Hyginus: DE ASTRONOMIA LIBRI QVATTUOR

I.Igitur incipiemus a polo boreo protinus dicere, quo utraeque Arcti nixae vehuntur, arctico circulo clausae et ita collocatae, ut alternis unaquaeque earum resupinata caput alterius tegere videatur, ita tamen, ut caput eius quae superior fuerit, ad caudam inferioris contendat. Harum maior in extremo circulo pedes habet fixos. Praeterea habet in capite stellas VII omnes obscuras, in utrisque auribus binas, in humero claram I, in pede novissimo II, in summo interscapilio I, in crure de posterioribus primo I, in pede priore II, in cauda ipsa tres.

I.Therefore we will begin straightaway at the northern pole to speak, by which the two Bears are borne, shut within and placed in the Arctic Circle and so disposed that, alternately, each with its back turned seems to cover the head of the other, yet so that the head of whichever is uppermost reaches toward the tail of the lower. The larger of these has its feet fixed on the outermost circle. Furthermore it has on its head seven stars all dim, on each ear two, on one shoulder a bright star, on the hindmost foot two, on the top between the shoulders one, on the rear of the leg at the back first one, on the front foot two, and on the tail itself three.

Ita totius sideris stellae sunt omnino XXI. Minor autem habet in stationis unoquoque loco stellas singulas clare lucentes, et supra caudam III, omnino VII. Sed in prioribus caudae stellis una est infima quae polus appellatur, ut Eratosthenes dicit, per quem locum ipse mundus existimatur versari; reliqui autem duo choreutae dicuntur, quod circum polum versantur.

Thus the stars of the whole constellation are in all 21. The Lesser, however, has in each station a single star shining clearly, and above the tail 3, in all 7. But in the forepart of the tail one is lowest, which is called the pole, as Eratosthenes says, through which place the world itself is thought to turn; the remaining two are called choreutae, because they revolve about the pole.

II. DRACO inter duas Arctos collocatus, videtur corporis sinu facto Arctum minorem ita concludere, ut paene pedes eius tangere videatur, cauda autem flexa caput maioris adtingere et suo capite tamquam reducto circulum arcticum tangens, corpus ut in spiram complicare. Et si quis diligentius attenderit, videre poterit caput Draconis ad maioris Ursae regionem caudae collocatum. Hic habet in utroque tempore stellas singulas, in oculis singulas, in mento I et toto corpore reliquo passim dispositas X, ita ut omnino sint stellae XV.

2. DRACO placed between the two Arctics, seems by the bend of his body to enclose the Lesser Bear so as almost to touch its feet, and with his flexed tail to touch the head of the greater and with his head, as if drawn back, touching the arctic circle, to wind his body into a spiral. And if anyone attends more diligently, he will be able to see the head of the Dragon situated at the region of the tail of the greater Bear. Here he has at each time single stars in the eyes, one in the chin and scattered through the rest of the body 10, so that in all there are 15 stars.

III. ARCTOPHYLAX. Huius manum sinistram circulus arcticus includit ita, ut neque occidere neque exoriri videatur; ipse autem positus ab arctico circulo ad aestivum definitur, inclinatus in longitudinem, dextro pede aestivo circulo nixus. Huius humeros et pectus a reliquo corpore dividit circulus, qui per utrosque polos transiens tangit Arietem et Chelas.

3. ARCTOPHYLAX. The Arctic circle encloses his left hand so that it seems neither to set nor to rise; he himself, however, is placed from the Arctic circle toward the summer one, defined toward the summer, inclined in longitude, his right foot resting on the summer circle. The circle separates his shoulders and chest from the remaining body, and, passing through both poles, touches Aries and the Claws.

Hic quod cum Tauro et Geminis orientibus et Cancro et Leone occidit, ideo sero occidere dicitur. Qui magis erectus a pedibus pervenit ad terram, at plagius exoriens citius quam Chelae videtur. Habet autem in manu dextra stellas quattuor, quae numquam occidere dicuntur; in capite stellam I, in utroque humero singulas, in utraque mamma singulas, sed clariorem dextram et sub ea alteram obscuram, et in cubito dextro claram I, in zona unam clarius ceteris lucentem (haec stella Arcturus appellatur), in utrisque pedibus singulas.

This one, since it sets when Taurus and Gemini are rising and Cancer and Leo are setting, is therefore said to set late. Which, more erect from the feet reaches toward the ground, yet rising more obliquely seems to appear sooner than Chelae. It has in its right hand four stars, which are said never to set; on the head a star 1, on each shoulder one, on each breast one, the right one brighter and beneath it another dim, and on the right elbow a bright 1, in the girdle one shining more brightly than the others (this star is called Arcturus), on each foot one.

Quae omnino sunt XIII.

Which in all are 13.

IV. CORONAM humero sinistro prope contingere Arctophylax videtur; qui autem Engonasin dicitur, dextri pedis calce coniungitur. Haec Cancro et Leone exoriente occidere, cum Scorpione exoriri perspicitur. Habent autem stellas VIIII in rotundo dispositas, sed ex his tres clarius ceteris lucentes.

4. CORONA Arctophylax seems to touch near the left shoulder; but that which is called Engonasin is joined to the shoe of the right foot. This is seen to set with Cancer and Leo rising, while Scorpio is seen to rise. They have 9 stars arranged in a circle, but of these three shine more brightly than the others.

V. ENGONASIN. Hic positus inter duos circulos, arcticum et aestivum, utrisque pedibus et dextro genu, quem ante diximus, arcticum circulum finit; ita tamen, ut dextro pede prioribus digitis circulum terminet, sinistro autem toto caput Draconis opprimere conetur. Humeris autem velut sustinens circulum aestivum et manu dextra porrecta tangens; laevam autem e regione sinistro genu porrigens aequali intervallo circuli aestivi et genu sinistri. Hic occidens capite prius quam reliquo corpore devenit ad terram.

5. ENGONASIN. Here placed between two circles, the Arctic and the Aestival, with both feet and the right knee, which we mentioned before, he completes the Arctic circle; so, however, that with the right foot by the foremost toes he terminates the circle, but with the left whole he strives to press down the head of the Dragon. With his shoulders, as it were, sustaining the Aestival circle and touching it with his right hand outstretched; and extending the left from the region of the left knee at an equal interval between the Aestival circle and the left knee. This one, falling, reaches the earth with the head before the rest of the body.

Qui cum totus occidit, occidit ut pendere pedibus ex arctico circulo videatur, exoriens ante pedibus quam reliquis membris.

Which, when it falls wholly, falls so that it appears to hang by its feet from the Arctic Circle, rising before the feet rather than the remaining limbs.

Habet autem in capite stellam I, in sinistro brachio I, in utroque humero singulas clare lucentes, in manu sinistra I, in dextro cubito alteram; in utroque latere singulas, sed clariorem in sinistro; in dextro femine duas, in genu I, ini poplite I, in crure duas; in pede I quae dicitur clara; in sinistra manu quattuor, quas pellem Leonis esse nonnulli dixerunt. Sunt omnis XVIIII.

