Justinian: DIGESTA

Et proprie quidem municipes appellantur muneris participes, recepti in civitatem, ut munera nobiscum facerent: sed nunc abusive municipes dicimus suae cuiusque civitatis cives, ut puta campanos, puteolanos.

And properly indeed “municipes” are called participants in the munus, admitted into the civitas, so that they might perform the munera with us: but now, abusively, we call “municipes” the citizens of each one’s own civitas, for instance the Campanians, the Puteolans.

Dig. 50.1.1.2

Digest 50.1.1.2

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian 2 on the Edict.

Qui ex duobus igitur campanis patentibus natus est, campanus est. sed si ex patre campano, matre puteolana, aeque municeps campanus est, nisi forte privilegio aliquo materna origo censeatur: tunc enim maternae originis erit municeps. ut puta iliensibus concessum est, ut qui matre iliensi est, sit eorum municeps.

He who, then, is born from two Campanian parents, is Campanian. but if from a Campanian father and a Puteolan mother, he is equally a Campanian municipal citizen, unless perhaps by some privilege the maternal origin is reckoned: for then he will be a municipal citizen of the maternal origin. for example, it has been granted to the Ilians that whoever is of an Ilian mother be their municipal citizen.

etiam delphis hoc idem tributum et conservatum est. celsus etiam refert ponticis ex beneficio pompeii magni competere, ut qui pontica matre natus esset, ponticus esset. quod beneficium ad volgo quaesitos solos pertinere quidam putant.

This same thing has also been granted and preserved for the Delphians. Celsus also reports that for the Pontics, by the benefit of Pompey the Great, it obtains that whoever was born of a Pontic mother would be a Pontic. Some think that this benefit pertains only to those vulgarly begotten.

quorum sententiam celsus non probat: neque enim debuisse caveri, ut volgo quaesitus matris condicionem sequeretur ( quam enim aliam originem hic habet?): sed ad eos, qui ex diversarum civitatium parentibus orerentur.

whose opinion celsus does not approve: for it ought not to have been provided that a child born out of wedlock follow the mother’s condition ( for what other origin has he here?): but rather for those who arise from parents of different cities.

Dig. 50.1.2pr.

Digest 50.1.2, beginning.

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian book 1, Disputations.

Quotiens filius familias voluntate patris decurio creatur, universis muneribus, quae decurioni filio iniunguntur, obstrictus est pater quasi fideiussor pro filio. consensisse autem pater decurionatui filii videtur, si praesens nominationi non contradixit. proinde quidquid in re publica filius gessit, pater ut fideiussor praestabit.

Whenever a son under paternal power is, with his father’s will, appointed decurion, the father is bound, as if surety for his son, to all the munera that are imposed upon a decurion-son. The father is deemed to have consented to the son’s decurionate if, being present at the nomination, he did not object. Accordingly, whatever the son has transacted in the republic, the father, as surety, will make it good.

Dig. 50.1.2.1

Digest 50.1.2.1

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian Book 1 of Disputations.

Gestum autem in re publica accipere debemus pecuniam publicam tractare sive erogandam decernere.

Moreover, we ought to take ‘done in the republic’ to mean handling public money, or decreeing that it is to be disbursed.

Dig. 50.1.2.2

Digest 50.1.2.2

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 disputations.

Sed et si curatores operum vel cuius alterius rei publicae creavit, tenebitur.

But also, if he has appointed curators of works or of any other matter of the commonwealth, he will be held liable.

Dig. 50.1.2.3

Digest 50.1.2.3

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 disputations.

Sed et si successorem sibi nominavit, patrem obstringit.

But also, if he has nominated a successor for himself, he obliges the father.

Dig. 50.1.2.4

Digest 50.1.2.4

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Sed et si vectigalia publica locavit, pater erit obstrictus.

But also, if he has let the public revenues, the father will be bound.

Dig. 50.1.2.5

Digest 50.1.2.5

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Sed si filius tutores dare non curaverit vel minus idoneos elegerit nec satis exegerit vel non idoneum acceperit, ipse quidem quin sit obstrictus, nulla dubitatio est: pater vero ita demum obligatur, si et fideiussores solent hoc nomine obligari. sed non solent ( hoc enim et relatum et rescriptum est), quia fideiussores rem publicam salvam fore promittunt, rei publicae autem nihil, quod ad rem pecuniariam attinet, interest pupillis tutores dari.

But if the son has not taken care to appoint tutors, or has chosen less suitable ones, and has not exacted security, or has accepted one not adequate, as to himself there is no doubt that he is obligated; the father, however, is only then bound if sureties too are accustomed to be bound under this head. But they are not accustomed (for this has both been reported and answered by rescript), because sureties promise that the commonwealth will be kept safe, and it is of no interest to the commonwealth, so far as pertains to pecuniary matters, that tutors be given to wards.

Dig. 50.1.2.6

Digest 50.1.2.6

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 disputations.

Is, qui ultra commeatum abest vel ultra formam commeatui datam, ad munera vocari potest.

He who is absent beyond his leave, or beyond the form given to the leave, can be called to duties.

Dig. 50.1.3

Digest 50.1.3

Ulpianus 25 ad sab.

Ulpian, book 25 on Sabinus.

Placet etiam filios familias domicilium habere posse.

It is also approved that sons in paternal power can have a domicile.

Dig. 50.1.4

Digest 50.1.4

Ulpianus 39 ad ed.

Ulpian, 39 on the Edict.

Non utique ibi, ubi pater habuit, sed ubicumque ipse domicilium constituit.

Not, to be sure, there where the father had it, but wherever he himself has established a domicile.

Dig. 50.1.5

Digest 50.1.5

Paulus 45 ad ed.

Paul 45 on the Edict.

Labeo indicat eum, qui pluribus locis ex aequo negotietur, nusquam domicilium habere: quosdam autem dicere refert pluribus locis eum incolam esse aut domicilium habere: quod verius est.

Labeo indicates that one who does business equally in several places has a domicile nowhere: moreover he reports that some say that he is an inhabitant in several places or has a domicile in several places: which is the truer.

Dig. 50.1.6pr.

Digest 50.1.6, at the beginning.

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 opinions.

Adsumptio originis, quae non est, veritatem naturae non peremit: errore enim veritas originis non amittitur nec mendacio dicentis se esse, unde non sit, deponitur: neque recusando quis patriam, ex qua oriundus est, neque mentiendo de ea, quam non habet, veritatem mutare potest.

The assumption of an origin which is not does not destroy the truth of nature: for by error the truth of origin is not lost, nor is it deposed by the mendacity of one saying that he is from where he is not: nor can anyone, by refusing the fatherland from which he is sprung, nor by lying about that which he does not have, change the truth.

Dig. 50.1.6.1

Digest 50.1.6.1

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Filius civitatem, ex qua pater eius naturalem originem ducit, non domicilium sequitur.

The son follows the citizenship from which his father draws his natural origin, not the domicile.

Dig. 50.1.6.2

Digest 50.1.6.2

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, Book 2 of Opinions.

Viris prudentibus placuit duobus locis posse aliquem habere domicilium, si utrubique ita se instruxit, ut non ideo minus apud alteros se collocasse videatur.

Jurists have held that someone can have a domicile in two places, if in each he has so arranged himself that he does not on that account seem to have settled himself any less in the other.

Dig. 50.1.6.3

Digest 50.1.6.3

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 opin.

Libertini originem patronorum vel domicilium sequuntur: item qui ex his nascuntur.

Freedmen follow the origin of their patrons or their domicile; likewise those who are born from them.

Dig. 50.1.7

Digest 50.1.7

Ulpianus 5 de off. procons.

Ulpian 5 on the office of the proconsul.

Si quis a pluribus manumissus sit, omnium patronorum originem sequitur.

If anyone has been manumitted by several, he follows the origin of all his patrons.

Dig. 50.1.8

Digest 50.1.8

Marcianus 1 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 On Public Prosecutions.

Non debere cogi decuriones vilius praestare frumentum civibus suis, quam annona exigit, divi fratres rescripserunt, et aliis quoque constitutionibus principalibus id cautum est.

The deified brothers wrote in a rescript that decurions ought not to be compelled to furnish grain to their citizens at a cheaper rate than the annona exacts, and this too has been provided for by other imperial constitutions.

Dig. 50.1.9

Digest 50.1.9

Nerva 3 membr.

Nerva 3 parchment leaves.

Eius, qui iustum patrem non habet, prima origo a matre eoque die, quo ex ea editus est, numerari debet.

For one who does not have a lawful father, the first origin must be counted from the mother, and from that day on which he was born from her.

Dig. 50.1.10

Digest 50.1.10

Marcianus l.S. de delator.

Marcianus in the singular book On Delators.

Simile privilegium fisco nulla civitas habet in bonis debitoris, nisi nominatim id a principe datum sit.

No city has a privilege similar to that of the fisc in the goods of a debtor, unless it has been given expressly (by name) by the emperor.

Dig. 50.1.11pr.

Digest 50.1.11, beginning.

Papinianus 2 quaest.

Papinian, Questions 2.

Imperator titus antoninus lentulo vero rescripsit magistratuum officium individuum ac periculum esse commune. quod sic intellegi oportet, ut ita demum collegae periculum adscribatur, si neque ab ipso qui gessit neque ab his, qui pro eo intervenerunt, res servari possit et solvendo non fuit honore deposito. alioquin si persona vel cautio sit idonea, vel solvendo fuit quo tempore conveniri potuit, unusquisque in id quod administravit tenebitur.

The emperor Titus Antoninus wrote back to Lentulus Verus that the magistrates’ office is indivisible and the liability is common. This ought to be understood thus: the colleague’s liability is to be assigned only if neither by the one who carried it out nor by those who intervened on his behalf can the matter be made good, and he was not solvent upon laying down the honor (office). Otherwise, if the person or the security is adequate, or he was solvent at the time when he could have been proceeded against, each will be held for that which he administered.

Dig. 50.1.11.1

Digest 50.1.11.1

Papinianus 2 quaest.

Papinian, Questions, Book 2.

Quod si forte is, qui periculo suo nominavit magistratum, solvendo sit, utrum in eum prius actio reddi quasi fideiussorem debeat, an vero non alias, quam si res a collega servari non potuerit? sed placuit fideiussoris exemplo priorem conveniendum qui nominavit, quoniam collega quidem neglegentiae ac poenae causa, qui vero nominavit, fidei ratione convenitur.

But if perhaps the one who, at his own peril, nominated the magistrate is solvent, should an action be brought first against him as if he were a surety, or rather not unless the matter cannot be recovered from the colleague? But it has been resolved, on the model of a surety, that the one who nominated is to be convened first, since the colleague indeed is proceeded against on account of negligence and penalty, whereas the one who nominated is proceeded against by reason of faith (as a guaranty).

Dig. 50.1.12

Digest 50.1.12

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus 1 responses.

Et ei contra nominati collegam actionem utilem dari non oportet.

And to him, a useful action ought not to be given against the colleague of the nominated person.

Dig. 50.1.13

Digest 50.1.13

Papinianus 2 quaest.

Papinian 2 Questions.

Quid ergo, si alter ex magistratibus toto anno afuerit aut forte praesens per contumaciam sive ignaviam vel aegram valitudinem rei publicae negotia non gesserit et omnia collega solus administraverit, nec tamen tota res ab eo servari possit? talis ordo dabitur, ut in primis qui rei publicae negotia gessit et qui pro eo caverunt in solidum conveniantur, mox peractis omnibus periculum adgnoscat qui non idoneum nominavit, postremo alter ex magistratibus, qui rei publicae negotiis se non immiscuit. nec iuste qui nominavit universi periculum recusabit, cum scire deberet eum, qui nominaretur, individuum officium et commune periculum suscepturum.

What then, if one of the magistrates has been absent for the whole year, or perchance, though present, has not conducted the business of the commonwealth through contumacy or sloth or ailing health, and the colleague alone has administered everything, yet the whole affair cannot be preserved by him? Such an order will be laid down: first, let the one who conducted the affairs of the commonwealth, and those who gave surety for him, be convened for the whole (in solidum); next, when all has been completed, let him acknowledge the liability who nominated one not suitable; lastly, the other of the magistrates, who did not involve himself in the business of the commonwealth. Nor will he who nominated justly refuse the entire liability, since he ought to know that the one to be nominated would assume an indivisible office and a common peril.

nam et cum duo gesserunt et ab altero servari quod debetur non potest, qui collegam nominavit, in universum convenitur.

for also when two have administered, and what is owed cannot be recovered from the one, he who nominated the colleague is proceeded against for the whole.

Dig. 50.1.14

Digest 50.1.14

Papinianus 15 quaest.

Papinian 15 questions.

Municipes intelleguntur scire, quod sciant hi, quibus summa rei publicae commissa est.

Municipal citizens are understood to know what is known by those to whom the supreme administration of the republic has been entrusted.

Dig. 50.1.15pr.

Digest 50.1.15 preface.

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian, 1 responses.

Ordine decurionum ad tempus motus et in ordinem regressus ad honorem, exemplo relegati, tanto tempore non admittitur, quanto dignitate caruit. sed in utroque placuit examinari, quo crimine damnati sententiam eiusmodi meruerunt: durioribus etenim poenis affectos ignominia velut transacto negotio postea liberari, minoribus vero, quam leges permittunt, subiectos nihilo minus inter infames haberi, cum facti quidem quaestio sit in potestate iudicantium, iuris autem auctoritas non sit.

One who has been removed for a time from the order of the decurions and restored into the order is not admitted to honor, on the model of a relegated man, for as long a time as he lacked the dignity. But in both cases it has been resolved to examine by what charge, having been condemned, they deserved such a sentence: for those afflicted with harsher penalties are afterward freed from ignominy as if the matter were concluded, but those subjected to lesser penalties than the laws permit are nonetheless held among the infamous, since the inquiry into the fact is indeed in the power of the judges, but the authority of the law is not.

Dig. 50.1.15.1

Digest 50.1.15.1

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian Book 1, Responses.

In eum, qui successorem suo periculo nominavit, si finito magistratu successor idoneus fuit, actionem dari non oportet.

Against him who named a successor at his own peril, if, once the magistracy was concluded, the successor proved suitable, an action ought not to be granted.

Dig. 50.1.15.2

Digest 50.1.15.2

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus 1 responses.

In fraudem civilium munerum per tacitam fidem praedia translata fisco vindicantur tantumque alterum interdictae rei minister de suis bonis cogitur solvere.

Estates transferred, in fraud of civic duties, by a tacit trust are claimed by the fisc; and only the other party—the agent of the prohibited transaction—is compelled to pay from his own goods.

Dig. 50.1.15.3

Digest 50.1.15.3

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Ius originis in honoribus obeundis ac muneribus suscipiendis adoptione non mutatur: sed novis quoque muneribus filius per adoptivum patrem adstringitur.

The right of origin, in undergoing honors and in undertaking public burdens, is not changed by adoption; but the son also is bound to new public burdens through the adoptive father.

Dig. 50.1.16

Digest 50.1.16

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 1 of the Epitome of Law.

Sed si emancipatur ab adoptivo patre, non tantum filius, sed etiam civis eius civitatis, cuius per adoptionem fuerat factus, esse desinit.

But if he is emancipated from his adoptive father, he ceases to be not only a son, but also a citizen of that city, of which he had been made through adoption.

Dig. 50.1.17pr.

Digest 50.1.17, beginning.

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus 1 responses.

Libertus propter patronum a civilibus muneribus non excusatur, nec ad rem pertinet, an operas patrono vel ministerium capto luminibus exhibeat.

A freedman is not excused from civil duties on account of his patron, nor does it pertain to the matter whether he furnishes his labors to his patron or renders attendance to a patron bereft of sight.

Dig. 50.1.17.1

Digest 50.1.17.1

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Liberti vero senatorum, qui negotia patronorum gerunt, a tutela decreto patrum excusantur.

But the freedmen of senators, who manage the business of their patrons, are excused from guardianship by a decree of the Senate.

Dig. 50.1.17.2

Digest 50.1.17.2

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses

Filium pater decurionem esse voluit: ante filium ex persona sua res publica debet convenire quam patrem ex persona filii. nec ad rem pertinebit, an filius castrense peculium tantum possideat, cum ante militasset vel postea.

The father wished his son to be a decurion: the republic ought to proceed against the son in his own person before it proceeds against the father in the person of the son. Nor will it pertain to the matter whether the son possesses only a castrense peculium, whether he had served in the army before or afterwards.

Dig. 50.1.17.3

Digest 50.1.17.3

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Praescriptio temporum, quae in honoribus repetundis vel aliis suscipiendis data est, apud eosdem servatur, non apud alios.

The prescription of times which is given for seeking honors again or for undertaking others is observed with the same persons, not with others.

Dig. 50.1.17.4

Digest 50.1.17.4

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Sed eodem tempore non sunt honores in duabus civitatibus ab eodem gerendi: cum simul igitur utrubique deferuntur, potior est originis causa.

But honors are not to be borne in two cities by the same person at the same time: therefore, when they are conferred simultaneously in both places, the claim of origin prevails.

Dig. 50.1.17.5

Digest 50.1.17.5

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Sola ratio possessionis civilibus possessori muneribus iniungendis citra privilegium specialiter civitati datum idonea non est.

The mere ground of possession is not suitable for imposing civil burdens upon the possessor, without a privilege specially given to the city.

Dig. 50.1.17.6

Digest 50.1.17.6

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Postliminio regressi patriae muneribus obtemperare coguntur, quamvis in alienae civitatis finibus consistant.

Those who have returned by postliminy are compelled to comply with the munera of their fatherland, although they may be situated within the borders of a foreign state.

Dig. 50.1.17.7

Digest 50.1.17.7

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Exigendi tributi munus inter sordida munera non habetur et ideo decurionibus quoque mandatur.

The office of exacting tribute is not held among the sordid offices, and therefore it is also entrusted to the decurions.

Dig. 50.1.17.8

Digest 50.1.17.8

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus Responses 1.

Ex causa fideicommissi manumissus in muneribus civilibus manumissoris originem sequitur, non eius qui libertatem reliquit.

One manumitted by reason of a fideicommissum, in civil burdens, follows the origin of the manumissor, not of him who left the liberty.

Dig. 50.1.17.9

Digest 50.1.17.9

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

In adoptiva familia susceptum exemplo dati muneribus civilibus apud originem avi quoque naturalis respondere divo pio placuit, quamvis in isto fraudis nec suspicio quidem interveniret.

In an adoptive family, it pleased the deified Pius that one who has been received, following the precedent set, should answer for civil burdens also at the place of origin of his natural grandfather, although in this case not even a suspicion of fraud would intervene.

Dig. 50.1.17.10

Digest 50.1.17.10

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian, Book 1 of Responses.

Error eius, qui se municipem aut colonum existimans munera civilia suscepturum promisit, defensionem iuris non excludit.

The error of one who, thinking himself a municipal citizen or a colonist, promised that he would undertake civil duties, does not preclude a defense in law.

Dig. 50.1.17.11

Digest 50.1.17.11

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Patris domicilium filium aliorum incolam civilibus muneribus alienae civitatis non adstringit, cum in patris quoque persona domicilii ratio temporaria sit.

The domicile of the father does not bind a son, an inhabitant elsewhere, to the civil duties of a foreign city, since even in the person of the father the rationale of domicile is temporary.

Dig. 50.1.17.12

Digest 50.1.17.12

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus Book 1 of Responses.

In quaestionibus nominatos capitalium criminum ad novos honores ante causam finitam admitti non oportet: ceterum pristinam interim dignitatem retinent.

Those named in investigations of capital crimes ought not to be admitted to new honors before the case is concluded; however, in the meantime they retain their original dignity.

Dig. 50.1.17.13

Digest 50.1.17.13

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus Book 1 of Responses.

Sola domus possessio, quae in aliena civitate comparatur, domicilium non facit.

The mere possession of a house, acquired in a foreign city, does not make a domicile.

Dig. 50.1.17.14

Digest 50.1.17.14

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Nominati successoris periculum fideiussorem nominantis non tenet.

The peril of the named successor does not bind the surety of the nominating party.

Dig. 50.1.17.15

Digest 50.1.17.15

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian, 1 responses.

Fideiussores, qui salvam rem publicam fore responderunt, et qui magistratus suo periculo nominant poenalibus actionibus non adstringuntur, in quas inciderunt hi, pro quibus intervenerunt: eos enim damnum rei publicae praestare satis est quod promitti videtur.

Sureties, who have answered that the commonwealth will be safe, and those who nominate magistrates at their own risk, are not bound by penal actions into which those have fallen for whom they intervened: for it is enough that they make good to the commonwealth the loss, which is what seems to be promised.

Dig. 50.1.18

Digest 50.1.18

Paulus 1 quaest.

Paulus, Questions, book 1.

Divus severus rescripsit intervalla temporum in continuandis oneribus invitis, non etiam volentibus concessa, dum ne quis continuet honorem.

The deified Severus wrote in a rescript that intervals of time in continuing burdens are granted to the unwilling, not also to the willing, so that no one may continue an honor.

Dig. 50.1.19

Digest 50.1.19

Scaevola 1 quaest.

Scaevola 1 Questions.

Quod maior pars curiae effecit, pro eo habetur, ac si omnes egerint.

What the greater part of the curia has effected is held as if all had acted.

Dig. 50.1.20

Digest 50.1.20

Paulus 24 quaest.

Paulus 24 Questions.

Domicilium re et facto transfertur, non nuda contestatione: sicut in his exigitur, qui negant se posse ad munera ut incolas vocari.

Domicile is transferred in reality and by deed, not by naked contestation: just as is required in the case of those who deny that they can be called to public burdens as incolae.

Dig. 50.1.21pr.

Digest 50.1.21, preface.

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 responses.

Lucius titius cum esset in patris potestate, a magistratibus inter ceteros frumento comparando invito patre curator constitutus est: cui rei lucius titius neque consensit neque pecuniam accepit neque in eam cavit aut se comparationibus cum ceteris miscuit: et post mortem patris in reliqua collegarum interpellari coepit. quaeritur, an ex ea causa teneri possit. paulus respondit eum, qui iniunctum munus a magistratibus suscipere supersedit, posse conveniri eo nomine propter damnum rei publicae, quamvis eo tempore, quo creatus est, in aliena fuerit potestate.

When Lucius Titius was under his father’s power, he was appointed by the magistrates, among the others, curator for procuring grain, his father being unwilling: to which matter Lucius Titius neither consented nor received money nor gave security for it, nor did he mingle himself in the procurements together with the others: and after the death of his father he began to be dunned for the arrears of his colleagues. It is asked whether he can be held liable on that account. Paulus replied that he who has refrained from undertaking the duty enjoined by the magistrates can be sued under that head on account of damage to the commonwealth, although at the time when he was appointed he was under another’s power.

Dig. 50.1.21.1

Digest 50.1.21.1

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 Responses.

Paulus respondit eos, qui pro aliis non ex contractu, sed ex officio quod administraverint conveniuntur, in damnum sortis substitui solere, non etiam in usuras.

Paulus answered that those who are sued on behalf of others, not from contract but from the office they have administered, are accustomed to be substituted with respect to the loss of the principal, but not also for interest.

Dig. 50.1.21.2

Digest 50.1.21.2

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 response.

Idem respondit heredes patris propter munera filii, quae post mortem patris suscepit, iure conveniri non posse. hoc responsum et ad eum pertinet, qui a patre decurio factus post mortem patris munera suscepit.

Likewise he answered that the father’s heirs cannot be convened at law on account of the son’s munera, which he undertook after the father’s death. This response also pertains to him who, made a decurion by his father, undertook the munera after the father’s death.

Dig. 50.1.21.3

Digest 50.1.21.3

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus Book 1 of Responses.

Idem respondit eum, qui decurionem adoptavit, onera decurionatus eius suscepisse videri exemplo patris, cuius voluntate filius decurio factus est.

He likewise responded that he who adopted a decurion is deemed to have assumed the burdens of his decurionate, on the example of a father, by whose will a son was made a decurion.

Dig. 50.1.21.4

Digest 50.1.21.4

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 Responses.

Idem respondit constante matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse: sed et si ad munera municipalia a certo modo substantiae vocentur, dotem non debere computari.

The same man responded that, with the marriage continuing, the dowry is among the husband’s goods; but also, if they are called to municipal duties according to a certain measure of substance (estate), the dowry ought not to be computed.

Dig. 50.1.21.5

Digest 50.1.21.5

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 Responses.

Idem respondit, si per accusatorem criminum capitalium non stetisset, quo minus crimen intra statutum tempus persequeretur, reum non debuisse medio tempore honorem appetere.

He likewise responded that, if it had not been owing to the accuser of capital crimes that he failed to prosecute the charge within the prescribed time, the defendant ought not in the meantime to seek an honor (public office).

Dig. 50.1.21.6

Digest 50.1.21.6

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus Book 1 of Responses

"imperatores severus et antoninus augusti septimio zenoni. pro infante filio, quem decurionem esse voluisti, quamquam fidem tuam in posterum adstrinxeris, tamen interim onera sustinere non cogeris, cum ad ea, quae mandari possunt, voluntatem dedisse videaris".

"the emperors severus and antoninus, augusti, to septimius zeno. on behalf of your infant son, whom you wished to be a decurion, although you have bound your good faith for the future, nevertheless in the meantime you are not compelled to bear the burdens, since you seem to have given your willingness for those things which can be mandated."

Dig. 50.1.21.7

Digest 50.1.21.7

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus, book 1 of the Responses.

Idem respondit, si civitas nullam propriam legem habet de adiectionibus admittendis, non posse recedi a locatione vel venditione praediorum publicorum iam perfecta: tempora enim adiectionibus praestituta ad causas fisci pertinent.

He likewise answered that, if a city has no proper law about admitting adjections, one cannot withdraw from the lease or sale of public estates once perfected: for the times prescribed for adjections pertain to the causes of the fisc.

Dig. 50.1.22pr.

Digest 50.1.22pr.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 Sentences.

Filii libertorum, libertarumque liberti, paterni et patroni manumissoris domicilium aut originem sequuntur.

The children of freedmen, and the freedmen of freedwomen, follow the domicile or origin of the father and of the manumitting patron.

Dig. 50.1.22.1

Digest 50.1.22.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 sent.

Vidua mulier amissi mariti domicilium retinet exemplo clarissimae personae per maritum factae: sed utrumque aliis intervenientibus nuptiis permutatur.

A widow retains the domicile of her lost husband, on the example of a most illustrious person made so through her husband; but both are changed when other nuptials intervene.

Dig. 50.1.22.2

Digest 50.1.22.2

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 Sentences.

Municipes sunt liberti et in eo loco, ubi ipsi domicilium sua voluntate tulerunt, nec aliquod ex hoc origini patroni faciunt praeiudicium et utrubique muneribus adstringuntur.

Freedmen are municipes also in that place where they themselves, by their own will, have established their domicile; nor do they by this cause any prejudice to the origin of their patron; and in both places they are bound to the munera.

Dig. 50.1.22.3

Digest 50.1.22.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 Sentences.

Relegatus in eo loco, in quem relegatus est, interim necessarium domicilium habet.

A relegated person, in the place to which he has been relegated, meanwhile has a necessary domicile.

Dig. 50.1.22.4

Digest 50.1.22.4

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Senator ordine motus ad originalem patriam, nisi hoc specialiter impetraverit, non restituitur.

A senator removed from the order to his original fatherland is not restored, unless he has specially obtained this.

Dig. 50.1.22.5

Digest 50.1.22.5

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Senatores et eorum filii filiaeque quoquo tempore nati nataeve, itemque nepotes, pronepotes et proneptes ex filio origini eximuntur, licet municipalem retineant ^ retineat^ dignitatem.

Senators and their sons and daughters, born at whatever time, likewise the grandsons, great-grandsons, and great-granddaughters through the son, are exempted from their origin, although they retain ^ retains ^ municipal dignity.

Dig. 50.1.22.6

Digest 50.1.22.6

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Book 1 of the Sentences.

Senatores, qui liberum commeatum, id est ubi velint morandi arbitrium impetraverunt, domicilium in urbe retinent.

Senators, who have obtained free leave of absence, that is, the discretion of staying where they wish, retain their domicile in the city.

Dig. 50.1.22.7

Digest 50.1.22.7

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Sentences 1.

Qui faenus exercent, omnibus patrimonii intributionibus fungi debent, etsi possessionem non habeant.

Those who exercise usury are bound to discharge all contributions of the patrimony, even if they do not have possession.

Dig. 50.1.23pr.

Digest 50.1.23, proem.

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus Book 1 of the Epitome of Law.

Municeps esse desinit senatoriam adeptus dignitatem, quantum ad munera: quantum vero ad honorem, retinere creditur originem. denique manumissi ab eo eius municipii efficiuntur municipes, unde originem trahit.

He ceases to be a municipal citizen upon having obtained senatorial dignity, so far as concerns the munera (public burdens); but as to honor, he is believed to retain his origin. finally, those manumitted by him become municipal citizens of that municipium from which he draws his origin.

Dig. 50.1.23.1

Digest 50.1.23.1

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus Book 1 of the Epitome of Law.

Miles ibi domicilium habere videtur, ubi meret, si nihil in patria possideat.

A soldier is deemed to have his domicile where he serves, if he possesses nothing in his homeland.

Dig. 50.1.24

Digest 50.1.24

Scaevola 2 Dig.

Scaevola 2 Digest.

Constitutionibus principum continetur, ut pecuniae, quae ex detrimento solvitur, usurae non praestentur: et ita imperatores antoninus et verus augusti rescripserunt his verbis: "humanum est reliquorum usuras neque ab ipso, qui ex administratione honoris reliquatus est, neque a fideiussore eius, et multo minus a magistratibus, qui cautionem acceperint, exigi". cui consequens est, ut ne in futurum a forma observata discedatur.

It is contained in the constitutions of the princes that interest is not to be paid on money which is paid by way of damages; and thus the emperors Antoninus and Verus, Augusti, wrote back in a rescript in these words: "it is humane that the interest on arrears be exacted neither from the person himself who has been left with a balance from the administration of an honor (office), nor from his surety, and much less from the magistrates who have taken security." Consequently, it follows that in the future there is to be no departure from the form that has been observed.

Dig. 50.1.25

Digest 50.1.25

Ulpianus 1 ad ed. praet.

Ulpian 1 on the praetor’s edict.

Magistratus municipales cum unum magistratum administrent, etiam unius hominis vicem sustinent. et hoc plerumque quidem lege municipali eis datur: verum et si non sit datum, dummodo non denegatum, moribus competit.

Municipal magistrates, since they administer a single magistracy, also sustain the place of a single person. And this, for the most part, is granted to them by municipal law; but even if it has not been granted, provided it has not been denied, it is competent by custom.

Dig. 50.1.26pr.

Digest 50.1.26, preface.

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paulus book 1 on the edict.

Ea, quae magis imperii sunt quam iurisdictionis, magistratus municipalis facere non potest.

The things which are more of imperium than of jurisdiction, a municipal magistrate cannot perform.

Dig. 50.1.26.1

Digest 50.1.26.1

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paul 1 on the Edict.

Magistratibus municipalibus non permittitur in integrum restituere aut bona rei servandae causa iubere possideri aut dotis servandae causa vel legatorum servandorum causa.

It is not permitted to municipal magistrates to grant restitution in integrum, or to order that goods be possessed for the sake of preserving the matter in dispute, or for preserving a dowry or for preserving legacies.

Dig. 50.1.27pr.

Digest 50.1.27, preface.

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian 2 on the edict.

Eius, qui manumisit, municeps est manumissus, non domicilium eius, sed patriam secutus. et si patronum habeat duarum civitatium municipem, per manumissionem earundem civitatium erit municeps.

The manumitted person is a municipal citizen of the one who manumitted him, following not his domicile but his native city; and if he has a patron who is a municipal citizen of two communities, by the manumission he will be a municipal citizen of those same communities.

Dig. 50.1.27.1

Digest 50.1.27.1

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian, 2 on the Edict.

Si quis negotia sua non in colonia, sed in municipio semper agit, in illo vendit emit contrahit, in eo foro balineo spectaculis utitur, ibi festos dies celebrat, omnibus denique municipii commodis, nullis coloniarum fruitur, ibi magis habere domicilium, quam ubi colendi causa deversatur.

If anyone conducts his affairs not in a colony but always in a municipium, there sells, buys, and contracts, in its forum, bathhouse, and spectacles takes part, there celebrates feast days, and in short enjoys all the advantages of the municipium and none of those of the colonies, he is rather to be held to have his domicile there than where he lodges for the purpose of cultivation.

Dig. 50.1.27.2

Digest 50.1.27.2

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian, 2 On the Edict.

Celsus libro primo digestorum tractat, si quis instructus sit duobus locis aequaliter neque hic quam illic minus frequenter commoretur: ubi domicilium habeat, ex destinatione animi esse accipiendum. ego dubito, si utrubique destinato sit animo, an possit quis duobus locis domicilium habere. et verum est habere, licet difficile est: quemadmodum difficile est sine domicilio esse quemquam.

Celsus in the first book of the Digests treats, if someone is furnished in two places equally and does not sojourn here less frequently than there: where he has his domicile is to be taken from the determination of his mind. I am in doubt, if his mind is determined toward both, whether someone can have a domicile in two places. And it is true that one can have this, although it is difficult: just as it is difficult for anyone to be without a domicile.

puto autem et hoc procedere posse, si quis domicilio relicto naviget vel iter faciat, quaerens quo se conferat atque ubi constituat: nam hunc puto sine domicilio esse.

I think, moreover, that this too can proceed: if anyone, with his domicile left behind, sails or makes a journey, seeking where he might betake himself and where he might establish himself; for I think this man is without a domicile.

Dig. 50.1.27.3

Digest 50.1.27.3

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian 2 on the Edict

Domicilium autem habere potest et relegatus eo loci, unde arcetur, ut Marcellus scribit.

Moreover, even a relegated person can have a domicile in the very place from which he is barred, as Marcellus writes.

Dig. 50.1.28

Digest 50.1.28

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paul 1 on the Edict.

Inter convenientes et de re maiori apud magistratus municipales agetur.

By agreement of the parties, even concerning a more important matter, proceedings will be held before the municipal magistrates.

Dig. 50.1.29

Digest 50.1.29

Gaius 1 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 1 on the provincial edict.

Incola et his magistratibus parere debet, apud quos incola est, et illis, apud quos civis est: nec tantum municipali iurisdictioni in utroque municipio subiectus est, verum etiam omnibus publicis muneribus fungi debet.

An incola must obey both the magistrates among whom he is an incola and those among whom he is a citizen; and he is subject not only to municipal jurisdiction in each municipality, but he must also discharge all public duties.

Dig. 50.1.30

Digest 50.1.30

Ulpianus 61 ad ed.

Ulpian 61 on the edict.

Qui ex vico ortus est, eam patriam intellegitur habere, cui rei publicae vicus ille respondet.

He who is sprung from a vicus is understood to have as his fatherland that republic to which that vicus corresponds.

Dig. 50.1.31

Digest 50.1.31

Marcellus 1 Dig.

Marcellus 1 Digest.

Nihil est impedimento, quo minus quis ubi velit habeat domicilium, quod ei interdictum non sit.

Nothing is an impediment to prevent someone from having a domicile wherever he wishes, provided that it is not interdicted to him.

Dig. 50.1.32

Digest 50.1.32

Modestinus 4 diff.

Modestinus 4 Differences.

Ea, quae desponsa est, ante contractas nuptias suum non mutat domicilium.

She who is betrothed does not change her domicile before the nuptials are contracted.

Dig. 50.1.33

Digest 50.1.33

Modestinus l.S. de manumiss.

Modestinus in the Single Book On Manumissions.

Roma communis nostra patria est.

Rome is our common fatherland.

Dig. 50.1.34

Digest 50.1.34

Modestinus 3 reg.

Modestinus 3 Rules.

Incola iam muneribus publicis destinatus nisi perfecto munere incolatui renuntiare non potest.

A resident already designated for public duties cannot renounce his residence unless the duty has been completed.

Dig. 50.1.35

Digest 50.1.35

Modestinus 1 excus.

Modestinus Book 1, On Excuses.

Eidenai xry hoti ho en agrw katamenwn inkolas ou nomizetai: ho gar ekeinys tys polews ecairetois my xrwmenos ohutws ou nomizetai einai inkolas.

One must know that he who remains in the countryside is not considered an incola: for he who does not make use of the exemptions of that city is not thus considered to be an incola.

Dig. 50.1.36pr.

Digest 50.1.36pr.

Modestinus 1 resp.

Modestinus Book 1, Responses.

Titio, cum esset romae studiorum gratia, epistula missa est a magistratibus patriae suae, ut porrigeret imperatori decretum eiusdem civitatis, quod erat cum ipsa epistula missum. is autem, qui suscepisset litteras restituendas, collusione facta dedit lucio titio, qui et ipse romae morabatur suae rei gratia: sublato titi nomine, cui erat decretum missum, uti per ipsum daretur, suum nomen scripsit et sic imperatori decretum secundum mandata rei publicae dedit. quaero, qui viaticum petere ab ea potuisset?

To Titius, when he was at Rome for the sake of studies, a letter was sent by the magistrates of his own fatherland, that he should present to the emperor the decree of that same city, which had been sent together with the letter itself. But the man who had undertaken the delivery of the letters, a collusion having been made, handed them to Lucius Titius, who also was staying at Rome for the sake of his own business: with Titius’s name—of the one to whom the decree had been sent so that it might be given through him—removed, he wrote his own name, and thus he gave the decree to the emperor in accordance with the mandates of the commonwealth. I ask, who could have sought the travel-allowance (viaticum) from the commonwealth?

et quid commisisse videtur is, qui non restituit litteras ei, cui restituere mandatum susceperat, et is, qui sublato alieno nomine inscriptoque suo, quasi ipse iussus a patria, decretum imperatori porrexit? herennius modestinus respondit titium quidem viaticum petere non posse: sed eum qui nomen incidisset.

and what offense does he seem to have committed, who did not restore the letters to him to whom he had undertaken by mandate to restore them, and he who, another’s name having been removed and his own inscribed, as if he himself had been ordered by his fatherland, presented the decree to the emperor? Herennius Modestinus responded that Titius indeed cannot seek travel-expenses (viaticum), but rather he who had inserted his name.

Dig. 50.1.36.1

Digest 50.1.36.1

Modestinus 1 resp.

Modestinus 1 Responses

Titius pro pecunia publica, quam ipse credidit, pignus accepit pacto facto cum debitore, ut non soluto debito sine ulla repromissione distrahatur pignus. succedentes gradus in locum titii nomen et pignus probaverunt usque ad maevium: ex venditione pignoris propter repromissionem a magistratu vendentibus factam de modo fundi demonstrato satis debito factum non est. quaerebatur, quis rei publicae tenetur.

Titius, for public money which he himself lent, received a pledge, a pact having been made with the debtor that, if the debt were not paid, the pledge should be sold without any repromission. The successors in grade, stepping into Titius’s place, approved the claim and the pledge up to Maevius: from the sale of the pledge, on account of a repromission made by the magistrate in selling, with the measure of the estate having been shown, sufficient satisfaction of the debt was not made. It was asked who is liable to the commonwealth.

herennius modestinus: titium, cum successores eius periculum nominis agnoverint, eo nomine obstrictum non esse respondi: sed nec post magistratus qui vendidisse proponuntur, cum videlicet pluris vendiderunt propter mensurae agri demonstrationem et hoc, qua pluris vendiderunt, restituere minore modo deprehenso iussi sunt. eum igitur, qui novissimus nomen probavit, indemnitati rei publicae satisfacere debere, si nomen ad successorem idoneum transmisisse non doceatur.

herennius modestinus: I responded that Titius, since his successors recognized the peril of the “nomen,” is not bound on that account; nor, after that, are the magistrates who are alleged to have sold, since, namely, they sold for more on account of the demonstration of the measure of the field, and were ordered to restore that by which they sold for more, once the lesser extent was discovered. Therefore the one who most recently proved the “nomen” ought to satisfy the indemnity of the Republic, if it is not shown that he transferred the “nomen” to a suitable successor.

Dig. 50.1.37pr.

Digest 50.1.37, preface.

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Judicial Cognitions.

De iure omnium incolarum, quos quaeque civitates sibi vindicant, praesidum provinciarum cognitio est. cum tamen se quis negat incolam esse, apud eum praesidem provinciae agere debet, sub cuius cura est ea civitas, a qua vocatur ad munera, non apud eam, ex qua ipse se dicit oriundum esse: idque divus hadrianus rescripsit.

As to the right of all inhabitants whom each city claims for itself, the cognizance belongs to the governors of the provinces. However, when someone denies that he is an inhabitant, he must litigate before that provincial governor under whose care is the city by which he is called to public burdens (munera), not before that of the city from which he says he himself originates: and this the deified Hadrian decided by rescript.

Dig. 50.1.37.1

Digest 50.1.37.1

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Hearings.

Mulieris, quae aliunde orta, alibi nupta est, libertos eo loco munus facere debere, unde patrona erit et ubi ipsi domicilium habebunt, placet.

It is held that the freedmen of a woman who was born elsewhere and married elsewhere ought to perform the munus in that place whence she will be patroness and where they themselves will have domicile.

Dig. 50.1.37.2

Digest 50.1.37.2

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cogn.

Mulieres, quae in matrimonium se dederint non legitimum, non ibi muneribus fungendas, unde mariti earum sunt, sciendum est, sed unde ipsae ortae sunt: idque divi fratres rescripserunt.

Women who have given themselves into a marriage not legitimate are not to perform munera there whence their husbands are, it must be known, but whence they themselves originated: and the deified brothers issued a rescript to this effect.

Dig. 50.1.38pr.

Digest 50.1.38, beginning.

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 On Constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus augusti rescripserunt gratiam se facere iurisiurandi ei, qui iuraverat se ordini non interfuturum et postea duumvir creatus esset.

Emperors antoninus and verus augusti issued a rescript that they were granting dispensation from the oath to him who had sworn that he would not take part in the order and had afterwards been created duumvir.

Dig. 50.1.38.1

Digest 50.1.38.1

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on Constitutions.

Item rescripserunt colonos praediorum fisci muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere, idque excutere praesidem adhibito procuratore debere.

Likewise they rescripted that the coloni of the estates of the fisc ought to discharge the munera without loss to the fisc, and that the governor ought to scrutinize this, with the procurator being called in.

Dig. 50.1.38.2

Digest 50.1.38.2

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus rescripserunt ad magistratus officium pertinere exactionem pecuniae legatorum, et si cessaverint, ipsos vel heredes conveneri aut, si solvendo non sint, fideiussores eorum qui pro his caverunt.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus wrote back that the exaction of the money of legacies pertains to the office of the magistrates; and if they have been remiss, they themselves or their heirs may be proceeded against, or, if they are not solvent, the sureties of those who gave security on their behalf.

Dig. 50.1.38.3

Digest 50.1.38.3

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt mulierem, quamdiu nupta est, incolam eiusdem civitatis videri, cuius maritus eius est, et ibi, unde originem trahit, non cogi muneribus fungi.

Likewise they issued a rescript that a woman, so long as she is married, is to be regarded as an inhabitant of the same city of which her husband is a citizen, and that there, whence she derives her origin, she is not to be compelled to discharge public duties.

Dig. 50.1.38.4

Digest 50.1.38.4

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt patris, qui consulto filium emancipaverat, ne pro magistratu eius caveret, perinde bona teneri atque si fideiussor pro eo extitisset.

Likewise they rescripted that the goods of a father, who had deliberately emancipated his son lest he give security for his magistracy, are held liable just as if he had become a surety (fidejussor) for him.

Dig. 50.1.38.5

Digest 50.1.38.5

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt, cum quaeritur, an municeps quis sit, ex ipsis etiam rebus probationes sumi oportere: nam solam nominis similitudinem ad confirmandam cuiusque originem satis non esse.

Likewise they replied by rescript that, when it is asked whether someone is a municipal citizen, proofs ought to be taken from the very facts themselves; for the mere similarity of a name is not sufficient to confirm anyone’s origin.

Dig. 50.1.38.6

Digest 50.1.38.6

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius Book 2 On Constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus rescripserunt non minus eos, qui compulsi magistratu funguntur, cavere debere, quam qui sponte officium adgnoverunt.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus issued a rescript that those who, being compelled, perform a magistracy must give security no less than those who of their own accord have acknowledged the office.

Dig. 50.2.0. De decurionibus et filiis eorum.

Digest 50.2.0. On decurions and their sons.

Dig. 50.2.1

Digest 50.2.1

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Decuriones, quos sedibus civitatis, ad quam pertinent, relictis in alia loca transmigrasse probabitur, praeses provinciae in patrium solum revocare et muneribus congruentibus fungi curet.

Let the governor of the province take care to recall to their native soil, and to have them discharge the appropriate munera, those decurions who, having abandoned the seats of the city to which they pertain, shall be proven to have transmigrated to other places.

Dig. 50.2.2pr.

Digest 50.2.2, preface.

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Qui ad tempus relegatus est, si decurio sit, desinet esse decurio. reversus plane locum suum quidem non optinebit, sed non semper prohibetur decurio fieri. denique in locum suum non restituetur ( nam et sublegi in locum eius potest) et si numerus ordinis plenus sit, exspectare eum oportet, donec alius vacet.

He who has been relegated for a term, if he be a decurion, will cease to be a decurion. on returning, plainly he will not obtain his own place, but he is not always prohibited from becoming a decurion. finally, he will not be restored into his place (for one can also be elected in his place), and if the number of the order is full, it is proper that he wait until another place is vacant.

alia causa est eius, qui ad tempus ordine removetur: hic enim impleto tempore decurio est. sed et in huius locum sublegi poterit: sed et si plenum locum invenerit, exspectet, donec locus vacet.

the case is different for one who is removed from the order for a time: for when the time is completed, he is a decurion. but even into his place another can be co-opted; and if he finds the place full, let him wait until a place is vacant.

Dig. 50.2.2.1

Digest 50.2.2.1

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Restitutus tamen in ordinem utrum eum ordinem teneat, quem primum habuit, an vero quem nunc nanctus est, quaeri potest, si forte de ordine sententiarum dicendarum agatur. arbitror tamen eundem ordinem tenere, quem pridem habuit. non idem erit in eo, qui relegatus ad tempus est: nam hic velut novus in ordinem venit.

However, when restored into the order, it can be asked whether he holds that order which he first had, or rather that which he has now obtained, if perchance the matter concerns the order of opinions to be pronounced. I judge, however, that he holds the same order which he formerly had. It will not be the same in the case of one who has been relegated for a time: for this man comes into the order as if new.

Dig. 50.2.2.2

Digest 50.2.2.2

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

In filiis decurionum quaestio est, utrum is solus decurionis filius esse videatur, qui conceptus et natus est ex decurione, an vero et is, qui ante natus est, quam pater decurio fieret. et quidem quantum pertinet, ne fustibus castigetur et ne in metallum detur, non nocet plebeio patre esse natum, si postea honor decurionis patri eorum accesserit. in avo quoque papinianus idem respondit, ne patris nota filius macularetur.

In the sons of decurions there is a question, whether only he seems to be a decurion’s son who was conceived and born from a decurion, or also he who was born before the father became a decurion. And indeed, so far as it pertains that he not be chastised with cudgels and not be given over to the mines, it does not harm that he was born of a plebeian father, if thereafter the honor of decurion has accrued to their father. Papinian also replied the same in the case of a grandfather, lest the son be stained by the father’s blemish.

Dig. 50.2.2.3

Digest 50.2.2.3

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Sed si pater ipsius ordine motus sit, si quidem ante conceptionem eius moveatur, arbitror eum quasi plebei filium in honoribus spectari: quod si post conceptionem pater ipsius dignitatem amiserit, dicendum erit benigne ut decurionis filium intuendum.

But if his father has been removed from his order, if indeed he is removed before his conception, I judge that he is to be regarded, in honors, as though the son of a plebeian: but if after his conception his father has lost his dignity, it must be said, favorably, that he is to be considered as the son of a decurion.

Dig. 50.2.2.4

Digest 50.2.2.4

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Proinde hic quoque, qui post patris relegationem natus sit, si quidem ante conceptus est, similis senatoris filio habebitur: si postea, nocebit illi relegatio.

Accordingly here too, one who is born after his father’s relegation, if indeed he was conceived before, will be held as like to a senator’s son; if afterwards, the relegation will harm him.

Dig. 50.2.2.5

Digest 50.2.2.5

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Si ad tempus ordine moto patre fuerit natus medioque tempore conceptus et editus, an quasi decurionis filius nascatur, licet pater eius ante obierit, quam in ordinem venerit? quod benigne erit admittendum.

If, at the time when the father has been moved into the order, a child is born, and in the meantime conceived and brought forth, is he to be born as if the son of a decurion, although his father died before he came into the order? This should be admitted favorably.

Dig. 50.2.2.6

Digest 50.2.2.6

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Praeterea si conceptus sit a plebeio, mox ante editionem pater eius decurionatum adeptus ante editionem amiserit: non infavorabiliter quis medium tempus illi prodesse veluti iam nato respondebit.

Furthermore, if he has been conceived by a plebeian, and soon before the delivery his father obtained the decurionate and before the delivery lost it: it will not be an unfavorable reply that the intermediate time will benefit him, as though he had already been born.

