tempora nec eius enumeratione saeculi nostri labes appareat nec ingemiscant aut qui sua virtute ac vulneribus romanos fines propagant vel qui eosdem servandi iuris aequitate custodiunt, quod divinum praemium consulatus lutulentum prodigium contagione foedavit. patriciatus etiam dignitate atque omnibus inferioribus spoliatum se esse cognoscat, quas morum polluit scaevitate.

The same Emperors, to Aurelianus, Praetorian Prefect. We have added all the property of Eutropius, who once was the praepositus of the sacred bedchamber, to the ledgers of our treasury, with the splendor thereof and the consulship torn away and rescued from foul filth and from the commemoration of his name and from muddy squalors, so that, all the acts of that same man being antiquated, all times may fall mute, and neither by the reckoning of his tenure may a stain upon our age appear, nor may either those who by their valor and wounds extend the Roman frontiers or those who guard the same by the equity of the law to be preserved groan, that the divine reward of the consulship a muddy prodigy has befouled by its contagion. Let him also know himself to be stripped of the dignity of the Patriciate and of all the inferior dignities, which he polluted by the perversity of his morals.

omnes statuas, omnia simulacra, tam ex aere quam ex marmore seu ex fucis quam ex quacumque materia quae apta est effingendis, ab omnibus civitatibus oppidis locisque privatis ac publicis praecipimus aboleri, ne tamquam nota nostri saeculi obtutus polluat intuentum. adhibitis itaque fidis custodibus ad cyprum insulam perducatur, in qua tua sublimitas relegatum esse cognoscat, ut ibidem pervigili cura vallatus nequeat suarum cogitationum rabie cuncta miscere. dat.

All statues, all simulacra, both from bronze and from marble, or from dyes, and from whatever material is apt for fashioning, we command to be abolished from all cities, towns, and places both private and public, lest, as a mark of our age, the gaze pollute the beholder.
Therefore, faithful guards being applied, let him be conducted to the island of Cyprus, where your Sublimity may know him to be relegated, so that there, encompassed by ever-vigilant care, he may not be able to confound all things by the rabid frenzy of his cogitations.
Given.

xvi kal. feb. constantinopoli theodoro v. c. cons.

January 17, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Theodore, a most distinguished man.

(399 ian. [?] 17).

(399 Jan. [?] 17).

CTh.9.40.18 [=brev.9.30.4]

Impp. arcad. et honor.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. eutychiano pf. p. sancimus, ibi esse poenam, ubi et noxa est. propinquos, notos, familiares procul a calumnia summovemus, quos reos sceleris societas non facit; nec enim affinitas vel amicitia nefarium crimen admittunt. peccata igitur suos teneant auctores, nec ulterius progrediatur metus, quam reperitur delictum.

The Augusti to Eutychianus, Praetorian Prefect: we decree that punishment be there where the offense also is. We remove relatives, known persons, and familiars far from calumny, those whom association in the crime does not make defendants; for neither affinity nor friendship admit a nefarious crime. Therefore let sins hold their own authors, and let fear not advance further than the offense is found.

hoc singulis quibusque iudicibus intimetur. dat. viii.

let this be intimated to each and every judge. given on the 8.

kal. aug. constantinopoli, theodoro v. c. cos.

on the kalends of august, at constantinople, in the consulship of theodorus a most distinguished man.

interpretatio. poena illum tantum sequatur, qui crimen admisit. propinqui vero, affines vel amici, familiares vel noti, si conscii criminis non sunt, non teneantur obnoxii. nemo de propinquitate criminosi aut de amicitiis timeat, nisi qui scelus admiserit

interpretation. let punishment follow only him who has committed the crime. relatives, affines (in-laws) or friends, familiars or acquaintances, if they are not conscious of the crime are not to be held liable. let no one fear on account of the kinship of the criminal or of friendships, except the one who has committed the wicked deed.

CTh.9.40.19

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. donato proconsuli africae. satellites gildonis custodiis mancipentur et proscriptione damnentur.

the emperors honorius and theodosius, augusti, to donatus, proconsul of africa. let the henchmen of gildo be consigned to custody and be condemned to proscription.

dat. iii id. nov. basso et philippo conss.

Given on the 3rd day before the Ides of November, in the consulship of Bassus and Philippus.

(408 nov. 11).

CTh.9.40.20

Theodosian Code 9.40.20

Idem aa. theodoro praefecto praetorio. si quis ex proscriptorum numero comitatum nostrae serenitatis sive moenia aeternae urbis intraverit, deportatione plectetur. dat.

The same emperors, to Theodore, praetorian prefect. If anyone from the number of the proscribed shall have entered the comitatus of our Serenity or the walls of the eternal city, he shall be punished with deportation. Given.

x kal. dec. basso et philippo conss.

November 22 (10th day before the Kalends of December), bassus and philippus, consuls.

(408 nov. 22).

(November 22, 408).

CTh.9.40.21

Theodosian Code 9.40.21

Idem aa. honoratis et provincialibus africae. heraclianum hostem publicum iudicantes digna censuimus auctoritate puniri, ut eius resecentur infaustae cervices. eius quoque satellites pari intentione persequimur.

The same emperors to the honorati and the provincials of Africa. Judging Heraclianus a public enemy, we have decreed that he be punished with authority befitting the case, that his
ill-omened neck be cut off. We also pursue his satellites with equal determination.

sed hanc omnibus privatis atque militantibus licentiam damus, et omnes prodendi in medium habeant liberam facultatem nec invidiam metuat qui ad publicum deduxerit criminosum, cum illud specialiter caveamus, ne ullus aliquem eorum aut subtrahendum iudicet aut celandum neve ex eorum facultatibus vel deposita deneget vel accepta non prodat. dat. iii non.

but this license we give to all private persons and to those serving in the military,
and let all have free faculty of bringing forth into the open, nor let him fear envy who shall have brought a criminal into the public,
since we especially provide this, that no one judge any of them to be either withdrawn or concealed, nor deny from their resources or deposits, or fail to produce what he has received. Given on the 3rd day before the Nones.

iul. ravennae honorio viiii et theodosio v aa. conss. (412 [413?] iul.

Jul., at Ravenna, in the consulship of Honorius for the 9th time and Theodosius for the 5th, Augusti, consuls. (412 [413?] Jul.

5).

CTh.9.40.22

Idem aa. ad anthemium praefectum praetorio. omnes, quos damnationis condicio diversis exiliis destinatos metas temporis praestituti in carceris implesse custodia deprehendit, solutos poena vinculisque laxatos custodia liberari praecipimus nec ullas exilii postmodum miserias formidare. sit satis inmensorum cruciatuum semel eluisse supplicia, ne, qui aurae communis haustu et lucis aspectu diu privati sunt intra breve spatium catenarum ponderibus praegravati, etiam exilii poenam sustinere iterum compellantur.

The same Augusti to Anthemius, Praetorian Prefect. We order that all whom the condition of condemnation, destined to diverse exiles, the custody has discovered to have fulfilled the bounds of the time appointed, in prison custody—released from punishment and loosened from chains—be freed from custody, and that they fear no miseries of exile thereafter. Let it be enough to have once washed away the penalties of immeasurable tortures, lest those who, long deprived of the draught of common air and the sight of light, within a brief span weighed down by the weights of chains, be compelled to endure again the punishment of exile.

dat. xiiii kal. mai.

given on the 14th day before the Kalends of May.

constantio et constante vv. cc. conss. (414 apr. 18).

in the consulship of constantius and constans, most illustrious men. (414 apr. 18).

CTh.9.40.23

Theodosian Code 9.40.23

Idem aa. monaxio praefecto praetorio. rectores provinciarum conveniri praecipimus, ut ii, qui pro suo crimine poenam exilii sub certo temporis spatio subire decreti sunt, exacto praefinito tempore nec claustris carceralibus nec in locis, in quibus exules versati sunt, teneantur. dat.

The same Augusti, to Monaxius, Praetorian Prefect. We order the rectors of the provinces to be convened, so that those who, for their own crime, have been decreed to undergo the penalty of exile for a certain
span of time, when the prefixed time has been completed, be held neither by carceral bars nor in the places in which the exiles have been sojourning,
nor be detained. Given.

iii kal. septemb. eudoxiopoli d. n. theodosio a. vii et palladio v. c. conss.

on the 3rd day before the Kalends of September, at Eudoxiopolis, our lord Theodosius Augustus, consul for the 7th time, and Palladius, a most distinguished man, consuls.

(416 aug. 30).

(416 Aug. 30).

CTh.9.40.24

Theodosian Code 9.40.24

Idem aa. monaxio praefecto praetorio. his, qui conficiendi naves incognitam ante peritiam barbaris tradiderunt propter petitionem viri reverentissimi asclepiadis chersonesitanae civitatis episcopi imminenti poena et carcere liberatis capitale tam ipsis quam etiam ceteris supplicium proponi decernimus si quid simile fuerit in posterum perpetratum. dat.

Likewise, the Emperors to Monaxius, praetorian prefect. Those who handed over to the barbarians a previously unknown expertise for constructing ships, on account of the petition of the most reverend man Asclepiades, bishop of the city of Chersonesus, being released from the impending penalty and prison, we decree that capital punishment be prescribed both for these same men and also for others, if anything similar shall be perpetrated hereafter. Given.

viii kal. octob. constantinopoli monaxio et plinta conss.

september 24, at constantinople, monaxius and plinta,
consuls.

(419 sept. 24).

(419 Sept. 24).

CTh.9.41.0. [=brev.9.31.0.] Ne sine iussu principis certis iudicibus liceat confiscare.

CTh.9.41.0. [=brev.9.31.0.] That it be not permitted to certain judges to confiscate without the order of the Emperor.

CTh.9.41.1pr. [=brev.9.31.1pr.]

Imp. theodos. a. et valent.