It has on the head a star 1, on the left arm 1, on each shoulder single ones clearly shining, on the left hand 1, on the right elbow another; on each side single ones, but a brighter one on the left; on the right thigh two, on the knee 1, in the popliteal hollow 1, on the leg two; on the foot 1 which is called "clara"; on the left hand four, which some have said to be the pelt of the Lion. There are altogether 19.

VI. LYRA. Haec posita est contra regionem eius loci, qui locus est inter genu et manum sinistram eius qui Engonasin vocatur. Cuius ipsa testudo spectat ad arcticum circulum; summum autem cacumen ad polum notium contendere videtur. Haec Virgine exoriente occidere, cum Sagittario exoriri perspicitur.

VI. LYRA. This is placed opposite the region of that place which is the place between the knee and the left hand of him who is called Engonasin. Its shell itself faces the Arctic Circle; moreover its highest summit seems to strive toward the South Pole. It is seen to set with the Virgin rising, and to rise when the Archer is seen to ascend.

Habet autem in ipsis testudinis lateribus singulas stellas; in summis cacuminibus eorum, quae in testudine ut brachia sunt collocata, singulas; in mediis isdem quos humeros Eratosthenes fingit, singulas; in scapulis ipsius testudinis unam; in imo Lyrae, quae ut basis totius videtur, unam.

It has moreover on the very sides of the testudine single stars; on the summit peaks of those which are placed in the testudine as arms, single ones; in the middles of the same, which Eratosthenes imagines as shoulders, single ones; on the shoulders of that very testudine one; in the lowest of the Lyra, which seems as the base of the whole, one.

VII. OLOR. Huius una ala est ad circumductionem huius circuli qui arcticus vocatur, contingens extremum pedem sinistrum eius qui Engonasin vocatur. Sinistram autem alam habet paululum extra circulum aestivum, paene coniungens pedibus Pegasi.

7. OLOR. One wing of this lies at the circumference of that circle which is called the Arctic, touching the extreme left foot of him who is called Engonasin. Its left wing, however, extends a little outside the Summer circle, almost joining the feet of Pegasus.

Aestivus autem circulus rostrum eius a reliquo corpore dividit. Cauda iungitur extrema cum capite Cephei. Hic cum Virgine et Chelis orientibus occidens, prius capite quam reliquis membris devenit ad terram, exoritur autem cum Capricorno.

But the Summer circle severs its rostrum from the remaining body. The tail is joined at the extreme with the head of Cepheus. This one, setting with the Virgin and the eastern Chelæ (Claws), when it sets reaches the earth first by the head rather than by the other limbs; it, however, rises with Capricorn.

Hic habet in capite stellam clare lucentem I, in collo alteram pari fulgore, in utrisque pennis quinas, supra caudam I. Omnino habet stellas XIII.

Here he has on the head a star shining clearly 1, on the neck another of equal splendor, on both wings five each, above the tail 1. Altogether he has 13 stars.

VIII. CEPHEUS a tergo minoris Arcti constitutus, includitur arctico circulo a pedibus ad pectus, ut praeter humeros et caput eius nihil occidere videatur; neque longe abest a flexu Draconis, quem capite primum efficere videtur. Cepheus autem manibus utrisque proiectis figuratus, tanto dissidet intervallo a pedibus Arcti minoris, quantum spatium inter pedes Cephei videtur.

8. CEPHEUS placed at the rear of the Lesser Bear, is enclosed by the arctic circle from the feet to the chest, so that, apart from his shoulders and his head, nothing appears to set; nor is he far from the bend of the Dragon, which he seems to make first with his head. Cepheus, however, figured with both hands thrown forward, is separated by as great an interval from the feet of the Lesser Bear as the space between the feet of Cepheus appears.

Huius caput Scorpione exorto occidere, cum Sagittario exoriri perspicitur. Hic autem habet in capite stellas II, in manu dextra I, item in cubito obscuram I, in sinistra manu et humero singulas, in dextro humero I, in zona, quae medium eius dividit corpus, III stellae clarae videntur, in latere dextro obscura I, in sinistro genu II, in utrisque pedibus singulae, supra pedes stellae IIII. Hic totus omnino stellarum est XVIIII.

The head of this one, with the Scorpion arisen, is seen to be struck down as the Sagittarius arises. He has in his head 2 stars, in his right hand 1, likewise at the elbow a dim 1, in the left hand and shoulder single ones, in the right shoulder 1; in the zone, which divides his body at the middle, 3 bright stars are seen; on the right side a dim 1, on the left knee 2, on each of the feet single ones, above the feet 4 stars. This whole figure in all is of 19 stars.

IX. CASSIEPIA sedens in siliquastro conlocata est. Cuius sedilis et ipsius Cassiepiae pedes positi sunt in ipsa circumductione circuli, qui arcticus vocatur; effigies autem corporis ad aestivum circulum pervenit, quem capite et dextra manu tangit. Hanc prope mediam dividit circulus is, qui lacteus appellatur, proxime Cephei signum conlocatam.

IX. CASSIEPIA seated in a siliquastrum is positioned. Whose seat and Cassiepia’s feet are set upon the very circumduction of the circle called the Arctic; the figure of the body, however, reaches to the Summer Circle, which she touches with her head and right hand. Near its middle that circle called the Milky divides it, placing her adjacent to the sign of Cepheus.

Haec occidens cum Scorpione exoriente capite cum sedili resupina ferri perspicitur, exoriri autem cum Sagittario. Huius in capite stella ostenditur I, in utroque humero I, in papilla dextra clara I, in lumbis magna I, sinistro femine duae, in genu I, in pede primori dextro I; in quadrato, quo stella deformatur, una; in angulis utrisque singulae clarius ceteris lucentes. Haec igitur est omnino stellarum XIII.

This one is seen setting when Scorpius rises with its head and to be borne with its seat reclining, yet to rise with Sagittarius. On its head a star is shown marked 1, on each shoulder 1, on the right papilla a bright 1, in the loins a large 1, on the left thigh two, on the knee 1, on the foremost right foot 1; in the square, in which the star is set, one; and in each of the two corners single ones shining more clearly than the others. Therefore these are in all 13 stars.

X. ANDROMEDA proxime Cassiepiam, supra caput Persei brevi intervallo dissidente collocata perspicitur, manibus diversis vincta, ut antiquis historiis est traditum. Cuius caput equi Pegasi ventri coniungitur; eadem enim stella et umbilicus Pegasi et Andromedae caput appellatur. Huius medium pectus et manum sinistram circulus aestivus dividit.

10. ANDROMEDA placed nearest Cassiopeia, above the head of Perseus and seen set apart by a short interval, appears bound with different hands, as is handed down in ancient histories. Her head is joined to the belly of the horse Pegasus; for the same star is called both the navel of Pegasus and the head of Andromeda. The summer circle divides her mid‑chest and her left hand.