Dig. 50.2.2.7

Digest 50.2.2.7

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian Disputations, Book 1.

Nullum patris delictum innocenti filio poenae est: ideoque nec ordine decurionum aut ceteris honoribus propter eiusmodi causam prohibetur.

No delict of the father is a penalty to the innocent son: and therefore he is not prohibited from the order of decurions or from other honors on account of a cause of this sort.

Dig. 50.2.2.8

Digest 50.2.2.8

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, book 1.

Maiores annis quinquaginta quinque ad decurionatus honorem inviti vocari constitutionibus prohibentur. sed si ei rei consenserint, etsi maiores annis septuaginta sint, munera quidem civilia obire non coguntur, honores autem gerere debent.

Persons over fifty‑five years are by constitutions prohibited from being called, if unwilling, to the honor of the decurionate. But if they have consented to this, even if they are over seventy years, they are not compelled to undertake civil duties, yet they ought to bear the honors (i.e., to hold the office).

Dig. 50.2.3pr.

Digest 50.2.3, preface.

Ulpianus 3 de off. procons.

Ulpian Book 3 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Generaliter id erit defendendum, ut qui clementiorem sententiam passus est ob hoc, quod ad tempus relegatur, boni consulere debeat humanitatis sententiae nec decurionatum recipiat.

Generally this shall be maintained: that he who has suffered a more clement sentence on account of this, that he is relegated for a time, ought to take the sentence of humanity in good part and not receive the decurionate.

Dig. 50.2.3.1

Digest 50.2.3.1

Ulpianus 3 de off. procons.

Ulpian 3 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Sed si quis ob falsam causam vel aliam de gravioribus non ad tempus sit relegatus, sed ad tempus ordine motus, in ea est causa, ut possit in ordinem redire. imperator enim antoninus edicto proposito statuit, ut cuicumque aut quacumque causa ad tempus ordine vel advocationibus vel quo alio officio fuisset interdictum, completo tempore nihilo minus fungi honore vel officio possit. et hoc recte: neque enim exaggeranda fuit sententia, quae modum interdictioni fecerat.

But if someone, on account of a false cause or another among the graver ones, has not been relegated for a term, but has been removed from the order for a term, he is in the position that he can return into the order. For Emperor Antoninus, by a promulgated edict, established that, for whomever and for whatever cause, it had been for a time interdicted from the order or from advocations or from any other office, once the time was completed, nonetheless he could discharge the honor or office. And this is right: for the judgment which had set a limit to the interdiction was not to be exaggerated (aggravated).

Dig. 50.2.3.2

Digest 50.2.3.2

Ulpianus 3 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 3 on the office of the proconsul.

Spurios posse in ordinem allegi nulla dubitatio est: sed si habeat competitorem legitime quaesitum, praeferri eum oportet, divi fratres lolliano avito bithyniae praesidi rescripserunt. cessantibus vero his etiam spurii ad decurionatum et re et vita honesta recipientur: quod utique non sordi erit ordini, cum ex utilitate eius sit semper ordinem plenum habere.

There is no doubt that spurious (illegitimate) persons can be adlected into the order: but if he has a competitor legitimately sought, he ought to be preferred, as the deified brothers wrote in a rescript to Lollianus Avitus, governor of Bithynia.
With these impediments ceasing, however, even spurious persons will be received to the decurionate, provided they have means and an honorable life: which assuredly will not be a disgrace to the order, since it is to its advantage always to have the order full.

Dig. 50.2.3.3

Digest 50.2.3.3

Ulpianus 3 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 3 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Eis, qui iudaicam superstitionem sequuntur, divi severus et antoninus honores adipisci permiserunt, sed et necessitates eis imposuerunt, qui superstitionem eorum non laederent.

To those who follow the Judaic superstition, the deified Severus and Antoninus permitted to attain honors, but they also imposed obligations upon them, which would not injure their superstition.

Dig. 50.2.4

Digest 50.2.4

Marcianus 1 de iudic. publ.

Marcianus 1 On public prosecutions.

Decurio, qui prohibetur conducere quaedam, si iure successerit in conductione, remanet in ea. quod et in omnibus similibus servandum est.

A decurion, who is prohibited from contracting for certain things, if he has lawfully succeeded into the lease, remains in it; which is to be observed also in all similar cases.

Dig. 50.2.5

Digest 50.2.5

Papinianus 2 quaest.

Papinian 2 Questions.

Ad tempus ordine motos ex crimine, quod ignominiam importat, in perpetuum moveri placuit. ad tempus autem exulare iussos ex crimine leviore velut transacto negotio non esse inter infames habendos.

Those who have been moved from their order for a time on account of a crime that imports ignominy are to be moved in perpetuity. But those who have been ordered to go into exile for a time for a lighter crime are not to be held among the infamous, as though the matter were concluded.

Dig. 50.2.6pr.

Digest 50.2.6, preface.

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus book 1 of the Responses.

Spurii decuriones fiunt: et ideo fieri poterit ex incesto quoque natus: non enim impedienda est dignitas eius qui nihil admisit.

Illegitimate persons become decurions; and therefore even one born from incest can be made a decurion: for the dignity of one who has committed nothing is not to be impeded.

Dig. 50.2.6.1

Digest 50.2.6.1

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus responses, book 1.

Minores viginti quinque annorum decuriones facti sportulas decurionum accipiunt: sed interim suffragium inter ceteros ferre non possunt.

Those made decurions who are under twenty-five years receive the decurions’ perquisites; but meanwhile they cannot cast a vote among the others.

Dig. 50.2.6.2

Digest 50.2.6.2

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Decurio etiam suae civitatis vectigalia exercere prohibetur.

A decurion is also prohibited from farming the public revenues of his own city.

Dig. 50.2.6.3

Digest 50.2.6.3

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Qui iudicii publici quaestionem citra veniam abolitionis deseruerunt, decurionum honore decorari non possunt, cum ex turpilliano senatus consulto notentur ignominia veluti calumniae causa iudicio publico damnati.

Those who deserted the inquiry of a public trial without the leave of abolitio cannot be adorned with the honor of the decurions, since by the Turpillian senatus-consultum they are marked with ignominy, as though condemned in a public judgment on a charge of calumny.

Dig. 50.2.6.4

Digest 50.2.6.4

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Pater, qui filio decurione creato provocavit, etsi praescriptione temporis exclusus fuerit, si quod gestum est non habuit ratum, muneribus civilibus pro filio non tenebitur.

A father who appealed when his son was appointed as a decurion, even if he has been excluded by a prescription of time, if he did not ratify what was done, will not be held to civic burdens on behalf of his son.

Dig. 50.2.6.5

Digest 50.2.6.5

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Privilegiis cessantibus ceteris eorum causa potior habetur in sententiis ferendis, qui pluribus eodem tempore suffragiis iure decurionis decorati sunt. sed et qui plures liberos habet, in suo collegio primus sententiam rogatur ceterosque honoris ordine praecellit.

With the other privileges being in abeyance, their cause is held weightier in the rendering of opinions, who at the same time have been honored with more suffrages in right of the decurionate. But also he who has more children, in his own college is asked first for his opinion and surpasses the others in the order of honor.

Dig. 50.2.7pr.

Digest 50.2.7, preface.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 sentences.

Honores et munera non ordinatione, sed potioribus quibusque iniungenda sunt.

Honors and duties are not to be enjoined by ordination, but upon each of the worthier.

Dig. 50.2.7.1

Digest 50.2.7.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 sentences.

Surdus et mutus si in totum non audiant aut non loquantur, ab honoribus civilibus, non etiam a muneribus excusantur.

The deaf and the mute, if they do not hear at all or do not speak, are excused from civil honors, but not also from public duties.

Dig. 50.2.7.2

Digest 50.2.7.2

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Sentences 1.

Is, qui non sit decurio, duumviratu vel aliis honoribus fungi non potest, quia decurionum honoribus plebeii fungi prohibentur.

He who is not a decurion cannot exercise the duumvirate or other honors, because plebeians are prohibited from exercising the honors of the decurions.

Dig. 50.2.7.3

Digest 50.2.7.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 sentences.

Ad decurionatum filii ita demum pater non consentit, si contrariam voluntatem vel apud acta praesidis vel apud ipsum ordinem vel quo alio modo contestatus sit.

Only then is a father not consenting to his son’s decurionate, if he has registered his contrary will either in the governor’s official records, or before the order itself, or in some other way.

Dig. 50.2.8

Digest 50.2.8

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 1 Epitome of Law.

Decurionibus facultatibus lapsis alimenta decerni permissum est, maxime si ob munificentiam in patriam patrimonium exhauserint.

It has been permitted that alimenta be decreed for decurions whose resources have lapsed, especially if on account of munificence toward the fatherland they have exhausted their patrimony.

Dig. 50.2.9pr.

Digest 50.2.9pr.

Paulus 1 decr.

Paulus Book 1 of the Decrees.

Severus augustus dixit: "etsi probaretur titius in servitute patris sui natus, tamen, cum ex libera muliere sit procreatus, non prohibetur decurio fieri in sua civitate".

Severus Augustus said: "Even if it were proven that Titius was born in the servitude of his father, nevertheless, since he was procreated from a free woman, he is not prohibited from becoming a decurion in his own city".

Dig. 50.2.9.1

Digest 50.2.9.1

Paulus 1 decr.

Paul 1 Decrees.

Non esse dubitandum, quin navicularii non debent decuriones creari.

There is to be no doubt that shipowners ought not to be created decurions.

Dig. 50.2.10

Digest 50.2.10

Modestinus 1 resp.

Modestinus Book 1, Responses.

Herennius modestinus respondit sola albi proscriptione minime decurionem factum, qui secundum legem decurio creatus non sit.

Herennius Modestinus responded that by mere proscription on the album one is by no means made a decurion, if he has not been created a decurion according to the law.

Dig. 50.2.11

Digest 50.2.11

Callistratus 1 cogn.

Callistratus Book 1 On Cognitions.

Non tantum qui tenerae aetatis, sed etiam qui grandes natu sunt decuriones fieri prohibentur. illi quasi inhabiles rem publicam tueri ad tempus excusantur, hi vero in perpetuum amoventur: non alias seniores, ne seniorum excusatione iuniores onerentur ad omnia munera publica suscipienda soli relicti. neque enim minores viginti quinque annis decuriones allegi nisi ex causa possunt, neque hi, qui annum quinquagensimum et quintum excesserunt.

Not only those of tender age, but even those advanced in years are prohibited from becoming decurions. The former, as if unfit to guard the commonwealth, are excused for a time; the latter, however, are removed in perpetuity: and the elders for no other reason, lest by the excuse of the elders the juniors, left alone, be burdened with undertaking all public munera. For neither can those younger than 25 years be elected decurions, except for cause, nor those who have exceeded their 55th year.

nonnumquam etiam longa consuetudo in ea re observata respicienda erit. quod etiam custodiendum principes nostri consulti de allegendis in ordine nicomedensium huius aetatis hominibus rescripserunt.

Sometimes also the long custom observed in that matter will have to be looked to. This too must be guarded, as our princes, when consulted about choosing into the order of the Nicomedians men of this age, have rescripted.

Dig. 50.2.12

Digest 50.2.12

Callistratus 6 cogn.

Callistratus 6 On Cognitions.

Eos, qui utensilia negotiantur et vendunt, licet ab aedilibus caeduntur, non oportet quasi viles personas neglegi. denique non sunt prohibiti huiusmodi homines decurionatum vel aliquem honorem in sua patria petere: nec enim infames sunt. sed ne quidem arcentur honoribus, qui ab aedilibus flagellis caesi sunt, quamquam iure suo ita aediles officio isto fungantur.

Those who conduct business and sell utensils, although they are beaten by the aediles, ought not to be neglected as if they were base persons. Indeed, people of this sort are not prohibited from seeking the decurionate or any honor in their own country; for they are not infamous. Nor are those barred from honors who have been scourged by the aediles with whips, although the aediles, in that office, thus act within their right.

inhonestum tamen puto esse huiusmodi personas flagellorum ictibus subiectas in ordinem recipi, et maxime in eis civitatibus, quae copiam virorum honestorum habeant: nam paucitas eorum, qui muneribus publicis fungi debeant, necessaria etiam hos ad dignitatem municipalem, si facultates habeant, invitat.

nevertheless I consider it dishonorable that persons of this sort, subjected to the blows of scourges, be received into the order, and especially in those cities which have an abundance of honorable men: for the paucity of those who ought to discharge public duties even invites these to municipal dignity, if they have means.

Dig. 50.2.13pr.

Digest 50.2.13 pr.

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus augusti rescripserunt in tempus relegatos et reversos in ordinem allegi sine permissu principis non posse.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus, Augusti, wrote back by rescript that those relegated for a time and returned into the order cannot be enrolled without the permission of the princeps.

Dig. 50.2.13.1

Digest 50.2.13.1

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 On Constitutions.

Item rescripserunt relegatos non posse tempore finito in ordinem decurionum allegi, nisi eius aetatis fuerint, ut nondum decuriones creari possent, et dignitas certa spem eius honoris id faceret, ut princeps indulgere possit.

Likewise they rescripted that the relegated cannot, when the term is completed, be co‑opted into the order of the decurions, unless they were of such an age that they could not yet be created decurions, and a definite dignity—the prospect of that honor—would bring it about that the princeps can indulge.

Dig. 50.2.13.2

Digest 50.2.13.2

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius Book 2 On Constitutions.

Item rescripserunt eum, qui in relegatione natus est, non prohiberi honore decurionatus fungi.

Likewise they rescripted that he, who was born in relegation, is not prohibited from exercising the honor of the decurionate.

Dig. 50.2.13.3

Digest 50.2.13.3

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt non admitti contradicere volentem, quod non recte quis sit creatus decurio, cum initio contradicere debuerit.

Likewise they wrote in a rescript that one wishing to contest, on the ground that someone has not been rightly created a decurion, is not to be admitted, since he ought to have objected at the outset.

Dig. 50.2.14

Digest 50.2.14

Paulus 1 quaest.

Paulus 1 questions.

De decurione damnato non debere quaestionem haberi divus pius rescripsit. unde etiam si desierit decurio esse, deinde damnetur, non esse torquendum in memoriam prioris dignitatis placet.

Concerning a condemned decurion, the deified Pius wrote in a rescript that an interrogation under torture ought not to be held. Whence also, if he has ceased to be a decurion and then is condemned, it is held that he is not to be tortured in remembrance of his prior dignity.

Dig. 50.3.0. De albo scribendo.

Digest 50.3.0. On writing the album (official roll).

Dig. 50.3.1pr.

Digest 50.3.1 pr.

Ulpianus 3 de off. procons.

Ulpian 3 on the office of the proconsul.

Decuriones in albo ita scriptos esse oportet, ut lege municipali praecipitur: sed si lex cessat, tunc dignitates erunt spectandae, ut scribantur eo ordine, quo quisque eorum maximo honore in municipio functus est: puta qui duumviratum gesserunt, si hic honor praecellat, et inter duumvirales antiquissimus quisque prior: deinde hi, qui secundo post duumviratum honore in re publica functi sunt: post eos qui tertio et deinceps: mox hi qui nullo honore functi sunt, prout quisque eorum in ordinem venit.

Decurions ought to be written on the album as is prescribed by the municipal law: but if the law is silent, then dignities are to be looked to, so that they be written in that order in which each of them has performed the greatest honor in the municipality: for example, those who have held the duumvirate, if this honor excels, and among the duumvirals each most ancient first: then those who have discharged in the republic the second honor after the duumvirate: after them those with the third, and so on: next, those who have held no honor, according as each of them comes into the order.

Dig. 50.3.1.1

Digest 50.3.1.1

Ulpianus 3 de off. procons.

Ulpian 3 on the office of the proconsul.

In sententiis quoque dicendis idem ordo spectandus est, quem in albo scribendo diximus.

In pronouncing sentences as well, the same order must be observed which we said in writing in the album.

Dig. 50.3.2

Digest 50.3.2

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian Book 2 of Opinions.

In albo decurionum in municipio nomina ante scribi oportet eorum, qui dignitates principis iudicio consecuti sunt, postea eorum, qui tantum municipalibus honoribus functi sunt.

In the register of the decurions in the municipium, the names ought to be written first of those who have obtained dignities by the Emperor’s judgment, thereafter of those who have only held municipal honors.

Dig. 50.4.0. De muneribus et honoribus.

Digest 50.4.0. On public duties and honors.

Dig. 50.4.1pr.

Digest 50.4.1 preface.

Hermogenianus 1 epit.

Hermogenianus 1 Epitome.

Munerum civilium quaedam sunt patrimonii, alia personarum.

Certain civil duties are of patrimony, others of persons.

Dig. 50.4.1.1

Digest 50.4.1.1

Hermogenianus 1 epit.

Hermogenianus Epitome 1.

Patrimonii sunt munera rei vehicularis, item navicularis: decemprimatus: ab istis enim periculo ipsorum exactiones sollemnium celebrantur.

The burdens of the vehicular service, likewise of the navicular service, belong to the Patrimony: the decemprimatus: for by these men, at their own peril, the exactions of the statutory solemn dues are carried out.

Dig. 50.4.1.2

Digest 50.4.1.2

Hermogenianus 1 epit.

Hermogenianus 1 epitome.

Personalia civilia sunt munera defensio civitatis, id est ut syndicus fiat: legatio ad census accipiendum vel patrimonium: scribatus: kamylasia: annonae ac similium cura: praediorumque publicorum: frumenti comparandi: aquae ductus: equorum circensium spectacula: publicae viae munitiones: arcae frumentariae: calefactiones thermarum: annonae divisio et quaecumque aliae curae istis sunt similes. ex his enim, quae rettulimus, cetera etiam per leges cuiusque civitatis ex consuetudine longa intellegi potuerunt.

Personal civil duties are the munera: the defense of the city, that is, that one become a syndicus: a legation to receive the census or the patrimony: the scribe’s office: the kamylasia: the care of the annona and of similar matters: and of public estates: of procuring grain: of the aqueduct: the horse-races of the circus: the maintenance of public roads: the grain-chest: the heating of the baths: the distribution of the annona and whatever other cares are similar to these. For from these which we have recounted, the rest also could be understood, by the laws of each city, from long custom.

Dig. 50.4.1.3

Digest 50.4.1.3

Hermogenianus 1 epit.

Hermogenianus Epitome 1.

Illud tenendum est generaliter personale quidem munus esse, quod corporibus labore cum sollicitudine animi ac vigilantia sollemniter extitit, patrimonii vero, in quo sumptus maxime postulatur.

It is to be held generally that the munus is personal which has consisted solemnly in bodily labor, together with solicitude of mind and vigilance; but it is of patrimony when expenditure is chiefly required.

Dig. 50.4.1.4

Digest 50.4.1.4

Hermogenianus 1 epit.

Hermogenianus Epitome 1.

Aeque personale munus est tutela, cura adulti furiosive, item prodigi, muti, etiam ventris, etiam ad exhibendum cibum potum tectum et similia. sed et in bonis, cuius officio usucapiones interpellantur ac, ne debitores liberentur, providetur: item ex carboniano edicto bonorum possessione petita, si satis non detur, custodiendis bonis curator datus personali fungitur munere. his similes sunt bonis dati curatores, quae fuerunt eius, qui ab hostibus captus est et reverti speratur: item custodiendis ab eo relictis, cui necdum quisquam civili vel honorario iure successit, curatores constituti.

Equally a personal office is tutelage, the care of an adult or of a madman, likewise of a prodigal, of a mute, even of the womb, and also for furnishing food, drink, shelter, and the like. But also in respect to the goods, by whose office usucapions are interrupted and provision is made that debtors not be released: likewise, under the Carbonian Edict, when possession of the goods (bonorum possessio) has been sought, if security is not given, a curator appointed for guarding the goods discharges a personal office. Similar to these are curators assigned to the goods which were of one who has been captured by the enemy and is hoped to return: likewise, curators are established for guarding what has been left by one to whom as yet no one has succeeded by civil or praetorian law.

Dig. 50.4.2

Digest 50.4.2

Ulpianus 21 ad sab.

Ulpian 21 on Sabinus.

Quod ad honores pertinet, creditur in potestate filium habere etiam is, qui in patris potestate est.

As regards honors, even one who is in his father’s power is deemed to have a son in his own power.

Dig. 50.4.3pr.

Digest 50.4.3 preface.

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, 2 Opinions.

Et qui originem ab urbe roma habent, si alio loco domicilium constituerunt, munera eius sustinere debent.

And those who have their origin from the City of Rome, if they have established a domicile in another place, ought to bear its public burdens (munera).

Dig. 50.4.3.1

Digest 50.4.3.1

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, Opinions 2.

His, qui castris operam per militiam dant, nullum municipale munus iniungi potest. ceteri autem privati, quamvis militum cognati sunt, legibus patriae suae et provinciae oboedire debent.

Upon those who render service in the camp through military service, no municipal duty can be imposed. ceteri however private individuals, although they are kin of soldiers, ought to obey the laws of their own fatherland and province.

Dig. 50.4.3.2

Digest 50.4.3.2

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, 2 Opinions.

Si in metallum datus in integrum restitutus sit, perinde ac si nec damnatus fuisset, ad munera vel honores vocatur: nec opponet fortunam et casus tristiores suos ad hoc solum, ne patriae idoneus civis esse videatur.

If one who was consigned to the mines has been restored in full, he is called to duties or honors just as if he had not been condemned; nor will he plead his fortune and his more unhappy mishaps for this sole purpose, namely, that he may not seem a suitable citizen for his fatherland.

Dig. 50.4.3.3

Digest 50.4.3.3

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Corporalia munera feminis ipse sexus denegat.

The very sex denies corporal duties to women.

Dig. 50.4.3.4

Digest 50.4.3.4

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Quo minus honores aut munera iniungantur filio, si nullam habet excusationem, intercedere pater, in cuius potestate est, ius non habet.

The father, in whose power he is, has no right to intercede to the effect that honors or public duties not be imposed upon the son, if he has no excuse.

Dig. 50.4.3.5

Digest 50.4.3.5

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian Book 2 of Opinions.

Quod pater non consensit honoribus sive muneribus filii, ne illius patrimonium oneri subiciatur, praestat defensionem, non civem patriae utilitatibus quatenus potest aufert.

That the father did not consent to the honors or public munera of his son, lest his patrimony be subjected to the burden, affords a defense; it does not, in so far as it can, remove the citizen from the utilities of the fatherland.

Dig. 50.4.3.6

Digest 50.4.3.6

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Quamvis maior annis septuaginta et quinque liberorum incolumium pater sit ideoque a muneribus civilibus excusetur, filii tamen eius suo nomine competentia munera adgnoscere debent: ideo enim proprium praemium immunitatis propter filios patribus datum est, quod illi subibunt.

Although he is older than seventy years and the father of five surviving children, and is therefore excused from civil duties, nevertheless his sons ought, in their own name, to acknowledge the duties competent to them: for the proper reward of immunity has been given to fathers on account of their sons, because the latter will undergo them.

Dig. 50.4.3.7

Digest 50.4.3.7

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Vitricus onera munerum civilium nomine privigni sui suscipere nulla iuris ratione cogitur.

A stepfather is compelled by no reason of law to assume the burdens of civil munera in the name of his stepson.

Dig. 50.4.3.8

Digest 50.4.3.8

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Liberti muneribus fungi debent apud originem patronorum, sed si sua patrimonia habent suffectura oneribus: res enim patronorum muneribus libertinorum subiecta non est.

Freedmen ought to discharge the munera at the origin of their patrons, but only if they have their own patrimonies sufficient for the burdens: for the property of the patrons is not subject to the munera of the freedmen.

Dig. 50.4.3.9

Digest 50.4.3.9

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, Book 2 of Opinions.

Quod pater in reatu criminis alicuius est, filiis impedimento ad honores esse non debet.

That the father is under the charge of some crime ought not to be an impediment to his sons with respect to honors.

Dig. 50.4.3.10

Digest 50.4.3.10

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Decaprotos etiam minores annis viginti quinque fieri, non militantes tamen, pridem placuit, quia patrimonii magis onus videtur esse.

It has long been resolved that even those under twenty-five years may be made decaprotos, provided they are not serving in the military, because it seems rather to be a burden of the patrimony.

Dig. 50.4.3.11

Digest 50.4.3.11

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, Opinions, Book 2.

Exactionem tributorum onus patrimonii esse constat.

It is established that the exaction of tributes is a burden of the patrimony.

Dig. 50.4.3.12

Digest 50.4.3.12

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Cura frumenti comparandi munus est, et ab eo aetas septuaginta annorum vel numerus quinque incolumium liberorum excusat.

The care of procuring grain is a public burden, and from it the age of seventy years, or the number of five surviving children, affords an excuse.

Dig. 50.4.3.13

Digest 50.4.3.13

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Eos milites, quibus supervenientibus hospitia praeberi in civitate oportet, per vices ab omnibus, quos id munus contingit, suscipi oportet.

Those soldiers, upon whose arrival quarters must be provided in the city, ought to be received in turn by all whom that duty concerns.

Dig. 50.4.3.14

Digest 50.4.3.14

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian Book 2 of Opinions.

Munus hospitis in domo recipiendi non personae, sed patrimonii onus est.

The office of receiving a guest in the house is a burden not of the person, but of the patrimony.

Dig. 50.4.3.15

Digest 50.4.3.15

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Praeses provinciae provideat munera et honores in civitatibus aequaliter per vices secundum aetates et dignitates, ut gradus munerum honorumque qui antiquitus statuti sunt, iniungi, ne sine discrimine et frequenter isdem oppressis simul viris et viribus res publicae destituantur.

Let the provincial governor provide that the munera and honors in the cities be distributed equally by turns, according to ages and dignities, so that the grades of munera and honors which were established of old be imposed, lest, without discrimination and with the same persons being frequently burdened, the commonwealths be at the same time deprived of both men and forces.

Dig. 50.4.3.16

Digest 50.4.3.16

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian Opinions Book 2.

Si duo filii in patris potestate sint, eodem tempore munera eorum pater sustinere non compellitur.

If two sons are under the father’s power, the father is not compelled to bear their public burdens at the same time.

Dig. 50.4.3.17

Digest 50.4.3.17

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Si is, qui duos filios relinquebat, nihil de expediendis muneribus alterius filii ex communi patrimonio supremis suis cavit, propriis sumptibus is et munera et honores, qui ei iniungentur, suscipere debet, quamvis pro altero vivus pater eiusmodi onera expedierit.

If he who was leaving two sons made no provision in his last dispositions about the discharging of the munera of the other son out of the common patrimony, that one must at his own expense undertake both the munera and the honors that shall be enjoined upon him, although for the other the father, while alive, had discharged such burdens.

Dig. 50.4.4pr.

Digest 50.4.4, preface

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian Opinions, Book 3.

Cura exstruendi vel reficiendi operis in civitate munus publicum est, a quo quinque liberorum incolumium pater excusatur: nec si per vim extortum munus fuerit, excusationem, quam habet ab aliis muneribus, auferet.

The care of erecting or repairing a work in the city is a public duty, from which the father of five living children is excused; nor, even if the duty has been extorted by force, will it remove the exemption which he has from other duties.

Dig. 50.4.4.1

Digest 50.4.4.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Deficientium facultatibus ad munera vel honores qui indicuntur excusatio non perpetua, sed temporalis est: nam si ex voto honestis rationibus patrimonium incrementum acceperit, suo tempore, an idoneus sit aliquis ad ea, quae creatus fuerit, aestimabitur.

The excuse of those deficient in resources from the munera or honors that are imposed is not perpetual, but temporal: for if, as desired, by honorable means the patrimony shall have received an increment, in due time it will be assessed whether someone is fit for those things to which he has been appointed.

Dig. 50.4.4.2

Digest 50.4.4.2

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Inopes onera patrimonii ipsa non habendi necessitate non sustinent, corpori autem indicta obsequia solvunt.

The poor, by the very necessity of not having, do not sustain the burdens of patrimony, but they discharge the services imposed upon the body.

Dig. 50.4.4.3

Digest 50.4.4.3

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian book 3 of Opinions.

Qui obnoxius muneribus suae civitatis fuit, nomen militiae defugiendi oneris municipalis gratia dedit: deteriorem causam rei publicae facere non potuit.

He who was liable to the munera of his own city gave his name for military service for the sake of fleeing the municipal burden: he could not make the republic’s case worse.

Dig. 50.4.5

Digest 50.4.5

Scaevola 1 reg.

Scaevola Book 1 of the Rules.

Navicularii et mercatores olearii, qui magnam partem patrimonii ei rei contulerunt, intra quinquennium muneris publici vacationem habent.

The navicularii and the oil merchants, who have contributed a great part of their patrimony to that matter, have exemption from public duty for five years.

Dig. 50.4.6pr.

Digest 50.4.6pr.

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the office of the proconsul.

Rescripto divorum fratrum ad rutilium lupum ita declaratur: "constitutio, qua cautum est, prout quisque decurio creatus est, ut ita et magistratum apiscatur, totiens servari debet, quotiens idoneos et sufficientes omnes contingit. ceterum si ita quidam tenues et exhausti sunt, ut non modo publicis honoribus pares non sint, sed et vix de suo victum sustinere possint: et minus utile et nequaquam honestum est talibus mandari magistratum, praesertim cum sint qui convenienter ei et suae fortunae et splendori publico possint creari. sciant igitur locupletiores non debere se hoc praetextu legis uti et de tempore, quo quisque in curiam allectus sit, inter eos demum esse quaerendum, qui pro substantia sua capiant honoris dignitatem".

By the rescript of the deified brothers to rutilius lupus it is thus declared: "The constitution by which it is provided that, according as each one has been created a decurion, so likewise he should obtain the magistracy, ought to be observed as often as it happens that all are suitable and sufficient. But if certain men are so poor and exhausted that not only are they not equal to public honors, but can scarcely sustain their livelihood from their own means: it is both less useful and by no means honorable that magistracy be entrusted to such persons, especially since there are those who can be created in a manner suitable both to that office and to their own fortune and to the public splendor. Let the wealthier, therefore, know that they ought not to use this pretext of the law, and that the question of the time at which each was enrolled into the curia is to be examined only among those who, in proportion to their substance, take upon themselves the dignity of the honor".

Dig. 50.4.6.1

Digest 50.4.6.1

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the office of the proconsul

Debitores rerum publicarum ad honores invitari non posse certum est, nisi prius in id quod debetur rei publicae satisfecerint. sed eos demum debitores rerum publicarum accipere debemus, qui ex administratione rei publicae reliquantur: ceterum si non ex administratione sint debitores, sed mutuam pecuniam a re publica acceperint, non sunt in ea causa, ut honoribus arceantur. plane vice solutionis sufficit, ut quis aut pignoribus aut fideiussoribus idoneis caveat: et ita divi fratres aufidio herenniano rescripserunt.

Debtors to the commonwealth cannot be invited to honors, that is certain, unless they have first satisfied what is owed to the commonwealth. But we ought to take as debtors to the commonwealth only those who are left owing from the administration of the commonwealth; otherwise, if they are debtors not from administration, but have received money on loan from the commonwealth, they are not in the case that they should be barred from honors. Clearly, in place of payment it suffices that one give security either by pledges or by suitable sureties; and thus the deified brothers wrote in a rescript to Aufidius Herennianus.

sed et si ex pollicitatione debeant, quae tamen pollicitatio recusari non potest, in ea sunt condicione, ut honoribus arceantur.

but also, if they owe by reason of a pollicitation—which pollicitation, however, cannot be refused—they are in such a condition as to be barred from honors.

Dig. 50.4.6.2

Digest 50.4.6.2

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 4 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Si quis accusatorem non habeat, non debet honoribus prohiberi, quemadmodum non debet is, cuius accusator destiterit. ita enim imperator noster cum divo patre suo rescripsit.

If someone does not have an accuser, he ought not to be prohibited from honors, just as neither ought he whose accuser has desisted. For thus our emperor, together with his deified father, issued a rescript.

Dig. 50.4.6.3

Digest 50.4.6.3

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the office of the proconsul.

Sciendum est quaedam esse munera aut personae aut patrimoniorum, itidem quosdam esse honores.

It must be known that certain munera are either of persons or of patrimonies, and likewise that certain are honors.

Dig. 50.4.6.4

Digest 50.4.6.4

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the Office of the Proconsul.

Munera, quae patrimoniis iniunguntur, vel intributiones talia sunt, ut neque aetas ea excuset neque numerus liberorum nec alia praerogativa, quae solet a personalibus muneribus exuere.

The burdens that are imposed upon patrimonies, or assessments, are of such a kind that neither age excuses them nor the number of children, nor any other prerogative which is wont to exempt from personal services.

Dig. 50.4.6.5

Digest 50.4.6.5

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the office of the proconsul.

Sed enim haec munera, quae patrimoniis indicuntur, duplicia sunt: nam quaedam possessoribus iniunguntur, sive municipes sunt sive non sunt, quaedam ^ quadam^ non nisi municipibus vel incolis. intributiones, quae agris fiunt vel aedificiis, possessoribus indicuntur: munera vero, quae patrimoniorum habentur, non aliis quam municipibus vel incolis.

But indeed these munera, which are imposed upon patrimonies, are twofold: for certain are enjoined upon possessors, whether they are municipes or are not, certain ^ certain^ only upon municipes or incolae. intributions, which are made upon fields or buildings, are imposed upon possessors; but the munera, which are accounted of patrimonies, upon none other than municipes or incolae.

Dig. 50.4.7pr.

Digest 50.4.7 pr.

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus, Public Law, book 2.

Reus delatus etiam ante sententiam honores petere principalibus constitutionibus prohibetur: nec interest, plebeius an decurio fuerit. sed post annum, quam reus delatus est, petere non prohibetur, nisi per ipsum stetit, quo minus causa intra annum expediretur.

A defendant who has been delated is prohibited by imperial constitutions from seeking honors even before sentence; nor does it matter whether he has been a plebeian or a decurion. But after a year from when the defendant was delated, he is not prohibited from seeking honors, unless it was through himself that the case was not expedited within the year.

Dig. 50.4.7.1

Digest 50.4.7.1

Marcianus 2 publ.

Marcianus 2 On Public Prosecutions.

Eum, contra quem propter honores appellatum est, si pendente appellatione honorem usurpaverit, coercendum divus severus rescripsit. ergo et si is, qui honoribus per sententiam uti prohibitus est, appellaverit, abstinere interim petitione honoris debebit.

He, against whom an appeal has been taken on account of honors, if, while the appeal is pending, he shall have usurped an honor, the deified Severus wrote in a rescript that he must be coerced. Therefore, also, if he who by a sentence has been prohibited from using honors shall have appealed, he ought meanwhile to abstain from the petition for an honor.

Dig. 50.4.8

Digest 50.4.8

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian, 11 on the Edict.

Ad rem publicam administrandam ante vicensimum quintum annum, vel ad munera quae non patrimonii sunt vel honores, admitti minores non oportet. denique nec decuriones creantur vel creati suffragium in curia ferunt. annus autem vicensimus quintus coeptus pro pleno habetur: hoc enim in honoribus favoris causa constitutum est, ut pro plenis inchoatos accipiamus, sed in his honoribus, in quibus rei publicae quid eis non committitur.

Minors ought not to be admitted to the administering of the commonwealth before the 25th year, nor to munera that are not of patrimony, nor to honors. Finally, neither are they created decurions, nor, if created, do they bear suffrage in the curia. The 25th year, however, once begun, is held as full: for this has been established in honors as a favor, that we accept as full those that have been begun—but in those honors in which nothing of the commonwealth is entrusted to them.

ceterum cum damno publico honorem ei committi non est dicendum, etiam cum ipsius pernicie minoris.

But it is not to be said that an honor is committed to him with public detriment, even with the ruin of the minor himself.

Dig. 50.4.9

Digest 50.4.9

Ulpianus 3 de off. cons.

Ulpian 3 on the office of the consul.

Si quis magistratus in municipio creatus munere iniuncto fungi detrectet, per praesides munus adgnoscere cogendus est remediis, quibus tutores quoque solent cogi ad munus quod iniunctum est adgnoscendum.

If any magistrate created in a municipality should refuse to discharge the imposed duty, he is to be compelled by the governors to acknowledge the duty by the remedies by which guardians also are accustomed to be compelled to acknowledge the duty that has been imposed.

Dig. 50.4.10

Digest 50.4.10

Modestinus 5 diff.

Modestinus 5 differences.

Honorem sustinenti munus imponi non potest: munus sustinenti honor deferri potest.

A public burden cannot be imposed upon one bearing an honor; an honor can be conferred upon one bearing a public burden.

Dig. 50.4.11pr.

Digest 50.4.11, beginning.

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus, 11 Pandects.

Ut gradatim honores deferantur, edicto, et ut a minoribus ad maiores perveniatur, epistula divi pii ad titianum exprimitur.

That honors be conferred step by step, by edict, and that one progress from lesser to greater, the letter of the deified Pius to Titianus is set forth.

Dig. 50.4.11.1

Digest 50.4.11.1

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 pandects.

Etsi lege municipali caveatur, ut praeferantur in honoribus certae condicionis homines: attamen sciendum est hoc esse observandum, si idonei sint: et ita rescripto divi marci continetur.

Although it is provided by municipal law that men of a certain condition be preferred in honors: nevertheless it must be known that this is to be observed, if they are fit: and thus it is contained in a rescript of the deified Marcus.

Dig. 50.4.11.2

Digest 50.4.11.2

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 Pandects.

Quotiens penuria est eorum, qui magistratum suscipiunt, immunitas ad aliquid infringitur, sicuti divi fratres rescripserunt.

Whenever there is a penury of those who undertake magistracy, immunity is infringed to some extent, as the deified brothers wrote in a rescript.

Dig. 50.4.11.3

Digest 50.4.11.3

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 Pandects.

Reprobari posse medicum a re publica, quamvis semel probatus sit, divus magnus antoninus cum patre rescripsit.

That a physician can be reprobated by the republic, although he has once been approved, the deified great Antoninus, together with his father, wrote back in a rescript.

Dig. 50.4.11.4

Digest 50.4.11.4

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 Pandects.

Eos, qui primis litteris pueros inducunt, non habere vacationem divus magnus antoninus rescripsit.

The deified Great Antoninus wrote in a rescript that those who initiate boys into their first letters do not have exemption.

Dig. 50.4.12

Digest 50.4.12

Iavolenus 6 ex cass.

Iavolenus 6 from Cassius.

Cui muneris publici vacatio datur, non remittitur ei, ne magistratus fiat, quia id ad honorem magis quam ad munera pertinet. cetera omnia, quae ad tempus extra ordinem exiguntur, veluti munitio viarum, ab huiusmodi persona exigenda non sunt.

One to whom an exemption from a public munus is given is not excused from becoming a magistrate, because that pertains more to honor than to munera. All other things that are for a time exacted extraordinarily, such as road-works, are not to be exacted from a person of this kind.

Dig. 50.4.13

Digest 50.4.13

Iavolenus 15 ex cass.

Javolenus 15 from Cassius.

Vacatio itemque immunitas, quae liberis et posteris alicuius data est, ad eos dumtaxat pertinet, qui eius familiae sunt.

Exemption as well as immunity, which has been granted to someone’s children and posterity, pertains only to those who are of his family.

Dig. 50.4.14pr.

Digest 50.4.14pr.

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Honor municipalis est administratio rei publicae cum dignitatis gradu, sive cum sumptu sive sine erogatione contingens.

A municipal honor is the administration of the commonwealth with a grade of dignity, occurring either with expense or without disbursement.

Dig. 50.4.14.1

Digest 50.4.14.1

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Judicial Inquiries.

Munus aut publicum aut privatum est. publicum munus dicitur, quod in administranda re publica cum sumptu sine titulo dignitatis subimus.

A duty is either public or private. a public duty is said to be that which we undergo, in administering the Republic, at expense, without a title of dignity.

Dig. 50.4.14.2

Digest 50.4.14.2

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus book 1 on cognitions.

Viarum munitiones, praediorum collationes non personae, sed locorum munera sunt.

The maintenance of roads, the contributions of estates are not the duties of persons, but of places.

Dig. 50.4.14.3

Digest 50.4.14.3

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

De honoribus sive muneribus gerendis cum quaeritur, in primis consideranda persona est eius, cui defertur honor sive muneris administratio: item origo natalium: facultates quoque an sufficere iniuncto muneri possint: item lex, secundum quam muneribus quisque fungi debeat.

When honors or duties to be carried out are in question, first to be considered is the person to whom the honor or the administration of a duty is conferred; likewise the natal origin; also the faculties/resources, whether they can suffice for the enjoined duty; likewise the law, according to which each ought to discharge duties.

Dig. 50.4.14.4

Digest 50.4.14.4

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on Cognitions.

Plebeii filii familias periculo eius qui nominaverit tenebuntur, idque imperator noster severus augustus in haec verba rescripsit: "si in numero plebeiorum filius tuus est, quamquam invitus honores ex persona filii suscipere cogi non debeas, tamen resistere, quo minus patriae obsequatur periculo eius qui nominavit, iure patriae potestatis non potes".

Plebeian filii familias will be held to the peril of him who shall have nominated them; and our emperor Severus Augustus wrote back in these words: "if your son is in the number of the plebeians, although you ought not to be compelled, against your will, to undertake honors from the persona of your son, nevertheless to resist, so that he may not obey the fatherland, to the peril of him who nominated (him), by the right of patria potestas you cannot".

Dig. 50.4.14.5

Digest 50.4.14.5

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Gerendorum honorum non promiscua facultas est, sed ordo certus huic rei adhibitus est. nam neque prius maiorem magistratum quisquam, nisi minorem susceperit, gerere potest, neque ab omni aetate, neque continuare quisque honores potest.

The faculty for bearing honors is not promiscuous, but a fixed order has been applied to this matter. For neither can anyone hold a greater magistracy unless he has first undertaken a lesser, nor at just any age, nor can anyone continue honors in succession.

Dig. 50.4.14.6

Digest 50.4.14.6

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On judicial cognitions.

Si alii non sint qui honores gerant, eosdem compellendos, qui gesserint, complurimis constitutionibus cavetur. divus etiam hadrianus de iterandis muneribus rescripsit in haec verba: "illud consentio, ut, si alii non erunt idonei qui hoc munere fungantur, ex his, qui iam functi sunt, creentur".

If there are not others to bear offices, it is provided by very many constitutions that the same men who have borne them are to be compelled. The deified Hadrian also wrote in a rescript in these words: "This I agree, that, if there are no others suitable to perform this duty, let men be chosen from those who have already performed it."

Dig. 50.4.15

Digest 50.4.15

Papinianus 5 resp.

Papinian 5 Responses

Etsi filium pater decurionem esse voluit, tamen defuncto honores, qui filio decurioni congruentes post mortem patris obtigerunt, ad onus coheredis filii non pertinent, cum ei decurioni sufficientes facultates pater reliquerit.

Although the father wished his son to be a decurion, nevertheless, with him deceased, the honors which, congruent to the son as decurion, fell to him after the father’s death do not pertain to the burden of the son as coheir, since the father left to him as decurion sufficient resources.

Dig. 50.4.16pr.

Digest 50.4.16pr.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Aestimationem honoris aut muneris in pecunia pro administratione offerentes audiendi non sunt.

Those who offer a valuation in money of an honor or a public duty for the administration are not to be heard.

Dig. 50.4.16.1

Digest 50.4.16.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Qui pro honore pecuniam promisit, si solvere eam coepit, totam praestare operis inchoati exemplo cogendus est.

Whoever has promised money for an honor, if he has begun to pay it, is to be compelled to provide the whole, by the example of a work begun.

Dig. 50.4.16.2

Digest 50.4.16.2

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 of the Sentences.

Invitus filius pro patre rem publicam salvam fore cavere non cogitur.

An unwilling son is not compelled, on behalf of his father, to give a guarantee that the Republic will be safe.

Dig. 50.4.16.3

Digest 50.4.16.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Book 1 of the Sentences.

Defensionem rei publicae amplius quam semel suscipere nemo cogitur, nisi id fieri necessitas postulet.

No one is compelled to undertake the defense of the Republic more than once, unless necessity demands that this be done.

Dig. 50.4.17pr.

Digest 50.4.17, beginning.

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 1 epit. of jurisprudence.

Sponte provinciae sacerdotium iterare nemo prohibetur.

No one is prohibited, by the province’s own free will, from iterating the priesthood.

Dig. 50.4.17.1

Digest 50.4.17.1

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus Book 1 of the Epitome of Law.

Immunis ab honoribus et muneribus civilibus si decurioni creato filio, quem habet in potestate, consentiat, in muneribus et honoribus sumptus subministrare filio compellitur.

One who is immune from honors and civil munera, if he consents to a son whom he has in his power being created a decurion, is compelled to furnish expenses to his son for the munera and honors.

Dig. 50.4.18pr.

Digest 50.4.18, preface.

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius l.S. on civil munera.

Munerum civilium triplex divisio est: nam quaedam munera personalia sunt, quaedam patrimoniorum dicuntur, alia mixta.

There is a triplex division of civil duties: for certain duties are personal, certain are called patrimonial, others mixed.

Dig. 50.4.18.1

Digest 50.4.18.1

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius l.S. on civil munera.

Personalia sunt, quae animi provisione et corporalis laboris intentione sine aliquo gerentis detrimento perpetrantur, veluti tutela vel cura, kalendarii quoque curatio.

Personalia are those which are accomplished by provision of mind and by the exertion of bodily labor without any detriment to the person performing them, as, for example, tutelage or curatorship, and the curation of the kalendarium as well.

Dig. 50.4.18.2

Digest 50.4.18.2

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the single book On Civil Duties.

Et quaestura in aliqua civitate inter honores non habetur, sed personale munus est.

And the quaestorship in some city is not considered among the honors, but is a personal duty.

Dig. 50.4.18.3

Digest 50.4.18.3

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius by a sacred letter on civil duties.

Tironum sive equorum productio et si qua alia animalia necessario producenda vel res pervehendae sive persequendae sunt vel pecunia fiscalis sive annona vel vestis, personae munus est.

The production of recruits or of horses, and, if any other animals must necessarily be produced, or things are to be conveyed or followed up, or fiscal money or the annona or clothing, is the duty of the person.

Dig. 50.4.18.4

Digest 50.4.18.4

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius by sacred letters, on civil duties.

Cursus vehicularis sollicitudo, item angariarum praebitio personale munus est.

The oversight of the vehicular cursus, and likewise the provision of angariae, is a personal duty.

Dig. 50.4.18.5

Digest 50.4.18.5

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius single book on civil duties.

Cura quoque emendi frumenti olei ( nam harum specierum curatores, quos sitwnas et elaiwnas appellant, creari moris est) inter personalia munera in quibusdam civitatibus numerantur: et calefactio publici balinei, si ex reditibus alicuius civitatis curatori pecunia subministratur.

The care also of buying grain and oil ( for curators of these kinds, whom they call sitwnas and elaiwnas, it is the custom to appoint) is counted among the personal munera in certain cities; and the heating of the public bath as well, if money is supplied to the curator from the revenues of some city.

Dig. 50.4.18.6

Digest 50.4.18.6

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius by sacred letters, on civil duties.

Sed et cura custodiendi aquae ductus personalibus muneribus adgregatur.

But also the care of guarding the aqueduct is aggregated to personal munera.

Dig. 50.4.18.7

Digest 50.4.18.7

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius by sacred letters, concerning civil duties.

Irenarchae quoque, qui disciplinae publicae et corrigendis moribus praeficiuntur: sed et qui ad faciendas vias eligi solent, cum nihil de proprio patrimonio in hoc munus conferant: item episcopi, qui praesunt pani et ceteris venalibus rebus, quae civitatium populis ad cotidianum victum usui sunt, personalibus muneribus funguntur.

Irenarchs also, who are set over public discipline and the correcting of morals: but likewise those who are wont to be chosen for making roads, provided that they contribute nothing from their own patrimony to this munus: likewise the episcopi (overseers), who preside over bread and the other vendible goods which are for the daily sustenance of the peoples of the cities, perform personal munera.

Dig. 50.4.18.8

Digest 50.4.18.8

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius l.S. on civic duties.

Qui annonam suscipit vel exigit vel erogat, et exactores pecuniae pro capitibus personalis muneris sollicitudinem sustinent.

Those who receive, exact, or erogate the annona, and the exactors of money per head, bear the responsibility of the personal munus.

Dig. 50.4.18.9

Digest 50.4.18.9

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius by sacred letter, on civil duties.

Sed et curatores, qui ad colligendos civitatium publicos reditus eligi solent, personali munere subiugantur.

But also curators, who are wont to be chosen for collecting the public revenues of the cities, are subjugated to a personal munus (public duty).

Dig. 50.4.18.10

Digest 50.4.18.10

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius law S. on civil duties.

Hi quoque, qui custodes aedium vel archeotae vel logographi vel tabularii vel xenoparochi ( ut in quibusdam civitatibus) vel limenarchae vel curatores ad extruenda vel reficienda aedificia publica sive palatia sive navalia vel mansiones destinantur, si tamen pecuniam publicam in operis fabricam erogent, et qui faciendis vel reficiendis navibus, ubi usus exigit, praeponuntur, muneribus personalibus adstringuntur.