The Emperors Theodosius, Augustus, and Valentinian

c. ad hierium pf. p. nulli iudicum, exceptis his, qui in summa administrationis sunt positi potestate, vitae quoque noxiis ius adimendae sortiti sunt, quemquam omnino inconsulta nostra clementia in ullo genere criminationis tristi liceat proscriptionis tempestate percellere. ad nos simulationum genera, quaestionis ordo, criminum moles, documentorum probationumque pensanda libramenta mittantur.

c. to hierius, praetorian prefect. let it be permitted to none of the judges, except those who are set in the highest power of the administration, who have been allotted the right of taking away life even against capital offenders, to strike anyone at all, our clemency not having been consulted, with the grim tempest of proscription in any kind of crimination. to us let the kinds of simulations, the order of the inquest, the mass of the charges, the balances to be weighed of documents and proofs be sent.

CTh.9.41.1.1 [=brev.9.31.1.1]

Nemo sibi praesumat moderatorum provinciarumque rectorum, sub quibuscumque* infulis potestatis, quemquam patrimonii universis privare subsidiis.

Let no one of the governors and rulers of provinces, under whatever insignia of power, presume to deprive anyone of all the supports of his patrimony.

CTh.9.41.1.2 [=brev.9.31.1.2]

In illos gladii sui et ius severitatis exerceant, in quos statim destringi ferrum iura praecipiunt, quorumque differri supplicium materia est interitus plurimorum. dat. x. kal.

Let them exercise their sword and the right of severity upon those for whom the laws command that the steel be immediately drawn, and for whom the deferral of punishment is the occasion of the destruction of many. given on the 10th before the Kalends.

febr. constantinopoli, d.N. theodos. a. xi. et valentin.

in february, at constantinople, under our lords theodosius, augustus, in his 11th year, and valentinian.

c. coss.

consuls.

interpretatio. nullus iudicum privatas facultates fisci nomine proscribere aut occupare praesumat, sed ad rerum dominos referat causam, pro qua hoc aliquis mereatur, et quod iussum fuerit, observetur

interpretation. let no judge presume to proscribe or seize private means in the name of the fisc, but let him refer the case to the owners of the property, for which someone may merit this, and let that which shall have been ordered be observed

CTh.9.42.0. De bonis proscriptorum seu damnatorum

CTh.9.42.0. On the goods of the proscribed or the condemned

CTh.9.42.1pr.

Imp. constantinus a. petronio probiano: res uxoris, quae vel successione qualibet vel emptione vel etiam largitione viri in eam ante reatum iure pervenerant, damnato marito, illibatas esse praecipio nec alieni criminis infortunio stringi uxorem, cum paternis maternisve ac propriis frui eam integro legum statu religiosum sit. et donatio maritalis ante tempus criminis ac reatus collata in uxorem, quia pudicitiae praemio cessit, observanda est, tamquam si maritum eius natura, non poena subduxerit; capacitatis privilegio videlicet et modo inspecto, ut consideretur, quid capere potuit.

Emperor Constantine Augustus, to Petronius Probianus: the wife's property, which by any kind of succession or by purchase or even by the largess of her husband had by law come to her before the charge, with the husband condemned, I order to be inviolate, nor that the wife be constrained by the misfortune of another’s crime, since it is sacred that she enjoy her paternal and maternal and her own [goods] with the status of the laws unimpaired. And a marital donation, bestowed upon the wife before the time of the offense and of the charge, because it went as a reward of pudicity, must be observed, as if her husband had been withdrawn by nature, not by punishment; the privilege and the measure of capacity, namely, being inspected, so that it may be considered what she was able to take.

(321 febr. 27).

(321 Feb. 27).

CTh.9.42.1.1

Si quid etiam in emancipatos liberos ante tempus criminis ac reatus patrem contulisse claruerit, integrum isdem et citra inquietudinem reservetur. (321 febr. 27).

If moreover it becomes clear that the father has transferred anything to emancipated children before the time of the crime and charge, let it be reserved intact to those same persons and without disturbance. (321 Feb. 27).

CTh.9.42.1.2

Quod vero nec uxor nec emancipati liberi potuerint vindicare, captum et incorporatum ita ad me referri specialiter censeo, ut illud quoque addatur, utrum filios habeat qui damnatus est, simulque adiciatur, utrum iidem apud se ex causa donationis aliquid vindicarint. (321 febr. 27).

But indeed, what neither the wife nor the emancipated children have been able to vindicate, I specifically judge that what has been seized and incorporated is thus to be referred to me, with this also added: whether the one condemned has sons, and at the same time let it be added whether those same have vindicated anything with themselves on the ground of a donation. (321 febr. 27).

CTh.9.42.1.3

Sed in his, qui fiscalibus actibus nexi sunt et pro ratiociniis proscribuntur et condemnantur, placuit, si quid proprium uxor habuit vel a marito datum, in quantum capere potuit, ante initum actum, ex quo origo fraudis ac vitii in iudicium deducta est, si quid deinde in emancipatos filios donatione collatum, antequam orto nexu suffugium potius quam munificentia frausque temptetur intemeratum aput accipientium iura persistere; nec quicquam fisco in qualibet causa teneatur obnoxium, nisi quod in dominio proprio, cum obligari ortus est, habuit vel quod agens tam suo quam uxoris vel filiorum vel cuiuscumque praeterea nomine comparavit. (321 febr. 27).

But in the case of those who are bound by fiscal acts and are proscribed and condemned on account of reckonings, it has been decided that, if the wife had anything of her own or given by the husband, insofar as she was able to take, before the act was entered, from which the origin of the fraud and fault has been brought into judgment, if anything thereafter was conferred by donation upon emancipated sons, before, with the bond arisen, an escape rather than munificence, and a fraud, be attempted, it shall persist inviolate among the rights of the recipients; and let nothing in any case be held liable to the fisc, except what he had in his own dominion when he began to be obligated, or what, acting in his own name as well as in the name of his wife or sons or of anyone else besides, he acquired. (321 Feb. 27).

CTh.9.42.1.4

Exceptis dumtaxat caesarianis, qui ab omni iuris beneficio excluduntur, nisi probata a me purgataque ratiocinia fuerint, ut quod innoxie habuerint transmittendi copiam habeant. dat. iii kal.

Only the Caesariani being excepted, who are excluded from every benefit of the law, unless the accounts have been proven by me and purged, so that they may have the opportunity of transmitting what they have held innocently.
Given on the 3rd day before the Kalends.

mart. serdicae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss. (321 febr.

Mar. at Serdica Crispus 2 and Constantine 2 Caesars consuls. (321 febr.

27).

CTh.9.42.2

Theodosian Code 9.42.2

Imp. constantius a. et iulianus caes. ad populum.

The Emperors constantius augustus and julian caesar to the people.

si quem forte gladius ultor adflixerit aliave quaelibet vitam adimens poena consumpserit, usque ad tertium gradum generis copulationis eiusdem successio deferatur fisco penitus quiescente, ut accipiat hereditatem, qui eam iure civili vel praetorio poterat vindicare, de numero videlicet personarum, quas legis huius excepit auctoritas, sed ita, ut alia sit condicio damnatorum ex crimine maiestatis aut magicae. in his enim, etiamsi liberos damnatus habeat vel parentes, non condentes poenam, sed relinquentes antiquam, fisco fieri locum praecipimus. dat.

if by chance the avenging sword has struck someone down, or any other penalty whatsoever that takes away life has consumed him, let succession be conveyed up to the third degree of the same union of kin, with the fisc wholly at rest, so that he may receive the inheritance who could vindicate it by civil or praetorian law, namely from the number of persons whom the authority of this law has excepted; but on this condition, that there is a different status for those condemned of the crime of majesty (treason) or of magic. For in these cases, even if the condemned has children or parents, we command that room be made for the fisc—not by establishing a new penalty, but by leaving the old one. Given.

viii id. mart. mediolano constantio a. viii et iuliano caes. conss.

March 8 at Milan, under Constantius Augustus for the 8th time and Julian Caesar, consuls.

(356 mart. 8).

(356 March 8).

CTh.9.42.3

Idem a. et caes. caelestino consulari baeticae. ubi aliquis pro qualitate criminis vivendi sententiam passus fisco fecerit locum, super occupandis rebus eius statim officium procuratoris patrimonii litteris tuis conveniatur, ut eadem corpora fisci viribus vindicentur et protinus super occupatione eorum scriptis competentibus intimetur.

The same Augustus and Caesar to Caelestinus, consular of Baetica. When someone, according to the quality of the crime, has suffered a sentence of living and has made room for the fisc, concerning the seizing of his goods, at once the office of the Procurator of the Patrimony shall be convened by your letters, so that the same assets may be vindicated by the powers of the fisc, and immediately, concerning their seizure, notice be given by appropriate writings.

dat. v. kal. septemb.

Given on the 5th day before the Kalends of September (August 28).

constantio a. viiii et iuliano caes. ii conss. (357 aug.

constantius augustus 9 and julian caesar 2, consuls. (357 aug.

28).

CTh.9.42.4

Theodosian Code 9.42.4

Idem a. ad taurum. vetueramus bona capite damnatorum fiscali dominio vindicari excepto crimine maiestatis et magicae, ut ea haberent usque ad gradum tertium sucessores eorum, quorum vitam severitas ademisset. nunc vero bona capite damnatorum fiscali dominio vindicari decernimus sanctione illa, quam certa condicione dederamus, quiescente.

The same Augustus to Taurus. We had forbidden the goods of those condemned to capital punishment to be vindicated into fiscal dominion, except in the crime of majesty and of magic, so that their successors up to the third degree might have them, of those whose life severity had taken away. Now indeed we decree that the goods of those condemned to capital punishment be vindicated to fiscal dominion, with that sanction, which we had given under a certain condition, lying quiescent.

dat. prid. non.

given the day before the Nones.

ian. sirmi, acc. vi kal.

Jan. at Sirmium, received on the 6th day before the Kalends.

sept. datiano et cereale conss. (358 ian.

sept. datianus and
cerealis, consuls. (358 jan.

4).

CTh.9.42.5

Theodosian Code 9.42.5

Imp. iulianus a. ad felicem comitem sacrarum largitionum. quidam scelerate proscriptorum facultates occultant.