Occidit autem cum Pisce de duobus secundo, quem Andromedae subiectum brachio supra diximus, exoriente Libra et Scorpione, capite prius quam reliquo corpore perveniens ad terram. Exoritur autem cum Piscibus et Ariete. Haec habet in capite stellam clare lucentem I, in utroque humero I, in cubito dextro I, in ipsa manu I, in sinistro cubito I, in brachio I, in manu alteram, in zona III, supra zonam IIII, in utroque genu singulam, in pedibus autem binas.

It sets, however, with the second of the two Fishes, which we above said is placed beneath the arm of Andromeda, with Libra and Scorpio rising, its head reaching the ground before the rest of the body. It rises, however, with Pisces and Aries. This one has on the head a star shining clearly 1, on each shoulder 1, on the right elbow 1, on the very hand 1, on the left elbow 1, on the arm 1, another in the hand, 3 on the girdle, 4 above the girdle, a single one on each knee, and on the feet, however, two.

Ita omnino est stellarum XX.

Thus in all there are 20 stars.

XI. PERSEUS. Huius sinistrum crus et humerum laevum circulus aestivus a reliquo corpore dividit. Ipse manu dextra arctoum circulum tangit, dextro pede caput Aurigae premere velut currens videtur. Idem occidens Sagittario et Capricorno exorto, inclinatus ad caput versus cum Ariete et Tauro rectus exoritur.

11. PERSEUS. His left shin and left shoulder the summer circle separates from the rest of the body. He with his right hand touches the Arctic circle, and with his right foot seems, as if running, to press the head of the Auriga. The same sets when Sagittarius and Capricorn rise; inclined toward the head, it rises upright when Aries and Taurus ascend.

Habet autem in utroque humero stellam I, in manu dextra clare lucentem I qua falcem tenere dicitur, quo telo Gorgona interfecit; in sinistra alteram, qua caput Gorgonis tenere existimatur. Habet praeterea in ventre stellam I, in lumbis alteram, in dextro femine I, ad genu I, in tibia I, in pede I obscuram, in sinistro femine I et in genu alteram, in tibia duas; in sinistra manu, quod Gorgonis caput vocatur, stellas IIII. Omnino est stellarum XVIIII.

It has moreover on each shoulder a star 1, in the right hand a clearly shining star 1 by which he is said to hold a sickle, with which weapon he killed the Gorgon; in the left hand another, by which he is thought to hold the Gorgon’s head. It has furthermore on the belly a star 1, on the loins another, on the right thigh 1, at the knee 1, on the shin 1, on the foot 1 obscure, on the left thigh 1 and at the knee another, on the shin two; in the left hand, that which is called the Gorgon’s head, stars 4. In all there are 19 stars.

Caput eius et falx sine sideribus apparet.

His head and the sickle appear without stars.

Hunc Aratus cum diceret inter astra kekonismenon figuratum, acceperunt complures eum pulverulentum dictum; quod minime convenit posse inter sidera etiam pulverulente apparere. Quod si esset, dignior erat Orion, cui idem adscriberetur; primum quod assidue est venatus et semper in terra fuit, deinde quod adhuc inter sidera venari videtur. Perseus autem qui assidue volaret, non potest pulverem habere.

When Aratus was saying that this one, kekonismenon, was formed among the stars, many received that he was called pulverulentum; which is least fitting, that he could appear powdery even among the stars. But if he were, Orion would be more worthy to have the same ascribed to him; first, because he is constantly a hunter and has always been on the earth, and secondly because even now he seems to hunt among the stars. Perseus, however, who constantly flew, cannot have dust.

Quod igitur est: cum vellet Aratus eum currentem obscure significare, usus Aeoliorum ratione, eum kekonismenon dixit. Aeolii enim cum volunt aliquem decurrere significare, kekonisthai dicunt; id quod Aratus vult demonstrare, non ut illum volantem assidue pulverulentum dicat. Quod a multis perperam est intellectum.

Therefore: when Aratus wished to signify him as running obscurely, having employed the Aeolian usage, he called him kekonismenon. For the Aeolians, when they wish to denote someone running down, they say kekonisthai; this is what Aratus intends to show, not that he calls him continually flying and dusty. Which has been wrongly understood by many.

XII. HENIOCHUS autem circulo aestivo genuum fine, praeterea ab humero sinistrousque ad zonam dividitur ab eo, quem supra lacteum orbem diximus. Huius pes dexter Tauri sinistro cornu stella coniungitur una; manu ut lora tenens figuratur.

12. HENIOCHUS however is separated from that which we above called the Milky Circle by the knee-boundary of the summer circle, and furthermore is divided from the left shoulder to the girdle. His right foot is joined by one star to the left horn of Taurus; he is represented holding the reins in his hand.

Cuius in humero sinistro Capra, in manu autem duo Haedi duabus stellis formati dicuntur. Totus autem pedibus Persei subiectus, caput habens contra Ursae maioris aspectum. Hic occidere Sagittarii et Capricorni exortu videtur; exoriri autem Ophiucho et Engonasin occidentibus.

On his left shoulder a Goat, and in his hand two Kids said to be formed by two stars. The whole figure, however, lies beneath the feet of Perseus, his head turned toward the aspect of Ursa Major. Here the setting of Sagittarius and Capricorn is seen at the time of rising; whereas Ophiuchus and Engonasin rise in the west.

Habet praeterea in capite stellam I, in utroque humero I, sed in sinistro clariorem, quae Capra vocatur; in utroque cubito I; in manu II, quae Haedi appellantur, stellis prope occidentibus ficti.

It has moreover on the head 1 star; on each shoulder 1, but the one on the left the brighter, which is called Capra; on each elbow 1; in the hand 2, which are called Haedi, fashioned with stars near the western region.

XIII. OPHIUCHUS inclinatus a capite, ut qui resupinari videtur, anguem manibus tenere figuratur. Huius autem humeri aestivo circulo dividuntur a reliquo corpore.

13. OPHIUCHUS inclined at the head, as one who seems to be reclined, is figured holding a serpent in his hands. Moreover the shoulders of this one are separated from the rest of the body by the summer circle.

Ipse genuum fine ab aequinoctiali circulo terminatur, pede sinistro premens oculos, dextro autem testudine Scorpionis innixus. Anguis autem, qui ab eo tenetur, prope extremo ore Coronam contingit, medium ut praecingens Ophiuchum, ad caudam brevior quam superiore corpore, qua manus sinistra ipsius signi figuratur; ita tamen, ut extrema cauda circulum aequinoctialem cum Aquilae cauda iungat. Occidens exortu Geminorum, Cancri, Leonis pervenit ad terram; exoriens autem cum Scorpione et Sagittario apparet.

Its knees’ end is bounded by the equinoctial circle itself, the left foot pressing the eyes, the right however leaning on the carapace of the Scorpion. The serpent, which is held by him, touches the Crown near its outer mouth, girdling Ophiuchus about the middle, its tail shorter than the upper body, by which the left hand of that sign is depicted; yet so that the extreme tail joins the equinoctial circle with the tail of the Eagle. Setting, it reaches the earth at the rising of Gemini, Cancer, and Leo; rising, however, it appears with the Scorpion and Sagittarius.