These also, who are custodians of buildings or archeotae or logographers or tabularii or xenoparochi ( as in certain cities) or limenarchs or curators appointed for constructing or repairing public buildings, whether palaces or dockyards or waystations, if indeed they disburse public money for the fabrication of the works, and those who are put in charge of making or repairing ships, where need demands, are bound to personal public services.

Dig. 50.4.18.11

Digest 50.4.18.11

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius l.S. on civil duties.

Camelasia quoque similiter personale munus est: nam ratione habita et alimentorum et camelorum certa pecunia camelariis dari debet, ut solo corporis ministerio obligentur. hos ex albi ordine liberari, nisi sola laesi et inutilis corporis et infirmitate, specialiter sit expressum.

Camelasia likewise is a personal munus: for, account being had of both provisions and camels, a fixed sum of money ought to be given to the cameliers, so that they are bound only to the service of the body. That these be released from the order of the album only if it has been specially expressed solely on account of injury and uselessness of the body and infirmity.

Dig. 50.4.18.12

Digest 50.4.18.12

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius law S. on civil duties.

Legati quoque, qui ad sacrarium principis mittuntur, quia viaticum, quod legativum dicitur, interdum solent accipere, sed et nycostrategi et pistrinorum curatores personale munus ineunt.

Envoys also, who are sent to the emperor’s sacrarium, because they are sometimes accustomed to receive the viaticum, which is called the legativum, and likewise the nycostrategi and the overseers of the bakehouses, enter upon a personal munus.

Dig. 50.4.18.13

Digest 50.4.18.13

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius a single book on civil duties.

Defensores quoque, quos graeci syndicos appellant, et qui ad certam causam agendam vel defendendam eliguntur, laborem personalis muneris adgrediuntur.

Defenders also, whom the Greeks call syndics, and those who are chosen to plead or to defend a particular cause, undertake the labor of a personal duty.

Dig. 50.4.18.14

Digest 50.4.18.14

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius l.S. on civil munera.

Iudicandi quoque necessitas inter munera personalia habetur.

The necessity of judging too is held among the personal munera.

Dig. 50.4.18.15

Digest 50.4.18.15

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius l.S. on civic burdens.

Si aliquis fuerit electus, ut compellat eos, qui prope viam publicam possident, sternere viam, personale munus est.

If someone has been elected to compel those who possess near the public road to pave the road, it is a personal duty.

Dig. 50.4.18.16

Digest 50.4.18.16

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius Singular Book on civil duties.

Pari modo qui acceptandis sive suscipiendis censualibus professionibus destinantur, ad personalis muneris sollicitudinem animum intendunt.

In a like manner, those who are destined for accepting or undertaking censual professions direct their mind to the solicitude of the personal duty.

Dig. 50.4.18.17

Digest 50.4.18.17

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the single book On Civil Duties.

Mastigophori quoque, qui agonothetas in certaminibus comitantur, et scribae magistratus personali muneri serviunt.

The mastigophori also, who accompany the agonothetes in contests, and the scribes of magistrates, serve a personal munus.

Dig. 50.4.18.18

Digest 50.4.18.18

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the single book On Civic Duties.

Patrimoniorum sunt munera, quae sumptibus patrimonii et damnis administrantis expediuntur.

Patrimonial duties are those which are defrayed by the patrimony’s expenses and by the administrator’s losses.

Dig. 50.4.18.19

Digest 50.4.18.19

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the singular book On Civic Duties.

Elemporia et pratura apud alexandrinos patrimonii munus existimatur.

The emporia and the praetorship among the Alexandrians are considered a patrimonial duty.

Dig. 50.4.18.20

Digest 50.4.18.20

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius, the single book on civil munera.

Susceptores quoque vini per provinciam africam patrimonii munus gerunt.

The collectors of wine also throughout the province of Africa perform the duty of the patrimony.

Dig. 50.4.18.21

Digest 50.4.18.21

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the sacred law on civil duties.

Patrimoniorum autem munera duplicia sunt. nam quaedam ex his muneribus possessionibus sive patrimoniis indicuntur, veluti agminales equi vel mulae et angariae atque veredi.

But the munera of patrimonies are twofold. for some of these munera are imposed upon possessions or patrimonies, such as baggage‑train horses or mules (agminales), and forced courier‑services (angariae) as well as post‑horses (veredi).

Dig. 50.4.18.22

Digest 50.4.18.22

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius singular book on civil munera.

Huiusmodi igitur obsequia et hi, qui neque municipes neque incolae sunt, adgnoscere coguntur.

Therefore, even those who are neither municipal citizens nor inhabitants are compelled to recognize services of this kind.

Dig. 50.4.18.23

Digest 50.4.18.23

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius a single book on civil munera.

Sed et eos, qui faenus exercent, etsi veterani sint, tributiones eiusmodi adgnoscere debere rescriptum est.

But it has been decreed by rescript that even those who exercise usury, though they be veterans, ought to acknowledge tributes of this kind.

Dig. 50.4.18.24

Digest 50.4.18.24

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius by letter on civic duties.

Ab huiusmodi muneribus neque primipilaris neque veteranus aut miles aliusve, qui privilegio aliquo subnixus, nec pontifex excusatur.

From munera of this kind neither a primipilaris nor a veteran, or any other soldier—even one supported by some privilege—nor a pontiff is excused.

Dig. 50.4.18.25

Digest 50.4.18.25

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the single book On Civil Duties.

Praeterea habent quaedam civitates praerogativam, ut hi, qui in territorio earum possident, certum quid frumenti pro mensura agri per singulos annos praebeant: quod genus collationis munus possessionis est.

Moreover, certain cities have the prerogative that those who possess within their territory provide a certain quantity of grain, in proportion to the measure of the land, each year: which kind of contribution is a burden of possession.

Dig. 50.4.18.26

Digest 50.4.18.26

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius single book on civil duties.

Mixta munera decaprotiae et icosaprotiae, ut herennius modestinus et notando et disputando bene et optima ratione decrevit: nam decaproti et icosaproti tributa exigentes et corporale ministerium gerunt et pro omnibus defunctorum fiscalia detrimenta resarciunt, ut merito inter mixta hoc munus numerari debeat.

The services of the decaprotia and the icosaprotia are mixed duties, as Herennius Modestinus both by noting and by disputing has well and with the best rationale determined: for the decaproti and icosaproti, while exacting tributes, also carry on corporal service, and on behalf of all make good the fiscal losses of the deceased, so that deservedly this duty ought to be numbered among mixed ones.

Dig. 50.4.18.27

Digest 50.4.18.27

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the single book On Civil Duties.

Sed ea, quae supra personalia esse diximus, si hi qui funguntur ex lege civitatis suae vel more etiam de propriis facultatibus impensas faciant vel annonam exigentes desertorum praediorum damna sustineant, mixtorum definitione continebuntur.

But those things which above we have said to be personal, if those who discharge them by the law of their city or by custom also make expenditures from their own resources, or, while exacting the annona (grain-levy), sustain the losses of deserted estates, will be contained within the definition of mixed duties.

Dig. 50.4.18.28

Digest 50.4.18.28

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius in the single book On Civil Munera.

Haec omnia munera, quae trifariam divisimus, una significatione comprehenduntur: nam personalia et patrimoniorum et mixta munera civilia seu publica appellantur.

All these duties, which we have divided threefold, are comprehended under one designation: for personal, patrimonial, and mixed duties are called civil, or public.

Dig. 50.4.18.29

Digest 50.4.18.29

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius, in the single book On Civil Duties.

Sive autem personalium dumtaxat sive etiam civilium munerum immunitas alicui concedatur, neque ab annona neque ab angariis neque a veredo neque ab hospite recipiendo neque a nave neque capitatione, exceptis militibus et veteranis, excusari possunt.

Whether, however, immunity from personal duties only, or also from civil duties, be granted to someone, they cannot be excused from the annona, nor from angariae, nor from the post-horse (veredus), nor from receiving a guest, nor from a ship, nor from capitation, soldiers and veterans excepted.

Dig. 50.4.18.30

Digest 50.4.18.30

Arcadius l.S. de mun. civil.

Arcadius, in the single book, On Civil Duties.

Magistris, qui civilium munerum vacationem habent, item grammaticis et oratoribus et medicis et philosophis, ne hospitem reciperent, a principibus fuisse immunitatem indultam et divus vespasianus et divus hadrianus rescripserunt.

To teachers, who have an exemption from civil munera, likewise to grammarians and orators and physicians and philosophers, an immunity from taking in a guest was granted by the princes, and both the deified Vespasian and the deified Hadrian wrote in rescripts to that effect.

Dig. 50.5.0. De vacatione et excusatione munerum.

Digest 50.5.0. On exemption and excusation from public duties.

Dig. 50.5.1pr.

Digest 50.5.1, preface.

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian Book 2 of Opinions.

Omnis excusatio sua aequitate nititur. sed si praetendentibus aliquod sine iudice credatur, aut passim sine temporis praefinitione, prout cuique libuerit, permissum fuerit se excusare, non erunt, qui munera necessaria in rebus publicis obeant. quare et qui liberorum incolumium iure a muneribus civilibus sibi vindicant excusationem, appellationem interponere debent: et qui tempora praefinita in ordine eiusmodi appellationum peragendo non servaverint, merito praescriptione repelluntur.

Every excuse rests upon its own equity. But if belief is granted to those putting forward a claim without a judge, or if it is permitted indiscriminately, without a predefinition of time, as it may please anyone, to excuse oneself, there will be no one to discharge the necessary duties in public affairs. Therefore even those who assert for themselves an excusation from civil munera by the right of their children’s safety must interpose an appellation; and those who have not observed the pre-fixed times in carrying through the order of such appellations are deservedly repelled by praescription (time-bar).

Dig. 50.5.1.1

Digest 50.5.1.1

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian, 2 Opinions.

Qui excusatione aliqua utuntur, quotienscumque creati fuerint, etsi iam ante absoluti sunt, necesse habent appellare. sed si per calumniam et saepius idem adversarius vexandi gratia eius, quem scit perpetua vacatione subnixum, id facere probatus erit, sumptus litis exemplo decretorum principalium praestare iubeatur ei, quem sine causa saepius inquietavit.

Those who make use of some excuse, whenever they shall have been appointed, even if already before they were absolved, are obliged to appeal. But if, out of calumny and repeatedly, the same adversary, for the sake of vexing, shall be proved to have done this against one whom he knows to be supported by a perpetual exemption, he shall be ordered, by the example of imperial decrees, to pay the costs of the suit to him whom he has more than once without cause disquieted.

Dig. 50.5.1.2

Digest 50.5.1.2

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Qui in fraudem ordinis in honoribus gerendis, cum inter eos ad primos honores creari possint qui in civitate munerabantur, evitandorum maiorum onerum gratia ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt, ut minoribus subiciantur, hanc excusationem sibi non paraverunt.

Those who, in fraud of the order in the bearing of honors, although among those who were performing public munera in the city they could be elected to the first honors, for the sake of avoiding greater burdens transferred themselves to the coloni of estates, so as to be subjected to lesser ones, have not prepared this excuse for themselves.

Dig. 50.5.1.3

Digest 50.5.1.3

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Quamvis sexaginta quinque annorum aliquis sit et tres liberos incolumes habeat, a muneribus tamen civilibus propter has causas non liberatur.

Although someone be sixty-five years of age and have three children safe and sound, nevertheless he is not liberated from civil duties on account of these causes.

Dig. 50.5.2pr.

Digest 50.5.2 pr.

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian, Opinions, 3.

Sextum decimum aetatis annum agentem ad munus sitoniae vocari non oportet: sed si nihil proprie in patria servatur de minoribus quoque annis viginti quinque ad munera sive honores creandi, iusta aetas servanda est.

One who is in his sixteenth year of age ought not to be called to the sitonia duty; but if in his native country nothing specific is observed about appointing even those under twenty-five years to munera or honors, the lawful age must be observed.

Dig. 50.5.2.1

Digest 50.5.2.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Numerus liberorum aut septuaginta annorum ab honoribus aut muneribus his cohaerentibus excusationem non praestat, sed a muneribus tantum civilibus.

The number of children or seventy years of age does not afford an exemption from honors or from the duties connected with them, but only from civic burdens.

Dig. 50.5.2.2

Digest 50.5.2.2

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian Opinions book 3.

Adoptivi filii in numerum non proficiunt eorum liberorum, qui excusare parentes solent.

Adoptive sons do not count toward the number of children who are accustomed to excuse parents.

Dig. 50.5.2.3

Digest 50.5.2.3

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian, 3 opinions.

Qui ad munera vocantur, vivorum se liberorum numerum habere tempore, quo propter eos excusari desiderant, probare debent: numerus enim liberorum postea impletus susceptis antea muneribus non liberat.

Those who are summoned to the munera must prove that they have, at the time when they desire to be excused on account of them, the number of living children; for a number of children later made up does not release one from munera previously undertaken.

Dig. 50.5.2.4

Digest 50.5.2.4

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 opinions.

Quae patrimoniorum onera sunt, numero liberorum non excusantur.

The burdens of patrimonies are not excused by the number of children.

Dig. 50.5.2.5

Digest 50.5.2.5

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Incolumes liberi, etiamsi in potestate patri suo desierint esse, excusationem a muneribus civilibus praestant.

Surviving children, even if they have ceased to be in their father’s power, afford an excusation from civil duties.

Dig. 50.5.2.6

Digest 50.5.2.6

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian, Opinions, book 3.

Minus audiens immunitatem civilium munerum non habet.

One who is less obedient has no immunity from civil duties.

Dig. 50.5.2.7

Digest 50.5.2.7

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian, book 3 of Opinions.

Quem ita senio et corporis inbecillitate vexari praeses animadverterit, ut muneri perferendae pecuniae non sufficiat, dimittat et alium constituat.

Whom the governor has observed to be so afflicted by senility and weakness of body that he is not equal to the duty of transporting money, let him dismiss him and appoint another.

Dig. 50.5.2.7a

Digest 50.5.2.7a

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian, book 3 of Opinions.

Corporis debilitas eorum munerum excusationem praestat, quae tantum corpore implenda sunt. ceterum quae consilio prudentis viri vel patrimonio sufficientis in homines obiri possunt, nisi certis et receptis probabilibus causis non remittuntur.

Debility of body affords an excuse from those duties which are to be fulfilled solely by the body. moreover, those which can be undertaken through other persons, by the counsel of a prudent man or by means of a sufficient patrimony, are not remitted unless for certain and received probable causes.

Dig. 50.5.2.8

Digest 50.5.2.8

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian Book 3 of Opinions.

Qui pueros primas litteras docent, immunitatem a civilibus muneribus non habent: sed ne cui eorum id quod supra vires sit indicatur, ad praesidis religionem pertinet, sive in civitatibus sive in vicis primas litteras magistri doceant.

Those who teach boys the first letters do not have immunity from civil duties; but that none of them be assessed something beyond their strength pertains to the governor’s conscientious scruple, whether the masters teach the first letters in cities or in villages.

Dig. 50.5.3

Digest 50.5.3

Scaevola 3 reg.

Scaevola Book 3 of the Rules.

His, qui naves marinas fabricaverunt et ad annonam populi romani praefuerint non minores quinquaginta milium modiorum aut plures singulas non minores decem milium modiorum, donec hae naves navigant aut aliae in earum locum, muneris publici vacatio praestatur ob navem. senatores autem hanc vacationem habere non possunt, quod nec habere illis navem ex lege iulia repetundarum licet.

To those who have constructed sea‑going ships and have been assigned to the annona (grain‑supply) of the Roman people—a single ship of not less than 50,000 modii, or several, each not less than 10,000 modii—so long as these ships sail, or others in their place, an exemption from public duties is afforded on account of the ship. Senators, however, cannot have this exemption, because by the Lex Julia on extortions it is not permitted for them to have a ship.

Dig. 50.5.4

Digest 50.5.4

Nerva 1 membr.

Nerva 1 membrane.

Tempus vacationis, quod datur eis qui rei publicae causa afuerunt, non ex eo die numerandum est, quo quis abesse desiit, sed cum quodam laxamento itineris: neque enim minus abesse rei publicae causa intellegendus est, qui ad id negotium vel ab eo revertitur. si quis tamen plus iusto temporis aut itinere aut in alio loco commoratus consumpserit, ita ea interpretanda erit, ut ex eo tempore vacationis dies incipiat ei cedere, quo iter ex commodo peragere potuisset.

The time of exemption granted to those who have been absent for the sake of the State is not to be reckoned from the day on which one ceased to be absent, but with a certain allowance for travel; for one is to be understood as no less absent on public business who is either going to that business or returning from it. If, however, someone has consumed more than what is proper of time either on the journey or by lingering in some other place, it must be construed thus: that the days of exemption begin to accrue to him from the time at which he could have completed the journey with convenience.

Dig. 50.5.5

Digest 50.5.5

Macer 2 de off. praesid.

Macer 2 on the office of the governor.

A decurionatu, quamvis hic quoque honor est, ad alium honorem nullam vacationem tribuendam ulpianus respondit.

Ulpian replied that, on the ground of the decurionate—although this too is an honor—no exemption is to be granted in regard to another honor.

Dig. 50.5.6

Digest 50.5.6

Papinianus 2 quaest.

Papinianus 2 Questions.

Hi, qui muneris publici vacationem habent, ad ea, quae extra ordinem imperantur, compelli non solent.

Those who have an exemption from public duty are not usually compelled to perform those things which are commanded extraordinarily.

Dig. 50.5.7

Digest 50.5.7

Papinianus 36 quaest.

Papinian 36 Questions.

A muneribus, quae non patrimoniis indicuntur, veterani post optimi nostri severi augusti litteras perpetuo excusantur.

From munera, which are not imposed on patrimonies, veterans, by virtue of the letters of our best Severus Augustus, are perpetually excused.

Dig. 50.5.8pr.

Digest 50.5.8pr.

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian Responses Book 1.

In honoribus delatis neque maior annis septuaginta neque pater numero quinque liberorum excusatur. sed in asia sacerdotium provinciae suscipere non coguntur numero liberorum quinque subnixi: quod optimus maximusque princeps noster severus augustus decrevit ac postea in ceteris provinciis servandum esse constituit.

In honors when conferred, neither one greater than seventy years nor a father by the number of five children is excused. But in Asia they are not compelled to undertake the priesthood of the province, being supported by the number of five children: which our best and greatest princeps, Severus Augustus, decreed and afterwards established was to be observed in the other provinces.

Dig. 50.5.8.1

Digest 50.5.8.1

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian Responses, Book 1.

Non alios fisci vectigalium redemptores a muneribus civilibus ac tutelis excusari placuit, quam eos, qui praesentes negotium exercerent.

It has been decided that no other tax-farmers of the fisc’s revenues are to be excused from civil duties and guardianships except those who, being present, conduct the business in person.

Dig. 50.5.8.2

Digest 50.5.8.2

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Vacationum privilegia non spectant liberos veteranorum.

The privileges of exemption do not pertain to the children of veterans.

Dig. 50.5.8.3

Digest 50.5.8.3

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus Responses 1.

Qui muneris publici vacationem habet, per magistratus ex improviso collationes indictas recte recusat: eas vero, quae e lege fiunt, recusare non debet.

He who has an exemption from a public duty rightly refuses contributions imposed unexpectedly by the magistrates; but those which are made by law he ought not to refuse.

Dig. 50.5.8.4

Digest 50.5.8.4

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus 1 responses.

Philosophis, qui se frequentes atque utiles per eandem studiorum sectam contendentibus praebent, tutelas, item munera sordida corporalia remitti placuit, non ea, quae sumptibus expediuntur: etenim vere philosophantes pecuniam contemnunt, cuius retinendae cupidine fictam adseverationem detegunt.

To philosophers, who show themselves frequent and useful to those contending through the same sect of studies, it has been deemed proper that guardianships, as well as sordid corporeal munera, be remitted—though not those which are discharged by expenses; for those who truly philosophize despise money, and by the desire of retaining it they reveal a feigned asseveration.

Dig. 50.5.8.5

Digest 50.5.8.5

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 Responses.

Qui maximos principes appellavit et causam propriam acturus romam profectus est: quoad cognitio finem accipiat, ab honoribus et civilibus muneribus apud suos excusatur.

He who has appealed to the supreme princes and has set out to Rome to prosecute his own cause: until the inquiry reaches its end, he is excused among his own from honors and civil duties.

Dig. 50.5.9pr.

Digest 50.5.9, beginning.

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 responses.

Eos, qui romae profitentur, proinde in patria sua excusari muneribus oportere, ac si in patria sua profiterentur.

Those who profess at Rome ought accordingly to be excused from public munera in their own fatherland, just as if they were professing in their own fatherland.

Dig. 50.5.9.1

Digest 50.5.9.1

Paulus 1 resp.

Paul 1 responses

Paulus respondit privilegium frumentariis negotiatoribus concessum etiam ad honores excusandos pertinere.

Paulus replied that the privilege granted to grain merchants also pertains to excusing from honors.

Dig. 50.5.10pr.

Digest 50.5.10, preface.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus book 1 of the Sentences.

Ab his oneribus, quae possessionibus vel patrimonio indicuntur, nulla privilegia praestant vacationem.

From these burdens, which are imposed on possessions or patrimony, no privileges afford exemption.

Dig. 50.5.10.1

Digest 50.5.10.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Sentences 1.

Corpus mensurarum frumenti iuxta annonam urbis habet vacationem: in provinciis non idem.

The corporation of the grain-measures, in accordance with the urban annona, has exemption: in the provinces, not the same.

Dig. 50.5.10.2

Digest 50.5.10.2

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Angariorum praestatio et recipiendi hospitis necessitas et militi et liberalium artium professoribus inter cetera remissa sunt.

The exaction of the angariae and the necessity of receiving a guest (billeting) have, among other things, been remitted for the soldiery and for professors of the liberal arts.

Dig. 50.5.10.3

Digest 50.5.10.3

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 sent.

Auctis post appellationem medio tempore facultatibus paupertatis optentu non excusantur.

Those whose resources have increased in the meantime after the appeal are not excused on the pretext of poverty.

Dig. 50.5.10.4

Digest 50.5.10.4

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 sentences.

Defensores rei publicae ab honoribus et muneribus eodem tempore vacant.

Defenders of the Republic are at the same time exempt from honors and public burdens.

Dig. 50.5.11

Digest 50.5.11

Hermogenianus 1 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 1 Epitome of Law.

Sunt munera, quae rei proprie cohaerent, de quibus neque liberi neque aetas nec merita militiae nec ullum aliud privilegium iure tribuit excusationem: ut sit praediorum collatio viae sternendae, angariorumve exhibitio, hospitis suscipiendi munus ( nam nec huius quisquam excusationem praeter eos, quibus principali beneficio concessum est, habet) et si qua sunt praeterea alia huiusmodi.

There are munera which properly cohere to the thing, for which neither children nor age nor the merits of military service nor any other privilege grants an excusation by law: such as the assessment of estates for a road to be paved, or the provision of angariae (press-services), the duty of receiving a guest (billeting) (for neither does anyone have an excusation from this, except those to whom it has been conceded by imperial benefice), and if there are besides any other things of this kind.

Dig. 50.5.12pr.

Digest 50.5.12pr.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Book 1 of the Sentences.

Legato, qui publicum negotium tuitus sit, intra tempora vacationis praestituta rursum eiusdem negotii defensio mandari non potest.

To a legate who has defended a public matter, within the periods of prescribed vacation, the defense of the same matter cannot again be entrusted.

Dig. 50.5.12.1

Digest 50.5.12.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus book 1 of the Sentences.

Comites praesidum et proconsulum procuratorumve caesaris a muneribus vel honoribus et tutelis vacant.

The companions of governors and proconsuls, and of Caesar’s procurators, are exempt from public munera or honors and from guardianships.

Dig. 50.5.13pr.

Digest 50.5.13pr.

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian, 23 on the Edict.

Praetor eos, quoscumque intellegit operam dare non posse ad iudicandum, pollicetur se excusaturum: forte quod in perpetuum quis operam dare non potest, quod in eam valetudinem incidit, ut certum sit eum civilia officia subire non posse: aut si alio morbo laboret, ut suis rebus superesse non possit: vel si quid sacerdotium nancti sint, ut discedere ab eo sine religione non possint. nam et hi in perpetuum excusantur.

The praetor promises that he will excuse those whomsoever he understands to be unable to give service for judging: perhaps because someone cannot give service in perpetuity, because he has fallen into such a condition of health that it is certain he cannot undergo civil offices; or if he is troubled by another disease, so that he cannot attend to his own affairs; or if they have obtained some priesthood, such that they cannot depart from it without religious scruple. For these too are excused in perpetuity.

Dig. 50.5.13.1

Digest 50.5.13.1

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian, 23 on the edict.

Duo genera tribuendae muneris publici vacationis sunt, unum plenius, cum et militiae datur, aliud exiguius, cum nudam muneris vacationem acceperint.

There are two kinds of vacation to be granted from the public munus: one fuller, when it is given also from military service; the other more slight, when they have received the bare vacation from the munus.

Dig. 50.5.13.2

Digest 50.5.13.2

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian 23 on the Edict.

Qui autem non habet excusationem, etiam invitus iudicare cogitur.

But one who does not have an excuse is compelled to judge, even unwilling.

Dig. 50.5.13.3

Digest 50.5.13.3

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian, 23 on the Edict.

Si post causam actam coeperit se excusare iudex, si quidem privilegio, quod habuit antequam susciperet iudicium, velit se excusare, nec audiendus est: semel enim adgnoscendo iudicium renuntiat excusationi. quod si postea iusta causa incidit, ut iudex vel ad tempus excusetur, non debet in alium iudicium transferri, si cum captione id futurum est alterutrius. tolerabilius denique est interdum iudicem qui semel cognoverat tantisper exspectare, quam iudici novo rem rursum iudicandam committere.

If, after the case has been pleaded, the judge begins to excuse himself—if indeed he wishes to excuse himself by a privilege which he had before he undertook the trial—he is not to be listened to: for by once acknowledging the jurisdiction he renounces the excuse. But if afterward a just cause occurs, so that the judge is excused even for a time, the proceeding ought not to be transferred into another trial, if that would be to the prejudice of either party. Finally, it is more tolerable at times to wait a while for the judge who had once become acquainted with the case, than to entrust the matter again to a new judge for adjudication.

Dig. 50.5.14pr.

Digest 50.5.14, preface.

Modestinus 7 reg.

Modestinus 7 rules.

Ad excusationem munerum defunctus filius non prosit, praeterquam in bello amissus.

For the excusing from public duties, a deceased son does not avail, except one lost in war.

Dig. 50.5.14.1

Digest 50.5.14.1

Modestinus 7 reg.

Modestinus book 7 of the Rules.

Eodem tempore idem duas curas operis non administrabit.

At the same time the same person will not administer two charges of the work.

Dig. 50.6.0. De iure immunitatis.

Digest 50.6.0. On the law of immunity.

Dig. 50.6.1pr.

Digest 50.6.1pr.

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Qui ob hos tantum in navibus sint, ut in eis agendi causa operarentur, nulla constitutione immunitatem a muneribus civilibus habent.

Those who are on ships for these purposes only, namely that they work in them for the sake of conducting business, have by no constitution immunity from civic duties.

Dig. 50.6.1.1

Digest 50.6.1.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian book 3 of Opinions.

Personis datae immunitates heredibus non relinquuntur.

Immunities given to persons are not left to heirs.

Dig. 50.6.1.2

Digest 50.6.1.2

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Sed et generi posterisque datae custoditaeque ad eos, qui ex feminis nati sunt, non pertinent.

But also things given and safeguarded for a son-in-law and his posterity do not pertain to those who are born from females.

Dig. 50.6.2

Digest 50.6.2

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the office of the proconsul.

Si qui certa condicione muneribus vel honoribus se adstrinxerunt, cum alias compelli non possent inviti suscipere istum honorem: fides eis servanda est condicioque, qua ad munera sive honores applicare se passi sunt.

If any have bound themselves by a specific condition to duties or honors, although otherwise they could not be compelled, being unwilling, to undertake that honor: their pledge is to be kept to them, and the condition by which they allowed themselves to be applied to the duties or honors.

Dig. 50.6.3

Digest 50.6.3

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 on the office of the proconsul.

Impuberes, quamvis necessitas penuriae hominum cogat, ad honores non esse admittendos rescripto ad venidium rufum legatum ciliciae declaratur.

It is declared by a rescript to venidius rufus, legate of cilicia, that those under age, although the necessity of a penury of men compels, are not to be admitted to honors.

Dig. 50.6.4

Digest 50.6.4

Ulpianus 5 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 5 on the office of the proconsul.

Maiores septuaginta annis a tutelis et muneribus personalibus vacant. sed qui ingressus est septuagensimum annum, nondum egressus, hac vacatione non utetur, quia non videtur maior esse septuaginta annis qui annum agit septuagensimum.

Those greater than seventy years are free from tutelages and personal munera. but one who has entered upon the seventieth year, not yet having gone out of it, will not enjoy this exemption, because he who is passing his seventieth year is not considered to be greater than seventy years.

Dig. 50.6.5

Digest 50.6.5

Modestinus 6 reg.

Modestinus Book 6 of the Rules.

Immunitates generaliter tributae eo iure, ut ad posteros transmitterentur, in perpetuum succedentibus durant.

Immunities generally granted with the right that they be transmitted to posterity endure in perpetuity for successors.

Dig. 50.6.6pr.

Digest 50.6.6 pr.

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Semper in civitate nostra senectus venerabilis fuit: namque maiores nostri paene eundem honorem senibus, quem magistratibus tribuebant. circa munera quoque municipalia subeunda idem honor senectuti tributus est. sed eum, qui in senectute locuples factus est et ante nullo publico munere functus est, dici potest non eximi ab hoc onere privilegio aetatis, maxime si non tam corporis habeat vexationem quam pecuniae erogationem indicti muneris administratio, et ex ea sit civitate, in qua non facile sufficientes viri publicis muneribus inveniantur.

Old age has always been venerable in our city: for our ancestors bestowed upon the elderly almost the same honor as upon magistrates. Likewise, with respect to undertaking municipal duties, the same honor has been granted to old age. But he who has become wealthy in old age and has previously performed no public duty can be said not to be exempt from this burden by the privilege of age, especially if the administration of the imposed duty entails not so much vexation of the body as disbursement of money, and if he is from that city in which men sufficient for public duties are not easily found.

Dig. 50.6.6.1

Digest 50.6.6.1

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Legem quoque respici cuiusque loci oportet, an, cum aliquas immunitates nominatim complecteretur, etiam de numero annorum in ea conmemoretur. idque etiam colligi potest ex litteris divi pii, quas emisit ad ennium proculum proconsulem provinciae africae.

One must also have regard to the law of each place, whether, when it expressly encompasses certain immunities by name, there is also in it a mention of the number of years. And this too can be gathered from the letters of the deified Pius, which he issued to Ennius Proculus, proconsul of the province of Africa.

Dig. 50.6.6.2

Digest 50.6.6.2

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Demonstratur varie nec abscise numerum liberorum ad excusationem municipalium munerum prodesse ex rescriptis divi helvii pertinacis. namque silvio candido in haec verba rescripsit: "ei kai my paswn leitourgiwn afiysin tous pateras ho twn teknwn arivmos, all' oun epeidy hekkaideka paidas exein dia tou bibliou edylwsas, ouk estin alogon, hwste sugxwrysai sxolazein ty paidotrofia kai anesvai se twn leitourgiwn".

It is shown in various and not categorical ways, from the rescripts of the deified Helvius Pertinax, that the number of children is of use for exemption from municipal munera; for to Silvius Candidus he wrote back in these words: "Although the number of children does not release fathers from all liturgies, yet since you have shown through the register that you have sixteen children, it is not unreasonable to allow you to have leisure for child-rearing and to be relaxed from the liturgies."

Dig. 50.6.6.3

Digest 50.6.6.3

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus Book 1 on Cognitions.

Negotiatores, qui annonam urbis adiuvant, item navicularii, qui annonae urbis serviunt, immunitatem a muneribus publicis consequuntur, quamdiu in eiusmodi actu sunt. nam remuneranda pericula eorum, quin etiam exhortanda praemiis merito placuit, ut qui peregre muneribus et quidem publicis cum periculo et labore fungantur, a domesticis vexationibus et sumptibus liberentur: cum non sit alienum dicere etiam hos rei publicae causa, dum annonae urbis serviunt, abesse.

Traders who aid the grain-supply of the city, likewise shipowners who serve the city’s grain-supply, obtain immunity from public burdens, so long as they are engaged in such activity. For it has rightly seemed good that their perils be remunerated, nay even that they be exhorted by rewards, so that those who discharge duties abroad, and indeed public ones, with danger and labor, may be freed from domestic vexations and expenses: since it is not inappropriate to say that these too, for the sake of the commonwealth, while they serve the city’s grain-supply, are absent.

Dig. 50.6.6.4

Digest 50.6.6.4

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Immunitati, quae naviculariis praestatur, certa forma data est: quam immunitatem ipsi dumtaxat habent, non etiam liberis aut libertis eorum praestatur: idque principalibus constitutionibus declaratur.

To the immunity that is afforded to the navicularii a definite form has been given: which immunity they themselves only possess; it is not afforded also to their children or their freedmen: and this is declared by imperial constitutions.

Dig. 50.6.6.5

Digest 50.6.6.5

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Divus hadrianus rescripsit immunitatem navium maritimarum dumtaxat habere, qui annonae urbis serviunt.

The deified Hadrian wrote in a rescript that only maritime vessels which serve the city's grain supply have immunity.

Dig. 50.6.6.6

Digest 50.6.6.6

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Licet in corpore naviculariorum quis sit, navem tamen vel naves non habeat nec omnia ei congruant, quae principalibus constitutionibus cauta sunt, non poterit privilegio naviculariis indulto uti. idque et divi fratres rescripserunt in haec verba: "ysan kai alloi tines epi profasei twn nauklyrwn kai ton siton kai elaion emporeuomenwn eis tyn agoran tou dymou tou hrwmaikou ontwn atelwn aciountes tas leitourgias diadidraskein, myte epipleontes myte to pleon meros tys ousias en tais nauklyriais kai tais emporiais exontes. afairevytw twn toioutwn hy ateleia".

Although someone may be in the corporation of the shipowners, nevertheless, if he does not have a ship or ships, and not all the things fit him which have been provided by the principal constitutions, he will not be able to use the privilege indulted to the shipowners. And this too the Deified Brothers rescripted in these words: "There were also certain others, on the pretext that the shipmasters and those trading in grain and oil for the market of the Roman People are tax-exempt, claiming to escape the liturgies, though neither sailing nor having the greater part of their estate in shipowning and in commerce. Let the exemption be taken away from such persons."

Dig. 50.6.6.7

Digest 50.6.6.7

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on hearings.

Hoc circa vacationes dicendum est, ut, si ante quis ad munera municipalia vocatus sit, quam negotiari inciperet, vel antequam in collegium adsumeretur quod immunitatem pariat, vel antequam septuagenarius fieret. vel antequam publice profiteretur, vel antequam liberos susciperet, compellatur ad honorem gerendum.

This is to be said concerning exemptions: that, if someone has been called to municipal duties before he began to negotiate (trade), or before he was admitted into a collegium that brings immunity, or before he became a septuagenarian, or before he made a public profession, or before he had children, he is to be compelled to bear the honor.

Dig. 50.6.6.8

Digest 50.6.6.8

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Negotiatio pro incremento facultatium exercenda est. alioquin si quis maiore pecuniae suae parte negotiationem exercebit, rursus locuples factus in eadem quantitate negotiationis perseveraverit, tenebitur muneribus, sicuti locupletes, qui modica pecunia comparatis navibus muneribus se publicis subtrahere temptant: idque ita observandum epistula divi hadriani scripta est.

Commerce is to be exercised for the increase of resources. Otherwise, if anyone conducts business with the greater part of his money, and then, having become wealthy, persists in the same scale of business, he will be liable to the public duties (munera), just like the wealthy who, with a modest sum, having procured ships, attempt to withdraw themselves from public duties: and this is to be observed thus, as is written in a letter of the deified Hadrian.

Dig. 50.6.6.9

Digest 50.6.6.9

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Divus quoque pius rescripsit, ut, quotiens de aliquo naviculario quaeratur, illud excutiatur, an effugiendorum munerum causa imaginem navicularii induat.

The deified Pius also wrote by rescript that, whenever inquiry is made about some navicularius, this be examined: whether, for the purpose of evading public burdens, he is assuming the image of a navicularius.

Dig. 50.6.6.10

Digest 50.6.6.10

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Conductores etiam vectigalium fisci necessitate subeundorum municipalium munerum non obstringuntur: idque ita observandum divi fratres rescripserunt. ex quo principali rescripto intellegi potest non honori conductorum datum, ne compellantur ad munera municipalia, sed ne extenuentur facultates eorum, quae subsignatae sint fisco. unde subsisti potest, an prohibendi sint a praeside vel procuratore caesaris etiam si ultro se offerant municipalibus muneribus: quod propius est defendere, nisi si paria fisco fecisse dicantur.

Contractors also of the fisc’s tax-farms are not bound by the necessity of undergoing municipal munera: and the deified brothers wrote in a rescript that this is to be observed thus. From which imperial rescript it can be understood that it was not granted as an honor to the contractors, that they not be compelled to municipal munera, but lest their resources, which have been underwritten to the fisc, be thinned. Whence it can be maintained whether they ought to be prohibited by the governor or the procurator of Caesar even if of their own accord they offer themselves to municipal munera: which is the closer position to defend, unless they are said to have squared accounts with the fisc.

Dig. 50.6.6.11

Digest 50.6.6.11

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Coloni quoque caesaris a muneribus liberantur, ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur.

The Caesar’s coloni also are freed from public burdens, so that they may be considered more suitable for the fiscal estates.

Dig. 50.6.6.12

Digest 50.6.6.12

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Quibusdam collegiis vel corporibus, quibus ius coeundi lege permissum est, immunitas tribuitur: scilicet eis collegiis vel corporibus, in quibus artificii sui causa unusquisque adsumitur, ut fabrorum corpus est et si qua eandem rationem originis habent, id est idcirco instituta sunt, ut necessariam operam publicis utilitatibus exhiberent. nec omnibus promiscue, qui adsumpti sunt in his collegiis, immunitas datur, sed artificibus dumtaxat. nec ab omni aetate allegi possunt, ut divo pio placuit, qui reprobavit prolixae vel inbecillae admodum aetatis homines.

Immunity is granted to certain colleges or bodies to which the right of assembling has been permitted by law: namely to those colleges or bodies in which each person is admitted for the sake of his art, as the body of craftsmen is, and whatever have the same rationale of origin—that is, were instituted for this reason, that they might render necessary service to public utilities. Nor is immunity given indiscriminately to all who have been admitted into these colleges, but only to the artificers. Nor may they be chosen from every age, as it pleased the deified Pius, who disapproved men of very advanced or of very feeble age.

sed ne quidem eos, qui augeant facultates et munera civitatium sustinere possunt, privilegiis, quae tenuioribus per collegia distributis concessa sunt, uti posse plurifariam constitutum est.

but it has been established in many instances that not even those who augment resources and are able to sustain the municipal munera of the cities may use the privileges which, conceded to the poorer, are distributed through the collegia.

Dig. 50.6.6.13

Digest 50.6.6.13

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Eos, qui in corporibus allecti sunt, quae immunitatem praebent naviculariorum, si honorem decurionatus adgnoverint, compellendos subire publica munera accepi: idque etiam confirmatum videtur rescripto divi pertinacis.

I have learned that those who have been enrolled in corporations which grant the immunity of the navicularii, if they have acknowledged the honor of the decurionate, must be compelled to undergo public burdens: and this also seems to have been confirmed by a rescript of the deified Pertinax.

Dig. 50.6.7

Digest 50.6.7

Tarruntius 1 militarium.

Tarruntius 1 milestone.

Quibusdam aliquam vacationem munerum graviorum condicio tribuit, ut sunt mensores, optio valetudinarii, medici, capsarii, et artifices et qui fossam faciunt, veterinarii, architectus, gubernatores, naupegi, ballistrarii, specularii, fabri, sagittarii, aerarii, bucularum structores, carpentarii, scandularii, gladiatores, aquilices, tubarii, cornuarii, arcuarii, plumbarii, ferrarii, lapidarii, et hi qui calcem cocunt, et qui silvam infindunt, qui carbonem caedunt ac torrent. in eodem numero haberi solent lani, venatores, victimarii, et optio fabricae, et qui aegris praesto sunt, librarii quoque qui docere possint, et horreorum librarii, et librarii depositorum, et librarii caducorum, et adiutores corniculariorum, et stratores, et polliones, et custodes armorum, et praeco, et bucinator. hi igitur omnes inter immunes habentur.

To certain persons the condition grants some exemption from heavier public duties, such as measurers (surveyors), the optio of the infirmary, physicians, orderlies, and craftsmen and those who make a ditch, veterinarians, an architect, helmsmen (pilots), shipwrights, artillerymen (ballista-operators), glaziers (specularii), smiths, archers, coppersmiths, fitters of bucculae (cheek-guards), carpenters, shinglers, gladiators, water-engineers (aquilices), trumpeters, horn-blowers, bowyers (arcuarii), lead-workers (plumbers), iron-workers, stone-cutters, and those who bake lime, and who split timber, who cut and char coal. In the same number are usually held butchers, hunters, sacrificial attendants, and the optio of the workshop (fabrica), and those who attend the sick, clerks who are able to teach, and granary clerks, and clerks of deposits, and clerks of escheats, and assistants of the cornicularii (chief clerks), and grooms, and polishers, and keepers of arms, and a herald, and a bugler. Therefore all these are held among the immune (exempt).

Dig. 50.7.0. De legationibus.

Digest 50.7.0. On legations.

Dig. 50.7.1

Digest 50.7.1

Ulpianus 8 ad sab.

Ulpian Book 8 on Sabinus.

Legatus municipalis si deseruerit legationem, poena adficietur extraordinaria, motus ordine, ut plerumque solet.

If a municipal legate should desert the legation, he will be subjected to an extraordinary penalty, removed from the order, as for the most part is customary.

Dig. 50.7.2pr.

Digest 50.7.2pr.

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Legatus contra rem publicam, cuius legatus est, per alium a principe quid postulare potest.

Can a legate, against the republic of which he is the legate, request anything from the emperor through another?

Dig. 50.7.2.1

Digest 50.7.2.1

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Utrum quis deseruerit legationem an ex necessaria causa moram passus sit, ordini patriae suae probare debet.

Whether someone has deserted the legation, or has undergone delay from a necessary cause, he ought to prove to the order of his own fatherland.

Dig. 50.7.2.2

Digest 50.7.2.2

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Cessatio unius legati ei, qui munus ut oportet obiit, non nocet.

The cessation of one legate does not harm him who has discharged the duty as is proper.

Dig. 50.7.3

Digest 50.7.3

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

His, qui non gratuitam legationem susceperunt, legativum ex forma restituatur.

To those who did not undertake a gratuitous legation, the legativum is to be restored according to the form.

Dig. 50.7.4

Digest 50.7.4

Africanus 3 quaest.

Africanus Questions, book 3.

Cum quaeritur, an in eum, qui in legatione sit, actio dari debeat, non tam interest, ubi quis aut crediderit aut dari stipulatus sit, quam illud, an id actum sit, ut legationis tempore solveretur.

When it is asked whether an action ought to be granted against one who is on a legation, it matters not so much where someone either has extended credit or has stipulated for it to be given, as rather this: whether it was agreed that it be discharged during the time of the legation.

Dig. 50.7.5pr.

Digest 50.7.5pr.

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcian 12 Institutes.

Sciendum est debitorem rei publicae legatione fungi non posse: et ita divus pius claudio saturnino et faustino rescripsit.

It should be known that a debtor to the commonwealth cannot discharge a legation: and thus the deified Pius replied by rescript to Claudius Saturninus and Faustinus.

Dig. 50.7.5.1

Digest 50.7.5.1

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcianus 12 Institutes.

Sed et eos, quibus ius postulandi non est, legatione fungi non posse et ideo harena missum non iure legatum esse missum divi severus et antoninus rescripserunt.

But also those who do not have the right of petitioning cannot perform a legation; and therefore a man sent to the arena was not by law sent as a legate, as the deified Severus and Antoninus rescripted.

Dig. 50.7.5.2

Digest 50.7.5.2

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcianus 12 Institutes.

Debitores autem fisci non prohibentur legatione fungi.

However, the debtors of the fisc are not prohibited from discharging a legation.

Dig. 50.7.5.3

Digest 50.7.5.3

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcianus 12 Institutes.

Si accusatio alicuius publice instituta sit, non est compellendus accusator ad eum legationem suscipere, qui se amicum vel domesticum dicit eius, qui accusatur: et ita divi fratres aemilio rufo rescripserunt.

If an accusation of someone has been publicly instituted, the accuser is not to be compelled to undertake a legation to the man who declares himself a friend or a household member of the one accused; and thus the deified brothers wrote back to Aemilius Rufus.

Dig. 50.7.5.4

Digest 50.7.5.4

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcianus 12 institutes.

Legati vicarios dare non alios possunt nisi filios suos.

Legates can appoint no vicars except their own sons.

Dig. 50.7.5.5

Digest 50.7.5.5

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcianus 12 Institutes.

Ordine unusquisque munere legationis fungi cogitur: et non alias compellendus est munere legationis fungi, quam si priores, qui in curiam lecti sunt, functi sint. sed si legatio de primoribus viris desideret personas et qui ordine vocantur inferiores sint, non esse observandum ordinem divus hadrianus ad clazomenios rescripsit.

In order, each person is compelled to perform the office of legation; and he is not otherwise to be compelled to perform the office of legation, unless those earlier, who were chosen into the curia, have performed it. But if the legation desires persons from the foremost men, and those who are called by order are inferior, the Deified Hadrian wrote in a rescript to the Clazomenians that the order is not to be observed.

Dig. 50.7.5.6

Digest 50.7.5.6

Marcianus 12 inst.

Marcianus 12 Institutes.

Praecipitur autem edicto divi vespasiani omnibus civitatibus, ne plures quam ternos legatos mittant.

Moreover, it is prescribed by the edict of the deified Vespasian to all cities that they send no more than three legates.

Dig. 50.7.6pr.

Digest 50.7.6, preface.

Scaevola 1 reg.

Scaevola Book 1 of the Rules.

Legato tempus prodest, ex quo legatus creatus est, non ex quo romam venit.

Time benefits a legate from the moment he was appointed legate, not from the moment he came to Rome.

Dig. 50.7.6.1

Digest 50.7.6.1

Scaevola 1 reg.

Scaevola Book 1 of the Rules.

Sed si non constat, legatus sit an non, romae praetor de hoc cognoscit.

But if it is not established whether he is a legate or not, at Rome the praetor takes cognizance of this.

Dig. 50.7.7

Digest 50.7.7

Ulpianus 4 de off. procons.

Ulpian 4 On the office of the proconsul.

Filio propter patrem legationis vacatio ne concedatur, imperator noster cum patre claudio callisto rescripsit in haec verba: "quod desideras, ut propter legationem patris tui a legatione tu vaces, in intervallis honorum, qui sumptum habent, recte observatur: in impendiis legationum, quae solo ministerio obeuntur, diversa causa est".

That exemption from a legation not be granted to a son on account of his father, our emperor, together with the father Claudius Callistus, rescripted in these words: "What you desire, that on account of your father’s legation you be exempt from a legation, is rightly observed in the intervals of honors which have expense; in the expenditures of legations, which are discharged by ministry alone, the case is different."

Dig. 50.7.8

Digest 50.7.8

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus 1 responses.

Filius decurio pro patre legationis officium suscepit. ea res filium, quo minus ordine suo legatus proficiscatur, non excusat: pater tamen biennii vacationem vindicare poterit, quia per filium legatione functus videtur.

The son, a decurion, undertook the office of the legation on behalf of his father. That fact does not excuse the son from setting out as a legate in his own order; the father, however, will be able to claim a vacation of two years, because he is deemed to have discharged the legation through his son.

Dig. 50.7.9pr.

Digest 50.7.9, preface.

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus Responses, Book 1.

Respondit eum, qui legatione functus est, intra tempora vacationis praefinita non oportere compelli rursum ad defendendum publicum negotium, etiamsi de eadem causa litigetur.

He answered that one who has served on a legation ought not, within the pre-fixed times of exemption, to be compelled again to defend a public business, even if litigation is carried on about the same cause.

Dig. 50.7.9.1

Digest 50.7.9.1

Paulus 1 resp.

Paulus 1 responses.

"imperatores antoninus et severus augusti germano silvano. legatione functis biennii vacatio conceditur: nec interest, utrum legatio in urbe an in provincia agentibus nobis mandata sit".

"the emperors antoninus and severus, augusti, to germanus silvanus. to those who have discharged a legation, an exemption of two years is granted; nor does it matter whether the legation was entrusted while we were conducting business in the city or in the province."

Dig. 50.7.9.2

Digest 50.7.9.2

Paulus 1 resp.

Paul 1 responses.