Emperor Julian Augustus, to Felix, Count of the Sacred Largesses. Certain persons wickedly conceal the estates of the proscribed.

hos praecipimus, si locupletes sint, proscriptione puniri, si per egestatem abiecti sunt in faecem vilitatemque plebeiam, damnatione capitali debita luere detrimenta. proposita romae vii id. mart. mamertino et nevitta conss.

we command that these persons, if they are wealthy, be punished by proscription; if through destitution they have been cast down into the dregs and plebeian vileness, to pay the losses by the due capital condemnation. posted at rome on the 7th day before the ides of march. mamertinus and nevitta, consuls.

(362 mart. 9).

(362 Mar. 9).

CTh.9.42.6 [=brev.9.32.1]

Theodosian Code 9.42.6 [= Breviary 9.32.1]

Impp. valent. et valens aa. ad symmachum pf. u. substantiam damnatorum integram ad liberos pervenire, et in qualibet causa positis parentibus liberos heredes esse praecipimus, excepta sola maiestatis quaestione: quam si quis sacrilego animo assumit, iuste poenam ad suos etiam posteros mittit.

The Emperors Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, to Symmachus, Prefect of the City: we prescribe that the substance (estate) of the condemned come intact to their children, and that, in whatever case the parents may be placed, the children be heirs, with the sole charge of Majesty (treason) excepted; which, if anyone assumes with a sacrilegious mind, justly sends the penalty even to his own descendants.

dat. vii. kal.

dated the 7th day before the Kalends.

dec. mediolano, divo ioviano et varroniano coss.

Dec., at Milan, in the consulship of the deified Jovian and Varronianus.

interpretatio. si quis pro crimine suo occidi vel damnari meruerit, crimen cum auctore deficiat, bona vero eius ad filios vel ad heredes legitimos pertinebunt: nisi forte maiestatis crimine damnatus sit aliquis, quorum etiam filios de bonis damnati patris fieri iubemus alienos

interpretation. if anyone, on account of his crime, has merited to be killed or condemned, let the crime cease with its author, but his goods shall pertain to his sons or to his
lawful heirs: unless perhaps someone has been condemned for the crime of majesty (treason), in whose case we order that even the sons be made alien from the goods of their condemned father

CTh.9.42.7

Theodosian Code 9.42.7

Idem aa. et gratianus a. ad probum praefectum praetorio. si qui intra provinciam pro qualitate delicti stilum proscriptionis incurrerit, per ordinarii officii sollicitudinem bonorum eius indago diligentissime celebretur, ne quid rei privatae commodis per gratiam atque colludium furto subducatur. et plena descriptio comprehendat, quod spatium et quod sit ruris ingenium, quid aut cultum sit aut colatur, quid in vineis olivis aratoriis pascuis silvis fuerit inventum, quae etiam gratia et quae amoenitas sit locorum, quis aedificiis ac possessionibus ornatus, quotve mancipia in praediis occupatis vel urbana vel rustica vel quarum artium generibus inbuta teneantur, quot sint casarii vel coloni, quot boum exercitiis terrarum atque vomeribus inservientium, quot pecorum et armentorum greges et in qua diversitate numerati sint, quantum auri et argenti, vestium ac monilium vel in specie vel in pondere et in quibus speciebus quidve in enthecis sit repertum.

The same Augusti and Gratian Augustus to Probus, Praetorian Prefect. If anyone within the province, according to the quality of his offense, has incurred the writ of proscription, let the investigation of his goods be conducted most diligently through the solicitude of the Ordinary’s office,
lest anything be stolen away from the interests of the Private Estate through favor and collusion.
And let a full description encompass what the expanse is and what the character of the countryside is, what either has been cultivated or is under cultivation, what has been found in vineyards, olive-groves, arable lands, pastures, and forests,
what charm and what pleasantness there is of the places, with what adornment of buildings and holdings, and how many slaves are held on the seized estates, whether urban or rustic, and trained in what kinds of arts,
how many casarii (cottage-tenants) or coloni, how many oxen employed in the working of the lands and by the ploughshares,
how many flocks and herds of cattle and in what variety they are enumerated,
how much gold and silver, garments and necklaces/jewelry, either by item or by weight, and in what kinds, and whatever has been found in strongboxes.

tum demum omnia ea, quae velle nos perspicis, inquisitione constricta rationalis rei privatae tradantur officio nostro nectenda patrimonio. mox vero ad nos sub litteris publicis iudicis singillatim de omnibus nominatimque perferatur, procul dubio neglegentia multanda. nam si quid post factam a praedicto officio investigationem rationalis rei privatae, cui inquisitio secunda mandata est, amplius fortassis invenerit, officium fraudulentum ea condemnatione ferietur, ut aliud tantum, quantum fuerat subtractum, ex propriis facultatibus inferat.

then at last let all those things, which you perceive that we wish, once constrained by an inquisition, be handed over to our office of the rationalis of the Res Privata, to be bound to the patrimony. then indeed let there be conveyed to us, under the public letters of the judge, individually about everything and by name, negligence without a doubt to be fined. for if, after the investigation made by the aforesaid office of the rationalis of the Res Privata, to whom a second inquisition has been mandated, it shall perhaps have found anything further, the fraudulent office shall be struck with this condemnation, that it pay in another amount, as much as had been subtracted, out of its own resources.

dat. iii non. mai.

dated 5 May.

treviris valentiniano nb. p. et victore conss. (369 mai. 5).

at Trier Valentinian, Most Noble Boy, and Victor, consuls. (369 May 5).

CTh.9.42.8pr.

Theodosian Code 9.42.8, preface.

Imppp. gratianus, valentinianus et theodosius aaa. eutropio praefecto praetorio.

The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, Augusti, to Eutropius, Praetorian Prefect.

deportato si erunt liberi nepotesve sui seu emancipati, nepotes quoque ex filia, semissem tantum bonorum fiscus usurpet, semissis ipsi ac liberis hac distributione servetur, ut sextantem ipse ad fortunam ab extrema inopia vindicandam suae habeat potestatis, trientem liberi nepotesve, scilicet indifferenter sive ii ex filio sive filia erunt. quod si idem et emancipatos et suae potestatis filios nepotesve habuerit, beneficium tantum ad eos, qui in potestate sunt, transferatur, si emancipati ea, quae consecuti erant emancipationis tempore, damnose existimant conferenda. sin autem confusionem bonorum et donationis elegerint, omnia ea, quae fiscus concedit, aequae divisionis partibus sortiantur.

If, when one has been deported, there will be children or his own grandchildren, whether under his power or emancipated, and also grandchildren from a daughter, let the fisc usurp only a half of the goods; let a half be reserved for himself and the children by this distribution, namely that he himself shall have a sixth in his own power to vindicate his fortune from extreme penury, and a third for the children or grandchildren, to wit indifferently whether they be from a son or from a daughter.
But if the same man shall have both emancipated and children or grandchildren in his power, let the benefice be transferred only to those who are in power, if the emancipated deem that the things which they had obtained at the time of emancipation must be contributed to their loss.
But if they shall have chosen a confusion (commingling) of goods and of the donation, let all those things which the fisc grants fall to shares of equal division.

quae regula etiam in dote filiae vel neptis ex filio conferenda custodienda erit. et si filius quidem erit aut filii, ex filio autem alio filiisve aut filia nepotes, triens hic in stirpes, non in capita dividatur. (380 iun.

Which rule shall also be observed in a dowry to be contributed for a daughter or for a granddaughter through a son.
And if there is a son or sons, and from another son or from a daughter there are grandchildren, this third is to be divided by stocks (per stirpes),
not by heads (per capita).
(June 380)

17).

CTh.9.42.8.1

Theodosian Code 9.42.8.1

Quod si deportatus sine liberis vel nepotibus patrem habebit ac matrem vel etiam utrumque, non semissis a fisco, sed bessis patrimonii vindicetur, triens residuus in duos sextantes redactus inter parentes ac deportatum aequaliter dividatur, ita ut unciam mater, si ius liberorum habuerit, usurpet; sin fecunditatis privilegium non habebit, patri unciam iam habenti mater semunciam ex uncia sua cedat. idem servabitur, si deportato ex duobus parentibus unus supererit, ut sextantem sine aliqua malignitatis interpretatione praesumat tunc quidem mater, etiamsi ius non habuerit liberorum, quam superstes vir, ut sanximus, semper excludet. (380 iun.

But if the deported, without children or grandchildren, will have a father and a mother, or even both, not a half of the patrimony shall be claimed by the fisc, but two‑thirds; the remaining third, reduced into two sixths, shall be divided equally between the parents and the deported, such that the mother, if she has the right of children, may take one twelfth; but if she will not have the privilege of fecundity, the mother shall yield to the father, who already has one twelfth, a half‑twelfth (a twenty‑fourth) from her own twelfth. The same shall be observed if, of the two parents, one survives the deported, namely, that a sixth may then be presumed by the mother, even if she has not the right of children; but the surviving husband, as we have sanctioned, will always exclude her. (Jun. 380.

17).

CTh.9.42.8.2

Theodosian Code 9.42.8.2

Quod si deportato nec liberi fuerint nec parentes, dextantem fiscus accipiat, sextans ei ad vitae adflictae adminicula reservetur. (380 iun. 17).

But if the deported man should have neither children nor parents, let the fisc receive the dextans (ten-twelfths), and let a sextans (one-sixth; two-twelfths) be reserved to him for the supports of his afflicted life. (380 jun. 17).

CTh.9.42.8.3

Exceptis his, qui crimine fuerint maiestatis adflicti; nam in eo casu solum sextantem iubemus filiis ac nepotibus reservari, his regulis, quibus supra est constitutum, destantem fisco usurpante: ipsum vero in tam atroci facinore convictum non solum deportatione, sed egestate puniri conveniet. dat. xv kal.

Except for those who have been afflicted by the crime of lèse-majesté; for in that case we order that only a sextans be reserved for sons and grandsons, by these rules which have been established above, with the dextans being appropriated by the fisc: but the person himself, convicted in so atrocious a crime, ought to be punished not only by deportation, but by destitution. given on the 15th day before the Kalends.

iul. thessalonicae gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss. (380 iun.