Hic habet in capite stellam I, in utroque humero singulas, in sinistra manu III, in dextra IIII, in lumbis II, in utroque genu singulas, in dextro crure I, in utroque pede singulas, sed clariorem in dextro. Itaque est omnino stellarum XVII.

Here he has on the head 1 star, on each shoulder one, in the left hand 3, in the right hand 4, on the loins 2, on each knee one, on the right leg 1, on each foot one, but the one on the right is brighter. Thus there are altogether 17 stars.

Anguis habet in summo capite II, sub capite IIII uno loco omnes; ad manum ipsius Ophiuchi sinistram duas, sed quae maxime ad corpus eius accedit, clariorem; et in dorso Anguis ad ipsam corporis coniunctionem V, et in prima curvatura caudae IIII, in secunda caput versus habet stellas VI. Ita est omnino trium et viginti stellarum.

The Serpent has on the very top of its head 2, beneath the head 4 all in one place; near the left hand of Ophiuchus it has two, but the one that most nearly adjoins its body is the brighter; and on the back of the Serpent at the very junction of the body 5, and in the first curvature of the tail 4, in the second toward the head it has 6 stars. Thus there are in all twenty-three stars.

XIV. SAGITTA inter duos circulos, aestivum et aequinoctialem, supra Aquilae signum posita, dividitur ab eo circulo, qui utroque polo subiectus ad Cancrum et Capricornum pervenit. Huius acumen ad Equi pedum regionem spectat; altera pars ad humeros Ophiuchi tendit.

14. SAGITTA placed between two circles, the summer and the equinoctial, set above the sign of the Eagle, is divided by that circle which, lying beneath both poles, reaches to Cancer and Capricorn. Its point looks toward the region of Equus’s feet; the other part tends toward the shoulders of Ophiuchus.

Haec occidit Virginis ortu, oritur autem cum Scorpione. Habet omnino stellas IIII, quarum una in principio materiae, altera in medio, duae reliquae in eo loco quo ferrum solet affigi, diversae videntur.

This sets at the Virgin’s rising, and rises with the Scorpion. It has in all 4 stars, of which one is at the beginning of the matter, another in the middle, the two remaining in that place where iron is wont to be affixed; they appear different.

XV. AQUILA ala dextra non multum extra circulum aequinoctialem prodire, sinistra autem non longe a capite Ophiuchi figurata videtur. Praeterea rostrum eius a reliquo corpore dividit circulus, quem supra diximus a Cancro ad Capricornum pervenire. Media autem finitur ab eo, quem supra lacteum orbem demonstravimus esse.

15. AQUILA the right wing does not advance much beyond the equinoctial circle, while the left is figured not far from the head of Ophiuchus. Moreover, its beak is divided from the rest of the body by the circle which we above said reaches from Cancer to Capricorn. The middle, however, is bounded by that which above we showed to be the milky orb.

Haec occidit exorto Leone; exoritur autem cum Capricorno, habens in capite stellam I, in utraque penna I, in cauda I.

This sets at the rising of Leo; it rises, however, with Capricorn, having in its head one star, in each wing one, and in its tail one.

XVI. DELPHINUS non longe ab Aquilae signo figuratus, incurvatione caudae novissimae tangit aequinoctialis circuli circumductionem, capite prope coniungens equi Pegasi rostrum. Hic exoritur cum Sagittarii posteriore parte; occidit autem cum Virgo exorta est a capitis fine.

16. DELPHINUS not far from the sign of the Eagle depicted, by the curvature of its tail the last touches the circumduction of the equinoctial circle, its head nearly joining the rostrum of the horse Pegasus. It rises with the posterior part of Sagittarius; it sets, however, when Virgo has risen from the tip of the head.

Habet autem in capite stellas II, supra caput ad cervicem versus II. Ad ea quae ini ventre velut pennae videntur, habet stellas III, in scapulis I, in cauda II. Omnino est stellarum VIIII.

It has on the head 2 stars, above the head toward the neck 2. Next to those which on the belly are seen like feathers it has 3 stars, on the shoulders 1, in the tail 2. In all there are 9 stars.

XVII. EQUUS arcticum circulum spectans, pedibus aestivum orbem, extremo ore caput Delphini tangere videtur, Aquarii manum dextram cervice sua coniungens et utrisque Piscibus clausus, quos in duodecim signis postea demonstrabimus. Huius in stellis corpus apparet usque ad umbilicum deformatum.

17. EQUUS looking toward the Arctic circle, with its feet the summer orb, with its extreme mouth seems to touch the head of the Dolphin, joining the right hand of Aquarius to its neck and enclosed by both Fishes, whom among the twelve signs we will show later. In this one's stars the body appears deformed as far as the navel.

Qui occidit cum Pisce de duobus primo, qui supra tergum eius est fixus; exoritur cum Aquario toto et cum Pisce, cum quo occidit, et manu Aquarii dextra. Hic habet in rostro stellas II obscuras, in capite I, in maxilla I, in utrisque auribus singulas, in cervicibus IIII obscuras, sed maxime lucet, quae capiti proxima apparet; in humero claram I, ini pectore I, in interscapilio I, in umbilico novissimam I, quae Andromedae caput vocatur; in genibus utrisque singulas, in utrisque poplitibus singulas. Ita est omnino stellarum XVIII.

Who is slain with the Fish of the first of the two, which is fixed above his back; it rises with the whole Aquarius and with the Fish with whom it is slain, and with the right hand of Aquarius. Here it has on the rostrum 2 obscure stars, on the head 1, on the jaw 1, in each ear one, on the necks 4 obscure stars, but most bright is that which appears nearest the head; on the shoulder one clear, in the breast one, in the interscapular region one, at the navel the last one 1, which is called Andromeda’s head; on each knee one, on each popliteal region one. Thus there are in all 18 stars.

XVIII. DELTOTON autem in triangulum deformatur, aequis lateribus duobus, uno breviore, sed prope aequali reliquis. Inter aestivum et aequinoctialem circulum supra caput Arietis, non longe ab Andromedae dextro crure et Persei manu sinistra conlocatum; cum Ariete toto occidens, oriens autem cum eiusdem dimidia priore parte.

18. DELTOTON the Deltoton, however, is shaped into a triangle, with two equal sides and one shorter, yet nearly equal to the rest. It lies between the summer and equinoctial circles above the head of Aries, not far from Andromeda’s right leg and Perseus’s left hand; it sets with the whole of Aries, but rises with the earlier half of that same (constellation).

Habet stellam in unoquoque angulo I.

It has a star in each corner 1.

Nunc protinus XII signorum figurationem dicemus, quorum est princeps Aries.

Now straightaway we will describe the figuration of the twelve signs, of which the prince is Aries.