Paulus respondit eum, qui legatione fungitur, neque alienis neque propriis negotiis se interponere debere. in qua causa non videri eum quoque contineri, qui cum amico suo praetore gratis consilium participat.

Paulus answered that he who performs a legation ought to interpose himself neither in others’ nor in his own affairs. In which case he too does not seem to be contained, who shares counsel gratis with his friend, the praetor.

Dig. 50.7.10

Digest 50.7.10

Paulus 3 resp.

Paul book 3 of the Responses.

Paulus respondit de eo damno, quod legationis tempore legatus passus est, posse eum etiam legationis tempore experiri.

Paulus answered that, concerning that damage which the legate suffered during the time of the legation, he can also bring an action even during the time of the legation.

Dig. 50.7.11pr.

Digest 50.7.11 pr.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus 1 Sentences.

Legatus antequam officio legationis functus sit, in rem suam nihil agere potest, exceptis his quae ad iniuriam eius vel damnum parata sunt.

A legate, before he has discharged the office of the legation, can do nothing for his own benefit, except for those things which are directed toward his injury or loss.

Dig. 50.7.11.1

Digest 50.7.11.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 sentences.

Si quis in munere legationis, antequam ad patriam revertetur, decessit, sumptus, qui proficiscenti sunt dati, non restituuntur.

If anyone, in the office of a legation, dies before he returns to his fatherland, the expenses which were given to him when setting out are not restored.

Dig. 50.7.12pr.

Digest 50.7.12pr.

Paulus l.S. de iure libellorum.

Paulus in the singular book On the Law of Libelli.

Si absenti iniuncta est legatio eamque gratuitam suscepit, potest quis et per alium legationem mittere.

If a legation has been enjoined upon someone absent, and he has undertaken it gratuitously, one may also send the legation through another.

Dig. 50.7.12.1

Digest 50.7.12.1

Paulus l.S. de iure libellorum.

Paulus, in the single book on the law of petitions (libelli).

Qui legationis officio fungitur, licet suum negotium curare non potest, magnus tamen antoninus permisit ei pupillae nomine et instruere et defendere causam, licet legationi, quam suscepit, nondum renuntiaverit, praecipue cum participem officii ipsius absentem esse dicebat.

He who performs the office of a legation, although he cannot manage his own business, nevertheless the great Antoninus permitted him, in the name of a female ward, both to prepare and to defend a cause, although he had not yet renounced the legation which he had undertaken, especially since he said that a participant in that same office was absent.

Dig. 50.7.13

Digest 50.7.13

Scaevola 1 Dig.

Scaevola 1 Digest.

Legatus creatus a patria sua suscepta legatione in urbem romam venit et nondum perfecta legatione domum, quae erat in ipsius civitate nicopoli, emit. quaesitum est, an in senatus consultum inciderit, quo prohibentur legati ante perfectam legationem negotiis vel privatis rebus obstringi. respondit non videri teneri.

A legate appointed by his own fatherland, the legation having been undertaken, came to the city of rome; and, the legation not yet completed, he bought a house, which was in his own city, nicopolis. It was asked whether he had fallen under the senatorial decree by which legates are prohibited, before the legation is completed, from being bound by business or by private affairs. He responded that he did not seem to be bound.

Dig. 50.7.14

Digest 50.7.14

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinianus 1 responses

Vicarius alieni muneris voluntate sua datus ordine suo legationem suscipere non admissa biennii praescriptione cogetur.

A deputy for another’s munus, assigned by his own volition, will be compelled to undertake the legation in his own order, the biennial prescription not being admitted.

Dig. 50.7.15

Digest 50.7.15

Ulpianus 74 ad ed. praet.

Ulpian 74 On the Praetor's Edict.

Qui libera legatione abest, non videtur rei publicae causa abesse: hic enim non publici commodi causa, sed sui abest.

He who is absent on a free legation is not seen as being absent for the sake of the republic: for this man is absent not for the cause of public utility, but for his own.

Dig. 50.7.16

Digest 50.7.16

Modestinus 7 reg.

Modestinus Rules, book 7.

Is, qui legatione fungitur, libellum sine permissu principis de aliis suis negotiis dare non potest.

He who is discharging a legation cannot present a petition concerning his other personal affairs without the permission of the princeps.

Dig. 50.7.17pr.

Digest 50.7.17pr.

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus 8 Rules.

Eundem plures legationes suscipere prohibitum non est praeterea, si et sumptus et itineris compendium suadeat.

It is not forbidden for the same person to undertake several legations; moreover, if both the expense and a shortening (compendium) of the journey recommend it.

Dig. 50.7.17.1

Digest 50.7.17.1

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Rules 8.

Ante legationem susceptam si cui negotium moveatur, etiam absens defendi debet: suscepta legatione non nisi iniuncto munere fungatur.

Before the legation has been undertaken, if a suit is set in motion against anyone, he must be defended even though absent; once the legation has been undertaken, let him perform nothing other than the enjoined duty.

Dig. 50.7.18

Digest 50.7.18

Pomponius 37 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 37 on Q. Mucius.

Si quis legatum hostium pulsasset, contra ius gentium id commissum esse existimatur, quia sancti habentur legati. et ideo si, cum legati apud nos essent gentis alicuius, bellum cum eis indictum sit, responsum est liberos eos manere: id enim iuri gentium convenit esse. itaque eum, qui legatum pulsasset, quintus mucius dedi hostibus, quorum erant legati, solitus est respondere.

If anyone had struck a legate of the enemy, it is considered that this was committed against the law of nations, because legates are held sacred. And therefore, if, when the legates of some nation were among us, war has been declared against them, it was answered that they remain free: for that accords with the law of nations. And so quintus mucius used to reply that the man who had struck a legate ought to be surrendered to the enemies whose legates they were.

quem hostes si non recepissent, quaesitum est, an civis romanus maneret: quibusdam existimantibus manere, aliis contra, quia quem semel populus iussisset dedi, ex civitate expulsisse videretur, sicut faceret, cum aqua et igni interdiceret. in qua sententia videtur publius mucius fuisse. id autem maxime quaesitum est in hostilio mancino, quem numantini sibi deditum non acceperunt: de quo tamen lex postea lata est, ut esset civis romanus, et praeturam quoque gessisse dicitur.

if the enemies had not received him, it was asked whether he remained a Roman citizen: some thinking that he did remain, others the contrary, because one whom the People had once ordered to be delivered would seem to have been expelled from the civitas, just as it does when it interdicts from water and fire. In this opinion Publius Mucius seems to have been. This was especially inquired in the case of Hostilius Mancinus, whom the Numantines did not accept as surrendered to them: concerning him, however, a law was afterwards passed, that he should be a Roman citizen, and he is said to have even held the praetorship.

Dig. 50.8.0. De administratione rerum ad civitates pertinentium.

Digest 50.8.0. On the administration of things pertaining to the cities.

Dig. 50.8.1

Digest 50.8.1

Ulpianus 10 disp.

Ulpian Disputations, book 10.

Quod ad certam speciem civitatis relinquitur, in alios usus convertere non licet.

What is bequeathed to the municipality for a specific purpose is not permitted to be converted to other uses.

Dig. 50.8.2pr.

Digest 50.8.2pr.

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Non utique de exemplo posterioris locationis praeteritarum conductionum, quae suam legem habuerunt, rationem iniri oportet.

Assuredly, an accounting ought not to be made by the precedent of a subsequent leasing for prior hirings, which had their own law.

Dig. 50.8.2.1

Digest 50.8.2.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Quod quis suo nomine exercere prohibetur, id nec per subiectam personam agere debet. et ideo si decurio subiectis aliorum nominibus praedia publica colat, quae decurionibus conducere non licet, secundum legem usurpata revocentur.

What a person is prohibited from exercising in his own name, he must not do through a subject person either. And therefore, if a decurion, under the names of others put forward, should cultivate public estates—which decurions are not permitted to take on lease—let what has been usurped be revoked according to the law.

Dig. 50.8.2.2

Digest 50.8.2.2

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 opinions.

Quod de frumentaria ratione in alium usum conversum est, sua causa cum incremento debito restituatur: idque etsi contra absentem pronuntiatum est, inanis est querella. ratio tamen administrationis secundum fidem acceptorum et datorum ponatur.

What from the grain account has been converted to another use shall be restored to its own account with the due increment: and as to this, even if it has been pronounced against an absent party, the complaint is vain. Nevertheless, the account of administration shall be set forth according to the faith of receipts and disbursements.

Dig. 50.8.2.3

Digest 50.8.2.3

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Frumentariae pecuniae suo nomine debitor quam primum solvat: necessaria enim omnibus rebus publicis frumentaria pecunia moram solutionis accipere non debet: sed debitores, quos ex eadem causa habet, ad solutionem per praesidem provinciae compellantur.

Let the debtor of the frumentary money, in his own name, pay as soon as possible: for frumentary money, necessary to all commonwealths, ought not to admit delay of payment: but the debtors whom he has from the same cause are to be compelled to payment through the governor of the province.

Dig. 50.8.2.4

Digest 50.8.2.4

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Ad frumenti comparationem pecuniam datam restitui civitati, non compensari in erogata debet. sin autem frumentaria pecunia in alios usus, quam quibus destinata est, conversa fuerit, veluti in opus balneorum publicorum, licet ex bona fide datum probatur, compensari quidem frumentariae pecuniae non oportet, solvi autem a curatore rei publicae iubetur.

Money given for the procurement of grain ought to be restored to the city, not set off against expenditures. But if the grain-money has been diverted to other uses than those for which it was destined, for example to the work of public baths, although it is proved to have been given in good faith, it ought not indeed to be set off against the grain-money, but it is ordered to be paid by the curator of the municipality.

Dig. 50.8.2.5

Digest 50.8.2.5

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian book 3 Opinions.

Si indemnitas debiti frumentariae pecuniae cum suis usuris fit, immodicae et illicitae computationis modus non adhibetur: id est ne commodorum commoda et usurae usurarum incrementum faciant.

If indemnity of a grain-money debt together with its own interest is made, a method of immoderate and illicit computation is not employed: that is, lest profits upon profits and interest upon interest make an increase.

Dig. 50.8.2.6

Digest 50.8.2.6

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Grani aestimationem per iniuriam post emptionem ablati, quae rationibus publicis refertur, curator rei publicae domino restitui iubeat.

Let the curator of the commonwealth order that the valuation of grain, wrongfully taken away after the purchase, which is entered in the public accounts, be restored to the owner.

Dig. 50.8.2.7

Digest 50.8.2.7

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Si eo tempore, quo nominatus est, idoneus, postea lapsus facultatibus damnum debitis rei publicae dederit: quia fortuitos casus nullum humanum consilium providere potest, creator hoc nomine nihil praestare debet.

If at the time when he was nominated he was suitable, but afterwards, having fallen in his faculties (means), he has given loss to the debts owed to the commonwealth: since no human counsel can foresee fortuitous cases, the creator (appointer) on this ground ought to provide nothing, that is, owes nothing.

Dig. 50.8.2.8

Digest 50.8.2.8

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 opinions.

Ius rei publicae pacto mutari non potest, quo minus magistratus collegae quoque nomine conveniantur in his speciebus, in quibus id fieri iure permissum est.

Public law cannot be changed by agreement, so as to prevent magistrates from also being sued in a colleague’s name in those cases in which it is permitted by law that this be done.

Dig. 50.8.2.9

Digest 50.8.2.9

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Actio autem, quae propter ea in collegam decerni solet, ei qui pro altero dependit ex aequitate competit.

However, the action which is accustomed to be decreed on account of these things against a colleague belongs, by equity, to one who pays on behalf of another.

Dig. 50.8.2.10

Digest 50.8.2.10

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Quod depensum pro collega in magistratu probabitur, solvi et ab heredibus eius praeses provinciae iubet.

What shall be proved to have been paid on behalf of a colleague in office, the provincial governor orders to be paid—even by his heirs.

Dig. 50.8.3pr.

Digest 50.8.3 preface.

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 opinions.

Conductore perficiendi operis punito fideiussor, qui pro eo intervenerat, idem opus exstruendum alii locaverat: nec a secundo redemptore opere perfecto usurarum praestationem heres fideiussoris recusare non debet, cum et prior causa in bonae fidei contractu in universum fideiussorem obligaverit, et posterior locatio, quia suum periculum agnovit, solidae praestationi rei publicae eum substituerit.

With the contractor for completing the work having been punished, the surety, who had intervened on his behalf, had let out the same work to be built to another; nor should the heir of the surety, once the work has been completed, refuse the prestation of interest from the second contractor, since both the prior ground, in a contract of good faith, had bound the surety for the whole, and the later letting, because he acknowledged the risk as his own, has substituted him to the solidary prestation owed to the commonwealth.

Dig. 50.8.3.1

Digest 50.8.3.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian Opinions, Book 3.

Qui fideiusserint pro conductore vectigalis in universam conductionem, in usuras quoque iure conveniuntur, nisi proprie quid in persona eorum verbis obligationis expressum est.

Those who have become fidejussors for the lessee of a tax‑farm for the entire lease are also by law sued for interest, unless something specific concerning their person is expressly stated in the wording of the obligation.

Dig. 50.8.3.2

Digest 50.8.3.2

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Sed si in locatione fundorum pro sterilitate temporis boni viri arbitratu in solvenda pensione cuiusque anni pacto comprehensum est, explorata lege conductionis fides bona sequenda est.

But if in the leasing of estates, on account of the sterility of the season, it has been included by pact that the payment of the rent for each year be according to the arbitrament of a good man, then, with the law of the hiring explored, good faith is to be followed.

Dig. 50.8.4

Digest 50.8.4

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian, responses, book 1.

Curatores communis officii divisa pecunia, quam omnibus in solidum publice dari placuit, periculo vice mutua non liberantur. ulpianus: prior tamen exemplo tutorum conveniendus est is qui gessit.

curators of a common office, after the money—which it was decided should be publicly given to all, jointly and severally—has been divided, are not released from liability by a mutual taking of turns. ulpian: however, following the example of tutors, he who managed the matter is to be proceeded against first.

Dig. 50.8.5pr.

Digest 50.8.5, preface.

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses.

Praedium publicum in quinque annos idonea cautione non exacta curator rei publicae locavit. ceteris annis colonus si reliqua traxerit et de fructibus praedii mercedesque servari non potuerint, successor qui locavit tenebitur. idem in vectigalibus non ita pridem constitutum est, scilicet ut sui temporis singuli periculum praestarent.

The curator of the commonwealth leased a public estate for five years without having exacted suitable security. In the remaining years, if the tenant-farmer is in arrears on the remainder and it cannot be secured from the fruits of the estate and the rents, the successor who let it will be held liable. The same has not long since been constituted in respect to the vectigals, namely, that each man should bear the risk for his own time.

Dig. 50.8.5.1

Digest 50.8.5.1

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian 1 responses

In eum, qui administrationis tempore creditoribus rei publicae novatione facta pecuniam cavit, post depositum officium actionem denegari non oportet. diversa causa est eius, qui solvi constituit: similis etenim videtur ei, qui publice vendidit aut locavit.

Against him who, during the time of administration, with a novation effected, gave security for money to the creditors of the commonwealth, an action ought not to be denied after the office has been laid down. A different case is that of one who arranged for payment to be made: for he seems similar to one who has publicly sold or leased.

Dig. 50.8.5.2

Digest 50.8.5.2

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian, 1 Responses.

Filium pro patre curatore rei publicae creato cavere cogi non oportet. nec mutat, quod in eum pater emancipatum, priusquam curator constitueretur, partem bonorum suorum donationis causa contulit.

A son, appointed curator of the commonwealth in place of his father, ought not to be compelled to give security. Nor is this altered by the fact that his father, after he had been emancipated, before the curator was appointed, conferred upon him part of his goods by way of donation.

Dig. 50.8.5.3

Digest 50.8.5.3

Papinianus 1 resp.

Papinian Book 1 of Responses

Pro magistratu fideiussor interrogatus pignora quoque specialiter dedit. in eum casum pignora videntur data, quo recte convenitur: videlicet postquam res ab eo servari non potuerit, pro quo intercessit.

A surety for a magistrate, when questioned, also gave specific pledges. The pledges appear to have been given for that contingency in which he is rightly proceeded against: namely, after the thing could not be preserved by the one for whom he interceded.

Dig. 50.8.6

Digest 50.8.6

Valens 2 fideic.

Valens 2 On Fideicommissa.

Legatam municipio pecuniam in aliam rem quam defunctus voluit convertere citra principis auctoritatem non licet. et ideo si unum opus fieri iusserit, quod falcidiae legis interventu fieri non potest, permittitur summam, quae eo nomine debetur, in id, quod maxime necessarium rei publicae videatur, convertere: sive plures summae in plura opera legantur et legis falcidiae interventu id quod relinquitur omnium operum exstructioni non sufficit, permittitur in unum opus, quod civitas velit, erogari. sed municipio pecuniam legatam, ut ex reditu eius venatio aut spectacula edantur, senatus in eas causas erogare vetuit: et pecuniam eo legatam in id, quod maxime necessarium municipibus videatur, conferre permittitur, ut in eo munificentia eius qui legavit inscriptione notetur.

It is not permitted, without the emperor’s authority, to convert money bequeathed to a municipality to any purpose other than that which the deceased wished. And therefore, if he ordered one work to be done which cannot be done by reason of the intervention of the Lex Falcidia, it is permitted to convert the sum which is owed under that heading to that which seems most necessary to the commonwealth: or if several sums are bequeathed for several works and, by the intervention of the Lex Falcidia, what remains does not suffice for the construction of all the works, it is permitted that it be disbursed on one work which the city desires. But as to money bequeathed to a municipality so that from its revenue a beast-hunt or spectacles be presented, the Senate forbade disbursing it for those purposes: and it is permitted to apply money thus bequeathed to that which seems most necessary to the townspeople, so that therein the munificence of him who bequeathed it may be marked by an inscription.

Dig. 50.8.7pr.

Digest 50.8.7pr.

Paulus 1 sent.

Paulus Book 1 of the Opinions.

Decuriones pretio viliori frumentum, quod annona temporalis est patriae suae, praestare non sunt cogendi.

Decurions are not to be compelled to provide, at a lower price, the grain that is the seasonal annona of their own homeland.

Dig. 50.8.7.1

Digest 50.8.7.1

Paulus 1 sent.

Paul 1 Sentences.

Nisi ad opus novum pecunia specialiter legata sit, vetera ex hac reficienda sunt.

Unless money has been specially bequeathed for a new work, the old things are to be repaired out of it.

Dig. 50.8.8

Digest 50.8.8

Ulpianus 1 ad ed. praet.

Ulpian 1 on the praetorian edict.

Magistratus rei publicae non dolum solummodo, sed et latam neglegentiam et hoc amplius etiam diligentiam debent.

Magistrates of the republic owe not only freedom from fraud, but also from gross negligence, and, beyond this, diligence as well.

Dig. 50.8.9

Digest 50.8.9

Paulus 1 ad ed. praet.

Paulus 1 on the praetor’s edict.

Si filius familias volente patre magistratum gesserit, iulianus existimavit in solidum patrem teneri in id, quod eius nomine rei publicae abesset.

If a son in paternal power, with the father consenting, has exercised a magistracy, Julian held the father to be liable in solidum for that on account of which, in his name, he was absent on public business.

Dig. 50.8.10pr.

Digest 50.8.10pr.

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Rules 8.

Calculi erroris retractatio etiam post decennii aut vicennii tempora admittetur.

The correction of an error of calculation will be admitted even after ten- or twenty-year periods.

Dig. 50.8.10.1

Digest 50.8.10.1

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Rules, book 8.

Sed si gratiose expunctae dicentur, non retractabuntur.

But if they shall be said to have been graciously expunged, they will not be reopened.

Dig. 50.8.11pr.

Digest 50.8.11, beginning.

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 On Constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus rescripserunt pecuniae, quae apud curatores remansit, usuras exigendas: eius vero, quae a redemptoribus operum exigi non potest, sortis dumtaxat periculum ad curatores pertinere.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus issued a rescript that interest be exacted on the money which has remained with the curators; but that, as to that which cannot be demanded from the contractors of the works, only the peril of the principal pertains to the curators.

Dig. 50.8.11.1

Digest 50.8.11.1

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt operum periculum etiam ad heredes curatorum pertinere.

Likewise they rescripted that the risk of the works also pertains to the heirs of the curators.

Dig. 50.8.11.2

Digest 50.8.11.2

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt agros rei publicae retrahere curatorem civitatis debere, licet a bona fide emptoribus possideantur, cum possint ad auctores suos recurrere.

Likewise they rescripted that the curator of the city ought to draw back/recover the fields of the commonwealth, although they are possessed by purchasers in good faith, since they can have recourse to their authors (vendors).

Dig. 50.8.12pr.

Digest 50.8.12, preface.

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus rescripserunt operum exactionem sine cautione non oportere committi.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus, by rescript, declared that the exaction of works ought not to be entrusted without security.

Dig. 50.8.12.1

Digest 50.8.12.1

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on Constitutions.

Item rescripserunt curatores, si neglegenter in distrahendis bonis se gesserint, in simplum teneri, si per fraudem, in duplum: nec ad heredes eorum poenam descendere.

Likewise they issued a rescript that curators, if they have conducted themselves negligently in selling off the goods, are liable for single damages, if through fraud, for double: nor does the penalty descend to their heirs.

Dig. 50.8.12.2

Digest 50.8.12.2

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt pecuniam ad annonam destinatam distractis rebus curatorem exigere debere.

Likewise, they rescripted that, the goods having been sold off, the curator ought to exact the money destined for the annona.

Dig. 50.8.12.3

Digest 50.8.12.3

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt sitonas indemnes esse oportere, qui non segniter officio suo functi sunt, secundum litteras hadriani.

Likewise, they issued a rescript that the sitones who have not sluggishly performed their duty ought to be held harmless, according to the letters of Hadrian.

Dig. 50.8.12.4

Digest 50.8.12.4

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on Constitutions.

Item rescripserunt a curatore kalendarii cautionem exigi non debere, cum a praeside ex inquisitione eligatur.

Likewise they rescripted that a surety ought not to be exacted from the curator of the calendary, since he is chosen by the governor after an inquisition.

Dig. 50.8.12.5

Digest 50.8.12.5

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt curatorem etiam nomine collegae teneri, si intervenire et prohibere eum potuit.

Likewise they rescripted that a curator is also held liable in the name of his colleague, if he was able to intervene and prohibit him.

Dig. 50.8.12.6

Digest 50.8.12.6

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt nominum, quae deteriora facta sunt tempore curatoris, periculum ad ipsum pertinere: quia vero antequam curator fieret, idonea non erant, aequum videri periculum ad eum non pertinere.

Likewise they rescripted that, of the credits which were made worse during the time of the curator, the risk pertains to him; but since before he became curator they were not sound, it seems equitable that the risk does not pertain to him.

Dig. 50.8.13

Digest 50.8.13

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on Constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus rescripserunt eum, qui pecuniam publicam magistratus sui tempore et post non pauco tempore detinuerat, usuras etiam praestare debere, nisi si quid adlegare possit, qua ex causa tardius intulisset.

The emperors Antoninus and Verus issued a rescript that one who had detained public money during his magistracy and for not a little time thereafter ought also to pay interest, unless he can allege something by reason of which he had paid it in more tardily.

Dig. 50.9.0. De decretis ab ordine faciendis.

Dig. 50.9.0. On decrees to be made by the council.

Dig. 50.9.1

Digest 50.9.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian Opinions, book 3.

Medicorum intra numerum praefinitum constituendorum arbitrium non praesidi provinciae commissum est, sed ordini et possessoribus cuiusque civitatis, ut certi de probitate morum et peritia artis eligant ipsi, quibus se liberosque suos in aegritudine corporum committant.

The discretion for appointing physicians within the pre-defined number has not been entrusted to the governor of the province, but to the order and the landowners of each city, so that, assured of the probity of morals and the expertise of the art, they themselves may choose those to whom they commit themselves and their children in bodily sickness.

Dig. 50.9.2

Digest 50.9.2

Marcianus 1 publ.

Marcianus 1 public.

Illa decreta, quae non legitimo numero decurionum coacto facta sunt, non valent.

Those decrees which were made without a legitimate number of decurions having been convened are not valid.

Dig. 50.9.3

Digest 50.9.3

Ulpianus 3 de appellat.

Ulpian, 3 On Appeals.

Lege autem municipali cavetur, ut ordo non aliter habeatur quam duabus partibus adhibitis.

Moreover, by the municipal law it is provided that the council is not to be held otherwise than with two-thirds present.

Dig. 50.9.4pr.

Digest 50.9.4pr.

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian in a single book on the office of the curator of the republic.

Ambitiosa decreta decurionum rescindi debent, sive aliquem debitorem dimiserint sive largiti sunt.

Ambitious decrees of the decurions ought to be rescinded, whether they have discharged some debtor or have made a largess.

Dig. 50.9.4.1

Digest 50.9.4.1

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian, in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Republic.

Proinde, ut solent, sive decreverint de publico alicuius vel praedia vel aedes vel certam quantitatem praestari, nihil valebit huiusmodi decretum.

Accordingly, as they are accustomed, whether they have decreed that from the public property of some community either estates or houses or a certain quantity be furnished, a decree of this kind will be of no validity.

Dig. 50.9.4.2

Digest 50.9.4.2

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian, in the singular book on the office of the curator of the Republic.

Sed et si salarium alicui decuriones decreverint, decretum id nonnumquam ullius erit momenti: ut puta si ob liberalem artem fuerit constitutum vel ob medicinam: ob has enim causas licet constitui salaria.

But also, if the decurions have decreed a salary for someone, that decree will sometimes be of some moment: for example, if it has been constituted on account of a liberal art or on account of medicine; for for these causes it is licit that salaries be constituted.

Dig. 50.9.5

Digest 50.9.5

Callistratus 2 de cogn.

Callistratus 2 on Cognitions.

Quod semel ordo decrevit, non oportere id rescindi divus hadrianus nicomedensibus rescripsit nisi ex causa: id est si ad publicam utilitatem respiciat rescissio prioris decreti.

The deified Hadrian wrote in reply to the Nicomedians that what the council (ordo) has once decreed ought not to be rescinded except for cause: that is, if the rescission of the prior decree has regard to the public utility.

Dig. 50.9.6

Digest 50.9.6

Scaevola 1 Dig.

Scaevola 1 Digest.

Municipii lege ita cautum erat: "ean tis ecw tou sunedriou dikasytai, tou te sunedriou eirgesvw kai prosapotinnutw draxmas xilias". quaesitum est, an poenam sustinere debeat, qui ignorans adversus decretum fecit. respondit et huiusmodi poenas adversus scientes paratas esse.

By the law of the municipium it was thus provided: "If anyone adjudicates outside the council, let him be barred from the council and in addition pay a thousand drachmas." It was asked whether he ought to sustain the penalty who, being ignorant, acted against the decree. He answered that penalties of this sort are appointed against those acting knowingly.

Dig. 50.10.0. De operibus publicis.

Digest 50.10.0. On public works.

Dig. 50.10.1pr.

Digest 50.10.1pr.

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian Opinions, Book 2.

Curator operum creatus praescriptione motus ab excusatione perferenda sicuti cessationis nomine, in qua quoad vivit moratus est, heredes suos obligatos reliquit, ita temporis, quod post mortem eius cessit, nullo onere eos obstrinxit.

A curator of works having been appointed, being repelled by a praescription from carrying an excusation under the name of “cessation”—in which he tarried so long as he lived—left his heirs obligated; yet as to the time which accrued after his death, he bound them with no burden.

Dig. 50.10.1.1

Digest 50.10.1.1

Ulpianus 2 opin.

Ulpian 2 Opinions.

Curam operis aquae ductus in alio iam munere constitutus postea susceperat. praepostere visus est petere exonerari priore utrisque iam implicitus, quando, si alterum tantum sustinere eum oportuisse, ante probabilius impetrasset propter prius munus a sequenti excusationem.

He had afterwards undertaken the care of the work of the aqueduct, having already been appointed in another office. He seemed, preposterously, to seek to be discharged from the former, now implicated in both, since, if it had been proper that he sustain only one, he would more plausibly have obtained earlier, on account of the prior office, an excuse from the subsequent.

Dig. 50.10.2pr.

Digest 50.10.2, beginning.

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian book 3 of opinions.

Qui liberalitate, non necessitate debiti, reditus suos interim ad opera finienda concessit, munificentiae suae fructum de inscriptione nominis sui operibus, si qua fecerit, capere per invidiam non prohibetur.

He who, by liberality, not by the necessity of a debt, has granted his revenues in the interim for completing works, is not prohibited, out of envy, from taking the fruit of his munificence from the inscription of his name upon the works, if he has made any.

Dig. 50.10.2.1

Digest 50.10.2.1

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian book 3 of Opinions.

Curatores operum cum redemptoribus negotium habent, res publica autem cum his, quos efficiendo operi praestituit. quatenus ergo et quis et cui obstrictus est, aestimatio praesidis provinciae est.

the curators of works have dealings with the contractors, but the commonwealth with those whom it has appointed for the execution of the work. therefore, to what extent, and who, and to whom is bound, is for the estimation of the governor of the province.

Dig. 50.10.2.2

Digest 50.10.2.2

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian Opinions, Book 3.

Ne eius nomine, cuius liberalitate opus exstructum est, eraso aliorum nomina inscribantur et propterea revocentur similes civium in patrias liberalitates, praeses provinciae auctoritatem suam interponat.

Lest, in the name of him by whose liberality the work was constructed, names be inscribed with the names of others erased, and thereby citizens be called back from similar liberalities toward their fatherlands, let the governor of the province interpose his authority.

Dig. 50.10.3pr.

Digest 50.10.3, preface.

Macer 2 de off. praesid.

Macer 2 On the Office of the Governor.

Opus novum privato etiam sine principis auctoritate facere licet, praeterquam si ad aemulationem alterius civitatis pertineat vel materiam seditionis praebeat vel circum theatrum vel amphitheatrum sit.

It is permitted for a private person to make a new work even without the emperor’s authority, except if it pertains to the emulation of another city or affords material for sedition, or is around the theater or the amphitheater.

Dig. 50.10.3.1

Digest 50.10.3.1

Macer 2 de off. praesid.

Macer 2 on the office of the governor.

Publico vero sumptu opus novum sine principis auctoritate fieri non licere constitutionibus declaratur.

But it is declared by the constitutions that a new work at public expense is not permitted to be made without the authority of the princeps.

Dig. 50.10.3.2

Digest 50.10.3.2

Macer 2 de off. praesid.

Macer 2 On the Office of the Governor.

Inscribi autem nomen operi publico alterius quam principis aut eius, cuius pecunia id opus factum sit, non licet.

But it is not permitted for the name of anyone other than the emperor, or of him by whose money that work was made, to be inscribed on a public work.

Dig. 50.10.4

Digest 50.10.4

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 Pandects.

Nec praesidis quidem nomen licebit superscribere.

Nor will it be permitted to superscribe even the governor’s name.

Dig. 50.10.5pr.

Digest 50.10.5, preface.

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian the single book on the office of the curator of the republic.

Si legatum vel fideicommissum fuerit ad opus relictum, usurae quae et quando incipiant deberi, rescripto divi pii ita continetur. "si quidem dies non sit ab his, qui statuas vel imagines ponendas legaverunt, praefinitus, a praeside provinciae tempus statuendum est: et nisi posuerint heredes, usuras leviores intra sex menses, si minus, semisses usuras rei publicae pendant. si vero dies datus est, pecuniam deponant intra diem, si aut non invenire se statuas dixerint aut loco controversiam fecerint: semisses protinus pendant".

If a legacy or a fideicommissum has been left for a work, when and from what point interest begins to be owed is contained thus in a rescript of the Deified Pius: “If indeed no day has been fixed by those who have bequeathed statues or images to be set up, a time is to be appointed by the governor of the province; and unless the heirs set them up, they shall pay to the commonwealth lighter interest within six months; if not, they shall pay half‑year’s interest. But if a day has been given, let them deposit the money within the day, if either they say they cannot find statues or they have raised a dispute about the place: let them at once pay half‑year’s interest.”

Dig. 50.10.5.1

Digest 50.10.5.1

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Republic.

Fines publicos a privatis detineri non oportet. curabit igitur praeses provinciae, si qui publici sunt, a privatis separare et publicos potius reditus augere: si qua loca publica vel aedificia in usus privatorum invenerit, aestimare, utrumne vindicanda in publicum sint an vectigal eis satius sit imponi, et id, quod utilius rei publicae intellexerit, sequi.

Public boundaries/lands ought not to be held by private persons. Therefore the governor of the province will take care to separate whatever are public from private and rather to augment the public revenues: if he finds any public places or buildings in the uses of private parties, he is to evaluate whether they ought to be reclaimed into the public or whether it is preferable to impose upon them a tax (vectigal), and to follow that which he understands to be more advantageous to the republic.

Dig. 50.10.6

Digest 50.10.6

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 Pandects.

De operibus, quae in muris vel portis vel rebus publicis fiunt, aut si muri exstruantur, divus marcus rescripsit praesidem aditum consulere principem debere.

Concerning works which are made on walls or gates or public things, or if walls are being constructed, the deified Marcus rescripted that the governor ought to consult the emperor regarding access.

Dig. 50.10.7pr.

Digest 50.10.7, beginning.

Callistratus 2 de cogn.

Callistratus 2 on cognitions.

Pecuniam, quae in opera nova legata est, potius in tutelam eorum operum quae sunt convertendam, quam ad inchoandum opus erogandam divus pius rescripsit: scilicet si satis operum civitas habeat et non facile ad reficienda ea pecunia inveniatur.

The money which has been bequeathed for new works, the deified Pius decreed by rescript ought rather to be converted to the tutelage of those works which exist than to be disbursed for beginning a work: namely, if the city has enough works and money is not easily found for repairing them.

Dig. 50.10.7.1

Digest 50.10.7.1

Callistratus 2 de cogn.

Callistratus 2 on inquiries.

Si quis opus ab alio factum adornare marmoribus vel alio quo modo ex voluntate populi facturum se pollicitus sit, nominis proprii titulo scribendo: manentibus priorum titulis, qui ea opera fecissent, id fieri debere senatus censuit. quod si privati in opera, quae publica pecunia fiant, aliquam de suo adiecerint summam, ita titulo inscriptionis uti eos debere isdem mandatis cavetur, ut quantam summam contulerint in id opus, inscribant.

If anyone has promised to adorn with marbles, or in some other way, a work made by another, in accordance with the will of the people, with the title of his own name to be written: with the prior titles, of those who had made those works, remaining, the senate decreed that this ought to be done. But if private persons have added some sum from their own to works which are made with public money, by the same mandates it is provided that they ought to use a title of inscription, to wit, that they inscribe how great a sum they have contributed to that work.

Dig. 50.11.0. De nundinis.

Digest 50.11.0. On market-days.

Dig. 50.11.1

Digest 50.11.1

Modestinus 3 reg.

Modestinus Rules, book 3.

Nundinis impetratis a principe non utendo qui meruit decennii tempore usum amittit.

One who has impetrated market-days from the prince, by not using them, loses the use after the time of a decade.

Dig. 50.11.2

Digest 50.11.2

Callistratus 3 de cogn.

Callistratus 3 on cognitions.

Si quis ipsos cultores agrorum vel piscatores deferre utensilia in civitatem iusserit, ut ipsi ea distrahant, destituetur annonae praebitio, cum avocentur ab opere rustici: qui confestim ubi detulerint mercem, tradere eam et ad opera sua reverti debeant. denique summae prudentiae et auctoritatis apud graecos plato cum institueret, quemadmodum civitas bene beate habitari possit, in primis istos negotiatores necessarios duxit. sic enim libro secundo politeias ait: dei gar pleionwn ara gewrgwn te kai twn allwn dymiourgwn kai twn allwn diakonwn twn ge eisacontwn kai ecacontwn hekasta.

If anyone has ordered the very cultivators of the fields or the fishermen to carry utensils into the city, so that they themselves may sell them off, the provisioning of the grain-supply will be left in the lurch, since the rustics are called away from their work: they who, immediately when they have brought in the merchandise, ought to hand it over and return to their own labors. Finally, Plato—of the highest prudence and authority among the Greeks—when he was instituting how a city might be well and happily inhabited, counted these negotiators (merchants) as necessary in the first rank. For thus he says in the second book of the Politeia (Republic): for indeed there is need of more farmers and of the other craftsmen and of the other attendants (deacons), namely those who import and export each sort of goods.

ohutoi de eisin emporoi. komisas de ho gewrgos eis tyn agoran ti hwn poiei y tis allos twn dymiourgwn my eis ton auton xronon hyky tois deomenois ta par' autou antallacasvai, argysei tys ahutou dymiourgias kavymenos en agora oudamws, y d' hos, all' eisin ohi touto horwntes heautous epi tyn diakonian tattousi tautyn.

and these are the merchants. For when the farmer, having brought into the agora some of the things he produces—or anyone else of the craftsmen—does not arrive at the same time as those who need to make exchange for what is his, nor could he at all sit in the agora turning the products of his own craft into silver, then there are those who, seeing this, assign themselves to this ministration.

Dig. 50.12.0. De pollicitationibus.

Digest 50.12.0. On pollicitations.

Dig. 50.12.1pr.

Digest 50.12.1, introductory paragraph.

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian, in the single book on the office of the curator of the republic.

Si pollicitus quis fuerit rei publicae opus se facturum vel pecuniam daturum, in usuras non convenietur: sed si moram coeperit facere, usurae accedunt, ut imperator noster cum divo patre suo rescripsit.

If someone has promised that he will perform a work for the republic or will give money, he will not be proceeded against for interest; but if he begins to make delay (default), interest accrues, as our emperor, together with his deified father, has written in a rescript.

Dig. 50.12.1.1

Digest 50.12.1.1

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Republic

Non semper autem obligari eum, qui pollicitus est, sciendum est. si quidem ob honorem promiserit decretum sibi vel decernendum vel ob aliam iustam causam, tenebitur ex pollicitatione: sin vero sine causa promiserit, non erit obligatus. et ita multis constitutionibus et veteribus et novis continetur.

But it must be known that he who has made a pollicitation is not always obligated. If indeed he has promised, on account of honor, a decree for himself either already decreed or to be decreed, or on account of another just cause, he will be held by the pollicitation; but if he has promised without cause, he will not be obligated. And thus it is contained in many constitutions, both ancient and new.

Dig. 50.12.1.2

Digest 50.12.1.2

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian, in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Commonwealth.

Item si sine causa promiserit, coeperit tamen facere, obligatus est qui coepit.

Likewise, if he has promised without cause, yet has begun to perform, he who has begun is obligated.

Dig. 50.12.1.3

Digest 50.12.1.3

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian, in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Commonwealth.

Coepisse sic accipimus, si fundamenta iecit vel locum purgavit. sed et si locus illi petenti destinatus est, magis est, ut coepisse videatur. item si apparatum sive impensam in publico posuit.

We take “to have begun” thus: if he has laid the foundations or purged the site. But also, if the place has been designated to that petitioner, it is rather the case that he appears to have begun. Likewise if he has placed the apparatus or the expense in public.

Dig. 50.12.1.4

Digest 50.12.1.4

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Republic.

Sed si non ipse coepit, sed cum certam pecuniam promisisset ad opus rei publicae contemplatione pecuniae coepit opus facere: tenebitur quasi coepto opere.

But if he did not himself begin, but, when he had promised a definite sum of money for a work of the Republic, the work was begun in consideration of the money: he will be held as if the work had been begun.

Dig. 50.12.1.5

Digest 50.12.1.5

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Republic.

Denique cum columnas quidam promisisset, imperator noster cum divo patre suo ita rescripsit: "qui non ex causa pecuniam rei publicae pollicentur, liberalitatem perficere non coguntur. sed si columnas citiensibus promisisti et opus ea ratione sumptibus civitatis vel privatorum inchoatum est, deseri quod gestum est non oportet".

Finally, when someone had promised columns, our emperor, together with his deified father, replied thus in a rescript: "Those who promise money to the commonwealth without cause are not compelled to complete the liberality. But if you promised columns to the citiensibus, and a work was begun on that account at the expense of the civitas or of private persons, what has been done ought not to be abandoned."

Dig. 50.12.1.6

Digest 50.12.1.6

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian, in the single book on the office of the curator of the republic.

Si quis opus quod perfecit adsignavit, deinde id fortuito casu aliquid passum sit, periculum ad eum qui fecit non pertinere imperator noster rescripsit.

If someone has assigned the work which he completed, and thereafter it has suffered something by a fortuitous chance, our emperor has written in a rescript that the risk does not pertain to him who made it.

Dig. 50.12.2pr.

Digest 50.12.2, pr.

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Si quis rem aliquam voverit, voto obligatur. quae res personam voventis, non rem quae vovetur obligat. res enim, quae vovetur, soluta quidem liberat vota, ipsa vero sacra non efficitur.

If anyone has vowed some thing, he is obligated by the vow. This matter obligates the person of the one vowing, not the thing that is vowed. For the thing that is vowed, when discharged, indeed frees the vows, but itself is not made sacred.

Dig. 50.12.2.1

Digest 50.12.2.1

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Voto autem patres familiarum obligantur puberes sui iuris: filius enim familias vel servus sine patris dominive auctoritate voto non obligantur.

By a vow, however, fathers of families who are of full age (puberes) and of their own right (sui iuris) are bound; for a son of the household (filius familias) or a slave, without the authority of the father or of the master, are not bound by a vow.

Dig. 50.12.2.2

Digest 50.12.2.2

Ulpianus 1 disp.

Ulpian 1 Disputations.

Si decimam quis bonorum vovit, decima non prius esse in bonis desinit, quam fuerit separata. et si forte qui decimam vovit decesserit ante sepositionem, heres ipsius hereditario nomine decimae obstrictus est: voti enim obligationem ad heredem transire constat.

If anyone has vowed a tenth of his goods, the tenth does not cease to be among the goods before it has been separated. and if by chance he who vowed the tenth has died before separation, his heir, in an hereditary capacity, is bound for the tenth: for the obligation of the vow is agreed to pass to the heir.

Dig. 50.12.3pr.

Digest 50.12.3, beginning.

Ulpianus 4 disp.

Ulpian 4 disputations.

Pactum est duorum consensus atque conventio, pollicitatio vero offerentis solius promissum. et ideo illud est constitutum, ut, si ob honorem pollicitatio fuerit facta, quasi debitum exigatur. sed et coeptum opus, licet non ob honorem promissum, perficere promissor eo cogetur, et est constitutum.

A pact is the consensus and convention of two, whereas a pollicitation is the promise of the offeror alone. And therefore it has been established that, if a pollicitation has been made on account of honor, it is exacted as if a debt. But also the promisor will be compelled to complete a work that has been begun, although it was not promised on account of honor, and this has been established.

Dig. 50.12.3.1

Digest 50.12.3.1

Ulpianus 4 disp.

Ulpian, Disputations, Book 4.

Si quis quam ex pollicitatione tradiderat rem municipibus vindicare velit, repellendus est a petitione: aequissimum est enim huiusmodi voluntates in civitates collatas paenitentia non revocari. sed et si desierint municipes possidere, dicendum erit actionem eis concedendam.

If anyone should wish to claim a thing which he had delivered to the municipal citizens out of a pollicitation, he must be repelled from the petition: for it is most equitable that volitions of this sort, when conferred upon cities, not be revoked by repentance. But also, if the municipal citizens have ceased to possess it, it must be said that an action is to be granted to them.

Dig. 50.12.4

Digest 50.12.4

Marcianus 3 inst.

Marcianus 3 Institutes.

Propter incendium vel terrae motum vel aliquam ruinam, quae rei publicae contingit, si quis promiserit, tenetur.

On account of a conflagration or an earthquake or some ruin that befalls the Republic, if anyone has promised, he is liable.

Dig. 50.12.5

Digest 50.12.5

Ulpianus 1 resp.

Ulpian 1 responses.

Charidemo respondit ex epistula, quam muneris edendi gratia absens quis emisit, compelli eum ad editionem non posse.

Charidemus responded that, on the basis of an epistle which someone, being absent, had sent for the sake of putting on a public show (munus), he cannot be compelled to put it on.

Dig. 50.12.6pr.

Digest 50.12.6, preface.

Ulpianus 5 de off. procons.

Ulpian 5 on the office of the proconsul.

Totiens locum habet deminutio pollicitationis in persona heredis, quotiens non est pollicitatio ob honorem facta. ceterum si ob honorem facta sit, aeris alieni loco habetur et in heredum persona non minuitur.

So often does diminution of the pollicitation have place in the person of the heir, whenever the pollicitation was not made on account of honor. but otherwise, if it was made on account of honor, it is held in the category of debt and is not diminished in the person of the heirs.

Dig. 50.12.6.1

Digest 50.12.6.1

Ulpianus 5 de off. procons.

Ulpian 5 on the office of the proconsul.

Si quis pecuniam ob honorem promiserit coeperitque solvere, eum debere quasi coepto opere imperator noster antoninus rescripsit.

If someone has promised money for an honor and has begun to pay, our emperor antoninus wrote in a rescript that he is liable, as if the work had been begun.

Dig. 50.12.6.2

Digest 50.12.6.2

Ulpianus 5 de off. procons.

Ulpian, 5 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Non tantum masculos, sed etiam feminas, si quid ob honores pollicitatae sunt, debere implere sciendum est: et ita rescripto imperatoris nostri et divi patris eius continetur.

It should be known that not only males, but also females, if they have promised anything on account of honors, ought to fulfill it; and thus it is contained in the rescript of our emperor and of his deified father.

Dig. 50.12.6.3

Digest 50.12.6.3

Ulpianus 5 de off. procons.

Ulpian Book 5 on the office of the proconsul.

Si cui res publica necessitatem imposuerit statuarum principi ponendarum, qui non promisit, non esse ei necesse obtemperare rescriptis imperatoris nostri et divi patris eius continetur.

If the Republic has imposed on someone the necessity of setting up statues to the Princeps, it is contained in the rescripts of our emperor and his deified father that one who did not promise is not required to obey.

Dig. 50.12.7

Digest 50.12.7

Paulus 1 de off. procons.

Paulus 1 on the office of the proconsul.

Ob casum, quem civitas passa est, si quis promiserit se quid facturum: etsi non inchoaverit, omnimodo tenetur, ut divus severus dioni rescripsit.

On account of the misfortune which the city has suffered, if anyone has promised that he will do something: even if he has not begun, he is in every way bound, as the deified Severus wrote in a rescript to Dion.

Dig. 50.12.8

Digest 50.12.8

Ulpianus 3 de off. cons.

Ulpian 3 On the Office of the Consul

De pollicitationibus in civitatem factis iudicum cognitionem esse divi fratres flavio celso in haec verba rescripserunt: "probe faciet statius rufinus, si opus proscaeni, quod se gabinis exstructurum promisit, quod tandem adgressus fuerat, perficiat. nam etsi adversa fortuna usus in triennio a praefecto urbis relegatus esset, tamen gratiam muneris, quod sponte optulit, minuere non debet, cum et absens per amicum perficere opus istud possit. quod si detrectat, actores constituti, qui legitime pro civitate agere possint, nomine publico adire adversus eum iudices poterunt: qui cum primum potuerint, priusquam in exilium proficiscatur, cognoscent et, si opus perfici ab eo debere constituerint, oboedire eum rei publicae ob hanc causam iubebunt, aut prohibebunt distrahi fundum, quem in territorio gabiniorum habet".

Concerning pollicitations made to a civitas, the deified brothers wrote back to Flavius Celsus in these words: “Statius Rufinus will act properly if he completes the work of the proscaenium which he promised he would build for the Gabinians, and which at length he had undertaken. For although, having experienced adverse fortune, he was relegated within a three-year period by the prefect of the city, nevertheless he ought not to diminish the favor of the munus which he offered of his own accord, since even absent he can complete this work through a friend. But if he shirks it, the appointed actores, who can lawfully act on behalf of the civitas, will be able, in the public name, to approach the judges against him; who, as soon as they can, before he sets out into exile, will take cognizance, and, if they determine that the work ought to be completed by him, will order him, for this cause, to obey the res publica, or will prohibit the fundus which he has in the territory of the Gabinians from being alienated.”

Dig. 50.12.9

Digest 50.12.9

Modestinus 4 diff.

Modestinus 4 Differences.

Ex pollicitatione, quam quis ob honorem apud rem publicam fecit, ipsum quidem omnimodo in solidum teneri: heredem vero eius ob honorem quidem facta promissione in solidum, ob id vero, quod opus promissum coeptum est, si bona liberalitati solvendo non fuerint, extraneum heredem in quintam partem patrimonii defuncti, liberos in decimam teneri divi severus et antoninus rescripserunt. sed et ipsum donatorem pauperem factum ex promissione operis coepti quintam partem patrimonii sui debere divus pius constituit.

From a pollicitation which someone made to the commonwealth on account of an honor, he himself is in every way held for the whole; but as to his heir—if the promise was made on account of the honor—he is liable for the whole; yet on the ground that the promised work has been begun, if the goods are not sufficient to satisfy the liberality, the deified Severus and Antoninus rescripted that an extraneous heir is liable for a fifth part of the deceased’s patrimony, the children for a tenth. But the deified Pius also enacted that the donor himself, having become poor, owes, from the promise of a work begun, a fifth part of his own patrimony.