July, at Thessalonica, under the consulship of Gratian for the 5th time and Theodosius for the 1st, the Augusti, consuls. (380 Jun.

17).

CTh.9.42.9pr.

Theodosian Code 9.42.9, preface.

Idem aaa. eutropio praefecto praetorio. si aliquis supplicio fuerit adflictus, filiis quidem omnium facultatum deferatur prima successio.

The same emperors, to Eutropius, Praetorian Prefect. If anyone has been afflicted with punishment, let the first succession of all his assets be conferred upon his sons.

nepotes vero ex filia gradus secundus admittat, si tamen nullus suorum fuerit inventus, qui eos antecedat, hereditate in stirpes, non in capita dividenda. quod aeque observabitur, si erit filius ac nepotes, qui ab intestato successuri defuncto vel ex duodecim tabulis vel per rescissionem capitis praetorio vocabuntur edicto, emancipatis et filia necessitate collationis adstrictis. progredietur tamen beneficium etiam ad tertii gradus liberos, si modo ex virili stirpe descendunt, ita dumtaxat, ut sub hoc casu ipsi semissem, semissem fiscus usurpet, ea distributione partium, quam ius civile disponit.

but the grandsons through a daughter, as the second degree, shall be admitted, if however none of the sui are found who would precede them, the inheritance to be divided by stocks (in stirpes), not by heads (in capita). The same shall equally be observed, if there is a son and grandsons, who will succeed the deceased ab intestato either by the Twelve Tables or will be called by the praetorian edict through rescission of caput, with the emancipated and the daughter bound by the necessity of collation.
Nevertheless the beneficium shall also extend to the children of the third degree, provided only that they descend from the male stock, on this condition, namely, that in this case they themselves take a half, and the fisc usurps a half, with that distribution of parts which the civil law arranges.

(280 iun. 17).

(280 June 17).

CTh.9.42.9.1

Quod si supplicio huius modi adflictus comprehensorum graduum liberos non habebit, tum capite secundo pater ac mater in trientem dumtaxat vocetur, besse ad aerarium publicum transferendo, atque ita, si matri ius fuerit liberorum, partes inter utrumque parentem sextantibus impleantur, sin deerit, quadrantem pater, unciam mater accipiat. quod si interfectus patrem tantum reliquerit, nihilo setius vindicatione trientis utatur, item si matrem, dummodo ea ius habeat liberorum. sin autem sola supererit mater, papiae tamen legis privilegiis destituta neque trino partu fecunditati publicae gratiosa, sextante contenta sit fisco dextantem usurpante.

But if a person afflicted by a punishment of this sort will not have children in the degrees encompassed, then, under the second head, let the father and mother be called only to a third, the two-thirds being transferred to the public aerarium; and thus, if the mother shall have the ius of children, let the shares between each parent be made up by sixths; but if it is lacking, let the father receive a quarter, the mother a twelfth. But if the slain shall have left only the father, nonetheless let him use the vindication of a third—likewise if only the mother, provided that she has the ius of children. But if the mother alone shall survive, yet destitute of the privileges of the Papia law and not gracious to public fecundity by a triple birth, let her be content with a sixth, the fisc usurping the five-sixths.

(280 iun. 17).

(280 June 17).

CTh.9.42.9.2

Tertii capitis haec erit regula, ut secundi quoque gradus parentes, avum scilicet atque aviam paris beneficii foveat sanctio. paternus tamen hoc casu, non etiam maternus, avus et avia quaerentur, ut quadrantem ex defuncti accipiant bonis ea divisionis lege, quae circa patrem ac matrem diversis est casibus explicata. (280 iun.

This will be the rule of the third chapter, that the sanction likewise support with an equal benefit the parents of the second degree, namely the grandfather and grandmother. however, the paternal in this case, not also the maternal, grandfather and grandmother shall be called, so that they receive a quarter from the goods of the deceased by that rule of division which has been explained, in various cases, with respect to the father and mother. (280 Jun.

17).

CTh.9.42.9.3

Iungimus tamen capite tertio avo aviaeque fratrem perempti ac sororem, ita ut in capita dividi quadrantem isdem existentibus sanciamus. ac si cui perempto cum fratre ac sorore manserit consanguinitatis agnatio, sit duodecim tabulis locus ac ius civile praevaleat, ut avus atque avia, cognatorum gradu invitati, vinci se a legitimis adquiescant. quo quidem casu tres unciae inter sororem ac fratrem aequaliter dividentur.

We nevertheless join in the third chapter to the grandfather and grandmother the brother and sister of the slain, in such a way that, with those same persons being in existence, we sanction that a quarter be divided per capita. And if, for someone slain, an agnation of consanguinity remains along with a brother and sister, let there be place for the Twelve Tables and let the ius civile prevail, so that the grandfather and the grandmother, summoned in the degree of cognates, may acquiesce to being surpassed by the legitimes. In which case indeed three unciae (a quarter) will be divided equally between sister and brother.

uterinus autem frater ac soror eodem gradu, quo avus et avia, vocabuntur. sin omnes hae deerint punito necessitudines, fisco omnia vindicentur. dat.

However, a uterine brother and sister will be called in the same degree as the grandfather and grandmother. But if all these ties of kinship are lacking, let all things be claimed by the fisc. Given.

xv kal. iul. thessalonicae gratiano v et theodosio i aa. conss.

june 17 at thessalonica, gratian 5 and theodosius 1, emperors, consuls.

(280 iun. 17).

(280 June 17).

CTh.9.42.10 [=brev.9.32.2]

Imppp. grat., valent. et theodos.

the emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius.

aaa. postumiano pf. p. ad beneficium legis valentinianae pertineant postumi* quoque puniti patris, ut bona faciant non caduca. et ne quis partum, qui fuerit, vel suppositum arguat, vel non suppositum mentiatur, si forte eo tempore, quo maritum severitas rapiet ad poenam (excepto tamen maiestatis reatu, sicut ante praeceptum est), gravidam se uxor adverterit, mittat ad iudicem, conveniat magistratus, maneat deposita de conceptione testatio, petantur futurae partitudinis testimonia, adhibitisque custodibus foecunditas pudica servetur.

The August Emperors to Postumianus, Praetorian Prefect. Let the posthumous children* also of a punished father pertain to the benefit of the Valentinian law, so that they make the goods not caducous. And, lest anyone either allege that the birth which has occurred was a substituted child, or lie that it is not a substituted one, if perchance at the time when severity will snatch the husband off to punishment (the charge of majesty [treason] excepted, as was prescribed before), the wife perceives herself to be pregnant, let her send to the judge, let the magistrates be convened, let a deposition concerning the conception be lodged and remain, let proofs for the future delivery be sought, and, guards being appointed, let chaste fecundity be preserved.

quippe illam fidem solam generis fisco nostro volumus esse potiorem, de cuius minime nativitate dubitetur. dat. viii.

For indeed we wish that sole proof of lineage, about whose nativity there is no doubt at all, to be of greater weight than our fisc. Given on the 8th.

id. april. constantinopoli, merobaude ii. et saturnino coss.

on the Ides of April, at Constantinople, with Merobaudes 2 and Saturninus as consuls.

interpretatio. si quicumque* damnatus praegnantem reliquerit uxorem, statim mulier de conceptu suo iudicem vel curiales contestetur, ut quum pepererit, in bonis damnati postumus*, id est post mortem patris natus succedat

interpretation. If any* condemned man has left behind a pregnant wife, let the woman immediately notify the judge or the curials about her conception, so that, when she has given birth, the posthumous* child—that is, born after the father’s death—may succeed to the estate of the condemned.

CTh.9.42.11

Theodosian Code 9.42.11

Imppp. theodosius, arcadius et honorius aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio.

The emperors theodosius, arcadius and honorius, augusti, to rufinus, praetorian prefect.

si qui pro atrocitate commissi formam eiusmodi sustinebunt, ut bona eorum proscriptionis nomine vindicata fiscalibus sint socianda corporibus, commemorationem nostrorum nominum in his titulis nolumus fieri, qui eorum postibus adfigentur, vel his, quorum ius ac proprietas auferetur. officium etenim palatinum decem librarum auri multae dispendio vexabitur, si hoc deinceps crediderit neglegendum. dat.

if any, on account of the atrocity of the offense committed, will endure such a form that
their goods, claimed under the name of proscription, are to be joined to the fiscal bodies, we do not wish a commemoration of our names to be made in those titles
which will be affixed to their doorposts, nor in those by which the right and property of others will be taken away. For the Palatine office will be burdened with the expense of a fine of 10 pounds of gold
if hereafter it shall believe this to be neglectable. Given.

kal. mai. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio v. c. conss.

on the kalends of may, at constantinople, theodosius, augustus, for the 3rd time, and abundantius, a most illustrious man, consuls.

(393 mai. 1).

(393 May 1).

CTh.9.42.12

Idem aaa. rufino praefecto praetorio. omnia proscriptorum bona, quae fisco iusserat tatianus adnecti, vel ipsis, qui propriam nuditatem.

The same Augusti, to Rufinus, praetorian prefect. All the goods of the proscribed, which Tatianus had ordered to be annexed to the fisc, either to the fisc, or to the persons themselves, who [endure] their own nakedness.

vel illis, qui suorum mortem in extrema positi egestate lugent, sine dubitationis obstaculo reddi praecipimus. dat. prid.

or to those who, placed in extreme destitution, mourn the death of their own, we order to be restored without the obstacle of doubt. Given, the day before.

id. iun. constantinopoli theodosio a. iii et abundantio v. c. conss. (393 iun.

the ides of june, at constantinople, with theodosius augustus for the 3rd time and abundantius, a most distinguished man, consuls. (393 june

12).