XIX. ARIES in aequinoctiali circulo consistens, caput ad exortum habens conversum, occidens a primis pedibus et exoriens caput infra Triangulum, quod supra diximus, tenens collocatum, pedibus prope caput coniungensPistricis. Habet autem in capite stellam I, in cornibus III, in cervice II, in pede priore de primis I, in interscapilio IIII, in cauda I, sub ventretres, in lumbis unam, in pede posteriore unam.

19. ARIES standing in the equinoctial circle, its head turned toward the east, its hindpart to the west, the forefeet descending from the foremost and the head arising beneath the Triangle, which we said above, holding it set, joining the feet near the head Pistricis. It has on the head 1 star, on the horns 3, on the neck 2, on the forefoot of the foremost 1, on the interscapular region 4, on the tail 1, under the belly 3, on the loins 1, on the hindfoot 1.

Omnino est stellarum XVII.

Altogether there are 17 stars.

XX. TAURUS ad exortum signorum dimidia parte conlocatus, ut incipere genua defigere ad terram, caput eodem habens attentum. Genua eius a reliquo corpore dividit circulus aequinoctialis. Cornu sinistrum, ut supra diximus, coniungitur cum dextro pede eius, qui Auriga appellatur.

CHAPTER 20. TAURUS placed toward the east by half a sign, so as to begin to plant its knees on the ground, its head turned the same way. Its knees are separated from the rest of the body by the equinoctial circle. The left horn, as we said above, is joined to his right foot, which is called Auriga.

Inter huius finitionem corporis et Arietis caudam stellae sunt VII quas Vergilias nostri, Graeci autem Pliadas appellaverunt. Hic aversus occidit et exoritur. Habet autem in cornibus singulas stellas, sed in sinistro clariorem; utrisque oculis singulas, in fronte media I; ex quibus locis cornua nascuntur, singulas.

Between the termination of this body and the tail of Aries there are 7 stars which our people called the Vergilias, the Greeks however called the Pleiades. Here, turned away, it sets and rises. It has on its horns one star apiece, but a brighter one on the left; on both eyes one apiece, one in the middle of the forehead; from those places the horns are born, each.

Quae VII stellae Hyades appellantur, etsi nonnullis quas duas diximus novissime, stellas negaverunt esse, ut omnino Hyades essent V. Praeterea in sinistro genu priore habet stellam I et super ungulam I, in dextro genu I et in interscapilio III, novissimam earum ceteris clariorem; in pectore I. Quae sunt omnino, praeter Vergilias, XVIII.

Which 7 stars are called the Hyades, although some — those two we just mentioned — denied that they were stars, so that in all the Hyades there would be 5. Moreover on the left foremost knee it has 1 star and above the hoof 1, on the right knee 1 and on the interscapular 3, the last of them brighter than the others; on the breast 1. Which are in total, besides the Vergilias, 18.

XXI. GEMINI ab Aurigae dextra parte supra Oriona collocati videntur, ita tamen, ut Orion inter Taurum et Geminos sit constitutus. Capita eorum dividuntur a reliquo corpore circulo eo, qui aestatem definire supra est dictus.

21. GEMINI are seen placed on the right side of Auriga above Orion, yet so that Orion is set between Taurus and the Twins. Their heads are divided from the rest of the body by that circle which above was said to define summer.

Ut conplexa corpora inter se tenentes occidunt directi a pedibus, exoriuntur autem inclinati ut iacentes. Sed de his qui Cancro est proximus habet in capite stellam I claram, in utrisque humeris singulas claras, in dextro cubito I, in genibus utrisque singulas, in pedibus utrisque primoribus singulas; alter autem in capite I, in sinistro humero I, in dextro humero alteram, in utrisque mammis singulas, in dextro genu I, in sinistro genu I, in pedibus utrisque singulas, et infra sinistrum pedem unam, quae propon appellatur.

As clasping the bodies holding one another they stand upright on their feet, while the inclined ones rise as if recumbent. But of those who are nearest to Cancer: he has on the head 1 bright star, on each shoulder single bright ones, on the right elbow 1, on both knees single ones, on both feet the foremost single ones; the other, however, has on the head 1, on the left shoulder 1, on the right shoulder another, on both breasts single ones, on the right knee 1, on the left knee 1, on both feet single ones, and beneath the left foot one, which is called Propon.

XXII. CANCER. Hunc medium dividit circulus aestivus ad Leonem et ad exortus spectantem, paululum supra caput Hydrae collocatum, occidentem et exorientem posteriore corporis parte hic habet in ipsa testa stellas II, quae Asini vocantur, de quibus ante iam diximus; in dextris pedibus singulas obscuras, in sinistro pede primo II, in secundo II obscuras, in tertio I, in quarto primo I obscuram, in ore I; in ea quae chela dexterior dicitur, tres similes, non grandes; in sinistra similes II. Omnino est stellarum XVII.

22. CANCER. The summer circle, looking toward Leo and the risings, divides this in the middle, placed a little above the head of Hydra; it has west and east in the posterior part of the body. In the very head it has 2 stars, which are called Asini, of which we have already spoken; on the right feet single dim ones; on the left foot: first 2, on the second 2 dim, on the third 1, on the fourth first 1 dim, in the mouth 1; on that which is called the outer chela three similar, not large; on the left similar 2. Altogether there are 17 stars.

XXIII. LEO spectans ad occasum supra corpus Hydrae, a capite qua Cancer instat usque ad mediam partem eius constitutus, medius aestivo circulo dividitur, ut sub ipso orbe priores pedes habeat collocatos; occidens a capite et exoriens. Hic habet in capite stellas III, in cervicibus II, in pectore I, in interscapilio III, in media cauda I, in extrema alteram, sub pectore II, in pede priore claram I, in ventre claram I et infra alteram magnam, in lumbis I, in posteriore genu I, in pede posteriore I claram.

XXIII. LEO facing the west above the body of Hydra, extending from the head where Cancer stands to its middle part, is formed; the middle is divided by the summer circle, so that beneath that very orb the fore feet are placed; setting at the head and rising. Here it has in the head 3 stars, in the necks 2, in the chest 1, in the interscapular region 3, in the middle of the tail 1, in the tip another, beneath the breast 2, in the fore foot a bright one, in the belly a bright one and beneath it another large one, in the loins 1, in the hind knee 1, in the hind foot 1 bright.

Omnino est stellarum XVIIII.

Altogether there are 19 stars.

XXIV. VIRGO infra pedes Bootis collocata, capite posteriorem partem Leonis, dextra manu circulum aequinoctialem tangit; at inferiorem corporis partem supra Corvum et Hydrae caudam habere perspicitur, occidens capite prius quam ceteris membris. Huius in capite est stella obscura I, utrisque humeris singulae, in utrisque pennis binae, quarum una quae est in dextra penna ad humerum defixa, protrygeter vocatur.