Dig. 50.12.10

Digest 50.12.10

Modestinus 1 resp.

Modestinus 1 Responses.

Septicia certamen patriae suae pollicendo sub hac condicione pollicita est, uti sors apud eam remaneat et ipsa usuras semissales ad praemia certantium resolvat, in haec verba: "filotimoumai kai kavierw agwna tetraetyrikon apo muriadwn triwn, to tou kefalaiou auty katexousa argurion kai asfalizomeny para tois dekaprwtois acioxrews epi tw telein me ton ec evous triwn muriadwn tokon, agwnovetountos kai prokavezomenou tou andros mou, ep' auvis de twn ec emou gennyvysomenwn teknwn. xwrysei de ho tokos eis ta avla twn vumelikwn, kavws an ef' hekastou avlymatos hy bouly horisy" . quaero, an possunt iniuriam pati filii septiciae, quo minus ipsi praesiderent certamini secundum verba condicionemque pollicitationis. herennius modestinus respondit, quo casu certaminis editio licita est, formam pollicitationi datam servandam esse.

Septicia, by promising a contest for her native city under this condition, made the following promise: that the principal should remain with her and that she herself should pay out half-yearly interest toward the prizes of the contestants, in these words: "I aspire to honor and I consecrate a quadrennial agôn from 30,000, I myself holding the silver principal and securing adequate surety from the decemprimi for my paying the yearly interest on the 30,000, my husband serving as agonothete and presiding, and after him the children to be born from me. The interest shall go into the halls of the Hymelikoi, as the council may determine for each hall." I ask whether Septicia’s sons can suffer injury if they themselves were prevented from presiding over the contest according to the words and condition of the promise. Herennius Modestinus responded that, in a case where the holding of the contest is permitted, the form given to the promise must be observed.

Dig. 50.12.11

Digest 50.12.11

Modestinus 9 pand.

Modestinus 9 Pandects.

Si quis ob honorem vel sacerdotium pecuniam promiserit et antequam honorem vel magistratum ineat, decedet, non oportere heredes eius conveniri in pecuniam, quam is ob honorem vel magistratum promiserat, principalibus constitutionibus cavetur, nisi forte ab eo vel ab ipsa re publica eo vivo opus fuerit inchoatum.

If anyone should promise money on account of an honor or a priesthood, and before he enters upon the honor or the magistracy he dies, it is provided by imperial constitutions that his heirs are not to be sued for the money which he had promised on account of the honor or magistracy, unless perhaps by him, or by the commonwealth itself, while he was alive, the work had been begun.

Dig. 50.12.12pr.

Digest 50.12.12, beginning.

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 of the Pandects.

In privatis operibus invitis his qui fecerunt statuas aliis ponere non possumus, ut rescripto divi severi continetur.

In private works, we cannot set up statues to others against the will of those who made them, as is contained in the rescript of the deified Severus.

Dig. 50.12.12.1

Digest 50.12.12.1

Modestinus 11 pand.

Modestinus 11 Pandects.

Cum quidam, ne honoribus fungeretur, opus promisisset: honores subire cogendum quam operis instructionem divus antoninus rescripsit.

When a certain man, so that he might not discharge public honors, had promised a work: the deified Antoninus wrote in a rescript that he should be compelled to undergo the honors rather than the construction of the work.

Dig. 50.12.13pr.

Digest 50.12.13pr.

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Imperatores antoninus et verus augusti rescripserunt opera exstruere debere eos, qui pro honore polliciti sunt, non pecunias pro his inferre cogi.

The Emperors Antoninus and Verus, Augusti, issued a rescript that those who have promised works in return for an honor ought to erect them, and are not to be compelled to pay monies in place of these.

Dig. 50.12.13.1

Digest 50.12.13.1

Papirius 2 de const.

Papirius 2 on constitutions.

Item rescripserunt condiciones donationibus adpositas, quae in rem publicam fiunt, ita demum ratas esse, si utilitatis publicae interest: quod si damnosae sint, observari non debere. et ideo non observandum, quod defunctus certa summa legata vetuit vectigal exerceri. esse enim tolerabilia, quae vetus consuetudo comprobat.

Likewise they rescripted that conditions appended to donations which are made to the commonwealth are only then valid if it is in the interest of public utility; but if they are damaging, they ought not to be observed. And therefore it is not to be observed that a deceased person, having bequeathed a certain sum, forbade a tax to be levied. For those things are tolerable which ancient custom approves.

Dig. 50.12.14

Digest 50.12.14

Pomponius 6 epist. et var. lect.

Pomponius 6 epistles and variant readings.

Si quis sui alienive honoris causa opus facturum se in aliqua civitate promiserit, ad perficiendum tam ipse quam heres eius ex constitutione divi traiani obligatus est. sed si quis ob honorem opus facturum se civitate aliqua promiserit atque inchoaverit et priusquam perficeret, decesserit: heres eius extraneus quidem necesse habet aut perficere id aut partem quintam patrimonii relicti sibi ab eo, qui id opus facere instituerat, si ita mallet, civitati, in qua id opus fieri coeptum est, dare: is autem, qui ex numero liberorum est, si heres exstitit, non quintae partis, sed decimae concedendae necessitate adficitur. et haec divus antoninus constituit.

If anyone, for the sake of his own or another’s honor, has promised that he will have a work done in some city, both he and his heir are obligated to bring it to completion by the constitution of the deified Trajan. But if someone, on account of honor, has promised that he will have a work done in some city and has begun it, and, before he completed it, has died: his heir, if extraneous, indeed has the necessity either to complete it or, if he should prefer so, to give to the city in which that work was begun a fifth part of the patrimony left to him by the one who had instituted the making of that work; but he who is from the number of the children, if he has become heir, is subjected to the necessity of conceding not a fifth part, but a tenth. And the deified Antoninus established these things.

Dig. 50.12.15

Digest 50.12.15

Ulpianus l.S. de off. curat. rei p.

Ulpian in the single book On the Office of the Curator of the Commonwealth.

Inter liberos nepotem quoque ex filia contineri divus pius rescripsit.

The deified Pius rescripted that among the children a grandson through a daughter is included as well.

Dig. 50.13.0. De variis et extraordinariis cognitionibus et si iudex litem suam fecisse dicetur.

Dig. 50.13.0. On various and extraordinary proceedings, and if a judge is said to have made the suit his own.

Dig. 50.13.1pr.

Digest 50.13.1pr.

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 On All Tribunals

Praeses provinciae de mercedibus ius dicere solet, sed praeceptoribus tantum studiorum liberalium. liberalia autem studia accipimus, quae graeci eleuveria appellant: rhetores continebuntur, grammatici, geometrae.

The provincial governor is accustomed to pronounce judgment concerning fees, but only for preceptors of the liberal studies. Now we take liberal studies to be those which the Greeks call eleutheria: rhetoricians will be included, grammarians, geometers.

Dig. 50.13.1.1

Digest 50.13.1.1

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all tribunals.

Medicorum quoque eadem causa est quae professorum, nisi quod iustior, cum hi salutis hominum, illi studiorum curam agant: et ideo his quoque extra ordinem ius dici debet.

Physicians too have the same case as professors, save that it is more just, since the former prosecute the care of the health of men, the latter the care of studies: and therefore to these also justice ought to be administered out of order.

Dig. 50.13.1.2

Digest 50.13.1.2

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 On All Tribunals

Sed et obstetricem audiant, quae utique medicinam exhibere videtur.

But let them also listen to the midwife, who in any case seems to practice medicine.

Dig. 50.13.1.3

Digest 50.13.1.3

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all tribunals

Medicos fortassis quis accipiet etiam eos, qui alicuius partis corporis vel certi doloris sanitatem pollicentur: ut puta si auricularius, si fistulae vel dentium. non tamen si incantavit, si inprecatus est, si, ut vulgari verbo impostorum utar, si exorcizavit: non sunt ista medicinae genera, tametsi sint, qui hos sibi profuisse cum praedicatione adfirment.

Perhaps someone will include as physicians even those who promise the healing of some part of the body or of a specific pain: for example, an ear-specialist, or one for fistulas, or for teeth. Not, however, if he has incanted, if he has imprecated, if— to use the vulgar word of impostors— he has exorcized: these are not kinds of medicine, although there are those who, with public proclamation, affirm that such men have benefited them.

Dig. 50.13.1.4

Digest 50.13.1.4

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all tribunals

An et philosophi professorum numero sint? et non putem, non quia non religiosa res est, sed quia hoc primum profiteri eos oportet mercennariam operam spernere.

Are philosophers too to be in the number of professors? and I do not think so, not because it is not a religious matter, but because this first they ought to profess: to spurn mercenary service.

Dig. 50.13.1.5

Digest 50.13.1.5

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian book 8 on all tribunals.

Proinde ne iuris quidem civilis professoribus ius dicent: est quidem res sanctissima civilis sapientia, sed quae pretio nummario non sit aestimanda nec dehonestanda, dum in iudicio honor petitur, qui in ingressu sacramenti offerri debuit. quaedam enim tametsi honeste accipiantur, inhoneste tamen petuntur.

Accordingly, they shall not even declare the law for professors of civil law: civil wisdom is indeed a most sacred thing, but one which ought not to be appraised at a monetary price nor debased, when in court an honorarium is demanded, which ought to have been offered at the outset of the engagement. For certain things, although they are received honorably, are nevertheless sought dishonorably.

Dig. 50.13.1.6

Digest 50.13.1.6

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 On All Tribunals.

Ludi quoque litterarii magistris licet non sint professores, tamen usurpatum est, ut his quoque ius dicatur: iam et librariis et notariis et calculatoribus sive tabulariis.

Also for the masters of the schools of letters, although they are not professors, nevertheless it has been established by usage that judgment be pronounced for them as well: now also for copyists and notaries and calculators, or tabular clerks.

Dig. 50.13.1.7

Digest 50.13.1.7

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all the tribunals.

Sed ceterarum artium opificibus sive artificibus, quae sunt extra litteras vel notas positae, nequaquam extra ordinem ius dicere praeses debebit.

But for the craftsmen or artificers of the other arts, which are placed outside letters or notes, the governor ought by no means to pronounce judgment out of the ordinary course.

Dig. 50.13.1.8

Digest 50.13.1.8

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian, 8 On All Tribunals

Sed et si comites salarium petant, idem iuris est, quod in professoribus placet.

But also, if the companions demand salary, the same rule of law applies as that which prevails in the case of professors.

Dig. 50.13.1.9

Digest 50.13.1.9

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all tribunals.

Sed et adversus ipsos omnes cognoscere praeses debet, quia ut adversus advocatus adeantur, divi fratres rescripserunt.

But the governor ought also to take cognizance against all of them themselves, since the deified brothers wrote in a rescript that, for proceedings against advocates, governors are to be approached.

Dig. 50.13.1.10

Digest 50.13.1.10

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all tribunals.

In honorariis advocatorum ita versari iudex debet, ut pro modo litis proque advocati facundia et fori consuetudine et iudicii, in quo erat acturus, aestimationem adhibeat, dummodo licitum honorarium quantitas non egrediatur: ita enim rescripto imperatoris nostri et patris eius continetur. verba rescripti ita se habent: "si iulius maternus, quem patronum causae tuae esse voluisti, fidem susceptam exhibere paratus est, eam dumtaxat pecuniam, quae modum legitimum egressa est, repetere debes".

In the honoraria of advocates the judge ought so to conduct himself that, in proportion to the size of the suit and to the advocate’s eloquence and the custom of the forum and of the court in which he was going to plead, he apply an assessment, provided that the amount not exceed the lawful honorarium: for thus it is contained in the rescript of our emperor and his father. The words of the rescript are as follows: "If Julius Maternus, whom you wished to be the patron of your case, is prepared to fulfill the undertaken obligation, you ought to recover only that money which has exceeded the lawful measure".

Dig. 50.13.1.11

Digest 50.13.1.11

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian, 8 on all tribunals.

Advocatos accipere debemus omnes omnino, qui causis agendis quoquo studio operantur: non tamen qui pro tractatu, non adfuturi causis, accipere quid solent, advocatorum numero erunt.

We ought to accept as advocates absolutely all who, in pleading causes, operate with whatever zeal; not, however, will those who, for a consultation, being not going to be present at the cases, are accustomed to receive something, be in the number of advocates.

Dig. 50.13.1.12

Digest 50.13.1.12

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 on all tribunals.

Si cui cautum est honorarium vel si quis de lite pactus est, videamus, an petere possit. et quidem de pactis ita est rescriptum ab imperatore nostro et divo patre eius: "litis causa malo more pecuniam tibi promissam ipse quoque profiteris. sed hoc ita ius ^ ^ est, si suspensa lite societatem futuri emolumenti cautio pollicetur.

If an honorarium has been secured for someone, or if someone has made a pact about the suit, let us see whether he can demand it. And indeed concerning pacts it has been rescripted thus by our emperor and his deified father: "For the sake of the suit, by a bad custom, you yourself also acknowledge that money was promised to you. But this is thus law ^ ^, if, with the suit suspended, the security (cautio) promises a partnership of the future emolument.

si vero post causam actam cauta est honoraria summa, peti poterit usque ad probabilem quantitatem, etsi nomine palmarii cautum sit: sic tamen, ut computetur id quod datum est cum eo quod debetur neutrumque compositum licitam quantitatem excedat. "licita autem quantitas intellegitur pro singulis causis usque ad centum ^ centrum^ aureos.

if, however, after the case has been argued an honorarium sum has been stipulated, it may be sought up to a probable amount, even if it has been stipulated under the name of a palmary fee: provided, however, that what has been given is reckoned together with what is owed, and that their composite does not exceed the permitted quantity. "Now the permitted quantity is understood, for individual cases, to be up to 100 ^centrum^ gold aurei."

Dig. 50.13.1.13

Digest 50.13.1.13

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian, 8 On All Tribunals.

Divus severus ab heredibus advocati mortuo eo prohibuit mercedem repeti, quia per ipsum non steterat, quo minus causam ageret.

The deified Severus forbade the fee to be reclaimed from the advocate’s heirs after he had died, because it had not depended on him that he did not plead the cause.

Dig. 50.13.1.14

Digest 50.13.1.14

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 On All the Tribunals.

Ad nutricia quoque officium praesidis vel praetoris devenit: namque nutrices ob alimoniam infantium apud praesides quod sibi debetur petunt. sed nutricia eo usque producemus, quoad infantes uberibus aluntur: ceterum post haec cessant partes praetoris vel praesidis.

The matter of nurses also comes within the office of the governor or the praetor: for nurses, on account of the maintenance of infants, seek before the governors what is owed to them. But we extend the nursing-matter only so far as infants are nourished at the breasts; after this, the functions of the praetor or the governor cease.

Dig. 50.13.1.15

Digest 50.13.1.15

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian, 8 On All Tribunals.

Haec omnia si apud praesides petantur, videamus an de mutuis petitionibus possunt praesides cognoscere. et putem debere admitti.

If all these things are sought before the governors, let us see whether the governors can take cognizance of mutual petitions. And I think it ought to be admitted.

Dig. 50.13.2

Digest 50.13.2

Ulpianus 1 opin.

Ulpian 1 opinions.

De usu aquae, de rivis novis inciviliter institutis, item de equis alienis a sciente possessis fetuque earum, et de damno dato per immissos in praedium suum universos homines eos, qui in plurium praedia distribui debuerunt, si modo id non ex auctoritate eius qui iubere potuit factum est, praesidem provinciae doceri oportere responsum est, ut is secundum rei aequitatem et iurisdictionis ordinem convenientem formam rei det.

On the use of water, on new channels uncivilly instituted, likewise on another’s horses possessed with knowledge and their offspring, and on damage inflicted by admitting into his own estate all those persons who ought to have been distributed among the estates of several, provided that this was not done by the authority of one who could order it, it has been answered that the governor of the province ought to be apprised, so that he may give a form fitting to the matter according to the equity of the case and the order of his jurisdiction.

Dig. 50.13.3

Digest 50.13.3

Ulpianus 5 opin.

Ulpian 5 Opinions.

Si medicus, cui curandos suos oculos qui eis laborabat commiserat, periculum amittendorum eorum per adversa medicamenta inferendo compulit, ut ei possessiones suas contra fidem bonam aeger venderet: incivile factum praeses provinciae coerceat remque restitui iubeat.

If a medic, to whom one who was suffering in them had entrusted his own eyes to be cared for, by introducing the peril of losing them through adverse medicaments compelled the sick man to sell his possessions to him against good faith: let the governor of the province restrain the uncivil act and order the matter to be restored.

Dig. 50.13.4

Digest 50.13.4

Paulus 4 ad plaut.

Paulus 4 on plaut.

Divus antoninus pius rescripsit iuris studiosos, qui salaria petebant, haec exigere posse.

The deified Antoninus Pius wrote back by rescript that the students of law, who were seeking salaries, could exact these.

Dig. 50.13.5pr.

Digest 50.13.5, preface.

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Cognitionum numerus cum ex variis causis descendat, in genera dividi facile non potest, nisi summatim dividatur. numerus ergo cognitionum in quattuor fere genera dividi potest: aut enim de honoribus sive muneribus gerendis agitatur, aut de re pecuniaria disceptatur, aut de existimatione alicuius cognoscitur, aut de capitali crimine quaeritur.

The number of cognitions, since it descends from various causes, cannot easily be divided into kinds, unless it be divided summarily. Therefore the number of cognitions can be divided into about four kinds: for either the matter is agitated concerning honors or public duties to be borne, or a pecuniary matter is litigated, or cognizance is taken of someone’s reputation, or inquiry is made into a capital crime.

Dig. 50.13.5.1

Digest 50.13.5.1

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on cognitions.

Existimatio est dignitatis illaesae status, legibus ac moribus comprobatus, qui ex delicto nostro auctoritate legum aut minuitur aut consumitur.

Existimatio is the status of unimpaired dignity, approved by laws and customs, which, from our delict, by the authority of the laws, is either diminished or consumed.

Dig. 50.13.5.2

Digest 50.13.5.2

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 on judicial cognitions.

Minuitur existimatio, quotiens manente libertate circa statum dignitatis poena plectimur: sicuti cum relegatur quis vel cum ordine movetur vel cum prohibetur honoribus publicis fungi vel cum plebeius fustibus caeditur vel in opus publicum datur vel cum in eam causam quis incidit, quae edicto perpetuo infamiae causa enumeratur.

Reputation is diminished whenever, with liberty remaining, we are punished by a penalty concerning the status of dignity: just as when someone is relegated, or when he is removed from his order, or when he is prohibited from exercising public honors, or when a plebeian is beaten with cudgels, or is assigned to public works, or when someone falls into that case which in the Perpetual Edict is enumerated as a cause of infamy.

Dig. 50.13.5.3

Digest 50.13.5.3

Callistratus 1 de cogn.

Callistratus 1 On Cognitions.

Consumitur vero, quotiens magna capitis minutio intervenit, id est cum libertas adimitur: veluti cum aqua et igni interdicitur, quae in persona deportatorum evenit, vel cum plebeius in opus metalli vel in metallum datur: nihil enim refert, nec diversa poena est operis et metalli, nisi quod refugae operis non morte, sed poena metalli subiciuntur.

It is, in truth, extinguished whenever a great capitis diminutio intervenes, that is, when liberty is taken away: for example, when one is interdicted from water and fire, which happens in the case of the deported, or when a plebeian is given into mine-labor or into the mines: for it makes no difference, nor is the penalty of the labor and of the mines diverse, except that runaways from the labor are subjected not to death, but to the penalty of the mines.

Dig. 50.13.6

Digest 50.13.6

Gaius 3 rer. cott. sive aur.

Gaius 3 of Everyday Matters, or "Golden".

Si iudex litem suam fecerit, non proprie ex maleficio obligatus videtur: sed quia neque ex contractu obligatus est et utique peccasse aliquid intellegitur, licet per imprudentiam, ideo videtur quasi ex maleficio teneri in factum actione, et in quantum de ea re aequum religioni iudicantis visum fuerit, poenam sustinebit.

If a judge has made the lawsuit his own, he does not seem to be properly bound from a malefice; but because he is not bound from a contract and in any case is understood to have committed some fault, albeit through imprudence, therefore he seems to be held as if from a malefice by an in factum action, and, to the extent that concerning that matter it shall have seemed equitable to the religion (conscientious judgment) of the judge, he will bear a penalty.

Dig. 50.14.0. De proxeneticis.

Dig. 50.14.0. On brokers.

Dig. 50.14.1

Digest 50.14.1

Ulpianus 42 ad sab.

Ulpian 42 on Sabinus.

Proxenetica iure licito petuntur.

Brokerage commissions may be lawfully claimed.

Dig. 50.14.2

Digest 50.14.2

Ulpianus 31 ad ed.

Ulpian, 31 on the edict.

Si proxeneta intervenerit faciendi nominis, ut multi solent, videamus an possit quasi mandator teneri. et non puto teneri, quia hic monstrat magis nomen quam mandat, tametsi laudet nomen. idem dico, et si aliquid philanthropi nomine acceperit: nec ex locato conducto erit actio.

If a proxenete intervenes for the making of a nomen, as many are wont, let us consider whether he can be held as if a mandator. And I do not think he is held, because here he points out the nomen rather than gives a mandate, although he praises the nomen. I say the same even if he has received something under the name of “philanthropy”: nor will there be an action from locatio-conductio.

plane si dolo et calliditate creditorum circumvenerit, de dolo actione tenebitur.

Plainly, if he has overreached the creditors by fraud and callidity, he will be liable to an action for fraud.

Dig. 50.14.3

Digest 50.14.3

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 On All Tribunals

De proxenetico, quod et sordidum, solent praesides cognoscere: sic tamen, ut et in his modus esse debeat et quantitatis et negotii, in quo operula ista defuncti sunt et ministerium qualequale accommodaverunt. facilius quod graeci hermyneutikon appellant, peti apud eos poterit, si quis forte condicionis vel amicitiae vel adsessurae vel cuius alterius huiuscemodi proxeneta fuit: sunt enim huiusmodi hominum ( ut in tam magna civitate) officinae. est enim proxenetarum modus, qui emptionibus venditionibus, commerciis, contractibus licitis utiles non adeo improbabili more se exhibent.

About the proxenetic fee, which is also sordid, governors are accustomed to take cognizance: yet in these there ought to be a limit both of the amount and of the business, in which those little services were performed and they accommodated some sort of ministration of whatever kind. More easily what the Greeks call hermyneutikon can be sought before them, if someone perchance was a proxeneta of terms or of friendship or of an adsessura (attendance as assessor) or of some other thing of this kind: for there are, as in so great a city, “workshops” of men of this sort. For there is a class of proxenetae who, in purchases and sales, in commerce, in lawful contracts, show themselves useful in a manner not so very discreditable.

Dig. 50.15.0. De censibus.

Digest 50.15.0. On censuses.

Dig. 50.15.1pr.

Digest 50.15.1 preface.

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 on the censuses.

Sciendum est esse quasdam colonias iuris italici, ut est in syria phoenice splendidissima tyriorum colonia, unde mihi origo est, nobilis regionibus, serie saeculorum antiquissima, armipotens, foederis quod cum romanis percussit tenacissima: huic enim divus severus et imperator noster ob egregiam in rem publicam imperiumque romanum insignem fidem ius italicum dedit:

It must be known that there are certain colonies of Italic right, as there is in syria phoenice the most splendid colony of the tyrians, whence is my origin, renowned in its regions, most ancient in the series of ages, armipotent, most tenacious of the treaty which it struck with the romans: for to this city the deified severus and our emperor, on account of distinguished and notable loyalty toward the commonwealth and the roman empire, gave Italic right:

Dig. 50.15.1.1

Digest 50.15.1.1

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian, 1 on the census.

Sed et berytensis colonia in eadem provincia augusti beneficiis gratiosa et ( ut divus hadrianus in quadam oratione ait) augustana colonia, quae ius italicum habet.

But also the Berytian colony in the same province, favored by the benefactions of the Augustus and—as the deified Hadrian says in a certain oration—an Augustan colony, which has the ius Italicum.

Dig. 50.15.1.2

Digest 50.15.1.2

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 On the Census.

Est et heliupolitana, quae a divo severo per belli civilis occasionem italicae coloniae rem publicam accepit.

There is also the Heliopolitan community, which from the deified Severus, on the occasion of the civil war, received the commonwealth (constitution) of an Italian colony.

Dig. 50.15.1.3

Digest 50.15.1.3

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 on the census.

Est et laodicena colonia in syria coele, cui divus severus ius italicum ob belli civilis merita concessit. ptolemaeensium enim colonia, quae inter phoenicen et palaestinam sita est, nihil praeter nomen coloniae habet.

there is also a laodicean colony in coele syria, to which the deified severus granted ius italicum on account of merits in the civil war. for the colony of the ptolemaeans, which is situated between phoenice and palaestina, has nothing besides the name of a colony.

Dig. 50.15.1.4

Digest 50.15.1.4

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian book 1 On the Census.

Sed et emisenae civitati phoenices imperator noster ius coloniae dedit iurisque italici eam fecit.

But our emperor also gave to the Emesene city of Phoenice the right of a colony and made it of Italic right.

Dig. 50.15.1.5

Digest 50.15.1.5

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 on the census.

Est et palmyrena civitas in provincia phoenice prope barbaras gentes et nationes collocata.

There is also the Palmyrene city in the province of Phoenice, located near barbarian peoples and nations.

Dig. 50.15.1.6

Digest 50.15.1.6

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 on the Census.

In palaestina duae fuerunt coloniae, caesariensis et aelia capitolina, sed neutra ius italicum habet.

In Palestine there were two colonies, Caesariensis and Aelia Capitolina, but neither has the Italic right.

Dig. 50.15.1.7

Digest 50.15.1.7

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian, 1 on the census.

Divus quoque severus in sebastenam civitatem coloniam deduxit.

The deified Severus also led a colony into the sebastene city.

Dig. 50.15.1.8

Digest 50.15.1.8

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 On the Census.

In dacia quoque zernensium colonia a divo traiano deducta iuris italici est.

in dacia also the colony of the Zernenses, established by the deified Trajan, is of Italic right.

Dig. 50.15.1.9

Digest 50.15.1.9

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian 1 On the Census.

Zarmizegetusa quoque eiusdem iuris est: item napocensis colonia et apulensis et patavissensium vicus, qui a divo severo ius coloniae impetravit.

Zarmizegetusa too is of the same right: likewise the Napocensian colony and the Apulensian, and the vicus of the Patavissenses, which obtained the right of a colony from the deified Severus.

Dig. 50.15.1.10

Digest 50.15.1.10

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian, 1 on the census.

Est et in bithynia apamena et in ponto sinopensis.

There is also in Bithynia an Apamea and in Pontus a Sinopean.

Dig. 50.15.1.11

Digest 50.15.1.11

Ulpianus 1 de cens.

Ulpian book 1 On the Census.

Est et in cilicia selinus et traianopolis.

There is also in Cilicia Selinus and Traianopolis.

Dig. 50.15.2

Digest 50.15.2

Ulpianus 28 ad sab.

Ulpian, 28 on Sabinus.

Vitia priorum censuum editis novis professionibus evanescunt.

The defects of earlier censuses vanish upon the issuance of new declarations.

Dig. 50.15.3pr.

Digest 50.15.3, preface.

Ulpianus 2 de cens.

Ulpian Book 2 On the Census.

Aetatem in censendo significare necesse est, quia quibusdam aetas tribuit, ne tributo onerentur: veluti in syriis a quattuordecim annis masculi, a duodecim feminae usque ad sexagensimum quintum annum tributo capitis obligantur. aetas autem spectatur censendi tempore.

It is necessary to indicate age in the census-taking, because to some persons age grants that they not be burdened with the tribute: for example, among the Syrians, males from 14 years, females from 12, up to the 65th year, are obligated to the capitation-tribute. But age is considered at the time of taking the census.

Dig. 50.15.3.1

Digest 50.15.3.1

Ulpianus 2 de cens.

Ulpian 2 on the census.

Rebus concessam immunitatem non habere ^ debere^ intercidere rescripto imperatoris nostri ad pelignianum recte expressum est: quippe personis quidem data immunitas cum persona extinguitur, rebus numquam extinguitur.

That an immunity granted to things ^ ought ^ not to be held to lapse was correctly expressed in a rescript of our emperor to pelignianus: for an immunity given to persons is extinguished with the person, but one to things is never extinguished.

Dig. 50.15.4pr.

Digest 50.15.4pr.

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian, 3 On the Census.

Forma censuali cavetur, ut agri sic in censum referantur. nomen fundi cuiusque: et in qua civitate et in quo pago sit: et quos duos vicinos proximos habeat. et arvum, quod in decem annos proximos satum erit, quot iugerum sit: vinea quot vites habeat: olivae quot iugerum et quot arbores habeant: pratum, quod intra decem annos proximos sectum erit, quot iugerum: pascua quot iugerum esse videantur: item silvae caeduae.

In the censual form it is provided that fields be thus entered in the census. the name of each farm: and in what city and in what pagus it is: and which two nearest neighbors it has. and the arable land, which in the next ten years will be sown, how many iugera it is: the vineyard, how many vines it has: the olive-grove, how many iugera and how many trees it has: the meadow, which within the next ten years will be mown, how many iugera: the pastures, how many iugera they appear to be: likewise the coppice-woods.

omnia ipse qui defert aestimet.

let him who submits it assess everything himself.

Dig. 50.15.4.1

Digest 50.15.4.1

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 on the census.

Illam aequitatem debet admittere censitor, ut officio eius congruat relevari eum, qui in publicis tabulis delato modo frui certis ex causis non possit. quare et si agri portio chasmate perierit, debebit per censitorem relevari. si vites mortuae sint vel arbores aruerint, iniquum eum numerum inseri censui: quod si exciderit arbores vel vites, nihilo minus eum numerum profiteri iubetur, qui fuit census tempore, nisi causam excidendi censitori probaverit.

The censor ought to admit that equity, so that it is congruent with his office, namely that he be relieved who, for certain causes, cannot enjoy in the manner declared in the public registers. Therefore, even if a portion of the land has perished by a chasm, he ought to be relieved through the censor. If the vines have died or the trees have withered, it is iniquitous for that number to be inserted in the census; but if he has cut down the trees or the vines, nevertheless he is ordered to declare the same number that existed at the time of the census, unless he has proved to the censor the cause of the cutting down.

Dig. 50.15.4.2

Digest 50.15.4.2

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 on the census.

Is vero, qui agrum in alia civitate habet, in ea civitate profiteri debet, in qua ager est: agri enim tributum in eam civitatem debet levare, in cuius territorio possidetur.

But indeed, he who has land in another city ought to declare in that city in which the land is: for he ought to pay the land-tribute to that city in whose territory it is possessed.

Dig. 50.15.4.3

Digest 50.15.4.3

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian, 3 on the Census.

Quamquam in quibusdam beneficia personis data immunitatis cum persona extinguantur, tamen cum generaliter locis aut cum civitatibus immunitas sic data videtur, ut ad posteros transmittatur.

Although in certain cases the benefits of immunity given to persons are extinguished with the person, nevertheless when immunity is given generally to places or to cities, it is seen as given in such a way that it is transmitted to posterity.

Dig. 50.15.4.4

Digest 50.15.4.4

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 On the Census.

Si, cum ego fundum possiderem, professus sim, petitor autem eius non fuerit professus, actionem illi manere placet.

If, while I possessed the estate, I made a profession, but the claimant of it did not profess, it is held that the action remains to him.

Dig. 50.15.4.5

Digest 50.15.4.5

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian book 3 on the census.

In servis deferendis observandum est, ut et nationes eorum et aetates et officia et artificia specialiter deferantur.

In reporting slaves it must be observed that their nations, ages, offices, and crafts be specifically reported.

Dig. 50.15.4.6

Digest 50.15.4.6

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian book 3 on the census.

Lacus quoque piscatorios et portus in censum dominus debet deferre.

The owner must also submit fishponds and ports to the census.

Dig. 50.15.4.7

Digest 50.15.4.7

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 On the Census.

Salinae si ^ sie^ quae sunt in praediis, et ipsae in censum deferendae sunt.

Saltworks—if any are on estates—are themselves to be entered in the census.

Dig. 50.15.4.8

Digest 50.15.4.8

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 On the Census.

Si quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professus, vinculis censualibus tenetur.

If anyone has not declared an inquiline or a colonus, he is held by censual bonds.

Dig. 50.15.4.9

Digest 50.15.4.9

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 on the census.

Quae post censum editum nata aut postea quaesita sint, intra finem operis consummati professionibus edi possunt.

Things which, after the census has been issued, have been born or have subsequently been acquired, can be put forth in the professions within the deadline of the work’s completion.

Dig. 50.15.4.10

Digest 50.15.4.10

Ulpianus 3 de cens.

Ulpian 3 On the Census.

Si quis veniam petierit, ut censum sibi emendare permittatur, deinde post hoc impetratum cognoverit se non debuisse hoc petere, quia res emendationem non desiderabat: nullum ei praeiudicium ex eo quod petiit, ut censum emendaret, fore saepissime rescriptum est.

If someone has sought leave that he be permitted to amend the census for himself, and then, after this has been obtained, has realized that he ought not to have requested this, because the matter did not require correction: it has been very often rescripted that no prejudice to him will result from the fact that he requested to amend the census.

Dig. 50.15.5pr.

Digest 50.15.5, beginning.

Papinianus 19 resp.

Papinianus 19 responses.

Cum possessor unus expediendi negotii causa tributorum iure conveniretur, adversus ceteros, quorum aeque praedia tenentur, ei qui conventus est actiones a fisco praestantur, scilicet ut omnes pro modo praediorum pecuniam tributi conferant. nec inutiliter actiones praestantur, tametsi fiscus pecuniam suam reciperaverit, quia nominum venditorum pretium acceptum videtur.

When a single possessor is convened under the law of tributes for the sake of expediting the business, actions are afforded by the fisc to the one who has been convened against the others, whose landed estates are equally held liable, namely that all contribute the tax-money in proportion to the measure of their estates. Nor are the actions afforded to no purpose, although the fisc has recovered its money, because the price of the sold claims is considered to have been received.

Dig. 50.15.5.1

Digest 50.15.5.1

Papinianus 19 resp.

Papinian, 19 responses.

Qui non habita ratione tributorum ex causa fideicommissi praedia restituunt, actionem ex divi pii antonini litteris habent, quam legato quoque soluto locum habere voluit.

Those who, without regard being had to tributes, restore estates by reason of a fideicommissum, have an action by the letters of the deified Pius Antoninus, which he wished to have place even when the legacy too has been discharged.

Dig. 50.15.5.2

Digest 50.15.5.2

Papinianus 19 resp.

Papinian, 19 responses.

Pro pecunia tributi, quod sua die non est redditum, quo minus praedium iure pignoris distrahatur, oblata moratoria cautio non admittitur: nec audietur legatarius contradicens ob tributa praeteriti temporis, quod heres solvendo sit et is, qui tributis recipiendis praepositus fuerat.

For money of the tribute (tax), which on its due day has not been paid, an offered moratory security is not admitted to prevent the estate from being sold by the right of pledge; nor will a legatee be heard objecting on account of taxes of past time, on the ground that the heir is solvent and so is the one who had been put in charge of receiving the taxes.

Dig. 50.15.6

Digest 50.15.6

Celsus 25 Dig.

Celsus 25 Digest.

Colonia philippensis iuris italici est.

The Philippian colony is of Italian law.

Dig. 50.15.7

Digest 50.15.7

Gaius 6 ad l. iul. et pap.

Gaius 6 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Iuris italici sunt trwas byrutos durraxion.

Of Italic law are trwas, byrutos, durraxion.

Dig. 50.15.8pr.

Digest 50.15.8pr.

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 on the census.

In lusitania pacenses et emeritenses iuris italici sunt. idem ius valentini et licitani habent: barcinonenses quoque ibidem immunes sunt.

In Lusitania the pacenses and emeritenses are of Italian right. The same right the valentini and licitani have: the barcinonenses also are likewise there immune.

Dig. 50.15.8.1

Digest 50.15.8.1

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 on the census.

Lugdunenses galli, item viennenses in narbonensi iuris italici sunt.

the Lugdunensian Gauls, likewise the Viennensians in Narbonensis, are of Italic law.

Dig. 50.15.8.2

Digest 50.15.8.2

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paul 2 on the census.

In germania inferiore agrippinenses iuris italici sunt.

in lower germany the agrippinenses are of the italian right.

Dig. 50.15.8.3

Digest 50.15.8.3

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 On the Census.

Laodicia in syria et berytos in phoenice iuris italici sunt et solum earum.

Laodicea in Syria and Berytus in Phoenicia are of Italic right, and so is their soil.

Dig. 50.15.8.4

Digest 50.15.8.4

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 on the census.

Eiusdem iuris et tyriorum civitas a divis severo et antonino facta est.

And the city of the Tyrians was also made of the same right by the deified Severus and Antoninus.

Dig. 50.15.8.5

Digest 50.15.8.5

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 On the Censuses.

Divus antoninus antiochenses colonos fecit salvis tributis.

The deified Antoninus made the Antiochenes colonists, with the tributes preserved.

Dig. 50.15.8.6

Digest 50.15.8.6

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 on the Census.

Imperator noster antoninus civitatem emisenorum coloniam et iuris italici fecit.

Our emperor Antoninus made the city of the Emesenes a colony and of Italic right.

Dig. 50.15.8.7

Digest 50.15.8.7

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 On the Census.

Divus vespasianus caesarienses colonos fecit non adiecto, ut et iuris italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis: sed divus titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est. similes his capitulenses esse videntur.

the deified Vespasian made the Caesarienses colonists, without adding that they also be of Italic right, but he remitted to them the head-tax; but the deified Titus interpreted that even the soil had been made exempt. the capitulenses seem to be similar to these.

Dig. 50.15.8.8

Digest 50.15.8.8

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 On the Census.

In provincia macedonia dyrracheni, cassandrenses, philippenses, dienses, stobenses iuris italici sunt.

In the province Macedonia the Dyrracheni, Cassandrenses, Philippenses, Dienses, Stobenses are of Italic right.

Dig. 50.15.8.9

Digest 50.15.8.9

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 On the Censuses.

In provincia asia duae sunt iuris italici, troas et parium.

in the province asia there are two of Italic right, troas and parium.

Dig. 50.15.8.10

Digest 50.15.8.10

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus book 2 On the Census.

In pisidia eiusdem iuris est colonia antiochensium.

In Pisidia, the colony of the Antiochenes is of the same right.

Dig. 50.15.8.11

Digest 50.15.8.11

Paulus 2 de cens.

Paulus 2 On the Census.

In africa carthago, utica, leptis magna a divis severo et antonino iuris italici factae sunt.

in africa, carthage, utica, leptis magna were endowed with italic right by the deified severus and antoninus.

Dig. 50.16.0. De verborum significatione.

Digest 50.16.0. On the signification of words.

Dig. 50.16.1

Ulpianus 1 ad ed.

Ulpian Book 1 on the edict.

Verbum hoc "si quis" tam masculos quam feminas complectitur.

This word "si quis" comprehends both males and females.

Dig. 50.16.2pr.

Digest 50.16.2, pr.

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paulus 1 on the edict.

"urbis" appellatio muris, "romae" autem continentibus aedificiis finitur, quod latius patet.

"the appellation 'urbis' is bounded by the walls, but 'romae' is bounded by the continuous buildings, which extends more broadly."

Dig. 50.16.2.1

Digest 50.16.2.1

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paul 1 on the Edict.

"cuiusque diei maior pars" est horarum septem primarum diei, non supremarum.

"the greater part of each day" is the seven first hours of the day, not the last.

Dig. 50.16.3pr.

Digest 50.16.3, preface.

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian 2 on the edict.

"itinere faciendo viginti milia passuum in dies singulos peragenda" sic sunt accipienda, ut, si post hanc dinumerationem minus quam viginti milia supersint, integrum diem occupent. veluti viginti unum milia sunt passus: biduum eis adtribuetur. quae dinumeratio ita demum facienda erit, si de die non conveniat.

"when making the journey, twenty miles are to be completed on each single day" is to be taken thus: that, if after this reckoning fewer than twenty miles remain, they occupy an entire day. For instance, there are twenty-one miles: two days will be assigned for them. This reckoning is to be made only if there is no agreement about the day.

Dig. 50.16.3.1

Digest 50.16.3.1

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian, 2 On the Edict.

Eius, qui apud hostes decessit, dici hereditas non potest, quia servus decessit.

The inheritance of one who has died among the enemies cannot be said, because a slave has died.

Dig. 50.16.4

Digest 50.16.4

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paulus 1 On the Edict.

"nominis" appellatione rem significari proculus ait.

Proculus says that by the appellation "nominis" the thing is signified.

Dig. 50.16.5pr.

Digest 50.16.5pr.

Paulus 2 ad ed.

Paulus 2 on the Edict.

"rei" appellatio latior est quam "pecuniae", quia etiam ea, quae extra computationem patrimonii nostri sunt, continet, cum pecuniae significatio ad ea referatur, quae in patrimonio sunt.

The appellation "thing" is broader than "money," because it also contains those items which are outside the computation of our patrimony, whereas the signification of "money" is referred to those which are in the patrimony.

Dig. 50.16.5.1

Digest 50.16.5.1

Paulus 2 ad ed.

Paul 2 On the Edict.

"opere locato conducto": his verbis labeo significari ait id opus, quod graeci apotelesma vocant, non ergon, id est ex opere facto corpus aliquod perfectum.

"opere locato conducto": by these words labeo says there is signified that kind of work which the Greeks call apotelesma, not ergon, that is, a certain perfected body resulting from work done.

Dig. 50.16.6pr.

Digest 50.16.6 pr.

Ulpianus 3 ad ed.

Ulpian, 3 on the edict.

"nominis" et "rei" appellatio ad omnem contractum et obligationem pertinet.

The appellation of "nominis" and "rei" pertains to every contract and obligation.

Dig. 50.16.6.1

Digest 50.16.6.1

Ulpianus 3 ad ed.

Ulpian, 3 on the Edict.

Verbum "ex legibus" sic accipiendum est: tam ex legum sententia quam ex verbis.

The word "ex legibus" is to be taken thus: both from the sense of the laws and from the words.

Dig. 50.16.7

Digest 50.16.7

Paulus 2 ad ed.

Paulus 2 on the edict.

"sponsio" appellatur non solum quae per sponsus interrogationem fit, sed omnis stipulatio promissioque.

"sponsio" is called not only that which is made through the interrogatory "spondes?", but every stipulation and promise.

Dig. 50.16.8pr.

Digest 50.16.8, beginning.

Paulus 3 ad ed.

Paul 3 on the edict.

Verbum "oportebit" tam praesens quam futurum tempus significat.

The word "oportebit" signifies both the present and the future tense.

Dig. 50.16.8.1

Digest 50.16.8.1

Paulus 3 ad ed.

Paulus 3 on the Edict.

"actionis" verbo non continetur exceptio.

The word "action" does not include an exception.

Dig. 50.16.9

Digest 50.16.9

Ulpianus 5 ad ed.

Ulpian book 5 on the edict.

Marcellus apud iulianum notat verbo "perisse" et scissum et fractum contineri et vi raptum.

Marcellus, in iulian, notes that under the word "perished" are included "torn," "broken," and "seized by force."

Dig. 50.16.10

Digest 50.16.10

Ulpianus 6 ad ed.

Ulpian 6 on the Edict.

"creditores" accipiendos esse constat eos, quibus debetur ex quacumque actione vel persecutione, vel iure civili sine ulla exceptionis perpetuae remotione vel honorario vel extraordinario, sive pure sive in diem vel sub condicione. quod si natura debeatur, non sunt loco creditorum. sed si non sit mutua pecunia, sed contractus, creditores accipiuntur:

It is agreed that “creditors” are to be taken as those to whom something is owed from whatever action or pursuit, or by the civil law without any removal by a perpetual exception, or by the honorarian or extraordinary law, whether purely, or for a day, or under a condition. But if it is owed by nature, they are not in the position of creditors. But if there is not money lent as a mutuum, but a contract, they are taken as creditors:

Dig. 50.16.11

Digest 50.16.11

Gaius 1 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 1 on the provincial edict.

"creditorum appellatione non hi tantum accipiuntur, qui pecuniam crediderunt, sed omnes, quibus ex qualibet causa debetur:

"under the appellation of creditors not only those are understood who have lent money, but all to whom, from any cause whatsoever, anything is owed:

Dig. 50.16.12pr.

Digest 50.16.12, preface.

Ulpianus 6 ad ed.

Ulpian, 6 On the Edict.

Ut si cui ex empto vel ex locato vel ex alio ullo debetur. sed et si ex delicto debeatur, mihi videtur posse creditoris loco accipi. quod si ex populari causa, ante litis contestationem recte dicetur creditoris loco non esse, postea esse.

As, for instance, if something is owed to someone from purchase or from letting or from any other [source]. But even if it is owed from a delict, it seems to me that he can be received in the place of a creditor. But if it is from a popular action, before the contestation of the suit it is rightly said that he is not in the place of a creditor, afterwards that he is.

Dig. 50.16.12.1

Digest 50.16.12.1

Ulpianus 6 ad ed.

Ulpian, 6 on the Edict.

Minus solvit, qui tardius solvit: nam et tempore minus solvitur.

He pays less who pays later: for even as to time, less is paid.

Dig. 50.16.13pr.

Digest 50.16.13, preface.

Ulpianus 7 ad ed.

Ulpian, 7 on the Edict.

"mulieris" appellatione etiam virgo viripotens continetur.

Under the appellation of "woman," a maiden capable of a husband is also included.

Dig. 50.16.13.1

Digest 50.16.13.1

Ulpianus 7 ad ed.

Ulpian 7 on the Edict.

Res "abesse" videntur ( ut sabinus ait et pedius probat) etiam hae, quarum corpus manet, forma mutata est: et ideo si corruptae redditae sint vel transfiguratae, videri abesse, quoniam plerumque plus est in manus pretio, quam in re.

Things are seen “to be absent” (as Sabinus says and Pedius approves) even in cases where the corpus remains but the form has been changed: and therefore, if when returned they are corrupted or transfigured, they appear to be absent, since for the most part there is more, in price, in the hand than in the thing.

Dig. 50.16.13.2

Digest 50.16.13.2

Ulpianus 7 ad ed.

Ulpian, 7 on the Edict.

"desinere" autem "abesse" res tunc videtur, cum sic redit in potestatem, ne amittere eius possessionem possimus.

However, a thing is then seen to "cease to be absent" when it so returns into our power that we cannot lose possession of it.

Dig. 50.16.13.3

Digest 50.16.13.3

Ulpianus 7 ad ed.

Ulpian 7 on the edict.

Ob hoc, quod furto pridem subtracta est, abest et ea res, quae in rebus humanis non est.

For this reason, because it was long ago removed by theft, that thing too is absent which is not in human affairs.

Dig. 50.16.14pr.

Digest 50.16.14, at the beginning.

Paulus 7 ad ed.

Paulus book 7 on the edict.

Labeo et sabinus existimant, si vestimentum scissum reddatur vel res corrupta reddita sit, veluti scyphi collisi aut tabula rasa pictura, videri rem "abesse", quoniam earum rerum pretium non in substantia, sed in arte sit positum. item si dominus rem, quae furto sibi aberat, ignorans emerit, recte dicitur res abesse, etiamsi postea id ita esse scierit, quia videtur res ei abesse, cui pretium abest.

Labeo and sabinus think that, if a garment is returned torn or a thing is returned corrupted—such as goblets dented or a panel with the painting scraped off—the thing is seen to be "absent," since the price of those things is set not in the substance but in the art. Likewise, if the owner, not knowing, has bought the thing which was absent from him by theft, it is rightly said that the thing is absent, even if afterwards he learned it to be so, because the thing seems to be absent to him for whom the price is absent.

Dig. 50.16.14.1

Digest 50.16.14.1

Paulus 7 ad ed.

Paulus 7 on the Edict.

"rem amisisse" videtur, qui adversus nullum eius persequendae actionem habet.

He is deemed "to have lost the thing" who has no action against anyone for pursuing it.

Dig. 50.16.15

Digest 50.16.15

Ulpianus 10 ad ed.

Ulpian 10 on the Edict.

Bona civitatis abusive "publica" dicta sunt: sola enim ea publica sunt, quae populi romani sunt.

The goods of a city are abusively called "public": for only those are public which belong to the Roman people.

Dig. 50.16.16

Digest 50.16.16

Gaius 3 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 3 on the Provincial Edict.

Eum qui vectigal populi romani conductum habet, "publicanum" appellamus. nam "publica" appellatio in compluribus causis ad populum romanum respicit: civitates enim privatorum loco habentur.

We call him a "publican" who has the tax of the Roman people under contract. For the appellation "publica" in several cases has regard to the Roman people: for cities are held in the position of private persons.

Dig. 50.16.17pr.

Digest 50.16.17, preface.

Ulpianus 10 ad ed.

Ulpian 10 on the Edict.

Inter "publica" habemus non sacra nec religiosa nec quae publicis usibus destinata sunt: sed si qua sunt civitatium velut bona. sed peculia servorum civitatium procul dubio publica habentur.