CTh.9.42.13

Idem aaa. drepanio comiti rerum privatarum. omnia proscriptorum bona, quae fisci nomine singulis quibusque tatianus eripuit, vel ipsis, qui gladio acerbiorem stilum passi aerumnas suas nuditatemque fleverunt vel eorum filiis ac propinquis, qui cruentas excepere sententias, restitui mox iubemus, ita ut omnes, qui aliquid ex huiusmodi bonis nostra liberalitate meruerunt, restituere indepta cogantur.

The same emperors to Drepanio, Count of the Private Estate. We order at once that all the goods of the proscribed, which Tatianus seized in the name of the fisc, be restored either to the persons themselves, who, having suffered a stylus more acerb than the sword, bewailed their hardships and nakedness, or to their sons and kinsmen who received blood-stained sentences, with the result that all who by our liberality have merited anything from goods of this kind be compelled to restore the things obtained.

dat. prid. id. iun.

Given, the day before the Ides
of June.

constantinopoli theodosio a. iii. et abundantio conss. (393 iun.

at Constantinople, Theodosius, Augustus, for the 3rd time, and Abundantius, consuls. (393 june

12).

CTh.9.42.14

Theodosian Code 9.42.14

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. caesario praefecto praetorio. serenitatis nostrae provisione solita commonemus, ut ea, quae rufinus quondam, cum viveret, quoquo pacto possedit, in eodem statu interim maneant nec quisquam sibi post eius obitum spontaneam vindicandi tribuat potestatem.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Caesarius, Praetorian Prefect. By the accustomed provision of Our Serenity, we admonish that those things which Rufinus once, while he lived, possessed in whatever manner, shall meanwhile remain in the same state, and that no one, after his death, should attribute to himself the unauthorized power of claiming.

nam qui transacto tempore siluit ac rufinum tenere concessit, fiscum quoque nostrum sine praeiudicio possidere patiatur. hoc edictis propositis per omnes provincias praecipimus divulgari, quo cuncti sciant iacturam se perpessuros graviorem totiusque rei familiaris periculum, nisi ante praeceptum nostrum manus ab his, quae rufinus vivus possederat, voluerint abstinere. dat.

for he who, after the time has elapsed, kept silence and conceded that Rufinus should hold it, let him likewise allow our fisc to possess it without prejudice.
We command that this be promulgated by edicts posted through all the provinces, so that all may know they will undergo a graver loss and the peril of their entire household estate, unless, before our precept, they shall be willing to keep their hands off those things which Rufinus, while living, possessed.
Given.

id. feb. constantinopoli arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa. conss. (396 febr.

the Ides of February at Constantinople Arcadius 4 and Honorius 3, Augusti, consuls. (396 Febr.

13).

CTh.9.42.15 [=brev.9.32.3]

Theodosian Code 9.42.15 [= breviary 9.32.3]

Impp. arcad. et honor.

The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. caesario pf. p. si quis posthac stilum, quod absit, proscriptionis exceperit, solus criminis sui solvat poenas: neminem habeat in bonorum amissione consortem. sit a proscripti mariti sorte uxor aliena, quo (ut assolet) proscripto, uxor proprias, velut manu iniecta, mox vindicet, aut certe quoquo modo occupatas statim recipiat facultates. dos etiam, non quae aliquoties inaniter dotalium instrumentorum tenore conscribitur, sed quam se corporaliter tradidisse docuerit, praesentetur.

the emperors to Caesarius, praetorian prefect. if anyone hereafter should receive the writ of proscription (which Heaven forbid), let him alone pay the penalties of his own crime: let him have no partner in the loss of his goods. let the wife be alien from the fate of a proscribed husband, so that, when he is proscribed (as is the custom), the wife may at once vindicate her own property, as if by manu-injection (laying-on of hand), or at least immediately recover the assets that have been seized in whatever way. let the dowry also be tendered— not that which is sometimes vainly written by the tenor of dotal instruments, but that which she shall prove herself to have delivered corporeally.

ea etiam, si forte cum proscripti bonis mixta sunt, non negentur, quae ab innoxio adhuc marito ante nuptias titulo donationis acceperit. sin vero frater, soror, propinquus, affinis et quicumque* proscripto qualibet sorte sociantur. tam longe enim unusquisque a metu ac poena abesse debet, quam alienus a crimine est.

Those things also, if perchance they are mingled with the goods of the proscribed are not to be denied, which she received from her as yet innocent husband before the nuptials under the title of donation. But if indeed a brother, sister, kinsman, affine and whoever* are associated with the proscribed by any lot. For each person ought to be as far removed from fear and punishment as he is alien from the crime.

dat. iii. non.

dated on the 3rd day before the Nones.

aug. constantinopoli, arcadio iv. et honorio iii. aa. coss.

august, at constantinople, when arcadius 4 and honorius 3, the augusti, were consuls.

interpretatio. quicumque* damnari proscribique meruerit, ab eius facultatibus bona uxoria sequestrentur, ita ut et dotem, quam marito uxor aut eius parentes obtulerunt, et donationem, quam ante nuptias pro coniunctione susceperat, uxor retineat, sibique vindicet a bonis proscriptae facultatis aliena, quia mariti crimine uxor non potest obligari

interpretation. whoever* has deserved to be condemned and proscribed, from his means the wife’s goods shall be sequestered, such that both the dowry which the wife or her parents offered to the husband, and the donation which she had received before the nuptials for the union, the wife shall retain, and vindicate to herself as alien to the goods of the proscribed estate, since by the husband’s crime the wife cannot be obligated

CTh.9.42.16

Idem aa. ad peregrinum comitem et procuratorem divinae domus. ex possessionibus gildonis, quae ad nostrum aerarium sunt devolutae, canonem omnium titulorum ex integro sollemni more imputata cautione solvi praecipimus. dat.

The same Augusti to Peregrinus, count and procurator of the divine house. From the possessions of Gildo, which have devolved to our treasury, we order that the canon of all titles be paid in full in the customary solemn manner, with the security credited. Given.

kal. decemb. altino theodoro v. c. cons.

on the Kalends of december, at Altinum, in the consulship of Theodorus, a most distinguished man.

(399 dec. 1).

(December 1, 399).

CTh.9.42.17 [=brev.9.32.4]

Iidem aa. studio comiti r. p. ne quis proscriptorum bona vel eorum, qui publicam videntur excepisse sententiam, intra biennium aestimet postulanda. abstineant facultatibus intra id temporis expetendis, ut aut proprias quis recipiat, si, ut nobis ingenitum est, duriores casus et tristiorem fortunam imperatoria humanitate molliamus, aut tum demum postulet, quum iam fiscalem potius quam proscriptorum rem expetisse noscatur. si quis autem petendas proscripti vel deportati intra biennium crediderit facultates, careat fructu liberalitatis augustae, ita ut nec instruantur huius modi petitiones, nec si temere instructae fuerint et sub specialis beneficii munificentia nostram provocaverint liberalitatem, habeant aliquas vires indulta.

The same Augusti to Studio, count of the Private Estate, that no one within a biennium assess as to be demanded the goods of the proscribed or of those who seem to have incurred a public sentence. Let them abstain from resources to be sought within that span of time, so that either someone may recover his own, if, as is inborn to us, we soften the harsher cases and the sadder fortune by imperial humanity, or then at length let him petition, when it is now known that he has aimed at a fiscal matter rather than the property of the proscribed. But if anyone shall have thought that the faculties of a proscribed or of a deported person ought to be sought within a biennium, let him lack the fruit of august liberality, such that petitions of this kind are not even to be drawn up, nor, if they shall have been rashly drawn up and, under the munificence of a special beneficium, shall have appealed to our liberality, shall the grants have any force.

dat. xiv. kal.

dated on the 14th day before the Kalends.

febr. constantinopoli, vincentio et fravitta coss.

february, at constantinople, vincentius and fravitta, consuls.

interpretatio. bona eius, qui proscribi meruerit, intra biennium non competantur. si quis vero intra biennium proscripti bona petierit, quod meruerit, non valebit, quia solita misericordia nostra pietas commoveri et reddere, quae merito commota iussit auferri

interpretation. the goods of him who has deserved to be proscribed are not to be claimed within a two-year period. but if anyone within a two-year period should seek the goods of the proscribed, what he has merited will not be valid, because our piety, in its accustomed mercy, is wont to be moved and to restore the things which, justly moved, it ordered to be taken away

CTh.9.42.18

Idem aa. bathanario comiti africae. marcharidus proscriptus plurima rerum penes diversos reliquit, sicut quaestio habita patefecit. ut quisque igitur aliquid ex eius facultatibus retinet, si intra duos menses spontanea restituat voluntate, sciat se ad veniam pertinere, si quae susceperat fideliter repraesentet, alioquin patrimonio suo fisco sociato poenam se deportationis noverit subiturum.

The same emperors to Bathanarius, Count of Africa. Marcharidus, proscribed, left very many of his goods in the hands of diverse persons, as the inquest held has laid open. That therefore whoever retains anything of his assets, if within two months he restores it by spontaneous will, let him know that he pertains to pardon, if any he had received he faithfully present; otherwise, with his patrimony associated to the fisc, let him know he will undergo the penalty of deportation.

dat. iii id. iul. mediolano vincentio et fravitto conss.

Given on 13 July at Milan, in the consulship of Vincentius and Fravitta.

(401 iul. 13).

(401 July 13).

CTh.9.42.19

Theodosian Code 9.42.19

Idem aa. et theodosius a. ursicino comiti sacrarum largitionum. possessiones, quae ex bonis gildonis aut satellitum eius in ius nostrae serenitatis retentae sunt ab occupatoribus, nostro patrimonio adgregentur, ita ut ab his ex eo tempore, quo indebite retentarunt, praestationum simplum inferatur. qui si conventi intra kalendas octobres possessiones putaverint retinendas, sciant se ad dupli restitutionem coartandos et duplos fructus esse reddendos.