XXIV. VIRGO placed below the feet of Boötes, with her head toward the posterior part of Leo, she touches the equinoctial circle with her right hand; yet the lower part of her body is seen to lie over Corvus and the tail of Hydra, her head setting before the other members. In her head is 1 dim star, on each shoulder 1, on each wing 2, of which one, which is fixed on the right wing to the shoulder, is called Protrygeter.

Praeterea habet in utrisque manibus singulas stellas; quarum una, quae est in dextra manu maior et clarior, cum spicis conspicitur. In veste autem habet passim dispositas stellas X et in utrisque pedibus singulas. Ita est omnino stellarum XVIIII.

Moreover it has in each hand a single star; of these one, which is in the right hand larger and brighter, is seen together with the ears of grain. On the vestment, however, it has stars arranged here and there, ten, and on each foot single ones. Thus in all there are 19 stars.

XXV. SCORPIUS. Huius prior pars quae Chelae dicuntur, ita premuntur ab aequinoctiali circulo, ut eum sustinere videantur. Ipse autem pedibus Ophiuchi, de quo superius diximus, subditus, extrema cauda circulum hiemalem contingere videtur; neque longe est ab eo signo, quod pro hostia Centaurus ferre perspicitur.

25. SCORPIUS. The anterior part of this, which is called the Chelae (claws), is so pressed by the equinoctial circle that they seem to sustain it. He himself, set under the feet of Ophiuchus, of whom we spoke above, seems to have his extreme tail touch the winter circle; nor is he far from that sign which Centaurus is seen to carry as an offering.

Occidit inclinato corpore, exoritur autem erectus a Chelis. Hic habet stellas in his, quae Chelae dicuntur, in unaquaque earum binas, e quibus primae sunt clariores; praeterea habet in fronte stellas III quarum media est clarissima, in interscapilio III, in ventre II, in cauda V, in acumine ipso, quo percutere existimatur, II. Ita est omnino stellarum XVIIII.

It sets with its body inclined, yet rises upright from the Chelae. Here it has stars in those parts which are called Chelae, two in each of them, of which the first are the brighter; moreover it has on the forehead 3 stars, of which the middle is most bright, 3 between the shoulders, 2 on the belly, 5 in the tail, and 2 on the very point with which it is thought to strike. Thus there are in all 19 stars.

XXVI. SAGITTARIUS autem spectans ad occasum Centauri corpore figuratur, velut mittere incipiens sagittam, a pedibus usque ad humeros in hiemali circulocollocatus, ita ut caput solum eius extra eum circulum, quem supra diximus, apparere videatur; cuius arcus lacteo circulo medius dividitur. Ante pedes huius est quaedam corona stellis effecta, de qua superius diximus.

26. SAGITTARIUS however, facing the setting of Centaurus, is shaped with his body as if beginning to send an arrow, placed in the winter circle from his feet up to his shoulders, so that only his head seems to appear outside that circle which we mentioned above; the middle of his bow is bisected by the milky circle. Before his feet is a certain crown made of stars, of which we spoke above.

hic praeceps occidit, exoritur directus. Habet autem in capite stellas II, in arcu II, in sagitta I, in dextro cubito I, in manu priore I, in ventre I, in interscapilio II, in cauda I, in priore genu I, in pede I, in inferiore genu I, in poplite I. Omnino XV. Corona autem Centauri est stellarum VII.

This one falls headlong, the other rises erect. He has in the head 2 stars, in the bow 2, in the arrow 1, in the right elbow 1, in the forehand 1, in the belly 1, in the interscapular region 2, in the tail 1, in the front knee 1, in the foot 1, in the lower knee 1, in the hollow of the knee 1. Altogether 15. The crown, however, of the Centaur is of 7 stars.

XXVII. CAPRICORNUS ad occasum spectans et totus in zodiaco circulo deformatus, cauda et toto corpore medius dividitur ab hiemali circulo, suppositus Aquarii manu sinistrae. Occidit praeceps, exoritur autem directus.

XXVII. CAPRICORNUS facing the west and wholly deformed within the zodiacal circle, its tail and entire body are bisected in the middle by the winter circle, placed beneath the left hand of Aquarius. It sets headlong, but it rises upright.

Sed habet in naso stellam I, infra cervices I, in pectore II, in priore pede I, in priore eodem alteram, in interscapilio VII, in ventre V, in cauda II, Omnino est stellarum XXIIII.

But it has 1 star on the nose, 1 below the necks, 2 on the chest, 1 on the fore foot, another on that same fore foot, 7 in the interscapular region, 5 in the belly, 2 in the tail, Altogether there are 24 stars.

XXVIII. AQUARIUS pedes habet in hiemali circulo defixos, manum autem sinistram usque ad Capricorni porrigens tergus, dextra iubam Pegasi prope coniungens; spectat ad ortum. Qui cum ita sit figuratus, necesse est corpore eum prope resupinato videri.

28. AQUARIUS he has his feet fixed in the winter circle, meanwhile stretching his left hand as far as Capricorn’s back, his right hand joining the mane of Pegasus nearby; he gazes toward the east. Since he is thus fashioned, it is necessary that his body be seen almost supine.

Effusio aquae pervenit ad eum Piscem, qui solitarius figuratur, de quo posterius dicemus. Sed Aquarius et occidit et exoritur capite prius quam reliquis membris. Hic habet in capite stellas II obscuras, in utrisque humeris singulas magnas, in sinistro cubito Igrandem, in manu priore I, infra mammas singulas obscuras, in lumbo interiore I, in utrisque genibus singulas, in dextro crure I, in utrisque pedibus singulas.

The outpouring of water reaches that Fish, who is figured solitary, of whom we will speak later. But Aquarius both sets and rises by the head before the remaining members. He has on his head 2 dim stars, on each shoulder a single large one, on the left elbow 1 large, on the foremost hand 1, beneath the breasts each a dim one, in the lower back 1, on each knee a single one, on the right shin 1, and on each foot a single one.

Omnino XIIII. Effusio aquae cum aquali ipsa stellarum est XXX, sed in his omnibus prima et novissima clara videtur.

Altogether 14. The outpouring of water, together with the water-sign itself, contains 30 stars, but among all these the first and the very last appear bright.

XXIX. PISCES. Horum alter notius, alter boreus appellatur, ideo quod unus eorum, qui boreus dicitur, inter aequinoctialem et aestivum circulum sub Andromedae brachio collocatus et arcticum polum spectans constituitur; alter autem est in zodiaco circulo extremo sub scapulis Equi non longe ab aequinoctiali circulo collocatus, spectans ad occasum. Hi pisces quibusdam stellis ut lineola ab Arietis pede primo coniunguntur.

29. PISCES. One of these is called the better-known, the other the northern, because one of them, which is called the northern, is placed between the equinoctial and the summer circle beneath the arm of Andromeda and is set facing the Arctic pole; the other, however, lies in the outer zodiacal circle beneath the shoulders of the Horse, placed not far from the equinoctial circle, facing toward the west. These fishes are joined by certain stars like a little line to the first foot of Aries.