Among "public" we count not the sacred nor the religious nor those which are destined for public uses: but such things as are, as it were, the goods of the municipalities. But the peculia of the slaves of the municipalities are, without doubt, considered public.

Dig. 50.16.17.1

Digest 50.16.17.1

Ulpianus 10 ad ed.

Ulpian 10 on the Edict.

"publica" vectigalia intellegere debemus, ex quibus vectigal fiscus capit: quale est vectigal portus vel venalium rerum, item salinarum et metallorum et picariarum.

We ought to understand "public" vectigalia as those from which the fisc takes revenue: such as the port-duty or that on things for sale, likewise those of salt-works, mines, and pitch-works.

Dig. 50.16.18

Digest 50.16.18

Paulus 9 ad ed.

Paulus 9 on the Edict.

"munus" tribus modis dicitur: uno donum, et inde munera dici dari mittive: altero onus, quod cum remittatur, vacationem militiae munerisque praestat inde immunitatem appellari. tertio officium, unde munera militaria et quosdam milites munificos vocari: igitur municipes dici, quod munera civilia capiant.

"munus" is said in three ways: in one, a gift, and from this "munera" are said to be given or sent; in another, a burden, which, when it is remitted, affords an exemption from military service and from the munus—whence it is called "immunity." In the third, an office (duty), whence "military munera" and certain soldiers are called "munificent": therefore they are called "municipes," because they take on civil munera.

Dig. 50.16.19

Digest 50.16.19

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian, 11 on the Edict.

Labeo libro primo praetoris urbani definit, quod quaedam "agantur", quaedam "gerantur", quaedam "contrahantur": et actum quidem generale verbum esse, sive verbis sive re quid agatur, ut in stipulatione vel numeratione: contractum autem ultro citroque obligationem, quod graeci sunallagma vocant, veluti emptionem venditionem, locationem conductionem, societatem: gestum rem significare sine verbis factam.

Labeo, in the first book On the Urban Praetor, defines that certain things “are acted,” certain “are managed,” certain “are contracted”: and an act is a general term, whether something is done by words or by the thing, as in stipulation or in numeration; a contract, however, is a reciprocal obligation, which the Greeks call synallagma, such as purchase and sale, letting and hiring, partnership; gestum signifies a thing done without words.

Dig. 50.16.20

Digest 50.16.20

Ulpianus 12 ad ed.

Ulpian, 12 on the Edict.

Verba "contraxerunt" "gesserunt" non pertinent ad testandi ius.

The words "they contracted" "they transacted" do not pertain to the right of making a will.

Dig. 50.16.21

Digest 50.16.21

Paulus 11 ad ed.

Paulus 11 on the edict.

Princeps "bona" concedendo videtur etiam obligationes concedere.

The emperor, by granting "goods," is considered also to grant obligations.

Dig. 50.16.22

Digest 50.16.22

Gaius 4 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 4 on the provincial edict.

Plus est in restitutione, quam in exhibitione: nam "exhibere" est praesentiam corporis praebere, "restituere" est etiam possessorem facere fructusque reddere: pleraque praeterea restitutionis verbo continentur.

There is more in restitution than in exhibition: for "to exhibit" is to provide the presence of the body, "to restore" is also to make one the possessor and to return the fruits; moreover, very many things are contained under the word "restitution."

Dig. 50.16.23

Digest 50.16.23

Ulpianus 14 ad ed.

Ulpian 14 on the Edict.

"rei" appellatione et causae et iura continentur.

By the appellation "rei," both causes and rights are contained.

Dig. 50.16.24

Digest 50.16.24

Gaius 6 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 6 on the Provincial Edict.

Nihil est aliud "hereditas" quam successio in universum ius quod defunctus habuit.

An "inheritance" is nothing else than succession to the whole of the rights which the deceased had.

Dig. 50.16.25pr.

Digest 50.16.25, preface.

Paulus 21 ad ed.

Paulus 21 on the Edict.

Recte dicimus eum fundum totum nostrum esse, etiam cum usus fructus alienus est, quia usus fructus non dominii pars, sed servitutis sit, ut via et iter: nec falso dici totum meum esse, cuius non potest ulla pars dici alterius esse. hoc et iulianus, et est verius.

We rightly say that that entire estate is ours, even when the usufruct is another’s, because a usufruct is not a part of dominion but of servitude, as with a road and a path: nor is it falsely said that the whole is mine, of which no part can be said to be another’s. Julian also [holds] this, and it is the truer.

Dig. 50.16.25.1

Digest 50.16.25.1

Paulus 21 ad ed.

Paulus 21 on the Edict.

Quintus mucius ait partis appellatione rem pro indiviso significari: nam quod pro diviso nostrum sit, id non partem, sed totum esse. servius non ineleganter partis appellatione utrumque significari.

Quintus mucius says that by the appellation “part” an undivided thing (pro indiviso) is signified: for that which is ours pro diviso is not a part, but a whole. servius not inelegantly says that by the appellation “part” both are signified.

Dig. 50.16.26

Digest 50.16.26

Ulpianus 16 ad ed.

Ulpian 16 on the edict

Partum non esse partem rei furtivae scaevola libro undecimo quaestionum scribit.

Scaevola writes in the eleventh book of Questions that the offspring is not a part of stolen property.

Dig. 50.16.27pr.

Digest 50.16.27, preface.

Ulpianus 17 ad ed.

Ulpian 17 on the Edict.

"ager" est locus, qui sine villa est.

"ager" is a locus that is without a villa.

Dig. 50.16.27.1

Digest 50.16.27.1

Ulpianus 17 ad ed.

Ulpian 17 on the Edict.

"stipendium" a stipe appellatum est, quod per stipes, id est modica aera, colligatur. idem hoc etiam "tributum" appellari pomponius ait. et sane appellatur ab intributione tributum vel ex eo quod militibus tribuatur.

"stipendium" is named from stips, because it is collected through stipes, that is, small bronze coins. Pomponius says that this same thing is also called "tributum." And indeed it is called "tributum" from intributio (imposition), or from the fact that it is allotted to the soldiers.

Dig. 50.16.28pr.

Digest 50.16.28pr.

Paulus 21 ad ed.

Paulus 21 on the Edict.

"alienationis" verbum etiam usucapionem continet: vix est enim, ut non videatur alienare, qui patitur usucapi. eum quoque alienare dicitur, qui non utendo amisit servitutes. qui occasione adquirendi non utitur, non intellegitur alienare: veluti qui hereditatem omittit aut optionem intra certum tempus datam non amplectitur.

"alienation" the word also includes usucapion: for it is scarcely the case that he does not seem to alienate who allows a thing to be acquired by usucapion. He too is said to alienate who, by not using, has lost servitudes. He who does not make use of an occasion for acquiring is not understood to alienate: for example, one who omits an inheritance or does not embrace an option granted within a certain time.

Dig. 50.16.28.1

Digest 50.16.28.1

Paulus 21 ad ed.

Paulus 21 on the Edict.

Oratio, quae neque coniunctionem neque disiunctionem habet, ex mente pronuntiantis vel disiuncta vel coniuncta accipitur.

A statement which has neither conjunction nor disjunction is received, from the mind of the one pronouncing it, as either disjunct or conjunct.

Dig. 50.16.29

Digest 50.16.29

Paulus 66 ad ed.

Paulus 66 on the Edict.

Coniunctionem enim nonnumquam pro disiunctione accipi labeo ait: ut in illa stipulatione "mihi heredique meo te heredemque tuum".

For Labeo says that sometimes conjunction is taken in place of disjunction: as in that stipulation "to me and my heir, you and your heir".

Dig. 50.16.30pr.

Digest 50.16.30, pr.

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the Provincial Edict.

"silva caedua" est, ut quidam putant, quae in hoc habetur, ut caederetur. servius eam esse, quae succisa rursus ex stirpibus aut radicibus renascitur.

"silva caedua" is, as some think, that which is held with this in view, that it be cut down. Servius says it is that which, once cut down, is reborn from the stumps or the roots.

Dig. 50.16.30.1

Digest 50.16.30.1

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the provincial edict.

"stipula illecta" est spicae in messe deiectae necdum lectae, quas rustici cum vacaverint colligunt.

"stipula illecta" is ears of grain cast down in the harvest and not yet gathered, which rustics collect when they have leisure.

Dig. 50.16.30.2

Digest 50.16.30.2

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the provincial edict.

"novalis" est terra praecisa, quae anno cessavit, quam graeci neasin vocant.

"novalis" is fallow land, which has been idle for a year, which the Greeks call "neasin".

Dig. 50.16.30.3

Digest 50.16.30.3

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the provincial edict.

"integra" autem est, in quam nondum dominus pascendi gratia pecus immisit.

"intact" however is that into which the owner has not yet introduced livestock for the sake of grazing.

Dig. 50.16.30.4

Digest 50.16.30.4

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the provincial edict.

"glans caduca" est, quae ex arbore cecidit.

"glans caduca" is an acorn that has fallen from a tree.

Dig. 50.16.30.5

Digest 50.16.30.5

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the Provincial Edict.

"pascua silva" est, quae pastui pecudum destinata est.

A "pascua silva" is a woodland that is designated for the pasturing of livestock.

Dig. 50.16.31

Digest 50.16.31

Ulpianus 18 ad ed.

Ulpian, 18 on the Edict.

"pratum" est, in quo ad fructum percipiendum falce dumtaxat opus est: ex eo dictum, quod paratum sit ad fructum capiendum.

"meadow" is that in which, for the perceiving of fruits, only a sickle is needed: it is so called from this, that it is prepared for taking fruits.

Dig. 50.16.32

Digest 50.16.32

Paulus 24 ad ed.

Paul 24 on the Edict.

"minus solutum" intellegitur etiam si nihil esset solutum.

"less paid" is understood even if nothing was paid.

Dig. 50.16.33

Digest 50.16.33

Ulpianus 21 ad ed.

Ulpian 21 on the Edict.

"palam" est coram pluribus.

"palam" is in the presence of several people.

Dig. 50.16.34

Digest 50.16.34

Paulus 24 ad ed.

Paulus 24 on the Edict.

"actionis" verbo etiam persecutio continetur.

By the word "action" there is also contained pursuit (persecution).

Dig. 50.16.35

Digest 50.16.35

Paulus 17 ad ed.

Paulus 17 on the Edict.

"restituere" autem is intellegitur, qui simul et causam actori reddit, quam is habiturus esset, si statim iudicii accepti tempore res ei reddita fuisset, id est et usucapionis causam et fructuum.

"to restore," moreover, is understood to be he who at the same time gives back to the plaintiff the cause which he would have had, if at the time of the acceptance of the action the thing had been returned to him, that is, both the cause of usucapion and of fruits.

Dig. 50.16.36

Digest 50.16.36

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian, 23 on the Edict.

"litis" nomen omnem actionem significat, sive in rem sive in personam sit.

The name "litis" signifies every action, whether it be in rem or in personam.

Dig. 50.16.37

Digest 50.16.37

Paulus 26 ad ed.

Paulus 26 on the edict.

Verbum "oportere" non ad facultatem iudicis pertinet, qui potest vel pluris vel minoris condemnare, sed ad veritatem refertur.

The word "oportere" does not pertain to the faculty of the judge, who can condemn either for more or for less, but is referred to the truth.

Dig. 50.16.38

Digest 50.16.38

Ulpianus 25 ad ed.

Ulpian 25 on the edict.

"ostentum" labeo definit omne contra naturam cuiusque rei genitum factumque. duo genera autem sunt ostentorum: unum, quotiens quid contra naturam nascitur, tribus manibus forte aut pedibus aut qua alia parte corporis, quae naturae contraria est: alterum, cum quid prodigiosum videtur, quae graeci fantasmata vocant.

"ostentum," labeo defines as anything generated and done contrary to the nature of each thing. But there are two kinds of portents: one, whenever something is born contrary to nature—perhaps with three hands or feet or in some other part of the body which is contrary to nature; the other, when something seems prodigious, which the Greeks call phantasmata.

Dig. 50.16.39pr.

Digest 50.16.39, preface.

Paulus 53 ad ed.

Paulus, 53rd book on the Edict.

"subsignatum" dicitur, quod ab aliquo subscriptum est: nam veteres subsignationis verbo pro adscriptione uti solebant.

'"subsignatum" is said of something that has been subscribed by someone; for the ancients were accustomed to use the word "subsignation" in place of "adscription."'

Dig. 50.16.39.1

Digest 50.16.39.1

Paulus 53 ad ed.

Paulus 53 on the Edict.

"bona" intelleguntur cuiusque, quae deducto aere alieno supersunt.

"goods" are understood to be each person’s assets which, the debt having been deducted, remain over.

Dig. 50.16.39.2

Digest 50.16.39.2

Paulus 53 ad ed.

Paulus 53 on the Edict.

"detestari" est absenti denuntiare.

"to detestari" is to give notice to an absent person.

Dig. 50.16.39.3

Digest 50.16.39.3

Paulus 53 ad ed.

Paulus 53 on the edict.

"incertus possessor" est, quem ignoramus.

an "uncertain possessor" is one whom we do not know.

Dig. 50.16.40pr.

Digest 50.16.40, preface.

Ulpianus 56 ad ed.

Ulpian, 56 on the Edict.

"detestatio" est denuntiatio facta cum testatione.

"detestatio" is a denunciation made with attestation.

Dig. 50.16.40.1

Digest 50.16.40.1

Ulpianus 56 ad ed.

Ulpian 56 on the Edict.

"servi" appellatio etiam ad ancillam refertur.

The appellation "slave" is also applied to a maidservant.

Dig. 50.16.40.2

Digest 50.16.40.2

Ulpianus 56 ad ed.

Ulpian, 56 on the Edict.

"familiae" appellatione liberi quoque continentur.

By the appellation "familiae," children also are contained.

Dig. 50.16.40.3

Digest 50.16.40.3

Ulpianus 56 ad ed.

Ulpian 56 on the Edict.

Unicus servus familiae appellatione non continetur: ne duo quidem familiam faciunt.

A single slave is not encompassed by the appellation “family”: not even two constitute a family.

Dig. 50.16.41

Digest 50.16.41

Gaius 21 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 21 on the provincial edict.

"armorum" appellatio non utique scuta et gladios et galeas significat, sed et fustes et lapides.

The appellation of "arms" does not solely signify shields and swords and helmets, but also clubs and stones.

Dig. 50.16.42

Digest 50.16.42

Ulpianus 57 ad ed.

Ulpian, 57 On the Edict.

"probrum" et obprobrium idem est. probra quaedam natura turpia sunt, quaedam civiliter et quasi more civitatis. ut puta furtum, adulterium natura turpe est: enimvero tutelae damnari hoc non natura probrum est, sed more civitatis: nec enim natura probrum est, quod potest etiam in hominem idoneum incidere.

"probrum" and opprobrium are the same. Some disgraces are by nature shameful, others in a civil sense and, as it were, by the custom of the state. For instance, theft and adultery are by nature shameful; but to be condemned in a guardianship—this is not by nature a disgrace, but by the custom of the state; for it is not by nature a disgrace that can even befall a fit man.

Dig. 50.16.43

Digest 50.16.43

Ulpianus 58 ad ed.

Ulpian 58 on the Edict.

Verbo "victus" continentur, quae esui potuique cultuique corporis quaeque ad vivendum homini necessaria sunt. vestem quoque victus habere vicem labeo ait:

By the word "victus" are contained the things for eating and drinking and for the cultus of the body, and whatever are necessary for a human being to live. clothing too, Labeo says, has the standing of "victus":

Dig. 50.16.44

Digest 50.16.44

Gaius 22 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 22 on the Provincial Edict.

Et cetera, quibus tuendi curandive corporis nostri gratia utimur, ea appellatione significantur.

Et cetera, which we use for the sake of protecting or caring for our body, are signified by that appellation.

Dig. 50.16.45

Digest 50.16.45

Ulpianus 58 ad ed.

Ulpian, 58 on the Edict.

In "stratu" omne vestimentum contineri quod iniciatur labeo ait: neque enim dubium est, quin stragula vestis sit omne pallium, peristrwma. in victu ergo vestem accipiemus non stragulam, in stratu omnem stragulam vestem.

In "bedding" Labeo says that every garment that is thrown on is contained; for there is no doubt that a straguline garment is any pallium, a peristrwma. therefore in victuals we will take garment, not straguline, in bedding every straguline garment.

Dig. 50.16.46pr.

Digest 50.16.46pr.

Ulpianus 59 ad ed.

Ulpian 59 on the Edict.

"pronuntiatum" et "statutum" idem potest: promiscue enim et pronuntiasse et statuisse solemus dicere eos, qui ius habent cognoscendi.

"pronouncement" and "statute" can be the same thing: for we are accustomed to say indiscriminately both that those who have the right of cognizance have pronounced and have determined.

Dig. 50.16.46.1

Digest 50.16.46.1

Ulpianus 59 ad ed.

Ulpian 59 On the Edict.

"matrem familias" accipere debemus eam, quae non inhoneste vixit: matrem enim familias a ceteris feminis mores discernunt atque separant. proinde nihil intererit, nupta sit an vidua, ingenua sit an libertina: nam neque nuptiae neque natales faciunt matrem familias, sed boni mores.

we ought to take "matrem familias" to be her who has not lived dishonorably: for morals distinguish and separate a mater familias from other women. accordingly it will make no difference whether she be married or a widow, whether freeborn or a freedwoman: for neither marriage nor birth make a mater familias, but good morals.

Dig. 50.16.47

Digest 50.16.47

Paulus 56 ad ed.

Paulus 56 On the Edict.

"liberationis" verbum eandem vim habet quam solutionis.

The word "liberation" has the same force as "solution."

Dig. 50.16.48

Digest 50.16.48

Gaius ad ed. pu. q.N.S.N.D.

Gaius on the edict of the urban praetor. q.N.S.N.D.

"solutum" non intellegimus eum, qui, licet vinculis levatus sit, manibus tamen tenetur: ac ne eum quidem intellegimus solutum, qui in publico sine vinculis servatur.

We do not understand “released” to mean one who, although relieved of bonds, is nevertheless held by the hands: nor do we understand as released even one who is kept in public without bonds.

Dig. 50.16.49

Digest 50.16.49

Ulpianus 59 ad ed.

Ulpian book 59 on the edict.

"bonorum" appellatio aut naturalis aut civilis est. naturaliter bona ex eo dicuntur, quod beant, hoc est beatos faciunt: beare est prodesse. in bonis autem nostris computari sciendum est non solum, quae dominii nostri sunt, sed et si bona fide a nobis possideantur vel superficiaria sint.

"the appellation of “goods” is either natural or civil. Naturally, things are called good from the fact that they “beatify,” that is, make men blessed; to beatify is to benefit. But we must know that to be reckoned among our goods are not only the things which are in our dominion, but also those possessed by us in good faith, or which are of superficies.

aeque bonis adnumerabitur etiam, si quid est in actionibus petitionibus persecutionibus: nam haec omnia in bonis esse videntur.

likewise there will be counted among the goods also whatever there is in actions, petitions, and prosecutions: for all these seem to be in the goods.

Dig. 50.16.50

Digest 50.16.50

Ulpianus 61 ad ed.

Ulpian 61 On the Edict.

"nurus" appellatio etiam ad pronurum et ultra porrigenda est.

The appellation “nurus” is to be extended also to the great-daughter-in-law and further.

Dig. 50.16.51

Digest 50.16.51

Gaius 23 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 23 on the Provincial Edict.

Appellatione "parentis" non tantum pater, sed etiam avus et proavus et deinceps omnes superiores continentur: sed et mater et avia et proavia.

Under the appellation "parent" are contained not only the father, but also the grandfather and great-grandfather, and in succession all ascendants: but also the mother and grandmother and great-grandmother.

Dig. 50.16.52

Digest 50.16.52

Ulpianus 61 ad ed.

Ulpian, 61 on the Edict.

"patroni" appellatione et patrona continetur.

Under the appellation "patroni," a patroness is included as well.

Dig. 50.16.53pr.

Digest 50.16.53, preface.

Paulus 59 ad ed.

Paulus 59 On the Edict.

Saepe ita comparatum est, ut coniuncta pro disiunctis accipiantur et disiuncta pro coniunctis, interdum soluta pro separatis. nam cum dicitur apud veteres "adgnatorum gentiliumque", pro separatione accipitur. at cum dicitur "super pecuniae tutelaeve suae", tutor separatim sine pecunia dari non potest: et cum dicimus "quod dedi aut donavi", utraque continemus.

Often it is so arranged that things conjoined are taken for disjoined and disjoined for conjoined, sometimes the loose for the separate. For when among the ancients it is said “adgnatorum gentiliumque,” it is taken as separation. But when it is said “super pecuniae tutelaeve suae,” a tutor cannot be appointed separately without the money; and when we say “quod dedi aut donavi,” we include both.

cum vero dicimus "quod eum dare facere oportet", quodvis eorum sufficit probare. cum vero dicit praetor, "si donum munus operas redemerit", si omnia imposita sunt, certum est omnia redimenda esse, ex re ergo pro coniunctis habentur:

but when we say "that he ought to give or do," it suffices to prove either of them. but when the praetor says, "if he shall have redeemed a gift, a duty, services," if all have been imposed, it is certain that all must be redeemed; by the nature of the matter, therefore, they are held as conjoined:

Dig. 50.16.53.1

Digest 50.16.53.1

Paulus 59 ad ed.

Paulus 59 on the Edict.

Si quaedam imposita sunt, cetera non desiderabuntur.

If certain things have been imposed, the rest will not be demanded.

Dig. 50.16.53.2

Digest 50.16.53.2

Paulus 59 ad ed.

Paulus 59 on the Edict.

Item dubitatum, illa verba "ope consilio" quemadmodum accipienda sunt, sententiae coniugentium aut separantium. sed verius est, quod et labeo ait, separatim accipienda, quia aliud factum est eius qui ope, aliud eius qui consilio furtum facit: sic enim alii condici potest, alii non potest. sane post veterum auctoritatem eo perventum est, ut nemo ope videatur fecisse, nisi et consilium malignum habuerit, nec consilium habuisse noceat, nisi et factum secutum fuerit.

Likewise it was doubted how those words "with help and counsel" are to be received, in a conjunctive or a separative sense. But it is truer, as Labeo also says, that they are to be taken separately, since the deed is one in the case of him who commits theft by help, another in the case of him who commits it by counsel: for thus a condiction lies against one person, against another it does not. Indeed, after the authority of the ancients it has come to this, that no one is deemed to have done it "by help" unless he also had malign counsel, nor does the having had counsel do harm, unless a deed has followed.

Dig. 50.16.54

Digest 50.16.54

Ulpianus 62 ad ed.

Ulpian 62 on the Edict.

"condicionales creditores" dicuntur et hi, quibus nondum competit actio, est autem competitura, vel qui spem habent, ut competat.

"conditional creditors" are also called those to whom an action does not yet lie but will lie, or who have the hope that it will lie.

Dig. 50.16.55

Digest 50.16.55

Paulus 16 brev. edicti.

Paulus 16, abridgment of the edict.

Creditor autem is est, qui exceptione perpetua summoveri non potest: qui autem temporalem exceptionem timet, similis est condicionale creditori.

A creditor, moreover, is one who cannot be removed by a perpetual exception: but he who fears a temporal exception is similar to a conditional creditor.

Dig. 50.16.56pr.

Digest 50.16.56pr.

Ulpianus 62 ad ed.

Ulpian 62 on the edict.

"cognoscere instrumenta" est relegere et recognoscere: "dispungere" est conferre accepta et data.

"cognoscere instrumenta" is to re-read and recognize; "dispungere" is to compare the things received and the things given.

Dig. 50.16.56.1

Digest 50.16.56.1

Ulpianus 62 ad ed.

Ulpian, 62 on the Edict.

"liberorum" appellatione continentur non tantum qui sunt in potestate, sed omnes qui sui iuris sunt, sive virilis sive feminini sexus sunt exve feminini sexus descendentes.

"Under the appellation 'children' are included not only those who are in potestas, but all who are sui iuris, whether of the male or the female sex, or descendants of the female sex."

Dig. 50.16.57pr.

Digest 50.16.57pr.

Paulus 59 ad ed.

Paulus 59 on the Edict.

Cui praecipua cura rerum incumbit et qui magis quam ceteri diligentiam et sollicitudinem rebus quibus praesunt debent, hi "magistri" appellantur. quin etiam ipsi magistratus per derivationem a magistris cognominantur. unde etiam cuiuslibet disciplinae praeceptores magistros appellari a monendo vel monstrando.

Those upon whom the chief care of affairs rests, and who more than the others owe diligence and solicitude to the matters over which they preside, are called "masters." Indeed, even the magistrates themselves are, by derivation, surnamed from the masters. Whence also the preceptors of any discipline are called masters, from admonishing or demonstrating.

Dig. 50.16.57.1

Digest 50.16.57.1

Paulus 59 ad ed.

Paulus 59 on the Edict.

"persequi" videtur et qui satis accepit.

He also is deemed "to pursue" who has accepted surety.

Dig. 50.16.58pr.

Digest 50.16.58, preface.

Gaius 24 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 24 on the provincial edict.

Licet inter "gesta" et "facta" videtur quaedam esse suptilis differentia, attamen kataxrystikws nihil inter factum et gestum interest.

Although between "gesta" and "facta" there seems to be a certain subtle difference, nevertheless, catachrestically, there is no difference between factum and gestum.

Dig. 50.16.58.1

Digest 50.16.58.1

Gaius 24 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 24 on the provincial edict.

Paternos libertos recte videmur dicere nostros libertos: liberorum libertos non recte nostros libertos dicimus.

We seem rightly to call our paternal freedmen our freedmen: the freedmen of our children we do not rightly call our freedmen.

Dig. 50.16.59

Digest 50.16.59

Ulpianus 68 ad ed.

Ulpian 68 on the Edict.

"portus" appellatus est conclusus locus, quo importantur merces et inde exportantur: eaque nihilo minus statio est conclusa atque munita. inde "angiportum" dictum est.

"port" is called an enclosed place, into which goods are imported and from which they are exported: and nonetheless it is a station enclosed and fortified. From this "angiport" is so named.

Dig. 50.16.60pr.

Digest 50.16.60, beginning.

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian, 69 on the Edict.

"locus" est non fundus, sed portio aliqua fundi: "fundus" autem integrum aliquid est. et plerumque sine villa "locum" accipimus: ceterum adeo opinio nostra et constitutio locum a fundo separat, ut et modicus locus possit fundus dici, si fundi animo eum habuimus. non etiam magnitudo locum a fundo separat, sed nostra affectio: et quaelibet portio fundi poterit fundus dici, si iam hoc constituerimus.

"place" is not a fundus, but some portion of a fundus; "fundus," however, is something entire. And for the most part we take "place" without a villa; moreover, our opinion and constitution so separate place from fundus that even a modest place can be called a fundus, if we have held it with the intention of a fundus. Nor does magnitude separate place from fundus, but our affection (intention); and any portion whatsoever of a fundus will be able to be called a fundus, if we have now established this.

nec non et fundus locus constitui potest: nam si eum alii adiunxerimus fundo, locus fundi efficietur.

And likewise even a "fundus" can be constituted a "locus": for if we adjoin it to another "fundus," it will be made a "locus" of the fundus.

Dig. 50.16.60.1

Digest 50.16.60.1

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian, 69 On the Edict.

Loci appellationem non solum ad rustica, verum ad urbana quoque praedia pertinere labeo scribit.

Labeo writes that the appellation “place” pertains not only to rural, but also to urban estates.

Dig. 50.16.60.2

Digest 50.16.60.2

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian 69 on the Edict.

Sed fundus quidem suos habet fines, locus vero latere potest, quatenus determinetur et definiatur.

But an estate indeed has its own boundaries, a place however can lie hidden, in so far as it is to be determined and defined.

Dig. 50.16.61

Digest 50.16.61

Paulus 65 ad ed.

Paulus 65 on the Edict.

"satisdationis "appellatione interdum etiam repromissio continebitur, qua contentus fuit is, cui satisdatio debebatur.

by the "satisdation" "appellation" sometimes even a "repromission" will be contained, with which the one to whom the satisdation was owed was content.

Dig. 50.16.62

Digest 50.16.62

Gaius 26 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 26 on the Provincial Edict.

"tigni" appellatione in lege duodecim tabularum omne genus materiae, ex qua aedificia constant, significatur.

By the appellation "tigni" in the law of the Twelve Tables, every kind of material out of which buildings consist is signified.

Dig. 50.16.63

Digest 50.16.63

Ulpianus 71 ad ed.

Ulpian 71 on the Edict.

"penes te" amplius est quam "apud te": nam apud te est, quod qualiterqualiter a te teneatur, penes te est, quod quodam modo possidetur.

"penes te" is more than "apud te": for apud te is that which, in whatever manner, is held by you; penes te is that which is in some way possessed.

Dig. 50.16.64

Digest 50.16.64

Paulus 67 ad ed.

Paulus 67 On the Edict.

"intestatus" est non tantum qui testamentum non fecit, sed etiam cuius ex testamento hereditas adita non est.

"intestate" is not only he who has not made a testament, but also he whose inheritance under a testament has not been entered upon.

Dig. 50.16.65

Digest 50.16.65

Ulpianus 72 ad ed.

Ulpian 72 on the Edict.

"heredis" appellatio non solum ad proximum heredem, sed et ad ulteriores refertur; nam et heredis heres et deinceps heredis appellatione continetur.

The appellation "heir" is referred not only to the proximate heir, but also to more remote ones; for the heir of an heir, and thereafter, are contained under the appellation of heir.

Dig. 50.16.66

Digest 50.16.66

Ulpianus 74 ad ed.

Ulpian, 74 On the Edict.

"mercis" appellatio ad res mobiles tantum pertinet.

The appellation "merchandise" pertains only to movable things.

Dig. 50.16.67pr.

Digest 50.16.67, preface.

Ulpianus 76 ad ed.

Ulpian 76 on the Edict.

"alienatum" non proprie dicitur, quod adhuc in dominio venditoris manet: "venditum" tamen recte dicetur.

"Alienated" is not properly said, since it still remains in the vendor’s dominion; "sold," however, will be rightly said.

Dig. 50.16.67.1

Digest 50.16.67.1

Ulpianus 76 ad ed.

Ulpian, 76 on the Edict.

"donationis" verbum simpliciter loquendo omnem donationem comprehendisse videtur, sive mortis causa sive non mortis causa fuerit.

The word "donationis," speaking simply, seems to have comprehended every donation, whether it be mortis causa or not mortis causa.

Dig. 50.16.68

Digest 50.16.68

Ulpianus 77 ad ed.

Ulpian, 77 on the Edict.

Illa verba "arbitratu lucii titii fieri" ius significant et in servum non cadunt.

Those words "arbitratu lucii titii fieri" signify a right and do not apply to a slave.

Dig. 50.16.69

Digest 50.16.69

Ulpianus 78 ad ed.

Ulpian 78 on the Edict.

Haec verba "cui rei dolus malus aberit afuerit" generaliter comprehendunt omnem dolum, quicumque in hanc rem admissus est, de qua stipulatio est interposita.

These words "cui rei dolus malus aberit afuerit" generally comprehend every fraud, whatever has been admitted in this matter, concerning which a stipulation has been interposed.

Dig. 50.16.70

Digest 50.16.70

Paulus 73 ad ed.

Paulus 73 on the Edict.

Sciendum est heredem etiam per multas successiones accipi. nam paucis speciebus "heredis" appellatio proximum continet, veluti in substitutione impuberis "quisquis mihi heres erit, idem filio heres esto", ubi heredis heres non continetur, quia incertus est. item in lege aelia sentia filius heres proximus potest libertum paternum ut ingratum accusare, non etiam si heredi heres exstiterit.

It must be known that “heir” is also taken through many successions. For in a few cases the appellation “heir” includes only the nearest, as in the substitution of a prepubescent: “whoever shall be my heir, let the same be the son’s heir,” where the heir’s heir is not included, because he is uncertain. Likewise, under the Lex Aelia Sentia the son, as the nearest heir, can accuse his father’s freedman as ungrateful, but not also if he has become the heir to an heir.

idem dicitur in operarum exactione, ut filius heres exigere possit, non ex successione effectus. verba haec "is ad quem ea res pertinet" sic intelleguntur, ut qui in universum dominium vel iure civili vel iure praetorio succedit, contineatur.

the same is said in the exaction of services, namely that a son who is heir can exact, not one who has been made such by succession. these words "is ad quem ea res pertinet" are thus understood, to wit that he who succeeds to the universal dominium, whether by civil law or by praetorian law, is included.

Dig. 50.16.71pr.

Digest 50.16.71, beginning.

Ulpianus 79 ad ed.

Ulpian 79 on the edict.

Aliud est "capere", aliud "accipere". capere cum effectu accipitur: accipere, et si quis non sic accepit, ut habeat. ideoque non videtur quis capere, quod erit restituturus: sicut pervenisse proprie illud dicitur, quod est remansurum.

It is one thing to "take" (capere), another to "receive" (accipere). "To take" is understood with effect; "to receive" applies even if someone has not so received as to have it. And therefore one is not seen to "take" what he will restore: just as "to have come through" is properly said of that which is going to remain.

Dig. 50.16.71.1

Digest 50.16.71.1

Ulpianus 79 ad ed.

Ulpian 79 on the edict.

Haec verba "his rebus recte praestari" hoc significant, ne quid periculum vel damnum ex ea re stipulator sentiret.

These words "that these matters be duly warranted" signify this: that the stipulator should suffer no peril or damage from that matter.

Dig. 50.16.72

Digest 50.16.72

Paulus 76 ad ed.

Paulus 76 on the Edict.

Appellatione "rei" pars etiam continetur.

By the appellation "thing," a part is also contained.

Dig. 50.16.73

Digest 50.16.73

Ulpianus 80 ad ed.

Ulpian 80 on the Edict.

Haec verba in stipulatione posita "eam rem recte restitui" fructus continent: "recte" enim verbum pro viri boni arbitrio est.

These words, set in a stipulation, "that thing to be rightly restored," include the fruits; for "rightly" is a word standing for the arbitrament of a good man.

Dig. 50.16.74

Digest 50.16.74

Paulus 2 ad ed. aedil. curul.

Paul 2 on the edict of the Curule Aediles.

Signatorius anulus "ornamenti" appellatione non continetur.

A signet ring is not included under the appellation "ornament."

Dig. 50.16.75

Digest 50.16.75

Paulus 50 ad ed.

Paulus 50 on the edict.

"restituere" is videtur, qui id restituit, quod habiturus esset actor, si controversia ei facta non esset.

One is thought to "restore" who restores what the actor (plaintiff) would have had, if no controversy had been raised against him.

Dig. 50.16.76

Digest 50.16.76

Paulus 51 ad ed.

Paulus 51 on the edict.

"dedisse" intellegendus est etiam is, qui permutavit vel compensavit.

He is also to be understood to have "given" who has bartered or set off.

Dig. 50.16.77

Digest 50.16.77

Paulus 49 ad ed.

Paulus 49 on the Edict.

"frugem" pro reditu appellari, non solum frumentis aut leguminibus, verum et ex vino, silvis caeduis, cretifodinis, lapidicinis capitur, iulianus scribit. "fruges" omnes esse, quibus homo vescatur, falsum esse: non enim carnem aut aves ferasve aut poma fruges dici. "frumentum" autem id esse, quod arista se teneat, recte gallum definisse: lupinum vero et fabam fruges potius dici, quia non arista, sed siliqua continentur.

"frugem" to be appellated for "return," is taken not only from grain or legumes, but also from wine, coppice-woods, chalk-pits, stone-quarries, Julianus writes. That "fruges" are all the things with which a man is fed is false: for neither flesh nor birds nor wild beasts nor fruits are called "fruges." But "frumentum" is that which holds itself by an ear, and a Gaul defined this rightly; whereas lupine and bean are rather said to be "fruges," because they are contained not by an ear, but by a pod.

quae servius apud alfenum in frumento contineri putat.

which Servius, in Alfenus, thinks are contained under grain.

Dig. 50.16.78

Digest 50.16.78

Paulus 3 ad plaut.

Paulus Book 3 on Plautius.

Interdum proprietatem quoque verbum "possessionis" significat: sicut in eo, qui possessiones suas legasset, responsum est.

Sometimes the word "possession" also signifies property: as was ruled in the case of one who had bequeathed his "possessions."

Dig. 50.16.79pr.

Digest 50.16.79pr.

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 on plaut.

"impensae necessariae" sunt, quae si factae non sint, res aut peritura aut deterior futura sit.

"necessary expenses" are those which, if they are not incurred, the thing would either perish or would become worse.

Dig. 50.16.79.1

Digest 50.16.79.1

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 on Plautius.

"utiles impensas" esse fulcinius ait, quae meliorem dotem faciant, non deteriorem esse non sinant, ex quibus reditus mulieri adquiratur: sicuti arbusti pastinationem ultra quam necesse fuerat, item doctrinam puerorum. quorum nomine onerari mulierem ignorantem vel invitam non oportet, ne cogatur fundo aut mancipiis carere. in his impensis et pistrinum et horreum insulae dotali adiectum plerumque dicemus.

“Fulcinius says that ‘useful expenses’ are those which make the dowry better, do not allow it to be worse, and from which revenue is acquired for the woman: such as the pastination of a vine-plantation beyond what had been necessary, likewise the instruction of boys. On account of these the woman ought not to be burdened if unaware or unwilling, lest she be forced to go without the estate or the slaves. Among these expenses we will generally also count a bakery and a granary added to the dotal tenement.”

Dig. 50.16.79.2

Digest 50.16.79.2

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 on Plautius.

"voluptariae" sunt, quae speciem dumtaxat ornant, non etiam fructum augent: ut sint viridia et aquae salientes, incrustationes, loricationes, picturae.

"voluptuary" are the things which only adorn appearance, and do not also increase profit: such are green plantings and fountains, incrustations, lorications, paintings.

Dig. 50.16.80

Digest 50.16.80

Paulus 9 ad plaut.

Paulus 9 on plaut.

In generali repetitione legatorum etiam datae libertates continentur ex mente legis duodecim tabularum.

In the general repetition of legacies, even granted freedoms (manumissions) are contained, according to the intent of the law of the Twelve Tables.

Dig. 50.16.81

Digest 50.16.81

Paulus 10 ad plaut.

Paulus 10 on Plautius.

Cum praetor dicat "ut opus factum restituatur", etiam damnum datum actor consequi debet: nam verbo "restitutionis" omnis utilitas actoris continetur.

When the praetor says "that the work done be restored", the plaintiff ought also to recover the damage done: for in the word "restitution" the whole utility of the plaintiff is contained.

Dig. 50.16.82

Digest 50.16.82

Paulus 14 ad plaut.

Paulus 14 on Plautius.

Verbum "amplius" ad eum quoque pertinet, cui nihil debetur: sicuti ex contrario "minus" solutum videtur etiam, si nihil esset exactum.

The word "more" pertains also to him to whom nothing is owed; just as, on the contrary, "less" is deemed paid even if nothing had been exacted.

Dig. 50.16.83

Digest 50.16.83

Iavolenus 5 ex plaut.

Iavolenus 5 from Plautius.

Proprie "bona" dici non possunt, quae plus incommodi quam commodi habent.

Properly, those things which have more inconvenience than convenience cannot be called "goods."

Dig. 50.16.84

Digest 50.16.84

Paulus 2 ad vitell.

Paulus Book 2 to Vitellius.

"filii" appellatione omnes liberos intellegimus.

By the appellation "sons" we understand all children.

Dig. 50.16.85

Digest 50.16.85

Marcellus 1 Dig.

Marcellus 1 Digest.

Neratius priscus tres facere existimat "collegium", et hoc magis sequendum est.

Neratius Priscus holds that three constitute a "collegium," and this is the view more to be followed.

Dig. 50.16.86

Digest 50.16.86

Celsus 5 Dig.

Celsus 5 Digest.

Quid aliud sunt "iura praediorum" quam praedia qualiter se habentia: ut bonitas, salubritas, amplitudo?

What else are "rights of estates" than estates as they are constituted: such as goodness, salubrity, amplitude?

Dig. 50.16.87

Digest 50.16.87

Marcellus 12 Dig.

Marcellus 12 Digest

Ut alfenus ait, "urbs" est "roma", quae muro cingeretur, "roma" est etiam, qua continentia aedificia essent: nam romam non muro tenus existimari ex consuetudine cotidiana posse intellegi, cum diceremus romam nos ire, etiamsi extra urbem habitaremus.

As Alfenus says, the "city" is "Rome," which would be girded by a wall; "Rome" is also wherever there were contiguous buildings: for it can be understood from everyday custom that Rome is not thought to be limited to the wall, since we would say that we are going to Rome even if we lived outside the city.

Dig. 50.16.88

Digest 50.16.88

Celsus 18 Dig.

Celsus 18 Digest

Propemodum tantum quisque pecuniae relinquit, quantum ex bonis eius refici potest: sic dicimus centies aureorum habere, qui tantum in praediis ceterisque similibus rebus habeat. non idem est in fundo alieno legato, quamquam is hereditaria pecunia parari potest. neque quisquam eum, qui pecuniam numeratam habet, habere dicit quidquid ex ea parari potest.

For the most part each person leaves only so much money as can be made good out of his goods: thus we say that he “has a hundred in gold” who has that amount in estates and other similar things. It is not the same in the case of another’s land left by legacy, although that can be procured with hereditary money. Nor does anyone say that he who has counted-out (ready) money thereby “has” whatever can be procured from it.

Dig. 50.16.89pr.

Digest 50.16.89, at the beginning.

Pomponius 6 ad sab.

Pomponius 6 on Sabinus.

"boves" magis "armentorum" quam "iumentorum" generis appellantur.

"oxen" are more called of the "herds" class than of the "beasts of burden" class.

Dig. 50.16.89.1

Digest 50.16.89.1

Pomponius 6 ad sab.

Pomponius 6 on Sabinus.

Hoc sermone "dum nupta erit" primae nuptiae significantur.

By this phrase "so long as she is married," the first nuptials are signified.

Dig. 50.16.89.2

Digest 50.16.89.2

Pomponius 6 ad sab.

Pomponius 6 on Sabinus.

Inter "edere" et "reddi rationes" multum interest: nec is, qui edere iussus sit, reliquum reddere debet: nam et argentarius edere rationem videtur, etiamsi quod reliquum sit apud eum, non solvat.

Between "to produce" and "to render accounts" there is much difference: nor is he who has been ordered to produce obliged to pay the balance; for even a banker is considered to produce an account, even if he does not pay the balance held by him.

Dig. 50.16.90

Digest 50.16.90

Ulpianus 27 ad sab.

Ulpian, 27 on Sabinus.

Qui "uti optimae maximaeque sunt" aedes tradit, non hoc dicit servitutem illis debere, sed illud solum ipsas aedes liberas esse, hoc est nulli servire.

He who transfers premises "as being in the best and greatest condition" does not thereby say that a servitude is owed to them, but only this: that the premises themselves are free, that is, serve no one.

Dig. 50.16.91

Digest 50.16.91

Paulus 2 fideic.

Paulus 2 on fideicommissa.

"meorum" et "tuorum" appellatione actiones quoque contineri dicendum est.

It must be said that under the appellation of "my goods" and "your goods," actions also are contained.

Dig. 50.16.92

Digest 50.16.92

Paulus 7 quaest.

Paulus, Book 7 of Questions.

"proximus" est, quem nemo antecedit: "supremus" est, quem nemo sequitur.

"nearest" is he whom no one precedes; "supreme" is he whom no one follows.

Dig. 50.16.93

Digest 50.16.93

Celsus 19 Dig.

Celsus Digest 19

"moventium", item "mobilium" appellatione idem significamus: si tamen apparet defunctum animalia dumtaxat, quia se ipsa moverent, moventia vocasse. quod verum est.

By the appellation “of moving things,” likewise “of mobile things,” we signify the same: if, however, it appears that the deceased called animals only “moving things,” because they move themselves—which is true.

Dig. 50.16.94

Digest 50.16.94

Celsus 20 Dig.

Celsus 20 Digest.

Verbum "reddendi" quamquam significatum habet retro dandi, recipit tamen et per se dandi significationem.

The word "reddendi," although it has the signification of giving back, nevertheless also receives the signification of giving per se.

Dig. 50.16.95

Marcellus 14 Dig.

Marcellus 14 Digest.

Potest "reliquorum" appellatio et universos significare.

The appellation "reliquorum" can also signify all.

Dig. 50.16.96pr.

Digest 50.16.96pr.

Celsus 25 Dig.

Celsus 25 Digest.

Litus est, quousque maximus fluctus a mari pervenit: idque marcum tullium aiunt, cum arbiter esset, primum constituisse.

The shore is, as far as the greatest wave comes in from the sea: and they say that Marcus Tullius, when he was arbiter, was the first to establish this.

Dig. 50.16.96.1

Digest 50.16.96.1

Celsus 25 Dig.

Celsus 25 Digest.

Praedia dicimus aliquorum esse non utique communiter habentium ea, sed vel alio aliud habente.

We say that estates belong to certain persons, not necessarily of persons holding them in common, but even where one holds one and another holds another.

Dig. 50.16.97

Digest 50.16.97

Celsus 32 Dig.

Celsus 32 Digest.

Cum stipulamur "quanta pecunia ex hereditate titii ad te pervenerit", res ipsas quae pervenerunt, non pretia earum spectare videmur.

When we stipulate, "how much money from the inheritance of Titius has come to you," we seem to regard the things themselves that have come, not their prices.

Dig. 50.16.98pr.

Digest 50.16.98pr.

Celsus 39 Dig.

Celsus 39 Digest.

Cum bisextum kalendis est, nihil refert, utrum priore an posteriore die quis natus sit, et deinceps sextum kalendas eius natalis dies est: nam id biduum pro uno die habetur. sed posterior dies intercalatur, non prior: ideo quo anno intercalatum non est sexto kalendas natus, cum bisextum kalendis est, priorem diem natalem habet.

When there is a bisextile at the kalends, it makes no difference whether one was born on the earlier or on the later day, and thereafter the sixth day before the kalends is his birthday: for that two-day period is held as one day. But the later day is intercalated, not the earlier: therefore one born on the sixth day before the kalends in a year in which no intercalation has been made, when there is a bisextile at the kalends, has the earlier day as his birthday.

Dig. 50.16.98.1

Digest 50.16.98.1

Celsus 39 Dig.

Celsus 39 Digest.

Cato putat mensem intercalarem additicium esse: omnesque eius dies pro momento temporis observat extremoque diei mensis februarii adtribuit quintus mucius.

Cato thinks the intercalary month to be addititious; and he observes all its days for the moment of time, and Quintus Mucius attributes it to the last day of the month of February.

Dig. 50.16.98.2

Digest 50.16.98.2

Celsus 39 Dig.

Celsus 39 Digest.

Mensis autem intercalaris constat ex diebus viginti octo.

The intercalary month, however, consists of twenty-eight days.

Dig. 50.16.99pr.

Digest 50.16.99, preface.

Ulpianus 1 de off. cons.

Ulpian 1 on the office of the consul.

"notionem" accipere possumus et cognitionem et iurisdictionem.

We can take "notio" to mean both cognition and jurisdiction.

Dig. 50.16.99.1

Digest 50.16.99.1

Ulpianus 1 de off. cons.

Ulpian, 1 Book On the Office of the Consul.

"continentes provincias" accipere debemus eas, quae italiae iunctae sunt, ut puta galliam: sed et provinciam siciliam magis inter continentes accipere nos oportet, quae modico freto italia dividitur.

We ought to accept "continuous provinces" as those which are joined to Italy, for example Gaul: but we ought rather to accept the province of Sicily among the continuous ones as well, which is separated from Italy by a narrow strait.

Dig. 50.16.99.2

Digest 50.16.99.2

Ulpianus 1 de off. cons.

Ulpian 1 On the Office of the Consul.

"instrumentorum" appellatione quae compraehendantur, perquam difficile erit separare: quae enim proprie sint instrumenta, propter quae dilatio danda sit, inde dinoscemus.

What things are comprehended under the appellation "instruments" will be exceedingly difficult to separate; for we shall discern therefrom which things are properly instruments, by reason of which a delay ought to be granted.

Dig. 50.16.99.3

Digest 50.16.99.3

Ulpianus 1 de off. cons.

Ulpian 1 On the Office of the Consul.

Si in praesentiam personae, quae instruere possit, dilatio petatur ( puta qui actum gessit, licet in servitute, vel qui actor fuit constitutus), putem videri instrumentorum causa peti dilationem.

If a postponement is sought into the presence of a person who can provide information ( for instance, one who conducted the transaction, even if in servitude, or one who was appointed as actor [agent]), I would think the postponement appears to be sought for the sake of the instruments (documents).

Dig. 50.16.100

Digest 50.16.100

Ulpianus 2 de off. cons.

Ulpian, 2 On the Office of the Consul.

"speciosas personas" accipere debemus clarissimas personas utriusque sexus, item eorum, quae ornamentis senatoriis utuntur.

We ought to take "speciosas personas" to mean the most illustrious persons of either sex, likewise those who make use of senatorial ornaments.

Dig. 50.16.101pr.