The same Augusti and Theodosius Augustus, to Ursicinus, Count of the Sacred Largesses. The possessions which, from the goods of Gildo or his satellites, have been retained by occupiers into the right of Our Serenity are to be aggregated to Our patrimony, on condition that from them, from the time when they improperly retained them, the single amount of the prestations be brought in. But if those persons, when summoned, shall have thought to retain the possessions up to the Kalends of October (October 1), let them know that they will be constrained to restitution in double and that double fruits are to be rendered.

dat. xii kal. mai.

dated on the 12th day before the Kalends of May.

ravennae stilichone ii et anthemio conss. (405 apr. 20).

at ravenna, stilicho 2 and anthemius, consuls. (405 apr. 20).

CTh.9.42.20

Theodosian Code 9.42.20

Impp. honorius et theodosius aa. theodoro praefecto praetorio. proscriptorum satellitumque fortunas aerario nostro iubemus accedere.

The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Theodore, Praetorian Prefect. We order the fortunes of the proscribed and of their satellites to accrue to our treasury.

ideoque per agros, per cuncta domicilia titulos nostrae serenitatis adfigi praecipimus. quidquid sane ab eorum procuratoribus ex praediorum fructibus congregatum est, largitionibus nostris protinus copuletur, ne, si iussa nostra aut dissimulatione neglexerint aut colludio praetermiserint, supplicium exilii pariter et proscriptionis sustineant. dat.

and therefore throughout the fields, throughout all domiciles, we order that the notices of our Serenity be affixed. whatever indeed by their procurators from
the fruits of the estates has been gathered, let it be forthwith coupled to our Largesses, lest, if they should neglect our orders either by dissimulation or
overlook them by collusion, they alike endure the punishment of exile and of proscription. Given.

viii kal. octob. mediolano basso et philippo conss.

8 kalends of october, at milan, bassus and philip, consuls.

(408 sept. 24).

(September 24, 408).

CTh.9.42.21

Theodosian Code 9.42.21

Idem aa. theodoro praefecto praetorio. qui in facultates stilichonis et actus videntur esse versati vel ex isdem facultatibus aliquid subtraxisse vel aliquid rapuisse, omnifariam reddant. dat.

The same Augusti to Theodore, Praetorian Prefect. Those who seem to have been engaged in the assets of Stilicho and his transactions, or to have subtracted anything from those same assets or seized anything, shall in every way render restitution. Given.

viii kal. novemb. basso et philippo conss.

8 days before the Kalends of November, in the consulship of Bassus and Philippus.

(408 oct. 25).

(October 25, 408).

CTh.9.42.22

Theodosian Code 9.42.22

Idem aa. theodoro praefecto praetorio. qui suas opes praedoni publico vel eius filio ceterisque satellitibus dederunt vel iure vel corpore, quibus ille usus est ad omnem ditandam inquietandamque barbariem, his omnem repetendi viam iubemus esse praeclusam. dat.

The same Augusti to Theodorus, praetorian prefect. Those who gave their wealth to the public brigand or his son and the other satellites, either in law or in person, which he used to enrich and to inquiet all barbarism, for these we order every way of recovery to be barred. Given.

x kal. decemb. ravennae basso philippo conss.

on the 10th day before the kalends of December, at Ravenna, in the consulship of Bassus and Philippus.

(408 nov. 22).

CTh.9.42.23

Codex Theodosianus 9.42.23

Idem aa. palladio praefecto praetorio. post alia. eorum facultates, qui pro criminibus suis meruere puniri, omni penitus competitione submota fisco nostro iubemus addici, si nullos tamen liberos patrem matremve derelinquunt, quibus damnatorum bona legum servavit humanitas; scelere maiestatis excepto, cuius atrocitas nihil relinquit heredibus.

Likewise the emperors, Augusti, to Palladius, praetorian prefect. After other things. We order the faculties (assets) of those who, for their crimes, have deserved to be punished, with every competition entirely removed,
to be adjudged to our fisc, provided nevertheless that they leave behind no children or father or mother, for whom the humanity of the laws has preserved the goods of the condemned;
the crime of maiestas (treason) excepted, whose atrocity leaves nothing to the heirs.

dat. viii id. iul. ravennae eustathio et agricola conss.

given at ravenna on july 8, in the consulship of eustathius and agricola.

(421 iul. 8).

(421 July 8).

CTh.9.42.24pr.

Theodosian Code 9.42.24, preface.

Impp. theodosius et valentinianus aa. hierio praefecto praetorio. sentiat latro nefarius aut huiusmodi quis professis testatisque sceleribus involutus ultionem suam non posse tardari.

Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian, Augusti, to Hierius, Praetorian Prefect. Let the nefarious robber, or anyone of such a sort entangled in crimes confessed and attested, understand that his retribution cannot be delayed.

damnato etiam ita proscriptio infligenda est, ut dimidia parte aerario vindicata alia damnati filiis reservetur. (426 ian. 23).

Upon the condemned, moreover, proscription is likewise to be inflicted, such that, with half the portion vindicated to the treasury, the other part of the condemned be reserved for his sons. (January 23, 426).

CTh.9.42.24.1

Theodosian Code 9.42.24.1

Decurioni vero, qui hoc incurrerit, si liberos non habeat, succedat curia bonaque universa detineat aut ipsa per se aut suo ordinatura periculo munera subiturum. sin erit suboles curiali, quam municipales sibi vindicent functiones, integris fortunis fulciatur. si filia vel filiae fuerint, quod pro certa legis sanctione defixum est, pars dimidia ad eas deveniat facultatum.

To the decurion, however, who shall incur this: if he have no children, let the curia succeed and detain all the goods entire, either itself in its own person, or, appointing at its own risk someone who will undergo the munera. if there shall be curial offspring, whom the municipals may claim for themselves for the functions, let him be supported with fortunes intact. if there shall be a daughter or daughters, as is fixed by a sure sanction of law, let one half of the means come to them.

sin mares curiales fuerint intermixti, dimidia pars eis curiae nomine deferatur et aliam, quam in commune omnibus tribuit indulgentia principalis, pro virili dividant portione. dat. x kal.

If curial males have been intermingled, let a half
be conferred to them in the name of the curia, and the other, which the imperial indulgence grants in common to all, let them divide in proportion to each man’s share. Given on the 10
Kalends.

feb. constantinopoli d. n. theodosio xii et valentiniano ii aa. conss. (426 ian.

Feb. at Constantinople, under our lords Theodosius (for the 12th time) and Valentinian (for the 2nd), Augusti, consuls. (426 Jan.

23).

CTh.9.43.0. [=brev.9.33.0.] De sententiam passis et restitutis et liberis eorum.

CTh.9.43.0. [=brev.9.33.0.] On those who have suffered sentence and the restituted, and their children.

CTh.9.43.1pr. [=brev.9.33.1pr.]

CTh.9.43.1pref. [=brev.9.33.1pref.]

Imp. constantinus a. ad maximum pf. u. in quaestione testamenti, quod deportati filius remeante patre fecisset, remotis ulpiani atque pauli notis, papiniani placet valere sententiam, ut in patris sit filius potestate, cui dignitas ac bona restituta sunt.

Emperor Constantine Augustus to Maximus, Urban Prefect. In the question of the testament which the son of a deported man had made, with the father returning, the notes of Ulpian and Paul removed,
it is approved that the opinion of Papinian have force: that the son is in the father’s power, to whom dignity and goods have been restored.

CTh.9.43.1.1 [=brev.9.33.1.1]

Ita tamen, ut gesta per filium, cuius consilia legitima aetas firmaverat, rata sint, eodem in potestatem patriam redeunte, ne eorum rescissio efficiat, quod est maxime absurdum, eodem tempore nec in patris nec in sua quemquam fuisse potestate.

Provided, however, that the transactions effected by the son, whose decisions his legitimate age had made firm, be ratified, upon the same person returning into paternal power, lest the rescission of them bring about—which is most absurd—that at the same time someone was under the power neither of the father nor of himself.

CTh.9.43.1.2 [=brev.9.33.1.2]

Minores enim aetate iure quicquam agere prohibentur. quibus si damnato patre tutor datus est, necesse est, ut ab officio recedat, regresso eo, quem non solum nomine redire, sed etiam officium suum nulla pravitate corruptum liberis praebere oportet, ut eorum bona tueatur et augeat. nam si patria potestate ad corrumpendi atque effundendi patrimonii licentiam abutetur, ut furioso ac dementi, item prodigo, libidinum omnium vitiorumque servo non est eorum pecunia committenda: ab administratione fugiat: neque tutor esse desinat, omniaque minoris dispendia suis ipse damnis praestet.

Minors by age are prohibited by law from doing any act. For those to whom, with the father condemned, a tutor has been given, it is necessary that he withdraw from his office, upon the father’s return he, who ought not only to return in name, but also to offer to his children his office uncorrupted by any depravity, so that he may protect and augment their goods. For if, under paternal power, he shall abuse the license of corrupting and pouring out the patrimony, as a mad and demented man, likewise a prodigal, a slave of all lusts and vices, their money is not to be entrusted to him: let him be kept away from administration; nor let the tutor cease to be tutor, and all the minor’s losses let him himself make good at his own cost.

sententia vero deportationis nullo patrem praeiudicio deminuat. quem si comperta integritas ut natura, ita officio liberis restituerit, ei gubernacula rerum tradenda sunt, cuius, ad imitationem publici iuris, provisa custodia est. quae nisi bonis patribus detur, luctuosior erit reditus quam discessus.

But let the sentence of deportation by no prejudice diminish the father. whom, if discovered integrity shall have restored to his children, as by nature, so by office, to him the helm of affairs is to be handed over, whose custody, in imitation of public law, has been provided. which, unless it be given to good fathers, the return will be more mournful than the departure.

CTh.9.43.1.3 [=brev.9.33.1.3]

Ideoque tantum ad restitutionem indulgentia valeat, quantum ad correctionem sententia valuit. utque deportationis ipsum per se nomen rerum omnium spoliatio est, ita indulgentia reditus bonorum ac dignitatis uno nomine amissorum omnium sit recuperatio. et filii emancipationem a patribus officiis petant, ut libertatem non damnationis, sed lenitatis paternae testem habeant.