Quorum inferior ante occidere et exoriri videtur. Habet autem stellas XVII et boreus omnino XII. Coniunctio eorum habet ad aquilonem spectantes stellas III, ad alteram partem III, ad exortum III, in commissura III, omnino XII.

The lower of which seems to set before and to rise after. It has 17 stars, and the northern one altogether 12. Their conjunction has 3 stars looking toward the north, 3 to the other side, 3 toward the rising, 3 in the commissure, altogether 12.

Horum coniunctionem, quae a pede Arietis primo notatur Aratus Graece syndesmon hypouranion, Cicero nodum caelestem dicit; qui utrique volunt significare eum nodum non solum Piscium, sed etiam totius sphaerae esse. Quo enim loco circulus ab Arietis pede mesembrinos dicitur, qui meridiem significat, et quo loco is circulus mesembrinos coniungitur et transit aequinoctialem circulum, in ipsa coniunctione circulorum nodus Piscium significatur. Quare eum non modo Piscium, sed etiam caelestium nodum verum appellaverunt.

The conjunction of these, which from the foot of Aries is first noted—Aratus in Greek calls it syndesmon hypouranion, Cicero calls it the caelestial nodus; both intend to signify that that node is not only of the Fish but also of the whole sphere. For in that place the circle from the foot of Aries is called mesembrinos, which signifies midday, and where that mesembrine circle is joined and crosses the equinoctial circle, in that very conjunction of the circles the node of the Fish is indicated. Wherefore they named it not merely the node of the Fish, but the true celestial node.

XXX. PISTRIX a cauda media dividitur ab hiemali circulo, spectans ad exortum, rostro prope posteriorem Arietis pedem iungens. Huius priorem partem corporis, quae spectat ad exortum, prope alluere flumen videtur.

30. PISTRIX is separated at the middle of its tail by the winter circle, facing the sunrise, its beak joining near the posterior foot of Aries. The anterior part of its body, which looks toward the sunrise, seems to wash against a nearby river.

Haec occidit exorto Cancro et Leone, exoritur autem cum Tauro et Geminis. Sed habet in extrema cauda II obscuras, ab eo loco usque ad reliqui corporis curvaturam V, sub ventre VI, omnino XIII.

It sets at the rising of Cancer and Leo, and rises with Taurus and Gemini. But it has at the extreme tail 2 dark ones; from that place as far as the curvature of the remaining body, 5; beneath the belly, 6; in all, 13.

XXXI. ERIDANUS a sinistro pede profectus Orionis et perveniens usque ad Pistricem rursus diffunditur ad Leporis pedes et protinus ad antarcticum circulum tendit. Huius figurationem hiemalis circulus dividit ab eo loco, quo prope coniungitur Ceto.

XXXI. ERIDANUS starting from the left foot of Orion and reaching as far as Pistrix, it again spreads toward the feet of Lepus and at once tends to the antarctic circle. The winter circle divides its figure from that place where it is near joined to Ceto.

Hic Scorpione exorto occidere, exoriri autem cum Geminis et Cancro videtur. Habet autem stellas in prima curvatura III, in secunda III, item in tertia usque ad novissima VII. Omnino est stellarum XIII.

Here, with Scorpio arisen, it appears to set, and yet to rise with Gemini and Cancer. It has, however, 3 stars in the first curvature, 3 in the second, and likewise 7 in the third up to the outermost. Altogether there are 13 stars.

XXXII. LEPUS autem infra sinistrum pedem Orionis per hiemalem circulum fugiens et ab eo inferiore parte corporis divisus, occidit Sagittario exorto, oritur cum Leone. Habet autem stellas in utrisque auribus singulas, in corpore passim dispositas II, in pedibus prioribus singulas.

32. LEPUS however beneath the left foot of Orion, fleeing along the winter circle and separated from him by the lower part of the body, sets when Sagittarius has risen, and rises with Leo. It has stars in each of both ears, scattered throughout the body 2, and one in each of the forefeet.

Ita sunt omnino VI.

Thus there are in all 6.

XXXIII. ORION. Hunc a zona et reliquo corpore aequinoctialis circulus dividit, cum Tauro decertantem collocatum, dextra manu clavam tenentem et incinctum ense spectantem ad occasum, et occidentem exorta Scorpionis posteriore parte et Sagittario exoriente, cum Cancro autem toto corpore pariter exsurgentem. Hic habet in capite stellas III claras, in utrisque humeris singulas, in dextro cubito obscuram I, in manu similiter I, in zona III, in eo quo gladius eius deformatur III obscuras, in utrisque genibus singulas claras, in pedibus singulas.

33. ORION. This one the equinoctial circle divides from the girdle and the rest of the body, placed contending with Taurus, holding a club in his right hand and girded, and looking toward the west with a sword, the west arising from the hind part of Scorpius and the east from Sagittarius, while with Cancer his whole body rises alike. He has on his head 3 bright stars, on each shoulder one, on the right elbow 1 dim, likewise 1 in the hand, 3 in the girdle, where his sword is set 3 dim ones, on each knee one bright star, and single stars on the feet.

Sunt omnino XVII.

There are in all 17.

XXXIV. CANIS Leporem fugientem consequens posterioribus pedibus dividitur ab hiemali circulo, pedem dextrum Orionis paene suo capite coniungens, capite ad occasum spectans, sed caput ad aequinoctialem circulum tendit; occidens oriente Sagittario, exoriens autem cum Cancro. Hic canis habet in lingua stellam I, quae stella Canis appellatur, in capite autem alteram, quam nonnulli Sirion appellant, de quo prius diximus.

34. CANIS Following the fleeing hare with its hind feet, it is separated from the winter circle, its right foot joining Orion’s almost to his head, its head facing toward the west, yet the head leans toward the equinoctial circle; setting with the east is Sagittarius, and rising with Cancer. This dog has in its tongue star 1, which is called the star Canis, and in the head another, which some call Sirion, of which we said earlier.

Praeterea habet in utrisque auribus singulas stellas obscuras, in pectore II, in pede priore III, in interscapilio III, in sinistro lumbo I, in pede posteriore I, in pede dextro I, in cauda IIII. <Omnino> XX.

Moreover it has in each ear single obscure stars, on the breast 2, on the fore‑foot 3, on the interscapular region 3, on the left loin 1, on the hind foot 1, on the right foot 1, on the tail 4. <Omnino> 20.

XXXV. PROCYON. Hic in lacteo circulo defixus, pedibus aequinoctialem circulum tangit. Spectat ad occasum, ut inter Geminos et Cancrum constitutus.

35. PROCYON. This one, fixed in the milky circle, touches the equinoctial circle with its feet. It looks toward the west, being positioned between Gemini and Cancer.

Qui quod ante maiorem Canem exoritur, Procyon est appellatus. Hic autem occidit exorto Capricorno, exoritur cum Leone. Sed omnino est stellarum III.

Who, because it rises before the Greater Dog, is called Procyon. This one, however, sets at the rising of Capricorn, rises with Leo. But in all it is of 3 stars.