Digest 50.16.101, preface.

Modestinus 9 diff.

Modestinus 9 Differences.

Inter "stuprum" et "adulterium" hoc interesse quidam putant, quod adulterium in nuptam, stuprum in viduam committitur. sed lex iulia de adulteriis hoc verbo indifferenter utitur.

Between "stuprum" and "adultery" some think this is the difference: that adultery is committed against a married woman, stuprum against a widow. But the Julian Law on Adulteries uses this term indifferently.

Dig. 50.16.101.1

Digest 50.16.101.1

Modestinus 9 diff.

Modestinus 9 Differences.

"divortium" inter virum et uxorem fieri dicitur, "repudium" vero sponsae remitti videtur. quod et in uxoris personam non absurde cadit.

"divorce" is said to occur between a husband and a wife, whereas "repudiation" seems to be sent back to a betrothed woman. which also not absurdly falls to the person of a wife.

Dig. 50.16.101.2

Digest 50.16.101.2

Modestinus 9 diff.

Modestinus Differences, Book 9.

Verum est "morbum" esse temporalem corporis inbecillitatem, "vitium" vero perpetuum corporis impedimentum, veluti si talum excussit: nam et luscus utique vitiosus est.

It is true that a "disease" is a temporary infirmity of the body, whereas a "defect" is a perpetual impediment of the body, as for example if he has knocked his ankle out of joint; for a one-eyed man is certainly defective.

Dig. 50.16.101.3

Digest 50.16.101.3

Modestinus 9 diff.

Modestinus 9 differences.

Servis legatis etiam ancillas deberi quidam putant, quasi commune nomen utrumque sexum contineat.

Some think that, when slaves are bequeathed, maidservants too are owed, as though the common name includes both sexes.

Dig. 50.16.102

Digest 50.16.102

Modestinus 7 reg.

Modestinus Rules 7.

"derogatur" legi aut "abrogatur". derogatur legi, cum pars detrahitur: abrogatur legi, cum prorsus tollitur.

"derogated" from a law or "abrogated". A law is derogated when a part is taken away: a law is abrogated when it is entirely removed.

Dig. 50.16.103

Digest 50.16.103

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus book 8 of the Rules.

Licet "capitalis" latine loquentibus omnis causa existimationis videatur, tamen appellatio capitalis mortis vel amissionis civitatis intellegenda est.

Although to those speaking Latin "capital" may seem to denote any case affecting reputation/standing, nevertheless the appellation "capital" is to be understood of death or of loss of citizenship.

Dig. 50.16.104

Digest 50.16.104

Modestinus 2 excus.

Modestinus 2 excuses.

Hy twn teknwn prosygoria kai epi tous eggonous ekteinetai.

The appellation of children also extends to grandchildren.

Dig. 50.16.105

Digest 50.16.105

Modestinus 11 resp.

Modestinus 11 responses.

Modestinus respondit his verbis "libertis libertabusque meis" libertum libertae testatoris non contineri.

Modestinus responded that by these words, "to my freedmen and freedwomen," the freedman of the testator’s freedwoman is not contained.

Dig. 50.16.106

Digest 50.16.106

Modestinus l.S. de praescr.

Modestinus in the single book on prescriptions.

"dimissoriae litterae" dicuntur, quae volgo apostoli dicuntur. dimissoriae autem dictae, quod causa ad eum qui appellatus est dimittitur.

"dimissory letters" are called those which are commonly called "apostoli." They are called dimissory, moreover, because the cause is sent to him to whom appeal has been made.

Dig. 50.16.107

Digest 50.16.107

Modestinus 3 pand.

Modestinus 3 Pandects.

"adsignare libertum" hoc est testificari, cuius ex liberis libertum eum esse voluit.

"to assign a freedman" this is, to testify, of which one of his children he wished him to be the freedman.

Dig. 50.16.108

Digest 50.16.108

Modestinus 4 pand.

Modestinus 4 Pandects.

"debitor" intellegitur is, a quo invito exigi pecunia potest.

A "debtor" is understood to be one from whom money can be exacted against his will.

Dig. 50.16.109

Digest 50.16.109

Modestinus 5 pand.

Modestinus 5 Pandects.

"bonae fidei emptor" esse videtur, qui ignoravit eam rem alienam esse, aut putavit eum qui vendidit ius vendendi habere, puta procuratorem aut tutorem esse.

"a 'buyer of good faith' seems to be one who was ignorant that the thing was another’s, or thought that he who sold had the right of selling, for example that he was a procurator or a tutor."

Dig. 50.16.110

Digest 50.16.110

Modestinus 6 pand.

Modestinus 6 Pandects.

"sequester" dicitur, apud quem plures eandem rem, de qua controversia est, deposuerunt: dictus ab eo, quod occurrenti aut quasi sequenti eos qui contendunt committitur.

A "sequester" is said of the person with whom several have deposited the same thing about which there is a controversy: so called from the fact that it is entrusted to one meeting, or as it were following, those who contend.

Dig. 50.16.111

Digest 50.16.111

Iavolenus 6 ex cass.

Iavolenus 6 from Cassius.

"censere" est constituere et praecipere. unde etiam dicere solemus "censeo hoc facias" et "semet aliquid censuisse ". inde censoris nomen videtur esse tractum.

"censere" is to constitute and to prescribe. Whence we are also accustomed to say "I am of the opinion that you do this" and "that he himself has resolved something." From this the name of the "censor" seems to be derived.

Dig. 50.16.112

Digest 50.16.112

Iavolenus 11 ex cass.

Iavolenus 11 from Cassius.

Litus publicum est eatenus, qua maxime fluctus exaestuat. idemque iuris est in lacu, nisi is totus privatus est.

The shore is public up to the point where the surge of the waves is at its highest. The same rule of law applies in a lake, unless it is entirely private.

Dig. 50.16.113

Digest 50.16.113

Iavolenus 14 ex cass.

Iavolenus 14 from Cassius.

"morbus sonticus "est, qui cuique rei nocet.

"serious disease "is, which is harmful to any thing.

Dig. 50.16.114

Digest 50.16.114

Iavolenus 15 ex cass.

Javolenus 15 from cass.

Solvendo esse nemo intellegitur, nisi qui solidum potest solvere.

No one is understood to be solvent, unless he can pay the whole (sum).

Dig. 50.16.115

Digest 50.16.115

Iavolenus 4 epist.

Javolenus 4 letters.

Quaestio est, fundus a possessione vel agro vel praedio quid distet. "fundus" est omne, quidquid solo tenetur. "ager" est, si species fundi ad usum hominis comparatur.

The question is, wherein a fundus differs from possession or from an ager or a praedium. "fundus" is everything, whatever is held by the soil. "ager" is, if the species of a fundus is compared to the use of a human being.

"possessio" ab agro iuris proprietate distat: quidquid enim adprehendimus, cuius proprietas ad nos non pertinet aut nec potest pertinere, hoc possessionem appellamus: possessio ergo usus, ager proprietas loci est. "praedium" utriusque supra scriptae generale nomen est: nam et ager et possessio huius appellationis species sunt.

"possession" differs from field by the legal right of ownership: for whatever we apprehend, the ownership of which does not pertain to us or cannot pertain, this we call possession: possession, therefore, is use; field is ownership of the place. "praedium" is the general name of both the above: for both field and possession are species of this appellation.

Dig. 50.16.116

Digest 50.16.116

Iavolenus 7 epist.

Iavolenus 7 epistles.

"quisquis mihi alius filii filiusve heres sit": labeo non videri filiam contineri, proculus contra. mihi labeo videtur verborum figuram sequi, proculus mentem testantis. respondit: non dubito, quin labeonis sententia vera non sit.

"whoever else, a son or a son's son, may be my heir": Labeo says that a daughter does not seem to be included, Proculus the opposite. To me Labeo seems to follow the figure of the words, Proculus the intention of the testator. He replied: I do not doubt that Labeo’s opinion is not true.

Dig. 50.16.117

Digest 50.16.117

Iavolenus 9 epist.

Javolenus 9 epistles.

Non potest videri "minus solvisse" is, in quem amplioris summae actio non competit.

He cannot be deemed "to have paid less," against whom an action for a greater sum does not lie.

Dig. 50.16.118

Digest 50.16.118

Pomponius 2 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 2 on q. muc.

"hostes" hi sunt, qui nobis aut quibus nos publice bellum decrevimus: ceteri "latrones" aut "praedones" sunt.

"enemies" are those with whom we, or who with us, have publicly declared war: the rest are "bandits" or "plunderers".

Dig. 50.16.119

Digest 50.16.119

Pomponius 3 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 3 on q. muc.

"hereditatis" appellatio sine dubio continet etiam damnosam hereditatem: iuris enim nomen est sicuti bonorum possessio.

"inheritance" as an appellation without doubt also contains even a burdensome inheritance: for it is a juridical term, just as "possession of goods."

Dig. 50.16.120

Digest 50.16.120

Pomponius 5 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 5 on Quintus Mucius.

Verbis legis duodecim tabularum his "uti legassit suae rei, ita ius esto" latissima potestas tributa videtur et heredis instituendi et legata et libertates dandi, tutelas quoque constituendi. sed id interpretatione coangustatum est vel legum vel auctoritate iura constituentium.

By the words of the law of the Twelve Tables, these: "as he shall have made a bequest concerning his own property, so let it be law," the very broadest power seems to have been granted—both of instituting an heir and of giving legacies and liberties, and also of establishing guardianships. But this has been narrowed by interpretation, either of the laws or by the authority of those who establish the law.

Dig. 50.16.121

Digest 50.16.121

Pomponius 6 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 6 on q. muc.

Usura pecuniae, quam percipimus, in fructu non est, quia non ex ipso corpore, sed ex alia causa est, id est nova obligatione.

The interest on money, which we receive, is not a fruit, because it is not from the principal itself, but from another cause, that is, from a new obligation.

Dig. 50.16.122

Digest 50.16.122

Pomponius 8 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 8 on q. mucius.

Servius ait, si ita scriptum sit: "filio filiisque meis hosce tutores do", masculis dumtaxat tutores datos, quoniam a singulari casu hoc "filio" ad pluralem videtur transisse continentem eundem sexum, quem singularis prior positus habuisset. sed hoc facti, non iuris habet quaestionem: potest enim fieri, ut singulari casu de filio senserit, deinde plenius omnibus liberis prospexisse in tutore dando voluerit. quod magis rationabile esse videtur.

Servius says that, if it is written thus: "to my son and to my sons I give these guardians," guardians are given to males only, since from the singular case this "to my son" seems to have passed over to the plural, carrying the same sex which the prior singular, placed first, would have borne. But this raises a question of fact, not of law: for it can happen that by the singular case he meant the son, and then wished, more fully, to have provided for all the children in appointing a guardian. Which seems more reasonable.

Dig. 50.16.123

Digest 50.16.123

Pomponius 26 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 26 On Q. Mucius.

Verbum "erit" interdum etiam praeteritum nec solum futurum tempus demonstrat. quod est nobis necessarium scire et cum codicilli ita confirmati testamento fuerint: "quod in codicillis scriptum erit", utrumne futuri temporis demonstratio fiat an etiam praeteriti, si ante scriptos codicillos quis relinquat. quod quidem ex voluntate scribentis interpretandum est.

The word “erit” sometimes also denotes the past and not only the future tense. This is necessary for us to know also when codicils have been thus confirmed by a testament: “whatever shall have been written in the codicils,” whether an indication is made of the future tense or also of the past, if someone leaves codicils written before. This, indeed, must be interpreted from the will of the writer.

quemadmodum autem hoc verbum "est" non solum praesens, sed et praeteritum tempus significat, ita et hoc verbum "erit" non solum futurum, sed interdum etiam praeteritum tempus demonstrat. nam cum dicimus "lucius titius solutus est ab obligatione", et praeteritum et praesens significamus: sicut hoc "lucius titius alligatus est". et idem fit, cum ita loquimur "troia capta est": non enim ad praesentis facti demonstrationem refertur is sermo, sed ad praeteritum.

And just as this verb "est" signifies not only the present but also the past tense, so too this verb "erit" not only the future, but sometimes also indicates the past. For when we say "lucius titius is released from the obligation," we signify both the past and the present: as in this, "lucius titius is bound." And the same happens when we speak thus, "troy has been taken": for that utterance is referred not to the demonstration of a present deed, but to the past.

Dig. 50.16.124

Digest 50.16.124

Proculus 2 epist.

Proculus Letters, book 2.

Haec verba "ille aut ille" non solum disiunctiva, sed etiam subdisiunctivae orationis sunt. disiunctivum est, veluti cum dicimus "aut dies aut nox est", quorum posito altero necesse est tolli alterum, item sublato altero poni alterum. ita simili figuratione verbum potest esse subdisiunctivum.

These words “this or that” are not only disjunctive, but also of subdisjunctive discourse. It is disjunctive, as when we say “either it is day or night,” of which, when the one is posited, it is necessary that the other be removed, and likewise, when the one is taken away, the other is set. Thus by a similar figure the term can be subdisjunctive.

subdisiunctivi autem genera sunt duo: unum, cum ex propositis finibus ita non potest uterque esse, ut possit neuter esse, veluti cum dicimus "aut sedet aut ambulat": nam ut nemo potest utrumque simul facere, ita aliquis potest neutrum, veluti is qui accumbit. alterius generis est, cum ex propositis finibus ita non potest neuter esse, ut possit utrumque esse, veluti cum dicimus "omne animal aut facit aut patitur": nullum est enim quod nec faciat nec patiatur: at potest simul et facere et pati.

But the kinds of the subdisjunctive are two: one, when of the proposed alternatives it is thus not possible that both be, that it may be possible that neither be, as when we say “either he sits or he walks”; for just as no one can do both at the same time, so someone can do neither, as one who reclines. The other kind is when of the proposed alternatives it is thus not possible that neither be, that it may be possible that both be, as when we say “every animal either acts or suffers”; for there is none that neither acts nor suffers; but it can at the same time both act and suffer.

Dig. 50.16.125

Digest 50.16.125

Proculus 5 epist.

Proculus 5 epistles.

Nepos proculo suo salutem. ab eo, qui ita dotem promisit: "cum commodum erit, dotis filiae meae tibi erunt aurei centum", putasne protinus nuptiis factis dotem peti posse? quid si ita promisisset: "cum potuero, doti erunt?" quod si aliquam vim habeat posterior obligatio, "possit" verbum quomodo interpretaris, utrum aere alieno deducto an extante?

Nepos to his Proculus, greetings. As to one who has thus promised a dowry: “when it will be convenient, there will be to you one hundred aurei for the dowry of my daughter,” do you think the dowry can be demanded immediately upon the nuptials being done? What if he had promised thus: “when I am able, they shall be for the dowry”? And if the latter obligation has any force, how do you interpret the word “can,” whether with debt subtracted or with it still outstanding?

proculus: cum dotem quis ita promisit: "cum potuero, doti tibi erunt centum", existimo ad id quod actum est interpretationem redigendam esse: nam qui ambigue loquitur, id loquitur, quod ex his quae significantur sensit. propius est tamen, ut hoc eum sensisse existimem "deducto aere alieno potero". potest etiam illa accipi significatio "cum salva dignitate mea potero": quae interpretatio eo magis accipienda est, si ita promissum est "cum commodum erit", hoc est "cum sine incommodo meo potero".

proculus: when someone has thus promised a dowry, "when I am able, there shall be a hundred for you as dowry," I think the interpretation must be brought back to what was transacted: for he who speaks ambiguously says that which, from the things signified, he intended. Yet it is nearer that I should think he meant this: "I shall be able after my debt has been deducted." That sense too can be taken: "when I can with my dignity safe." And this interpretation is all the more to be accepted if it was promised thus, "when it will be convenient," that is, "when I shall be able without inconvenience to myself."

Dig. 50.16.126

Digest 50.16.126

Proculus 6 epist.

Proculus 6 letter.

Si, cum fundum tibi darem, legem ita dixi "uti optimus maximusque esset" et adieci "ius fundi deterius factum non esse per dominum, praestabitur", amplius eo praestabitur nihil, etiamsi prior pars, qua scriptum est "ut optimus maximusque sit" liberum esse significat eoque, si posterior pars adiecta non esset, liberum praestare deberem. tamen inferiore parte satis me liberatum puto, quod ad iura attinet, ne quid aliud praestare debeam, quam ius fundi per dominum deterius factum non esse.

If, when I was giving you an estate, I stated the term thus, “that it be in the best and greatest condition,” and I added, “it shall be warranted that the right of the estate has not been made worse by the owner,” nothing further will be warranted beyond that, even if the former part, wherein it is written “that it be in the best and greatest condition,” signifies that it is free, and on that account, if the latter part had not been added, I would have to warrant it as free. Nevertheless, by the latter part I consider myself sufficiently released, so far as rights are concerned, that I should not have to warrant anything other than that the right of the estate has not been made worse by the owner.

Dig. 50.16.127

Digest 50.16.127

Callistratus 4 de cogn.

Callistratus 4 On Cognitions.

"vestis" appellatione tam virilis quam muliebris et scaenica, etiamsi tragica aut citharoedica sit, continetur.

Under the appellation "garment" are contained both male and female and scenic attire, even if it is tragic or citharoedic.

Dig. 50.16.128

Digest 50.16.128

Ulpianus 1 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 1 on the Julian and Papian law

Spadonum generalis appellatio est: quo nomine tam hi, qui natura spadones sunt, item thlibiae thlasiae, sed et si quod aliud genus spadonum est, continentur.

Spadones have a general appellation: under this name are contained both those who are spadones by nature, likewise the thlibiae and thlasiae, and also, if there is any other kind of spadones, they are contained.

Dig. 50.16.129

Digest 50.16.129

Paulus 1 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 1 on the Julian and Papian law.

Qui mortui nascuntur, neque nati neque procreati videntur, quia numquam liberi appellari potuerunt.

Those who are born dead are deemed neither born nor procreated, because they could never be called children.

Dig. 50.16.130

Digest 50.16.130

Ulpianus 2 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian, Book 2 on the Julian and Papian Law.

Lege obvenire hereditatem non inproprie quis dixerit et eam, quae ex testamento defertur, quia lege duodecim tabularum testamentariae hereditates confirmantur.

One would not improperly say that an inheritance accrues by law, even that which is conferred from a testament, because by the Law of the Twelve Tables testamentary inheritances are confirmed.

Dig. 50.16.131pr.

Digest 50.16.131pr.

Ulpianus 3 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 3 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Aliud "fraus" est, aliud "poena": fraus enim sine poena esse potest, poena sine fraude esse non potest. poena est noxae vindicta, fraus et ipsa noxa dicitur et quasi poenae quaedam praeparatio.

one thing is "fraud," another "penalty": for fraud can be without a penalty, a penalty cannot be without fraud. a penalty is the retribution of a wrong, and fraud itself is called a wrong and, as it were, a certain preparation for the penalty.

Dig. 50.16.131.1

Digest 50.16.131.1

Ulpianus 3 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian, 3 on the Julian and Papian Law.

Inter "multam" autem et "poenam" multum interest, cum poena generale sit nomen omnium delictorum coercitio, multa specialis peccati, cuius animadversio hodie pecuniaria est: poena autem non tantum pecuniaria, verum capitis et existimationis irrogari solet. et multa quidem ex arbitrio eius venit, qui multam dicit: poena non irrogatur, nisi quae quaque lege vel quo alio iure specialiter huic delicto imposita est: quin immo multa ibi dicitur, ubi specialis poena non est imposita. item multam is dicere potest, cui iudicatio data est: magistratus solos et praesides provinciarum posse multam dicere mandatis permissum est.

Between "multam" and "poenam" there is much difference, since poena is the general name for the coercion of all offenses, but multa is of a particular offense, whose punitive animadversion today is pecuniary; whereas poena is wont to be imposed not only pecuniarily, but also upon life and standing. And indeed a mulct comes from the discretion of him who declares the mulct; a penalty is not imposed, except that which by some law or by some other right has been specifically laid upon this offense; nay rather, a mulct is declared where a special penalty has not been imposed. Likewise, he can declare a mulct to whom authority to adjudicate has been given: by mandates it is permitted that only magistrates and provincial governors can declare a mulct.

poenam autem unusquisque inrogare potest, cui huius criminis sive delicti exsecutio competit.

But the penalty can be imposed by anyone to whom the execution of this crime or delict pertains.

Dig. 50.16.132pr.

Digest 50.16.132pr.

Paulus 3 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 3 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

"anniculus" amittitur, qui extremo anni die moritur. et consuetudo loquendi id ita esse declarat: "ante diem decimum kalendarum", "post diem decimum kalendarum": neutro enim sermone undecim dies significantur.

"anniculus" is lost in the case of one who dies on the last day of the year. And the usage of speech declares this to be so: "on the tenth day before the Kalends," "after the tenth day before the Kalends": for in neither expression are eleven days signified.

Dig. 50.16.132.1

Digest 50.16.132.1

Paulus 3 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus Book 3 on the Julian and Papian law.

Falsum est eam peperisse, cui mortuae filius exsectus est.

It is false that she gave birth, in whose case, being dead, a son was excised.

Dig. 50.16.133

Digest 50.16.133

Ulpianus 4 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 4 on the Julian and Papian law.

Si quis sic dixerit "ut intra diem mortis eius aliquid fiat", ipse quoque dies, quo quis mortuus est, numeratur.

If someone has so stated, "that something be done within the day of his death," the very day on which the person died is also counted.

Dig. 50.16.134

Digest 50.16.134

Paulus 2 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 2 on the Julian and Papian Law.

"anniculus" non statim ut natus est, sed trecentesimo sexagensimo quinto die dicitur, incipiente plane, non exacto die, quia annum civiliter non ad momenta temporum, sed ad dies numeramus.

"anniculus" is said not straightway upon birth, but on the 365th day, with the day begun, to be sure, not completed, because we reckon a year civilly not by the moments of times, but by days.

Dig. 50.16.135

Digest 50.16.135

Ulpianus 4 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian, 4 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Quaeret aliquis si portentosum vel monstrosum vel debilem mulier ediderit vel qualem visu vel vagitu novum, non humanae figurae, sed alterius, magis animalis quam hominis, partum, an, quia enixa est, prodesse ei debeat? et magis est, ut haec quoque parentibus prosint: nec enim est quod eis imputetur, quae qualiter potuerunt, statutis obtemperaverunt, neque id quod fataliter accessit, matri damnum iniungere debet.

Someone will ask: if a woman has brought forth a portentous or monstrous or debilitated child, or a birth novel either in appearance or in cry, not of human figure but of another—more animal than human—should it, because she has given birth, benefit her? And the stronger view is that these too should profit the parents: for there is nothing that can be imputed to them; they, as they were able, have obeyed the statutes; nor should that which came about fatally impose loss upon the mother.

Dig. 50.16.136

Digest 50.16.136

Ulpianus 5 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian book 5 on the Lex Julia and Papia

"generi" appellatione et neptis et proneptis tam ex filio quam ex filia editorum ceterarumque maritos contineri manifestum est.

It is manifest that under the appellation "generi" are contained the husbands both of a granddaughter and of a great-granddaughter, whether born from a son or from a daughter, and the husbands of the other [female descendants].

Dig. 50.16.137

Digest 50.16.137

Paulus 2 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 2 on the Julian and Papian law.

"ter enixa" videtur etiam quae trigeminos pepererit.

"ter enixa" is considered to include also one who has brought forth triplets.

Dig. 50.16.138

Digest 50.16.138

Paulus 4 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 4 on the Julian and Papian law.

"hereditatis" appellatione bonorum quoque possessio continetur.

by the appellation "inheritance," the possession of the goods is included as well.

Dig. 50.16.139pr.

Digest 50.16.139 pr.

Ulpianus 7 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 7 on the Julian and Papian law.

Aedificia "romae" fieri etiam ea videntur, quae in continentibus romae aedificiis fiant.

Edifices are deemed to be made "at rome" even those which are made in edifices contiguous with the edifices at Rome.

Dig. 50.16.139.1

Digest 50.16.139.1

Ulpianus 7 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 7 on the Julian and Papian Laws

"perfecisse" aedificium is videtur, qui ita consummavit, ut iam in usu esse possit.

He is considered to have "perfected" a building who has so consummated it that it can already be in use.

Dig. 50.16.140

Digest 50.16.140

Paulus 6 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 6 on the Julian and Papian law.

"cepisse" quis intellegitur, quamvis alii adquisiit.

"to have taken" one is understood, although he has acquired for another.

Dig. 50.16.141

Digest 50.16.141

Ulpianus 8 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 8 on the Julian and Papian laws.

Etiam ea mulier cum moreretur creditur filium habere, quae exciso utero edere possit. nec non etiam alio casu mulier potest habere filium, quem mortis tempore non habuit, ut puta eum qui ab hostibus remeabit.

Even the woman, when she was dying, is believed to have a son, who can be brought forth with the womb excised. Likewise also, in another case, a woman can have a son whom at the time of death she did not have, for instance one who will return from the enemies.

Dig. 50.16.142

Digest 50.16.142

Paulus 6 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 6 on the Julian and Papian law.

Triplici modo coniunctio intellegitur: aut enim re per se coniunctio contingit, aut re et verbis, aut verbis tantum. nec dubium est, quin coniuncti sint, quos et nominum et rei complexus iungit, veluti "titius et maevius ex parte dimidia heredes sunto", vel ita "titius maeviusque heredes sunto", vel "titius cum maevio ex parte dimidia heredes sunto". videamus autem, ne etiam si hos articulos detrahas "et" "que" "cum", interdum tamen coniunctos accipi oporteat, veluti "lucius titius, publius maevius ex parte dimidia heredes sunto", vel ita "publius maevius, lucius titius heredes sunto. sempronius ex parte dimidia heres esto", ut titius et maevius veniant in partem dimidiam et re et verbis coniuncti videantur.

Conjunction is understood in a triple manner: for either a conjunction occurs by the thing itself, or by the thing and by words, or by words only. Nor is there doubt that they are conjoined whom the embracing of both names and the thing joins, as, for example, "titius and maevius shall be heirs in a half part," or thus "titius and maevius shall be heirs," or "titius with maevius shall be heirs in a half part." But let us consider whether, even if you remove these particles "and" "‑que" "with," nevertheless sometimes they ought to be taken as conjoined, as "lucius titius, publius maevius shall be heirs in a half part," or thus "publius maevius, lucius titius shall be heirs. sempronius shall be heir in a half part," so that titius and maevius come into the half part and seem to be conjoined both by the thing and by words.

"lucius titius ex parte dimidia heres esto. seius ex parte, qua lucium titium heredem institui, heres esto. sempronius ex parte dimidia heres esto". iulianus dubitari posse, tres semisses facti sint an titius in eundem semissem cum gaio seio institutus sit.

"let lucius titius be heir as to a half share. let seius be heir in the share in which i have instituted lucius titius as heir. let sempronius be heir as to a half share." julian says it can be doubted whether three half-shares have been made, or whether titius has been instituted into the same half-share together with gaius seius.

sed eo, quod sempronius quoque ex parte dimidia scriptus est, verisimilius esse in eundem semissem duos coactos et coniunctim heredes scriptos esse.

but because Sempronius too is written for a half share, it is more plausible that two were brought together into the same half-share and were written as heirs conjointly.

Dig. 50.16.143

Digest 50.16.143

Ulpianus 9 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 9 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Id "apud se" quis "habere" videtur, de quo habet actionem: habetur enim quod peti potest.

One is considered to "have" something "with himself" in regard to which he has an action: for that is held which can be claimed.

Dig. 50.16.144

Digest 50.16.144

Paulus 10 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 10 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Libro memorialium massurius scribit "pellicem" apud antiquos eam habitam, quae, cum uxor non esset, cum aliquo tamen vivebat: quam nunc vero nomine amicam, paulo honestiore concubinam appellari. granius flaccus in libro de iure papiriano scribit pellicem nunc volgo vocari, quae cum eo, cui uxor sit, corpus misceat: quosdam eam, quae uxoris loco sine nuptiis in domo sit, quam pallakyn graeci vocant.

in the book of Memorials Massurius writes that “pellicem” among the ancients was considered to be her who, although she was not a wife, nevertheless lived with someone: whom now, however, they call by the name “amica,” or, with a slightly more honorable term, “concubine.” granius flaccus in the book On the Papirian Law writes that a “pellex” is now commonly called the woman who mingles her body with one who has a wife: some [say it is] she who, in the house without nuptials, is in the place of a wife, which the Greeks call pallakyn.

Dig. 50.16.145

Digest 50.16.145

Ulpianus 10 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 10 on the Julian and Papian laws.

"virilis" appellatione interdum etiam totam hereditatem contineri dicendum est.

It must be said that under the appellation "virilis" sometimes even the entire inheritance is contained.

Dig. 50.16.146

Digest 50.16.146

Clementius 2 ad l. iul. et pap.

Clementius 2 on the Lex Julia and Papia

"soceri" "socrus" appellatione avum quoque et aviam uxoris vel mariti contineri respondetur.

It is answered that under the appellation "soceri" and "socrus" the grandfather and the grandmother of the wife or of the husband are also included.

Dig. 50.16.147

Digest 50.16.147

Clementius 3 ad l. iul. et pap.

Clementius 3 on the Julian and Papian law.

Qui in continentibus urbis nati sunt, "romae" nati intelleguntur.

Those who were born in the contiguous parts of the city are understood to have been born "at rome."

Dig. 50.16.148

Digest 50.16.148

Gaius 8 ad l. iul. et pap.

Gaius 8 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est: haec enim enuntiatio "habet liberos" "non habet liberos" semper plurativo numero profertur, sicut et pugillares et codicilli:

He is not without children who has even one son or even one daughter: for this enunciation "has children" "does not have children" is always put forth in the plural number, just as are writing‑tablets and codicils:

Dig. 50.16.149

Digest 50.16.149

Gaius 10 ad l. iul. et pap.

Gaius 10 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Nam quem sine liberis esse dicere non possumus, hunc necesse est dicamus liberos habere.

For one whom we cannot say is without children, it is necessary that we say he has children.

Dig. 50.16.150

Digest 50.16.150

Gaius 9 ad l. iul. et pap.

Gaius 9 on the Julian and Papian law.

Si ita a te stipulatus fuero: "quanto minus a titio consecutus fuero, tantum dare spondes ?", non solet dubitari, quin, si nihil a titio fuero consecutus, totum debeas quod titius debuerit.

If I have stipulated from you thus: "however much less I have recovered from Titius, do you promise to give that much ?", it is not usually doubted that, if I have recovered nothing from Titius, you owe the whole that Titius owed.

Dig. 50.16.151

Digest 50.16.151

Clementius 5 ad l. iul. et pap.

Clementius 5 on the Julian and Papian law.

"delata "hereditas intellegitur, quam quis possit adeundo consequi.

"devolved "inheritance is understood, which someone can obtain by entering upon it.

Dig. 50.16.152

Digest 50.16.152

Gaius 10 ad l. iul. et pap.

Gaius 10 on the Julian and Papian laws.

"hominis" appellatione tam feminam quam masculum contineri non dubitatur.

There is no doubt that under the appellation "human being" both female and male are contained.

Dig. 50.16.153

Digest 50.16.153

Clementius 11 ad l. iul. et pap.

Clementius 11 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Intellegendus est mortis tempore fuisse, qui in utero relictus est.

He who was left in the womb is to be understood to have existed at the time of death.

Dig. 50.16.154

Digest 50.16.154

Macer 1 ad l. vices.

Macer 1 on the Law of the Twentieth.

Mille passus non a miliario urbis, sed a continentibus aedificiis numerandi sunt.

A thousand paces are to be counted not from the city's milestone, but from the continuous edifices.

Dig. 50.16.155

Digest 50.16.155

Licinius 7 reg.

Licinius 7 years' reign.

"proximi" appellatione etiam ille continetur, qui solus est.

By the appellation "next of kin," even he is included who is the only one.

Dig. 50.16.156

Digest 50.16.156

Licinius 10 reg.

Licinius 10 years reigned.

"maiore parte anni" possedisse quis intellegitur, etiamsi duobus mensibus possederit, si modo adversarius eius aut paucioribus diebus aut nullis possederit.

One is understood to have “by the greater part of the year” possessed, even if he has possessed for two months, provided that his adversary has possessed either for fewer days or not at all.

Dig. 50.16.157pr.

Digest 50.16.157 pr.

Gallus 1 de verb. sign.

Gallus 1 on the signification of words.

"paries" est, sive murus sive maceria est.

"paries" is, whether it is a wall (murus) or a rubble-wall (maceria).

Dig. 50.16.157.1

Digest 50.16.157.1

Gallus 1 de verb. sign.

Gallus 1 on the signification of words.

Item "via" est, sive semita sive iter est.

Likewise, a "way" exists, whether it is a footpath or a right of way.

Dig. 50.16.158

Digest 50.16.158

Celsus 25 Dig.

Celsus 25 Digest.

In usu iuris frequenter uti nos cascellius ait singulari appellatione, cum plura generis eiusdem significare vellemus: nam "multum hominem venisse romam" et "piscem vilem esse" dicimus. item in stipulando satis habemus de herede cavere "si ea res secundum me heredemve meum iudicata erit" et rursus "quod ob eam rem te heredemve tuum": nempe aeque si plures heredes sint, continentur stipulatione.

In the usage of law we frequently employ, Cascellius says, the singular appellation, when we would wish to signify several of the same kind: for we say "much man has come to Rome" and "fish is cheap." Likewise, in stipulating we consider it enough to take security concerning the heir with "if that matter shall be adjudged in favor of me or my heir," and again with "whatever, on account of that matter, to you or your heir": namely, that equally, if there are several heirs, they are included within the stipulation.

Dig. 50.16.159

Digest 50.16.159

Ulpianus 1 ad sab.

Ulpian 1 on Sabinus.

Etiam aureos nummos "aes" dicimus.

We also call gold coins "aes".

Dig. 50.16.160

Digest 50.16.160

Ulpianus 2 ad sab.

Ulpian 2 on Sabinus.

"ceterorum" et "reliquorum" appellatione etiam omnes continentur, ut Marcellus dixit circa eum, cui optio servi legata est, ceteri sempronio: nam temptat, si non optet, omnes ad sempronium pertinere.

"of the others" and "of the remainder" by their appellation also include all, as Marcellus said concerning the one to whom the option of a slave was bequeathed, "the others to Sempronius": for he tests that, if he should not choose, all pertain to Sempronius.

Dig. 50.16.161

Digest 50.16.161

Ulpianus 7 ad sab.

Ulpian, 7 on Sabinus.

Non est "pupillus", qui in utero est.

He is not a ward who is in the womb.

Dig. 50.16.162pr.

Digest 50.16.162, preface.

Pomponius 2 ad sab.

Pomponius 2 On Sabinus.

In vulgari substitutione, qua ei qui "supremus" morietur heres substituitur, recte substitutus etiam unico intellegitur, exemplo duodecim tabularum, ex quibus "proximus" adgnatus et solus habetur.

In a vulgar substitution, by which a substitute heir is appointed for him who will die "last," the substitute is rightly understood even in the case of a single heir, by the example of the Twelve Tables, from which the "nearest" agnate is held to be such even when he is the only one.

Dig. 50.16.162.1

Digest 50.16.162.1

Pomponius 2 ad sab.

Pomponius 2 On Sabinus.

Si quis ita in testamento scripserit "si quid filio meo acciderit, dama servus meus liber esto", mortuo filio dama liber erit. licet enim "accidunt" et vivis, sed vulgi sermone etiam mors significatur.

If someone should write thus in a testament, "If anything should befall my son, let my slave Dama be free," then, the son having died, Dama will be free. For although "accidents" befall even the living, yet in the speech of the common people death also is signified.

Dig. 50.16.163pr.

Digest 50.16.163, beginning.

Paulus 2 ad sab.

Paulus 2 on Sabinus.

Illa verba "optimus maximusque" vel in eum cadere possunt, qui solus est. sic et circa edictum praetoris "supremae tabulae" habentur et solae.

Those words "best and greatest" can also be applicable to him who is the only one. So too, in regard to the praetor’s edict, the "final tablets" are recognized, and they alone.

Dig. 50.16.163.1

Digest 50.16.163.1

Paulus 2 ad sab.

Paulus 2 on sab.

"pueri" appellatione etiam puella significatur: nam et feminas puerperas appellant recentes ex partu et graece paidion communiter appellatur.

"pueri" by appellation even a girl is signified: for they also call females puerperae, women recent from parturition, and in Greek the term paidion is commonly used.

Dig. 50.16.164pr.

Digest 50.16.164, preface.

Ulpianus 15 ad sab.

Ulpian 15 on Sabinus.

Nomen "filiarum" et in postumam cadere quaestionis non est, quamvis "postumae" non cadere in eam, quae iam in rebus humanis sit, certum sit.

The name "daughters" also falls upon a posthumous [daughter]; there is no question of this, although it is certain that "postumae" does not fall upon her who is already in human affairs.

Dig. 50.16.164.1

Digest 50.16.164.1

Ulpianus 15 ad sab.

Ulpian 15 on Sabinus.

"partitionis" nomen non semper dimidium significat, sed prout est adiectum. potest enim iuberi aliquis et maximam partiri: posse et vicensimam et tertiam et prout libuerit. sed si non fuerit portio adiecta, dimidia pars debetur.

The name of "partition" does not always signify a half, but according as it is adjoined. For someone can be ordered to apportion even the greatest share: it is possible also to apportion a twentieth and a third and as it may have pleased. But if a portion has not been adjoined, a half is owed.

Dig. 50.16.164.2

Digest 50.16.164.2

Ulpianus 15 ad sab.

Ulpian 15 on Sabinus.

"habere" sicut pervenire ^ pervobire^ cum effectu accipiendum est.

"to have," just as "to arrive" ^ pervobire^, is to be understood with effect.

Dig. 50.16.165

Digest 50.16.165

Pomponius 5 ad sab.

Pomponius 5 on Sabinus.

Venisse ad heredem nihil intellegitur nisi deducto aere alieno.

Nothing is considered to have come to the heir unless after deduction of the debt.

Dig. 50.16.166pr.

Digest 50.16.166pr.

Pomponius 6 ad sab.

Pomponius 6 on Sabinus.

"urbana familia" et "rustica" non loco, sed genere distinguitur: potest enim aliquis dispensator non esse servorum urbanorum numero: veluti is, qui rusticarum rerum rationes dispenset ibique habitet. non multum abest a vilico insularius: autem urbanorum numero est. videndum tamen est, ipse dominus quorum loco quemque habuerit: quod ex numero familiae et vicariis apparebit.

"urban household" and "rural" are distinguished not by place, but by kind: for a certain steward may not be in the count of the urban slaves; for instance, one who manages the accounts of rural affairs and resides there. An apartment-manager is not far from a farm-bailiff; however, he is in the number of the urban slaves. Nevertheless, it must be considered in what category the master himself has held each person: this will be apparent from the number of the household and from the vicarii.

Dig. 50.16.166.1

Digest 50.16.166.1

Pomponius 6 ad sab.

Pomponius 6 on Sabinus.

"pernoctare extra urbem" intellegendus est, qui nulla parte noctis in urbe est: "per" enim totam noctem significat.

"to spend the night outside the city" is to be understood of one who is in the city for no part of the night: for "per" signifies the whole night.

Dig. 50.16.167

Digest 50.16.167

Ulpianus 25 ad sab.

Ulpian 25 on Sabinus.

"carbonum" appellatione materiam non contineri: sed an "lignorum?" et fortassis quis dicet nec lignorum: non enim lignorum gratia habuit. sed et titiones et alia ligna cocta ne fumum faciant utrum ligno an carboni an suo generi adnumerabimus? et magis est, ut proprium genus habeatur.

by the appellation "carbonum" material (timber) is not contained: but what of "lignorum?" and perhaps someone will say not even of wood: for he did not have it for the sake of wood. but as to firebrands (titiones) and other wood cooked so that they may not make smoke, shall we reckon them to wood, or to coal, or to their own kind? and it is more correct that they be held to have a proper genus.

sulpurata quoque de ligno aeque eandem habebunt definitionem. ad faces quoque parata non erunt lignorum appellatione comprehensa, nisi haec fuit voluntas. idem et de nucleis olivarum, sed et de balanis est, vel si qui alii nuclei.

Wood likewise sulphurated will equally have the same definition. Things prepared also for torches will not be comprehended under the appellation of “wood,” unless this was the intention. The same holds for the kernels (nuclei) of olives, and also for acorns, or whatever other kernels.

de pinu autem integri strobili ligni appellatione continebuntur.

as for pine, however, whole cones will be contained under the appellation of wood.

Dig. 50.16.168

Digest 50.16.168

Paulus 4 ad sab.

Paulus 4 on Sabinus.

Pali et perticae in numerum materiae redigendi sunt, et ideo "lignorum" appellatione non continentur.

Stakes and poles are to be classed in the category of timber, and therefore are not contained under the appellation “wood.”

Dig. 50.16.169

Digest 50.16.169

Paulus 5 ad sab.

Paulus, 5 on Sabinus.

Non tantum in traditionibus, sed et in emptionibus et stipulationibus et testamentis adiectio haec "uti optimus maximusque est" hoc significat, ut liberum praestetur praedium, non ut etiam servitutes ei debeantur.

Not only in traditions, but also in purchases and stipulations and testaments, this addition “as it is best and greatest” signifies that the estate be furnished free, not that servitudes are also owed to it.

Dig. 50.16.170

Digest 50.16.170

Ulpianus 33 ad sab.

Ulpian, 33 on sab.

"heredis" appellatione omnes significari successores credendum est, etsi verbis non sint expressi.

It is to be believed that under the appellation "heir" all successors are signified, even if they are not expressed in words.

Dig. 50.16.171

Digest 50.16.171

Pomponius 16 ad sab.

Pomponius 16 on Sabinus.

"pervenisse ad te" recte dicitur, quod per te ad alium pervenerit, ut in hereditate a liberto per patronum filium familias patri eius adoptivo adquisita responsum est.

"to have come to you" is said correctly, because through you it has come to another, as it has been ruled in the case of an inheritance from a freedman acquired, through the patron’s son-in-power, for that son’s adoptive father.

Dig. 50.16.172

Digest 50.16.172

Ulpianus 38 ad sab.

Ulpian 38 on Sabinus.

"liberti" appellatione etiam libertam contineri placuit.

It was decided that under the appellation "liberti" a freedwoman also is included.

Dig. 50.16.173pr.

Digest 50.16.173pr.

Ulpianus 39 ad sab.

Ulpian, 39 on Sabinus.

"collegarum" appellatione hi continentur, qui sunt eiusdem potestatis.

By the appellation "colleagues" are contained those who are of the same authority.

Dig. 50.16.173.1

Digest 50.16.173.1

Ulpianus 39 ad sab.

Ulpian 39 on Sabinus.

Qui extra continentia urbis est, "abest": ceterum usque ad continentia non abesse videbitur.

Whoever is outside the city's contiguities is "absent"; however, up to the contiguities he will be seen as not absent.

Dig. 50.16.174

Digest 50.16.174

Ulpianus 42 ad sab.

Ulpian 42 on Sabinus.

Aliud est promittere "furem non esse", aliud "furto noxaque solutum": qui enim dicit furem non esse, de hominis proposito loquitur, qui furtis noxaque solutum, nemini esse furti obligatum promittit.

It is one thing to promise "that he is not a thief," another "that he is free from theft and noxa": for he who says that he is not a thief speaks about the man’s purpose, whereas he who says he is free from thefts and noxa promises that he is obligated to no one for theft.

Dig. 50.16.175

Digest 50.16.175

Pomponius 22 ad sab.

Pomponius 22 on Sabinus.

"faciendi" verbo reddendi etiam causa continetur.

Under the word "faciendi" the purpose of "reddendi" is also contained.

Dig. 50.16.176

Digest 50.16.176

Ulpianus 45 ad sab.

Ulpian 45 on Sabinus.

"solutionis" verbo satisfactionem quoque omnem accipiendam placet. "solvere "dicimus eum, qui fecit quod facere promisit.

"it is settled that by the word "solution" every satisfaction is also to be understood. "to pay "we say of him who has done what he promised to do.

Dig. 50.16.177

Digest 50.16.177

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 On Sabinus.

Natura cavillationis, quam graeci swrityn appellaverunt, haec est, ut ab evidenter veris per brevissimas mutationes disputatio ad ea, quae evidenter falsa sunt, perducatur.

The nature of cavillation, which the Greeks called the Sorites, is this: that from things evidently true, by the briefest mutations, the disputation is conducted to those which are evidently false.

Dig. 50.16.178pr.

Digest 50.16.178pr.

Ulpianus 49 ad sab.

Ulpian, 49 on Sabinus.

"pecuniae" verbum non solum numeratam pecuniam complectitur, verum omnem omnino pecuniam, hoc est omnia corpora: nam corpora quoque pecuniae appellatione contineri nemo est qui ambiget.

The word "pecunia" embraces not only counted money, but indeed all money whatsoever, that is, all bodies (corporeal things): for that bodies too are contained under the appellation of "pecunia" there is no one who will doubt.

Dig. 50.16.178.1

Digest 50.16.178.1

Ulpianus 49 ad sab.

Ulpian 49 On Sabinus.

"hereditas" iuris nomen est, quod et accessionem et decessionem in se recipit: hereditas autem vel maxime fructibus augetur.

"inheritance" is a term of law, which admits into itself both accession and decession: inheritance, moreover, is most especially increased by fruits.

Dig. 50.16.178.2

Digest 50.16.178.2

Ulpianus 49 ad sab.

Ulpian 49 on Sabinus.

"actionis" verbum et speciale est et generale. nam omnis actio dicitur, sive in personam sive in rem sit petitio: sed plerumque "actiones" personales solemus dicere. "petitionis" autem verbo in rem actiones significari videntur.

The term "actionis" is both special and general. For every claim is called an "actio," whether the petition be in personam or in rem; but for the most part we are accustomed to call "actiones" personal actions. By the word "petitionis," however, actions in rem seem to be signified.

"persecutionis" verbo extraordinarias persecutiones puto contineri, ut puta fideicommissorum et si quae aliae sunt, quae non habent iuris ordinarii exsecutionem.

"By the word 'persecution' I think extraordinary prosecutions are included, for example those of fideicommissa, and any others that do not have execution under the ordinary law."

Dig. 50.16.178.3

Digest 50.16.178.3

Ulpianus 49 ad sab.

Ulpian 49 on Sabinus.

Hoc verbum "debuit" omnem omnino actionem comprehendere intellegitur, sive civilis sive honoraria sive fideicommissi fuit persecutio.

This word "debuit" is understood to comprehend absolutely every action, whether the pursuit was civil or honorary, or of a fideicommissum.

Dig. 50.16.179

Digest 50.16.179

Ulpianus 51 ad sab.

Ulpian 51 on Sabinus.

Inter haec verba "quanti ea res erit" vel "quanti eam rem esse paret" nihil interest: in utraque enim clausula placet veram rei aestimationem fieri.

Between these words "how much that thing will be worth" or "how much that thing appears to be worth" there is no difference: for in each clause it is held that a true estimation of the thing is to be made.

Dig. 50.16.180pr.

Digest 50.16.180pr.

Pomponius 30 ad sab.

Pomponius 30 to Sabinus.

"tugurii" appellatione omne aedificium, quod rusticae magis custodiae convenit quam urbanis aedibus, significatur.

by the appellation "tugurium" is signified every building that is more suitable to rustic custody than to urban dwellings.

Dig. 50.16.180.1

Digest 50.16.180.1

Pomponius 30 ad sab.

Pomponius 30 on Sabinus.

Ofilius ait tugurium a tecto tamquam tegularium esse dictum, ut toga, quod ea tegamur.

Ofilius says that “tugurium” is said from “tectum,” as if “tegularium,” just like “toga,” because by it we are covered.

Dig. 50.16.181

Digest 50.16.181

Pomponius 35 ad sab.

Pomponius 35 on Sabinus.

Verbum illud "pertinere" latissime patet: nam et eis rebus petendis aptum est, quae dominii nostri sint, et eis, quas iure aliquo possideamus, quamvis non sint nostri dominii: pertinere ad nos etiam ea dicimus, quae in nulla eorum causa sint, sed esse possint.

The word “pertain” has a very broad scope: for it is apt both for claiming those things which are of our dominion, and for those which we possess by some right, although they are not of our dominion; we also say that things pertain to us which fall under none of those titles, but could do so.

Dig. 50.16.182

Digest 50.16.182

Ulpianus 27 ad ed.

Ulpian, 27 on the Edict.

Pater familias liber "peculium" non potest habere, quemadmodum nec servus "bona".

A paterfamilias, a free man, cannot have a "peculium," just as a slave cannot have "goods."

Dig. 50.16.183

Digest 50.16.183

Ulpianus 28 ad ed.

Ulpian, 28 on the Edict.

"tabernae" appellatio declarat ^ delarat^ omne utile ad habitandum aedificium, non ex eo quod tabulis cluditur.

The appellation "tabernae" declares ^ delarat^ every building useful for dwelling, not from the fact that it is shut with boards.

Dig. 50.16.184

Digest 50.16.184

Paulus 30 ad ed.

Paulus 30 on the Edict.

Inde tabernacula et contubernales dicti sunt.