And therefore let indulgence avail as much for restitution as the sentence availed for correction. And just as the very name of deportation, in and of itself, is the spoliation of all things, so let indulgence be the recovery of the return of goods and of dignity, of all things lost under a single name. And let sons seek emancipation from their fathers by dutiful offices, so that they may have their freedom as a witness not of condemnation, but of paternal lenity.

dat. xviii. kal.

given on the 18th day before the Kalends.

oct. sirmio, crispo ii. et constantino ii. caess. coss.

oct., at Sirmium, Crispus 2 and Constantine 2, Caesars, consuls.

interpretatio. si quis pater in exsilium missus filium in maiore aetate reliquerit, quaecumque* de bonis propriis gessit filius, iuxta sententiam papiniani rata et firma permaneant, nec contra aut testamentum aut transactionem filii reversus pater venire permittitur. sane quum redierit pater, si filium vivum invenerit, filium in ius suum paterna potestate recipiet.

interpretation. if any father, having been sent into exile, has left a son of full age, whatever* the son has transacted concerning his own goods, according to the opinion of Papinian, shall remain ratified and firm, nor is the father, upon his return, permitted to come against either the son’s testament or transaction. indeed when the father shall have returned, if he finds the son alive, he will receive the son into his own right under paternal power.

ceterum quod de rebus propriis absente patre filius gessit, reversus pater revocare non poterit. quicquid vero filii in annis minoribus constituti fecerint, penitus non valebit: qui tamen si pro aetate vel absentia patris aut tutores aut curatores acceperint, reversus pater filios, repulsis curatoribus vel tutoribus, cum omni facultate recipiet: ea tamen condicione*, ut rem filiorum ita administret ac regat, ut non solum detrimenta non sentiant, sed studio patris res et facultas proficiat filiorum. quod si pater aut prodigus aut negligens aut eversor aut libidini deditus esse convincetur, et filiorum res impie ac dementer vastare ac dilapidare cognoscetur, filii talis patris, tanquam eo mortuo, sub tutore aut curatore consistant: quia sicut aequum est, ut bonus et utilis pater rem filiorum regendam administrandamque recipiat, ita iniquum est, ut in damnum filiorum reversus facultates a tutoribus curatoribusve reservatas dementi subversione dilaceret

Moreover, what the son has transacted concerning his own property with the father absent, the father, upon his return, will not be able to revoke. Whatever, indeed, sons constituted in lesser years (minors) shall have done will be utterly of no force; who nevertheless, if on account of age or the absence of the father they have received either tutors or curators, the father on returning will receive the sons, the curators or tutors being dismissed, with all authority: yet on this condition*, that he so administer and rule the property of the sons that they not only do not experience losses, but that by the zeal of the father the property and the means (facultas) of the sons may make progress. But if the father shall be proved to be either prodigal or negligent or a subverter, or given over to lust, and shall be known impiously and madly to lay waste and to dilapidate the property of the sons, the sons of such a father shall, as though he were dead, stand under a tutor or curator: because just as it is equitable that a good and useful father should receive the property of the sons to be governed and administered, so it is inequitable that, to the harm of the sons, upon his return he should tear in pieces by demented subversion the resources preserved by the tutors or curators.

CTh.9.44.0. De his, qui ad statuas confugiunt

CTh.9.44.0. Concerning those who take refuge at statues

CTh.9.44.1

Imppp. valentinianus, theodosius et arcadius aaa. cynegio praefecto praetorio.

the emperors valentinian, theodosius and arcadius, augusti, to cynegius, prefect of the praetorium.

eos, qui ad statuas vel evitandi metus vel creandae invidiae causa confugerint, ante diem decimum neque auferri ab aliquo neque discedere sponte perpetimur; ita tamen, ut, si certas habuerint causas, quibus confugere ad imperatoria simulacra debuerint, iure ac legibus vindicentur; sin vero proditi fuerint artibus suis invidiam inimicis creare voluisse, ultrix in eos sententia proferatur. dat. prid.

Those who have taken refuge at the statues, either for the sake of avoiding fear or for the purpose of creating envy, we do not allow to be removed by anyone nor to depart of their own accord before the tenth day; provided, however, that, if they have had definite causes on account of which they ought to have fled to the imperial simulacra, they shall be vindicated by right and by the laws; but if they shall have been exposed, by their own arts, to have wished to create invidia against their enemies, let an avenging sentence be pronounced upon them. Given the day before.

non. iul. constantinopoli honorio n. p. et evodio v. c. conss.

on the nones of july at constantinople, honorius, most noble boy, and evodius, most illustrious man, consuls.

(386 iul. 6).

(386 July 6).

CTh.9.45.0. De his, qui ad ecclesias confugiunt

CTh.9.45.0. On those who flee for refuge to the churches

CTh.9.45.1

Imppp. theodosius, arcadius et honorius aaa. romulo comiti sacrarum largitionum.

the emperors theodosius, arcadius and honorius, augusti, to romulus, count of the sacred largesses.

publicos debitores, si confugiendum ad ecclesias crediderint, aut ilico extrahi de latebris oportebit aut pro his ipsos, qui eos occultare probantur, episcopos exigi. sciat igitur praecellens auctoritas tua neminem debitorum posthac a clericis defendendum aut per eos eius, quem defendendum esse crediderint, debitum esse solvendum. dat.

Public debtors, if they shall have thought that they must flee to the churches, must either be immediately extracted from their hiding places, or the bishops themselves who are proved to be concealing them shall be exacted in their stead. Let your preeminent authority know, therefore, that none of the debtors is henceforth to be defended by clerics, nor is the debt of him whom they shall have believed ought to be defended to be paid by them. Given.

xv kal. nov. constantinopoli arcadio a. ii et rufino conss.

on the 15th day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Arcadius Augustus for the 2nd time and Rufinus, consuls.

(392 oct. 18).

(October 18, 392).

CTh.9.45.2

Theodosian Code 9.45.2

Impp. arcadius et honorius aa. archelao praefecto augustali. iudaei, qui reatu aliquo vel debitis fatigati simulant se christianae legi velle coniungi, ut ad ecclesias confugientes vitare possint crimina vel pondera debitorum, arceantur nec ante suscipiantur, quam debita universa reddiderint vel fuerint innocentia demonstrata purgati.

the emperors arcadius and honorius, augusti, to archelaus, augustal prefect. jews, who, wearied by some charge or by debts, pretend that they wish to be conjoined to the christian law,
so that, fleeing for refuge to the churches, they might be able to avoid crimes or the weights of debts, are to be warded off, and they are not to be received before they have returned all debts in full or, their innocence having been demonstrated, have been purged.

dat. xv kal. iul.

dated 15 days before the Kalends of July.

constantinopoli caesario et attico conss. (397 iun. 17).

at constantinople, with caesarius and atticus as consuls. (397 june 17).

CTh.9.45.3

Theodosian Code 9.45.3

Idem aa. eutychiano praefecto praetorio. si quis in posterum servus ancilla, curialis, debitor publicus, procurator, murilegulus, quilibet postremo publicis privatisve rationibus involutus ad ecclesiam confugiens vel clericus ordinatus vel quocumque modo a clericis fuerit defensatus nec statim conventione praemissa pristinae condicioni reddatur, decuriones quidem et omnes, quos solita ad debitum munus functio vocat, vigore et sollertia iudicantum ad pristinam sortem velut manu mox iniecta revocentur: quibus ulterius legem prodesse non patimur, quae cessione patrimonii subsecuta decuriones esse clericos non vetabat. sed etiam hi, quos oeconomos vocant, hoc est qui ecclesiasticas consuerunt tractare rationes, ad eam debiti vel publici vel privati redhibitionem amota dilatione cogantur, in qua eos obnoxios esse constiterit, quos clerici defensandos receperint nec mox crediderint exhibendos.

The same emperors to Eutychianus, Praetorian Prefect. If anyone hereafter—a slave or a handmaid, a curial, a public debtor, a procurator, a cat-burglar, or, finally, anyone whatsoever entangled in public or private accounts—flees for refuge to a church, or is ordained as a cleric, or is by any means defended by clerics, and is not immediately, after a preliminary agreement, restored to his former condition, let the decurions, indeed, and all whom the customary performance calls to the duty owed, be recalled by the vigor and diligence of the judges to their former lot, as though with a hand at once laid upon them; for we do not permit the law any further to benefit those whom a law—once, upon a cession of patrimony ensuing, did not forbid to be clerics though they were decurions—used to assist. But even those whom they call economi (that is, those who are accustomed to handle ecclesiastical accounts) are to be compelled, with delay removed, to that restitution of a debt, whether public or private, in which it shall be established that those are liable whom the clerics have received to be defended and did not at once think should be produced.

et cetera. dat. vi kal.

and the rest. dated on the 6th day before the Kalends.

aug. mnizo honorio a. iiii et eutychiano conss. (398 iun.

at mnizo, in the presence of the augustus, in the consulship of honorius, augustus.
4 and eutychianus, consuls. (398 jun.

27).

CTh.9.45.4pr. [=brev.9.34.1pr.]

TheodosianCode9.45.4preface. [=breviary9.34.1preface.]

Impp. theodos. et valent.

Emperors theodosius and valentinian.

aa. antiocho pf. p. pateant summi dei templa timentibus; nec sola altaria et oratorium templi circumiectum, quod ecclesias quadripertito intrinsecus parietum septo concludit, ad tuitionem confugientium sancimus esse proposita, sed usque ad extremas fores ecclesiae, quas oratum gestiens populus primas ingreditur, confugientibus aram salutis esse praecipimus, ut inter templum, quod parietum descripsimus cinctu, et post loca publica ianuas primas ecclesiae quicquid fuerit interiacens, sive in cellulis sive in domibus, hortulis, balneis, areis atque porticibus, confugas interioris templi vice tueatur. nec in extrahendos eos conetur quisquam sacrilegas manus immittere, ne qui hoc ausus sit, quum discrimen suum videat, ad expetendam opem ipse quoque confugiat. hanc autem spatii latitudinem ideo indulgemus, ne in ipso dei templo et sacrosanctis altaribus confugientium quemquam manere vel vescere, cubare vel pernoctare liceat: ipsis hoc clericis religionis causa vetantibus, ipsis, qui confugiunt, pietatis ratione servantibus.