XXXVI. ARGO. Huius puppis hiemalem circulum et maioris Canis caudam contingens inferiore parte novissimae navis, inclinata antarcticum circulum tangit; occidens Sagittario et Capricorno exorto ut in mari collocata, exoriens autem cum Virgine et Chelis. Haec habet in puppi IIII, ad singula gubernacula ad primum stellas V, ad alterum IIII, circum carinam V, sub reiectu V, ad malum III.

36. ARGO. The stern of this (ship) touches the winter circle and, touching the tail of the greater Dog with its lower part, the sternmost ship, inclined, touches the Antarctic circle; setting with Sagittarius and Capricorn when risen, as when placed at sea, and rising, however, with Virgo and Chelae. It has on the stern 4, at each of the rudders: at the first 5 stars, at the second 4, around the keel 5, under the transom 5, at the prow 3.

Ita tota est stellarum XXVI. Quae quare non sit tota in mundo collocata, prius diximus.

Thus the whole contains 26 stars. Why it is not entirely placed in the world we said before.

XXXVII. CENTAURUS. Hic ita figuratur, ut in antarctico circulo niti pedibus, humeris hiemalem sustinere videatur; capite prope caudam Hydrae coniungens, hostiam dextra manu tenens supinam, quae pedibus et extremo ore circulum hiemalem tangit, inter eum et antarcticum orbem collocata. Centauri autem crura a reliquo corpore dividit circulus qui lacteus vocatur.

37. CENTAURUS. This is so portrayed that, bracing its feet in the Antarctic circle, it seems to bear the winter circle upon its shoulders; its head joining near the tail of Hydra, holding a supine victim in its right hand, which, placed between it and the Antarctic orb, touches the winter circle with its feet and with its outer mouth. Moreover the circle called the Milky one divides the Centaur’s legs from the rest of the body.

Hic spectans ad ortus signorum. totus occidit Aquario et Piscibus exortis, oritur autem cum Scorpione et Sagittario. Habet autem stellas supra caput III obscuras, in utrisque humeris singulas claras, in cubito sinistro I, in manu I, in medio pectore equino I, in prioribus poplitibus utrisque singulas, in interscapilio IIII, in ventre duas claras, in cauda III, in lumbo equino I, in genibus posterioribus singulas, in poplitibus singulas.

This one, looking toward the risings of the signs, wholly sets with Aquarius and Pisces having risen, but it rises with Scorpio and Sagittarius. It has above the head 3 dim stars, on each shoulder a single bright one, on the left elbow 1, in the hand 1, in the middle of the equine chest 1, on each of the fore popliteal (knees) a single one, in the interscapular region 4, in the belly two bright ones, in the tail 3, in the equine loin 1, on the hind knees each a single one, on the haunches a single one.

Omnino XXIIII.

Altogether 24.

Hostia autem habet in cauda stellas II, in pede de posterioribus primo I et inter utrosque pedes I, in interscapilio I claram et in priore parte pedum I, infra alteram, in capite III dispositas. Omnino X.

Hostia, however, has in the tail 2 stars, in the hind foot at the foremost 1 and between the two feet 1, in the interscapular region 1 bright star and in the anterior part of the feet 1, beneath another, in the head arranged 3. In all 10.

XXXIII. ARA prope antarcticum circulum tangens inter Hostiae caput et Scorpionis caudam extremam collocatur, occidens Arietis exortu, oriens cum Capricorno. Haec habet in summo cacumine turibuli quod formatur stellas II et in imo alteras II. Omnino IIII.

33. ALTAR near touching the Antarctic circle is placed between the head of the Host and the extreme tail of the Scorpion, setting with the rise of Aries, rising with Capricorn. This has on the very summit a censer which is formed of 2 stars and below another 2. Altogether 4.

XXXIX. HYDRA trium signorum longitudinem occupans, Cancri, Leonis, Virginis, inter aequinoctialem et hiemalem circulum collocatur, ita tamen, ut caput eius contendens ad signum quod Procyon vocatur, et totius Hydrae prope quarta pars inter aestivum et aequinoctialem circulum videatur. Cauda autem extrema paene Centauri caput tangens, sustinet in dorso Corvum, rostro corpus eius tundentem et toto corpore ad Cratera tendentem, qui satis longo dissidente intervallo, prope inter Leonem et Virginem constitutus videtur, inclinatior ad caput Hydrae.

39. HYDRA occupying the length of three signs, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, is placed between the equinoctial and the winter circle, yet so that its head stretches toward the sign called Procyon, and about a fourth part of the whole Hydra is seen between the summer and the equinoctial circle. Its extreme tail, almost touching the head of Centaurus, bears on its back the Corvus, with whose beak it beats its body and with its whole body leaning toward the Crater, which, set at a fairly long separating interval, appears placed near between Leo and Virgo, somewhat more inclined toward the head of the Hydra.

Quae occidit Aquario et Piscibus ortis, oritur autem cum his signis, de quibus supra diximus. Habet autem in capite stellas III, in prima a capite curvatura VI, sed earum novissimam claram; in secunda curvatura III, in tertia IIII, in quarta II, in quinta usque ad caudam VIIII omnes obscuras. Numero XXVII.

Which sets with Aquarius and rises with Pisces; it rises, moreover, with those signs of which we spoke above. It has in its head 3 stars; in the first curvature from the head 6, but the last of these bright; in the second curvature 3, in the third 4, in the fourth 2, in the fifth, up to the tail, 9, all obscure. Number 27.

Corvus autem habet in gutture stellam I, in pennis II, infra pennam ad caudam versus II, in utrisque pedibus singulas. Omnino VII.

The Corvus, however, has in the throat 1 star, on the wings 2, beneath the wing toward the tail 2, and on each of the two feet one apiece. In all 7.

Supra primam a capite curvaturam Crater positus habet in labris stellas III, infra autem ansas II obscuras, in medio III, ad fundum II. Ita fiunt omnino X.

Above the first curvature from the head the Crater placed has on its labrs 3 stars, beneath however 2 obscure handles, in the middle 3, at the bottom 2. Thus they make 10 in all.

Piscis autem qui notius dicitur, inter hiemalem et antarcticum circulum media regione collocatus, spectare ad exortum videtur, inter Aquarium et Capricornum, ore excipiens aquam quae funditur ab Aquario. Hic occidit oriente Cancro, exoritur autem cum Piscibus. Sed est stellarum omnino XII.

The Fish, however, which is called Notius, placed in the middle region between the winter and antarctic circle, seems to look toward the east, between Aquarius and Capricorn, receiving with its mouth the water which is poured out by Aquarius. It sets in the east at Cancer, and yet rises with the Fishes. But there are in all 12 stars.

Quae ad figurationem siderum pertinent, ad hunc finem nobis erunt dicta; reliqua protinus dicemus.

Those things which pertain to the configuration of the stars will be said to us for this purpose; the rest we shall relate at once.