AA. to Antiochus, Praetorian Prefect. let the temples of the highest God lie open to those who fear; and we sanction that not only the altars and the oratory, the precinct surrounding the temple, which the churches enclose within by a fourfold fence of walls, be set forth for the protection of those who flee for refuge, but we order that even up to the outermost doors of the church, which the people, eager to pray, first enter, there be for the refugees an altar of safety, so that between the temple, which we have described as girded by a ring of walls, and, beyond, the public places, as far as the first doors of the church, whatever shall lie between—whether in little cells or in houses, in small gardens, baths, courts, and porticoes—may protect the fugitives in the stead of the inner temple. nor let anyone attempt to lay sacrilegious hands upon them to drag them out, lest whoever has dared this, when he sees his own peril, flee himself as well to seek help. and we grant this breadth of space for this reason: that it may not be permitted for anyone of those fleeing for refuge to remain or to eat, to lie down or to spend the night, in the very temple of God and at the sacrosanct altars—the clerics themselves forbidding this for the sake of religion, and the very persons who flee observing it by a rule of piety.

CTh.9.45.4.1 [=brev.9.34.1.1]

Arma quoque in quovis telo, ferro vel specie eos, qui confugiunt, minime intra ecclesias habere praecipimus, quae non modo a summi dei templis ac divinis altaribus prohibentur, sed etiam cellulis, domibus, hortulis, balneis, areis atque porticibus.

We also command that those who take refuge are by no means to have arms, of whatever weapon, iron, or species, within churches, which are prohibited not only from the temples of the most high God and the divine altars, but also from the small cells, houses, little gardens, baths, areas, and porticoes.

CTh.9.45.4.2 [=brev.9.34.1.2]

Proinde hi, qui sine armis ad sanctissimum dei templum aut ad sacrosanctum altare sive usquam gentium sive in hac alma urbe confugiunt, somnum intra templum sive ipsum altare vel omnino cibum capere absque aliqua eorum iniuria ab ipsis clericis arceantur, designantibus spatia, quae in ecclesiasticis septis eorum tuitioni sufficiant, ac docentibus, capitalem poenam esse propositam, si qui eos conentur invadere. quibus si perfuga non annuit, neque consentit, praeferenda humanitati religio est et a divinis ad loca, quae diximus, turbanda temeritas.

Accordingly, those who, without arms, flee for refuge to the most holy temple of God or to the sacrosanct altar, whether anywhere in the world or in this kindly city, let them be kept by the clerics themselves from taking sleep within the temple or at the altar itself, or from taking any food at all, without any injury to them, the clerics designating spaces which within the ecclesiastical enclosures suffice for their protection, and instructing that a capital penalty has been set forth if any should attempt to invade them. If the fugitive does not assent to these nor consent, religion is to be preferred to humanity, and rashness is to be driven from the divine places to the places which we have spoken of, to be disturbed.

CTh.9.45.4.3 [=brev.9.34.1.3]

Hos vero, qui templa cum armis ingredi audent, ne hoc faciant, praemonemus; dein si telis cincti quovis ecclesiae loco vel ad templi septa vel circa vel extra sint, statim eos, ut arma deponant, auctoritate episcopi a solis clericis severius conveniri praecipimus, data eis fiducia, quod religionis nomine melius quam armorum praesidio muniantur. sed si ecclesiae voce moniti, post tot tantorumque denuntiationes, noluerint arma relinquere, iam, clementiae nostrae apud deum et episcoporum causa purgata, armatis, si ita res exegerit, intromissis, trahendos se abstrahendosque esse cognoscant et omnibus casibus esse subdendos. sed neque episcopo inconsulto, nec sine nostra sive iudicum in hac alma urbe vel ubicumque* iussione armatum quemquam ab ecclesiis abstrahi oportebit, ne, si multis passim hoc liceat, confusio generetur.

Those, indeed, who dare to enter temples with arms, we forewarn not to do this; then, if girded with weapons they should be in any place of the church, either at the enclosures of the temple or around or outside, at once we command that, by the authority of the bishop, they be more sternly dealt with by the clerics alone, that they lay down their arms, assurance being given them that under the name of religion they are better fortified than by the protection of arms. But if, admonished by the voice of the church, after so many and such great denunciations, they are unwilling to relinquish their arms, then—with the case of our clemency before God and that of the bishops cleared, and with armed men admitted, if the situation so requires—let them understand that they are to be dragged and hauled away and to be subjected to all consequences. But neither with the bishop not consulted, nor without our injunction or that of the judges in this kindly city or anywhere*, ought anyone armed to be dragged from the churches, lest, if this be permitted everywhere to many, confusion be generated.

dat. x. kal. april.

given on the 10th day before the Kalends of April.

constantinopoli, antiocho v. c. cos. et qui fuerit nuntiatus.

at constantinople, antiochus, a most distinguished man, consul, and whoever shall have been announced.

interpretatio. ecclesiae ac loca deo dicata reos, qui ibidem compulsi timore confugerint, ita tueantur, ut nulli locis sanctis ad direptionem reorum vim ac manus afferre praesumant: sed quicquid spatii vel in porticibus vel in atriis vel in domibus vel in areis ad ecclesiam adiacentibus pertinet, velut interiora templi praecipimus custodiri, ut reos timoris necessitas non constringat circa altaria manere et loca veneratione digna polluere. sane si qui ad loca sancta confugerint, arma si qua secum portaverint, mox deponant, nec se existiment magis armorum praesidio quam sanctorum locorum veneratione defendi.

interpretation. let churches and places dedicated to God so protect the accused, who have fled there compelled by fear, that no one may presume to bring force and hands upon the holy places for the seizure of the accused: but whatever space pertains either in the porticoes or in the atria or in the houses or in the areas adjoining the church, we command to be guarded as the interior parts of the temple, so that the necessity of fear does not constrain the accused to remain around the altars and to pollute places worthy of veneration. indeed, if any have fled to the holy places, let them at once lay down any weapons which they have brought with them, and let them not suppose themselves to be defended more by the protection of arms than by the veneration of the holy places.

quod si deponere arma noluerint et sacerdoti vel clericis non crediderint, sciant se armatorum viribus extrahendos. si vero extrahere de locis sanctis quemlibet reum quacumque* ratione quis tentaverit, noverit se capitali supplicio esse damnandum

But if they should be unwilling to lay down arms and should not trust the priest or the clerics, let them know that they are to be dragged out by the forces of the armed men. But if anyone should try by whatever* means to extract any accused person from the holy places, let him know that he is to be condemned to capital punishment

CTh.9.45.5

Idem aa. hierio praefecto praetorio. super confugientibus ad sanctae religionis altaria sanctionem in perpetuum valituram credidimus promulgandam, ut, si quidem servus cuiusquam ecclesiam altariave loci tantum veneratione confisus sine ullo telo petierit, is non plus uno die ibidem dimittatur, quin domino eius vel cuius metu poenam imminentem visus est declinasse, a clericis quorum interest nuntietur. isque eum impertita indulgentia peccatorum, ut nullis residentibus iracundiae menti reliquiis, in honorem loci et eius respectu, ad cuius auxilium convolavit, abducat.

The same emperors to Hierius, praetorian prefect. Concerning those who flee to the altars of the holy religion, we have believed a sanction ought to be promulgated that will be valid in perpetuity, that, if indeed a slave of anyone, relying only on the veneration of the place, should seek a church or an altar without any weapon, he be allowed to remain there no more than one day, and that his master, or the person whose impending punishment he seems to have declined through fear, be notified by the clerics whose concern it is. And let that man, an indulgence of the sins having been imparted, so that no remnants of wrath remain in his mind, in honor of the place and out of regard for him to whose aid he has hastened, lead him away.

quod si armatus nullis hoc suspicantibus inopinus irruerit, exinde protinus abstrahatur vel certe continuo domino vel ei, unde eum tam furiosa formido proripuit, indicetur eique mox abstrahendi copia non negetur. sed si armorum fiducia resistendi animos insania impellente conceperit, abripiendi extrahendique eum domino, quibus potest id efficere viribus, concedatur. quod si illum etiam confici in concertatione pugnaque contigerit, nulla erit eius noxa nec conflandae criminationis relinquetur occasio, si is, qui ex statu servili in hostilis et homicidae condicionem transivit, occisus sit.

But if, armed, with no one suspecting this, he should rush in unawares, from there he shall straightway be dragged off, or at least his master, or the one by fear of whom so frenzied a dread snatched him away, shall be immediately notified, and to him the opportunity of promptly removing him shall not be denied. But if, under confidence in arms, with madness impelling him, he has conceived a spirit of resistance, it shall be granted to the master to seize and drag him out, with whatever forces he can effect it. And if it should even happen that he be dispatched in the struggle and combat, there shall be no guilt in this, nor will an occasion be left for forging a criminal accusation, if he, who has passed from a servile status into the condition of an enemy and a homicide, has been slain.

quod si quae tam sunt utiliter constituta eorum, qui huic rei pro suo praeficiuntur officio, aut neglegentia aut coniventia vel aliqua ratione fuerint dapravata, animadversio iusta non deerit, ut sub episcopalis diiudicationis arbitrio loco eo, quem tueri nequivere, submoti et reiecti in ordinem plebeiorum motum iudiciarii vigoris excipiant. dat. v kal.

but if any things so usefully constituted should be depraved—by negligence or connivance or by any method—on the part of those who are set over this matter by their office, just animadversion will not be lacking, so that, at the discretion of episcopal adjudication, removed from the place which they were unable to guard and cast back into the order of plebeians, they may receive the motion of judicial vigor. given 5 days before the Kalends.

april. constantinopoli valerio cons. et qui fuerit nuntiatus.

April. At Constantinople, in the consulship of Valerius and of whoever would be announced.

(432 mart. 28).

(March 28, 432).