Hence tabernacles and contubernals are so named.

Dig. 50.16.185

Digest 50.16.185

Ulpianus 28 ad ed.

Ulpian, 28 on the Edict.

"instructam" autem tabernam sic accipiemus, quae et rebus et hominibus ad negotiationem paratis constat.

We will take an "equipped" shop thus: one which consists of both goods and persons prepared for commerce.

Dig. 50.16.186

Digest 50.16.186

Ulpianus 30 ad ed.

Ulpian, 30 on the Edict.

"commendare" nihil aliud est quam deponere.

"to commend" is nothing other than to deposit.

Dig. 50.16.187

Digest 50.16.187

Ulpianus 32 ad ed.

Ulpian 32 on the Edict.

Verbum "exactae pecuniae" non solum ad solutionem referendum est, verum etiam ad delegationem.

The term "exacted money" ought to be referred not only to payment, but also to delegation.

Dig. 50.16.188pr.

Digest 50.16.188, preface.

Paulus 33 ad ed.

Paulus 33 on the Edict.

"habere" duobus modis dicitur, altero iure dominii, altero optinere sine interpellatione id quod quis emerit.

"to have" is said in two ways, in the one by the right of dominion, in the other to hold without interpellation that which someone has bought.

Dig. 50.16.188.1

Digest 50.16.188.1

Paulus 33 ad ed.

Paulus 33 On the Edict.

"cautum" intellegitur, sive personis sive rebus cautum sit.

"cautum" is understood, whether it be provided for persons or for things.

Dig. 50.16.189

Digest 50.16.189

Paulus 34 ad ed.

Paulus 34 on the Edict.

"facere oportere" et hanc significationem habet, ut abstineat quis ab eo facto, quod contra conventionem fieret, et curaret ne fiat.

"to be obliged to do" also has this signification, that one abstain from that act which would be done contrary to the convention, and see to it that it not be done.

Dig. 50.16.190

Digest 50.16.190

Ulpianus 34 ad ed.

Ulpian, 34 on the edict.

"provinciales" eos accipere debemus, qui in provincia domicilium habent, non eos, qui ex provincia oriundi sunt.

We ought to understand "provincials" as those who have domicile in a province, not those who are originally from a province.

Dig. 50.16.191

Digest 50.16.191

Paulus 35 ad ed.

Paulus 35 On the Edict.

Inter "divortium" et "repudium" hoc interest, quod repudiari etiam futurum matrimonium potest, non recte autem sponsa divortisse dicitur, quod divortium ex eo dictum est, quod in diversas partes eunt qui discedunt.

Between "divorce" and "repudiation" this is the difference: even a future matrimony can be repudiated; however, it is not correct to say that a betrothed woman has "divorced," because "divorce" is so called from the fact that those who depart go into diverse parts.

Dig. 50.16.192

Digest 50.16.192

Ulpianus 37 ad ed.

Ulpian 37 on the edict.

Haec adiectio "plurisve" non infinitam pecuniam continet, sed modicam, ut taxatio haec "solidos decem plurisve" ad minutulam summam referatur.

This addition "plurisve" does not comprise an unlimited sum of money, but a moderate one, so that this assessment "solidos decem plurisve" is referred to a very minute amount.

Dig. 50.16.193

Digest 50.16.193

Ulpianus 38 ad ed.

Ulpian, 38 on the Edict.

Haec verba "quanti eam rem paret esse" non ad quod interest, sed ad rei aestimationem referuntur.

These words "quanti eam rem paret esse" pertain not to quod interest, but to the valuation of the thing.

Dig. 50.16.194

Digest 50.16.194

Ulpianus 43 ad ed.

Ulpian 43 On the Edict.

Inter "donum" et "munus" hoc interest, quod inter genus et speciem: nam genus esse donum labeo a donando dictum, munus speciem: nam munus esse donum cum causa, ut puta natalicium, nuptalicium.

Between "donum" and "munus" there is this difference, that between genus and species: for "donum" is the genus, Labeo says, from "donare" (to donate/give), "munus" the species; for a "munus" is a gift with a cause, for example a natal (birthday) gift, a nuptial (wedding) gift.

Dig. 50.16.195pr.

Digest 50.16.195pr.

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian, 46 on the Edict.

Pronuntiatio sermonis in sexu masculino ad utrumque sexum plerumque porrigitur.

The expression of discourse in the masculine gender is for the most part extended to both sexes.

Dig. 50.16.195.1

Digest 50.16.195.1

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian 46 On the Edict.

"familiae" appellatio qualiter accipiatur, videamus. et quidem varie accepta est: nam et in res et in personas deducitur. in res, ut puta in lege duodecim tabularum his verbis "adgnatus proximus familiam habeto". ad personas autem refertur familiae significatio ita, cum de patrono et liberto loquitur lex: "ex ea familia", inquit, "in eam familiam": et hic de singularibus personis legem loqui constat.

Let us see in what manner the appellation “familiae” is to be received. And indeed it has been received in various ways: for it is derived both into things and into persons. Into things, for example, in the Law of the Twelve Tables in these words: “let the nearest agnate have the estate (familia).” But it is referred to persons in this way, when the law speaks about the patron and the freedman: “from that family,” it says, “into that family”; and here it is agreed that the law is speaking about individual persons.

Dig. 50.16.195.2

Digest 50.16.195.2

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian, 46 on the Edict.

Familiae appellatio refertur et ad corporis cuiusdam significationem, quod aut iure proprio ipsorum aut communi universae cognationis continetur. iure proprio familiam dicimus plures personas, quae sunt sub unius potestate aut natura aut iure subiectae, ut puta patrem familias, matrem familias, filium familias, filiam familias quique deinceps vicem eorum sequuntur, ut puta nepotes et neptes et deinceps. pater autem familias appellatur, qui in domo dominium habet, recteque hoc nomine appellatur, quamvis filium non habeat: non enim solam personam eius, sed et ius demonstramus: denique et pupillum patrem familias appellamus.

The appellation of “family” is also referred to the signification of a certain body, which is contained either by their own proper right or by the common right of the entire kindred. By proper right we call a family several persons who are under the power of one, subjected either by nature or by law, for instance the pater familias, mater familias, filius familias, filia familias, and those who thereafter take their place, for instance grandsons and granddaughters and so on. But pater familias is called the one who has dominion in the house, and he is rightly called by this name, although he may not have a son: for we point out not only his person, but also the right; finally, even a ward we call a pater familias.

et cum pater familias moritur, quotquot capita ei subiecta fuerint, singulas familias incipiunt habere: singuli enim patrum familiarum nomen subeunt. idemque eveniet et in eo qui emancipatus est: nam et hic sui iuris effectus propriam familiam habet. communi iure familiam dicimus omnium adgnatorum: nam etsi patre familias mortuo singuli singulas familias habent, tamen omnes, qui sub unius potestate fuerunt, recte eiusdem familiae appellabuntur, qui ex eadem domo et gente proditi sunt.

and when the pater familias dies, however many heads were subject to him begin to have individual families: for each individually takes on the name pater familias. the same will happen also in the case of one who has been emancipated: for he too, having become sui iuris, has his own proper family. by the common law we call “family” the totality of the agnates: for even if, with the pater familias dead, individuals have individual families, nevertheless all who were under the power of one will rightly be called of the same family, who have come forth from the same house and clan.

Dig. 50.16.195.3

Digest 50.16.195.3

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian, 46 on the Edict

Servitutium quoque solemus appellare familias, ut in edicto praetoris ostendimus sub titulo de furtis, ubi praetor loquitur de familia publicanorum. sed ibi non omnes servi, sed corpus quoddam servorum demonstratur huius rei causa paratum, hoc est vectigalis causa. alia autem parte edicti omnes servi continentur: ut de hominibus coactis et vi bonorum raptorum, item redhibitoria, si deterior res reddatur emptoris opera aut familiae eius, et interdicto unde vi familiae appellatio omnes servos comprehendit.

We are also accustomed to call bodies of slaves “familiae,” as we have shown in the praetor’s edict under the title On Thefts, where the praetor speaks of the familia of the publicans. But there not all slaves are indicated, but a certain body of slaves prepared for this matter, that is, for the sake of the tax-revenue. In another part of the edict, however, all slaves are contained: as in the section On Assembled Persons and On Goods Carried Off by Force, likewise in the redhibitory action, if the thing is returned in worse condition through the agency of the buyer or of his familia, and in the interdict unde vi the appellation “familia” comprehends all slaves.

sed et filii continentur.

but the sons are also included.

Dig. 50.16.195.4

Digest 50.16.195.4

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian 46 on the Edict.

Item appellatur familia plurium personarum, quae ab eiusdem ultimi genitoris sanguine proficiscuntur ( sicuti dicimus familiam iuliam), quasi a fonte quodam memoriae.

Likewise, “family” is called a group of several persons who proceed from the blood of the same ultimate progenitor (just as we say the Julian family), as if from a certain fountain of memory.

Dig. 50.16.195.5

Digest 50.16.195.5

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian 46 on the Edict.

Mulier autem familiae suae et caput et finis est.

But the woman is both the head and the end of her own family.

Dig. 50.16.196pr.

Digest 50.16.196pr.

Gaius 16 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 16 on the provincial edict.

Familiae appellatione et ipse princeps familiae continetur.

Under the appellation “family,” the very princeps of the family is included as well.

Dig. 50.16.196.1

Digest 50.16.196.1

Gaius 16 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 16 on the provincial edict.

Feminarum liberos in familia earum non esse palam est, quia qui nascuntur, patris familiam sequuntur.

It is plain that the children of women are not in their family, because those who are born follow the father’s family.

Dig. 50.16.197

Digest 50.16.197

Ulpianus 50 ad ed.

Ulpian 50 on the edict.

"indicasse" est detulisse: "arguisse" accusasse et convicisse.

"to have informed against" is "to have laid information": "to have accused" and "to have convicted."

Dig. 50.16.198

Digest 50.16.198

Ulpianus 2 de omn. trib.

Ulpian, 2 On All Tribunals.

"urbana praedia" omnia aedificia accipimus, non solum ea quae sunt in oppidis, sed et si forte stabula sunt vel alia meritoria in villis et in vicis, vel si praetoria voluptati tantum deservientia: quia urbanum praedium non locus facit, sed materia. proinde hortos quoque, si qui sunt in aedificiis constituti, dicendum est urbanorum appellatione contineri. plane si plurimum horti in reditu sunt, vinearii forte vel etiam holitorii, magis haec non sunt urbana.

we take "urban estates" to mean all edifices, not only those which are in towns, but also, if by chance there are stables or other hired lodgings in country villas and in villages, or if there are praetorial residences serving pleasure only: because it is not the place that makes an estate urban, but the material (i.e., the building). accordingly, gardens too, if any are established within edifices, must be said to be contained under the appellation of urban estates. clearly, if the greater part of the returns is from gardens, perhaps vineyards or even market-gardens, rather these are not urban.

Dig. 50.16.199pr.

Digest 50.16.199pr.

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian Book 8 on all tribunals.

"absentem" accipere debemus eum, qui non est eo loci, in quo loco petitur: non enim trans mare absentem desideramus: et si forte extra continentia urbis sit, abest. ceterum usque ad continentia non abesse videbitur, si non latitet.

We ought to take "absent" as him who is not in that place in which he is sued: for we do not require one beyond the sea to be absent; and if perchance he is outside the contiguous districts of the city, he is absent. However, up to the contiguous districts he will not be seen as absent, if he is not in hiding.

Dig. 50.16.199.1

Digest 50.16.199.1

Ulpianus 8 de omn. trib.

Ulpian 8 On All the Tribunals.

Abesse non videtur, qui ab hostibus captus est, sed qui a latronibus detinetur.

He is not considered to be absent who has been captured by enemies, but he who is detained by bandits is.

Dig. 50.16.200

Digest 50.16.200

Iulianus 2 Dig.

Julianus 2 Digest.

Haec stipulatio "noxis solutum praestari" non existimatur ad eas noxas pertinere, quae publicam exercitionem et coercitionem capitalem habent.

This stipulation, "to warrant that he be freed from noxae," is not considered to pertain to those offenses which have public prosecution and capital coercion.

Dig. 50.16.201

Digest 50.16.201

Iulianus 81 Dig.

Julian 81 Digest

Iusta interpretatione recipiendum est, ut appellatione "filii", sicuti filiam familias contineri saepe respondebimus, ita et nepos videatur comprehendi, et "patris" nomine avus quoque demonstrari intellegatur.

By a just interpretation it must be received that under the appellation "son," just as we will often reply that a filia familias is contained, so also a grandson appears to be comprehended; and by the name "father" it is understood that a grandfather is indicated as well.

Dig. 50.16.202

Digest 50.16.202

Alfenus 2 Dig.

Alfenus 2 Digest.

Cum in testamento scriptum esset, ut heres in funere aut in monumento "dumtaxat aureos centum" consumeret, non licet minus consumere: si amplius vellet, licet neque ob eam rem contra testamentum facere videtur.

When in the testament it had been written that the heir should expend on the funeral or on the monument “at least one hundred gold pieces,” it is not permitted to expend less; if he wished to expend more, it is permitted, nor on that account does he seem to act against the testament.

Dig. 50.16.203

Digest 50.16.203

Alfenus 7 Dig.

Alfenus 7 Digest.

In lege censoria portus siciliae ita scriptum erat: "servos, quos domum quis ducet suo usu, pro is portorium ne dato". quaerebatur, si quis a sicilia servos romam mitteret fundi instruendi causa, utrum pro his hominibus portorium dare deberet nec ne. respondit duas esse in hac scriptura quaestiones, primam quid esset "domum ducere", alteram, quid esset "suo usu ducere". igitur quaeri soleret, utrum, ubi quisque habitaret sive in provincia sive in italia, an dumtaxat in sua cuiusque patria domus esse recte dicetur. sed de ea re constitutum esse eam domum unicuique nostrum debere existimari, ubi quisque sedes et tabulas haberet suarumque rerum constitutionem fecisset. quid autem esset "usu suo", magnam habuisse dubitationem.

In the censorial law of the Sicilian portorium it had been written as follows: "slaves whom anyone leads home for his own use—do not give portorium for these." The question was raised whether, if someone were to send slaves from Sicily to Rome for the purpose of equipping a farm, he ought to give the portorium for these persons or not. He answered that there are two questions in this wording: first, what "to lead home" is; second, what "to lead for one’s own use" is. Therefore it used to be asked whether it is rightly said to be one’s "home" where each person lives, whether in a province or in Italy, or only in each person’s own native country. But on this matter it has been established that that is to be considered the home of each of us where each one has his residence and records and has set the arrangement of his affairs. As to what "for one’s own use" is, it had given rise to great doubt.

et magis placet, quod victus sui causa paratum est, tantum contineri. itemque de servis eadem ratione quaeri, qui eorum usus sui causa parati essent? utrum dispensatores, insularii, vilici, atrienses, textores, operarii quoque rustici, qui agrorum colendorum causa haberentur, ex quibus agris pater familias fructus caperet, quibus se toleraret, omnes denique servos, quos quisque emisset, ut ipse haberet atque eis ad aliquam rem uteretur, neque ideo emisset, ut venderet?

and it is more acceptable that only what has been prepared for one’s victuals be included. Likewise concerning slaves, to inquire by the same reasoning: which of them were prepared for one’s own use? whether dispensators, insularii (tenement-keepers), bailiffs (vilici), atrienses (atrium-stewards), weavers (textors), and also rustic operatives, who were kept for the sake of cultivating fields, from which fields the paterfamilias took the fruits by which he supported himself,—in short, all the slaves whom anyone had purchased so that he himself might have them and employ them for some purpose, and had not for that reason purchased them, namely to sell?

et sibi videri eos demum usus sui causa patrem familias habere, qui ad eius corpus tuendum atque ipsius cultum praepositi destinatique essent, quo in genere iunctores, cubicularii, coci, ministratores atque alii, qui ad eiusmodi usum parati essent, numerarentur.

and it seemed to him that the paterfamilias has for his own use only those who have been appointed and designated for guarding his person and for his own grooming and maintenance, in which class coachmen, chamberlains, cooks, attendants, and others who were prepared for use of that sort would be counted.

Dig. 50.16.204

Digest 50.16.204

Paulus 2 epit. alf.

Paulus 2, book 2 of the Epitome of Alfenus.

"pueri" appellatio tres significationes habet: unam, cum omnes servos pueros appellaremus: alteram, cum puerum contrario nomine puellae diceremus: tertiam, cum aetatem puerilem demonstraremus.

The appellation "pueri" has three significations: one, when we would call all slaves 'boys'; a second, when we would say 'boy' by the contrary name to 'girl'; a third, when we would demonstrate the puerile age.

Dig. 50.16.205

Digest 50.16.205

Paulus 4 epit. alf.

Paulus book 4 of the epitomes of alfenus.

Qui fundum vendidit, "pomum "recepit: nuces et ficos et uvas dumtaxat duracinas et purpureas et quae eius generis essent, quas non vini causa haberemus, quas graeci trwcimous appellarent, recepta videri.

He who sold a farm, "fruit "he has reserved: nuts and figs and grapes only, the duracinae and the purpureae and those of that kind which we would not have for the sake of wine—what the Greeks would call trwcimous—are considered to have been reserved.

Dig. 50.16.206

Digest 50.16.206

Iulianus 6 ex minic.

Julian, 6, from Minicius.

"vinaria" vasa proprie vasa torcularia esse placet: dolia autem et serias tamdiu in ea causa esse, quamdiu vinum haberent, cum sine vino esse desinerent, in eo numero non esse, quoniam ad alium usum transferri possent, veluti si frumentum in his addatur. eandem causam amphorarum esse, ut, cum vinum habeant, tum in vasis vinariis, cum inanes sint, tum extra numerum vinariorum sint, quia aliud in his addi possit.

"vinaria" vessels are properly held to be press-vessels; but dolia and seriae are in that category only so long as they have wine; when they are without wine, they cease to be in that number, since they can be transferred to another use, for instance if grain is put in them. The same case holds for amphorae, such that, when they have wine, then they are among wine-vessels, but when they are empty, then they are outside the number of wine-vessels, because something else can be put in them.

Dig. 50.16.207

Digest 50.16.207

Africanus 3 quaest.

Africanus book 3 of the Questions.

"mercis" appellatione homines non contineri mela ait: et ob eam rem mangones non mercatores sed venaliciarios appellari ait, et recte.

Mela says that under the appellation "merchandise" human beings are not contained; and for that reason he says that slave-dealers are called not merchants but venaliciaries, and rightly.

Dig. 50.16.208

Digest 50.16.208

Africanus 4 quaest.

Africanus 4 Questions.

"bonorum" appellatio, sicut hereditatis, universitatem quandam ac ius successionis et non singulas res demonstrat.

The appellation "bonorum," like that of inheritance, demonstrates a certain universality and the right of succession, and not individual things.

Dig. 50.16.209

Digest 50.16.209

Florus 10 inst.

Florus 10 Institutes.

"coram titio" aliquid facere iussus non videtur praesente eo fecisse, nisi is intellegat: itaque si furiosus aut infans sit aut dormiat, non videtur coram eo fecisse. scire autem, non etiam velle is debet: nam et invito eo recte fit quod iussum est.

one who has been ordered to do something "in the presence of Titius" is not seen to have done it with him present, unless he understands: and so, if he is insane or an infant or is asleep, he is not seen to have done it in his presence. moreover, he ought to know, not also to will: for even with him unwilling, what was ordered is rightly done.

Dig. 50.16.210

Digest 50.16.210

Marcianus 7 inst.

Marcianus 7 Institutes.

Is, qui natus est ex mancipiis urbanis et missus est in villam nutriendus, in urbanis servis constituetur.

He who has been born from urban slaves and has been sent to a villa to be reared will be constituted among the urban slaves.

Dig. 50.16.211

Digest 50.16.211

Florus 8 inst.

Florus 8 Institutes.

"fundi" appellatione omne aedificium et omnis ager continetur. sed in usu urbana aedificia "aedes", rustica "villae" dicuntur. locus vero sine aedificio in urbe "area", rure autem "ager" appellatur.

By the appellation "fundi" every building and every field is contained. But in usage urban buildings are called "aedes," rural ones "villae." A place without a building in the city is called "area," but in the countryside "ager."

idemque ager cum aedificio "fundus" dicitur.

and likewise a field together with a building is called a "fundus".

Dig. 50.16.212

Digest 50.16.212

Ulpianus 1 de adult.

Ulpian, 1 On Adulteries.

"praevaricatores" eos appellamus, qui causam adversariis suis donant et ex parte actoris in partem rei concedunt: a varicando enim praevaricatores dicti sunt.

We call those "praevaricators" who hand over their case to their adversaries and, from the actor’s side, concede into the defendant’s side: for praevaricators are so called from "varicare."

Dig. 50.16.213pr.

Digest 50.16.213pr.

Ulpianus 1 reg.

Ulpian Book 1 of the Rules.

"cedere diem" significat incipere deberi pecuniam: "venire diem" significat eum diem venisse, quo pecunia peti possit. ubi pure quis stipulatus fuerit, et cessit et venit dies: ubi in diem, cessit dies, sed nondum venit: ubi sub condicione, neque cessit neque venit dies pendente adhuc condicione.

"to cede the day" signifies that money begins to be owed: "for the day to come" signifies that the day has arrived on which the money can be claimed. where someone has stipulated purely, both the day has ceded and has come: where in diem, the day has ceded, but has not yet come: where under a condition, neither has the day ceded nor has it come, the condition still pending.

Dig. 50.16.213.1

Digest 50.16.213.1

Ulpianus 1 reg.

Ulpian Rules 1.

"aes alienum" est, quod nos aliis debemus: "aes suum" est, quod alii nobis debent.

"aes alienum" is what we owe to others: "aes suum" is what others owe to us.

Dig. 50.16.213.2

Digest 50.16.213.2

Ulpianus 1 reg.

Ulpian Rules, Book 1.

"lata culpa" est nimia neglegentia, id est non intellegere quod omnes intellegunt.

"gross negligence" is excessive negligence, that is, not to understand what everyone understands.

Dig. 50.16.214

Digest 50.16.214

Marcianus 1 publ. iudic.

Marcianus 1 public prosecutions.

"munus" proprie est, quod necessarie obimus lege more imperiove eius, qui iubendi habet potestatem. "dona" autem proprie sunt, quae nulla necessitate iuris officiis et sponte praestantur: quae si non praestentur, nulla repraehensio est et, si praestentur, plerumque laus inest. sed in summa in hoc ventum est, ut non quodcumque munus, id et donum accipiatur, at quod donum fuerit, id munus recte dicatur.

"Munus" properly is that which we necessarily discharge by law, custom, or the command of him who has the power of commanding. "Gifts" ("dona"), however, properly are those which are furnished with no necessity of law or duty, and voluntarily: which, if they are not furnished, there is no reprehension; and if they are furnished, there is for the most part praise. But in sum it has come to this, that not every "munus" is also taken as a gift, yet whatever is a gift is rightly called a "munus."

Dig. 50.16.215

Digest 50.16.215

Paulus l.S. ad l. fuf. canin.

Paulus, in the single book on the Lex Fufia Caninia.

"potestatis" verbo plura significantur: in persona magistratuum imperium: in persona liberorum patria potestas: in persona servi dominium. at cum agimus de noxae deditione cum eo qui servum non defendit, praesentis corporis copiam facultatemque significamus. in lege atinia in potestatem domini rem furtivam venisse videri, et si eius vindicandae potestatem habuerit, sabinus et cassius aiunt.

By the word "potestatis" several things are signified: in the person of magistrates, imperium; in the person of children, patria potestas; in the person of a slave, dominium. But when we deal with noxal surrender with one who does not defend the slave, we mean the availability and capacity of the present body. Under the Atinian law, a stolen thing is considered to have come into the power of the owner, if he has had the power to vindicate it—so say Sabinus and Cassius.

Dig. 50.16.216

Digest 50.16.216

Ulpianus 1 ad l. ael. sent.

Ulpian, 1 on the Lex Aelia Sentia.

Verum est eum, qui in carcere clusus est, non videri neque "vinctum" neque "in vinculis" esse, nisi corpori eius vincula sint adhibita.

It is true that one who is shut in prison is not deemed to be either "bound" or "in chains," unless bonds have been applied to his body.

Dig. 50.16.217pr.

Digest 50.16.217, beginning.

Iavolenus 1 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 1 from the Posthumous Works.

Inter illam condicionem "cum fari potuerit" et "postquam fari potuerit" multum interest: nam posteriorem scripturam uberiorem esse constat, "cum fari potuerit" artiorem et id tantummodo tempus significari, quo primum fari possit.

Between that condition “when he can speak” and “after he can speak” there is much difference: for it is agreed that the latter wording is more ample, “when he can speak” is narrower, and only that time is signified at which he can first speak.

Dig. 50.16.217.1

Digest 50.16.217.1

Iavolenus 1 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 1 from the Later Books of Labeo.

Item ita data condicione "illud facito in diebus", si nihil praeterea fuisset adiectum, in biduo condicionem impleri oportet.

Likewise, where the condition was given thus, "Do that within days," if nothing else had been added, the condition ought to be fulfilled within two days.

Dig. 50.16.218

Digest 50.16.218

Papinianus 27 quaest.

Papinian 27 Questions.

Verbum "facere" omnem omnino faciendi causam complectitur dandi, solvendi, numerandi, iudicandi, ambulandi.

The verb "facere" comprehends every sort whatsoever of doing: giving, paying, numbering, judging, walking.

Dig. 50.16.219

Digest 50.16.219

Papinianus 2 resp.

Papinianus 2 Responses.

In conventionibus contrahentium voluntatem potius quam verba spectari placuit. cum igitur ea lege fundum vectigalem municipes locaverint, ut ad heredem eius qui suscepit pertineret, ius heredum ad legatarium quoque transferri potuit.

In the conventions of contracting parties, it has been deemed that the will rather than the words is to be regarded. Accordingly, when the townsmen leased a vectigalian estate on the condition that it should pertain to the heir of the one who undertook it, the right of heirs could also be transferred to the legatee.

Dig. 50.16.220pr.

Digest 50.16.220, beginning.

Callistratus 2 quaest.

Callistratus 2 Questions.

"liberorum" appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt continentur: hos enim omnes suorum appellatione lex duodecim tabularum comprehendit. totiens enim leges necessariam ducunt cognationem singulorum nominibus uti ( veluti filii, nepotes, pronepotis ceterorumve qui ex his descendunt), quotiens non omnibus, qui post eos sunt, praestitum voluerint, sed solis his succurrent, quos nominatim enumerent. at ubi non personis certis, non quibusdam gradibus praestatur, sed omnibus, qui ex eodem genere orti sunt, liberorum appellatione comprehenduntur.

By the appellation "liberorum" are contained grandchildren and great-grandchildren and the rest who descend from them: for the Law of the Twelve Tables comprehended all these under the appellation of their own. For so often do the laws deem it necessary to use the kinship by the specific names of individuals (as, for example, son, grandson, great‑grandson, or the others who descend from them), whenever they have not wished the benefit to be afforded to all who are after them, but will come to the aid only of those whom they enumerate by name. But where it is afforded not to certain persons, nor to certain degrees, but to all who are sprung from the same stock, they are comprehended under the appellation of children.

Dig. 50.16.220.1

Digest 50.16.220.1

Callistratus 2 quaest.

Callistratus 2 Questions.

Sed et papirius fronto libro tertio responsorum ait praedio cum vilico et contubernali eius et filiis legato nepotes quoque ex filiis contineri, nisi voluntas testatoris aliter habeat: filii enim appellatione saepe et nepotes accipi multifariam placere.

But Papirius Fronto also, in the third book of his Responses, says that, when an estate is left by legacy together with the bailiff and his contubernalis and their children, grandchildren as well, descended from the sons, are included, unless the testator’s will provides otherwise; for under the appellation “sons” it is often held—and widely so—that grandsons too are understood.

Dig. 50.16.220.2

Digest 50.16.220.2

Callistratus 2 quaest.

Callistratus 2 Questions.

Divus quoque marcus rescripsit non videri sine liberis defunctum, qui nepotem suum heredem reliquit.

The deified Marcus also wrote in a rescript that he is not considered to have died without children, who left his own grandson as heir.

Dig. 50.16.220.3

Digest 50.16.220.3

Callistratus 2 quaest.

Callistratus book 2 of the Questions.

Praeter haec omnia natura nos quoque docet parentes pios, qui liberorum procreandorum animo et voto uxores ducunt, filiorum appellatione omnes qui ex nobis descendunt continere: nec enim dulciore nomine possumus nepotes nostros quam filii appellare. etenim idcirco filios filiasve concipimus atque edimus, ut ex prole eorum earumve diuturnitatis nobis memoriam in aevum relinquamus.

Besides all these things, Nature also teaches us, as pious parents who take wives with the intention and vow of procreating children, to include under the appellation of children all who descend from us: for we cannot call our grandchildren by a sweeter name than children. Indeed, for this reason we conceive and bring forth sons or daughters, that from their progeny we may leave to ourselves a memory of long duration into eternity.

Dig. 50.16.221

Digest 50.16.221

Paulus 10 resp.

Paulus 10 Responses.

Paulus respondit falsum tutorem eum vere dici, qui tutor non est, sive habenti tutor datus est sive non: sicut falsum testamentum, quod testamentum non est, et modius iniquus, qui modius non est.

Paulus responded that a false guardian is truly so called, namely he who is not a guardian, whether a guardian has been appointed to one already having one or not: just as a false testament, which is not a testament, and an unjust modius, which is not a modius.

Dig. 50.16.222

Digest 50.16.222

Hermogenianus 2 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 2 of the Epitome of Law.

"pecuniae" nomine non solum numerata pecunia, sed omnes res tam soli quam mobiles et tam corpora quam iura continentur.

under the name "pecuniae" there are contained not only counted money, but all things, both of the soil as well as movable, and both bodies as well as rights.

Dig. 50.16.223pr.

Digest 50.16.223pr.

Paulus 2 sent.

Paulus 2 sentences.

Latae culpae finis est non intellegere id quod omnes intellegunt.

The height of gross negligence is not to understand what everyone understands.

Dig. 50.16.223.1

Digest 50.16.223.1

Paulus 2 sent.

Paulus 2 sentences.

"amicos "appellare debemus non levi notitia coniunctos, sed quibus fuerint in iura cum patre familias honestis familiaritatis quaesita rationibus.

"friends "we ought to call not those conjoined by light acquaintance, but those for whom rights with the paterfamilias have been sought by honest reasons of familiarity.

Dig. 50.16.224

Digest 50.16.224

Venonius 7 stipul.

Venonius 7 stipulations.

"vinculorum" appellatione vel privata vel publica vincula significant, "custodiae" vero tantum publicam custodiam.

By the appellation "vinculorum" either private or public bonds are signified, whereas "custodiae" denotes only public custody.

Dig. 50.16.225

Digest 50.16.225

Tryphonus 1 disp.

Tryphonus 1 disputation.

"fugitivus" est non is, qui solum consilium fugiendi a domino suscepit, licet id se facturum iactaverit, sed qui ipso facto fugae initium mente deduxerit. nam et furem adulterum aleatorem quamquam aliqua significatione ex animi propositione cuiusque sola quis dicere posset, ut etiam is, qui numquam alienam rem invito domino subtraxerit, numquam alienam matrem familias corruperit, si modo eius mentis sit, ut occasione data id commissurus sit, tamen oportere eadem haec crimina adsumpto actu intellegi. et ideo fugitivum quoque et erronem non secundum propositionem solam, sed cum aliquo actu intellegi constat.

"a fugitive" is not the one who has only taken up the plan of fleeing from his master, even if he has bragged that he will do it, but the one who by the very deed has brought into execution the beginning of flight that he had in mind. For in the case of a thief, an adulterer, a gambler, although in some sense one might be able to call someone such from the mere proposition of his mind—so that even he who has never subtracted another’s property against the owner’s will, never corrupted another’s matron of a household, if only he be of such a mind that, given the occasion, he would commit it—nevertheless it is proper that these same crimes be understood with an act undertaken. And therefore it is agreed that a fugitive as well as a vagrant be understood not according to intention alone, but together with some act.

Dig. 50.16.226

Digest 50.16.226

Paulus 1 manual.

Magna neglegentia culpa est: magna culpa dolus est.

Gross negligence is fault: gross fault is fraud.

Dig. 50.16.227pr.

Digest 50.16.227pr.

Paulus 2 manual.

Paulus, manual, book 2.

Ex illa parte edicti "tum quem ei heredem esse oportet" heredis heredibus bonorum possessio non defertur.

From that part of the edict, "then whom it is proper to be his heir," the possession of the goods (bonorum possessio) is not conferred upon the heirs of the heir.

Dig. 50.16.227.1

Digest 50.16.227.1

Paulus 2 manual.

Paulus 2 Manual.

Item in substitutione his verbis "quisquis mihi heres erit" proximus heres tantum significatur: immo non tantum proximus heres, sed etiam scriptus.

Likewise, in substitution, by these words “whoever shall be my heir,” only the nearest heir is signified: nay, not only the nearest heir, but also the instituted (written) one.

Dig. 50.16.228

Digest 50.16.228

Paulus l.S. de cogn.

Paulus in the single book on cognitions.

"municipes" intellegendi sunt et qui in eodem municipio nati sunt.

"municipes" are to be understood also as those who were born in the same municipium.

Dig. 50.16.229

Digest 50.16.229

Paulus l.S. de tac. fideic.

Paulus in the single book On Tacit Fideicommissa.

"transacta finitave" intellegere debemus non solum quibus controversia fuit, sed etiam quae sine controversia sint possessa:

we ought to understand "transacted or defined" not only of those in which there was a controversy, but also of those which have been possessed without controversy:

Dig. 50.16.230

Digest 50.16.230

Paulus l.S. ad sc orfit.

Paul in the single book on the Orfitian senatus consultum.

Ut sunt iudicio terminata, transactione composita, longioris temporis silentio finita.

As they are terminated by judgment, settled by transaction, ended by the silence of a longer time.

Dig. 50.16.231

Digest 50.16.231

Paulus l.S. ad sc tert.

Paulus, in the single book on the Senatus-Consultum Tertullianum.

Quod dicimus eum, qui nasci speratur, pro superstite esse, tunc verum est, cum de ipsius iure quaeritur: aliis autem non prodest nisi natus.

What we say, that he who is expected to be born is as a survivor, is true then when the question is about his own right; but it does not benefit others unless he is born.

Dig. 50.16.232

Digest 50.16.232

Gaius 1 de verb. oblig.

Gaius 1 on verbal obligations.

Haec enuntiatio "quae sunt pluris aureorum triginta" simul et quantitatis et aestimationis significativa est.

This enunciation "which are worth more than thirty gold pieces" is at once significant of both quantity and valuation.

Dig. 50.16.233pr.

Digest 50.16.233, preface.

Gaius 1 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 1 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"si calvitur": et moretur et frustretur. inde et calumniatores appellati sunt, quia per fraudem et frustrationem alios vexarent litibus: inde et cavillatio dicta est.

"si calvitur": that he both delays and frustrates. Hence also they were called calumniators, because through fraud and frustration they vexed others with lawsuits; hence too it was called cavillation.

Dig. 50.16.233.1

Digest 50.16.233.1

Gaius 1 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 1 on the law of the 12 Tables.

Post kalendas ianuarias die tertio pro salute principis vota suscipiuntur.

After the Kalends of January, on the third day, vows are undertaken for the safety of the emperor.

Dig. 50.16.233.2

Digest 50.16.233.2

Gaius 1 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 1 on the Law of the Twelve Tables.

"telum" volgo quidem id appellatur, quod ab arcu mittitur: sed non minus omne significatur, quod mittitur manu: ita sequitur, ut et lapis et lignum et ferrum hoc nomine contineatur: dictumque ab eo, quod in longinquum mittitur, graeca voce figuratum apo tou tylou. et hanc significationem invenire possumus et in graeco nomine: nam quod nos telum appellamus, illi belos appellant: apo tou ballesvai. admonet nos xenophon, nam ita scribit: kai ta bely homose efereto, logxai toceumata sfendonai, pleistoi de kai livoi . et id, quod ab arcu mittitur, apud graecos quidem proprio nomine toceuma vocatur, apud nos autem communi nomine telum appellatur.

"telum" is commonly indeed called that which is sent from a bow: but no less everything is signified which is thrown by hand: thus it follows that both a stone and wood and iron are contained under this name: and it is said from this, that it is sent to a distance, formed with a Greek word, apo tou tylou. and we can find this signification also in the Greek name: for what we call telum, they call belos: apo tou ballesvai. xenophon admonishes us, for thus he writes: kai ta bely homose efereto, logxai toceumata sfendonai, pleistoi de kai livoi . and that which is sent from a bow among the Greeks indeed is called by the proper name toceuma, among us, however, by the common name it is called telum.

Dig. 50.16.234pr.

Digest 50.16.234 pr.

Gaius 2 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius Book 2 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

Quos nos hostes appellamus, eos veteres "perduelles" appellabant, per eam adiectionem indicantes cum quibus bellum esset.

Those whom we call enemies, the ancients called "perduelles," by that addition indicating those with whom there was war.

Dig. 50.16.234.1

Digest 50.16.234.1

Gaius 2 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 2 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"locuples" est, qui satis idonee habet pro magnitudine rei, quam actor restituendam esse petit.

"locuples" is one who has enough, suitably, in proportion to the magnitude of the thing that the plaintiff seeks to have restored.

Dig. 50.16.234.2

Digest 50.16.234.2

Gaius 2 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 2 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

Verbum "vivere" quidam putant ad cibum pertinere: sed ofilius ad atticum ait his verbis et vestimenta et stramenta contineri, sine his enim vivere neminem posse.

Some think the word "to live" pertains to food; but Ofilius says to Atticus that by these words both garments and straw-bedding are contained, for without these no one can live.

Dig. 50.16.235pr.

Digest 50.16.235, pr.

Gaius 3 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 3 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"ferri" proprie dicimus, quae quis suo corpore baiulat: "portari" ea, quae quis iumento secum ducit: "agi" ea, quae animalia sunt.

"to be carried" we properly say of things which someone bears with his own body: "to be conveyed" of those which someone takes along with him by a beast of burden: "to be driven" of those which are animals.

Dig. 50.16.235.1

Digest 50.16.235.1

Gaius 3 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 3 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"fabros tignarios" dicimus non eos dumtaxat, qui tigna dolarent, sed omnes qui aedificarent.

we say "timber-craftsmen" not only for those who hew beams, but for all who build.

Dig. 50.16.236pr.

Digest 50.16.236pr.

Gaius 4 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 4 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

Qui "venenum" dicit, adicere debet, utrum malum an bonum: nam et medicamenta venena sunt, quia eo nomine omne continetur, quod adhibitum naturam eius, cui adhibitum esset, mutat. cum id quod nos venenum appellamus, graeci farmakon dicunt, apud illos quoque tam medicamenta quam quae nocent, hoc nomine continentur: unde adiectione alterius nomine distinctio fit. admonet nos summus apud eos poetarum homerus: nam sic ait: farmaka, polla men esvla memigmena, polla de lugra .

Whoever says "venenum" ought to add whether it is bad or good: for medicaments also are venena, because under that name everything is contained which, when applied, changes the nature of that to which it is applied. Since that which we call venenum the Greeks call farmakon, among them too both medicaments and things that harm are contained under this name; whence, by the addition of another name, the distinction is made. The greatest of the poets among them, homer, admonishes us: for thus he says: farmaka, polla men esvla memigmena, polla de lugra .

Dig. 50.16.236.1

Digest 50.16.236.1

Gaius 4 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 4 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"glandis" appellatione omnis fructus continetur, ut iavolenus ait, exemplo graeci sermonis, apud quos omnes arborum species akrodrua appellantur.

By the appellation "acorn" every fruit is contained, as Javolenus says, following the example of the Greek language, among whom all kinds of tree-fruits are called akrodrua.

Dig. 50.16.237

Digest 50.16.237

Gaius 5 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius Book 5 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

Duobus negativis verbis quasi permittit lex magis quam prohibuit: idque etiam servius animadvertit.

By two negative words the law, as it were, permits rather than forbids; and Servius also noticed this.

Dig. 50.16.238pr.

Digest 50.16.238, at the beginning.

Gaius 6 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 6 on the law of the 12 Tables.

"plebs" est ceteri cives sine senatoribus.

"plebs" is the rest of the citizens, without the senators.

Dig. 50.16.238.1

Digest 50.16.238.1

Gaius 6 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 6 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"detestatum" est testatione denuntiatum.

"detestatum" is denounced by attestation.

Dig. 50.16.238.2

Digest 50.16.238.2

Gaius 6 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 6 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"pignus" appellatum a pugno, quia res, quae pignori dantur, manu traduntur. unde etiam videri potest verum esse, quod quidam putant, pignus proprie rei mobilis constitui.

"pledge" is appellated from "fist," because the things which are given in pledge are delivered by hand. Whence it can also seem true, as some suppose, that a pledge is properly constituted of a movable thing.

Dig. 50.16.238.3

Digest 50.16.238.3

Gaius 6 ad l. xii tab.

Gaius 6 on the Law of the 12 Tables.

"noxiae" appellatione omne delictum continetur.

under the appellation "noxia" every delict is contained.

Dig. 50.16.239pr.

Digest 50.16.239, beginning.

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius, in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"pupillus" est, qui, cum impubes est, desiit in patris potestate esse aut morte aut emancipatione.

"a pupil" is one who, while underage, has ceased to be in his father's power either by death or by emancipation.

Dig. 50.16.239.1

Digest 50.16.239.1

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius, in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"servorum" appellatio ex eo fluxit, quod imperatores nostri captivos vendere ac per hoc servare nec occidere solent.

the appellation "servorum" has flowed from this: that our emperors are accustomed to sell captives and thereby to preserve them rather than to kill them.

Dig. 50.16.239.2

Digest 50.16.239.2

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"incola" est, qui aliqua regione domicilium suum contulit: quem graeci paroikon appellant. nec tantum hi, qui in oppido morantur, incolae sunt, sed etiam qui alicuius oppidi finibus ita agrum habent, ut in eum se quasi in aliquam sedem recipiant.

"incola" is one who has transferred his domicile to some region: whom the Greeks call paroikon. Nor are only those who dwell in a town inhabitants, but also those who have land within the boundaries of some town in such a way that they resort to it as to a kind of residence.

Dig. 50.16.239.3

Digest 50.16.239.3

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius, in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"munus publicum" est officium privati hominis, ex quo commodum ad singulos universosque cives remque eorum imperio magistratus extraordinarium pervenit.

"a public munus" is the duty of a private person, from which an extraordinary benefit, by the imperium of a magistrate, reaches individuals and all citizens and their affairs.

Dig. 50.16.239.4

Digest 50.16.239.4

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"advena" est, quem graeci apoikon appellant.

"advena" is one whom the Greeks call apoikon.

Dig. 50.16.239.5

Digest 50.16.239.5

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius, in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"decuriones" quidam dictos aiunt ex eo, quod initio, cum coloniae deducerentur, decima pars eorum qui ducerentur consilii publici gratia conscribi solita sit.

Some say that "decuriones" were so called from this: that at the beginning, when colonies were led out, a tenth part of those who were to be led out used to be enrolled for the sake of the public council.

Dig. 50.16.239.6

Digest 50.16.239.6

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius, in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"urbs" ab urbo appellata est: urbare est aratro definire. et varus ait urbum appellari curvaturam aratri, quod in urbe condenda adhiberi solet.

"urbs" is named from urbum: to urbare is to define with a plow. And Varro says that urbum is called the curvature of the plow, which is accustomed to be employed in founding a city.

Dig. 50.16.239.7

Digest 50.16.239.7

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius, the single book of the Enchiridion.

"oppidum" ab ope dicitur, quod eius rei causa moenia sint constituta.

"oppidum" is said to be from "aid," because the walls were constituted for that purpose.

Dig. 50.16.239.8

Digest 50.16.239.8

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius in the single book of the Enchiridion.

"territorium" est universitas agrorum intra fines cuiusque civitatis: quod ab eo dictum quidam aiunt, quod magistratus eius loci intra eos fines terrendi, id est summovendi ius habent.

"territorium" is the universality of fields within the boundaries of each city: which some say is so named from this, that the magistrates of that place within those boundaries have the right to terrify, that is, to remove.

Dig. 50.16.239.9

Digest 50.16.239.9

Pomponius l.S. enchir.

Pomponius in the single book of the Enchiridion.

Verbum "suum" ambiguum est, utrum de toto an de parte significat. et ideo qui iuret suum non esse, adicere debet neque sibi communem esse.

The word “suum” is ambiguous, whether it signifies of the whole or of a part. And therefore he who swears that it is not his own ought to add that it is not held in common with him.

Dig. 50.16.240

Digest 50.16.240

Paulus 1 imp. sent. i.C.P.

Paulus 1 imperial sentences in C.P.

Cum quaerebatur, an verbum "soluto matrimonio dotem reddi" non tantum divortium, sed et mortem contineret, hoc est an de hoc quoque casu contrahentes sentirent, et multi putabant hoc sensisse, et quibusdam aliis contra videbatur: secundum: hoc motus imperator pronuntiavit id actum eo pacto, ut nullo casu remaneret dos apud maritum.

When it was being asked whether the phrase “with the marriage dissolved the dowry is to be returned” encompassed not only divorce but also death—that is, whether the contracting parties also intended this case—and many thought they had meant this, while to some others it seemed the contrary: accordingly, moved by this, the emperor pronounced that it had been done on this pact, that in no case should the dowry remain with the husband.

Dig. 50.16.241

Digest 50.16.241

Mucius l.S. horwn

Mucius, a freedman of Sextus, of these men

In "rutis caesis" ea sunt, quae terra non tenentur quaeque opere structili tectoriove non continentur.

Under "rutis caesis" are those things which are not held by the earth and which are not contained by a work of masonry or of plaster.

Dig. 50.16.242pr.

Digest 50.16.242, preface.

Iavolenus 2 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 2 from the Later Books of Labeo.

Malum navis esse partem, artemonem autem non esse labeo ait, quia pleraeque naves sine malo inutiles essent, ideoque pars navis habetur: artemo autem magis adiectamento quam pars navis est.

Labeo says that the mast is a part of the ship, but that the artemon is not, because most ships would be useless without a mast, and therefore it is held to be a part of the ship; the artemon, however, is rather an additament than a part of the ship.

Dig. 50.16.242.1

Digest 50.16.242.1

Iavolenus 2 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 2 from the Later Books of Labeo.

Inter "proiectum" et "immissum" hoc interesse ait labeo, quod proiectum esset id quod ita proveheretur ut nusquam requiesceret, qualia maeniana et suggrundae essent: immissum autem, quod ita fieret, ut aliquo loco requiesceret, veluti tigna trabes quae immitteretur.

Between “proiectum” and “immissum,” Labeo says this is the difference: “proiectum” is that which is carried forward in such a way that it rests nowhere, such as balconies (maeniana) and eaves (suggrundae); “immissum,” however, is that which is made in such a way that it rests in some place, for instance beams or timbers which are inserted.

Dig. 50.16.242.2

Digest 50.16.242.2

Iavolenus 2 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 2 from the later books of Labeo.

Plumbum, quod tegulis poneretur, aedificii esse ait labeo: sed id, quod hypaethri tegendi causa poneretur, contra esse.

Labeo says that lead which is set upon the roof-tiles belongs to the building; but that which is set for the purpose of covering the hypaethrum, the contrary is the case.

Dig. 50.16.242.3

Digest 50.16.242.3

Iavolenus 2 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 2 from the Later Books of Labeo.

"viduam" non solum eam, quae aliquando nupta fuisset, sed eam quoque mulierem, quae virum non habuisset, appellari ait labeo: quia vidua sic dicta est quasi vecors, vesanus, qui sine corde aut sanitate esset: similiter viduam dictam esse sine duitate.

"Labeo says that "widow" is called not only of her who had at some time been married, but also of that woman who had not had a husband: because "widow" is thus said as if "witless" (vecors), "insane" (vesanus), one who would be without heart or sanity; likewise that "widow" is said to be without duality."

Dig. 50.16.242.4

Digest 50.16.242.4

Iavolenus 2 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus 2 from the later books of Labeo.

Straturam loci alicuius ex tabulis factis, quae aestate tollerentur et hieme ponerentur, aedium esse ait labeo, quoniam perpetui usus paratae essent: neque ad rem pertinere, quod interim tollerentur.

Labeo says that the flooring of a certain place, made from planks, which would be taken up in summer and set down in winter, belongs to the building, since they were prepared for perpetual use; nor does it pertain to the matter that in the meantime they are removed.

Dig. 50.16.243

Digest 50.16.243

Scaevola 18 Dig.

Scaevola 18 Digest.

Scaevola respondit: semper acceptum est, ut libertorum appellatione etiam hi contineri intellegantur, qui eodem testamento vel posteriore loco manumitterentur, nisi manifeste is, a quo peteretur, contra defuncti voluntatem doceret peti.

Scaevola replied: it has always been accepted that under the appellation of freedmen those also are understood to be contained who would be manumitted in the same testament or in a later clause, unless the person from whom it is sought plainly showed that it is being sought contrary to the will of the deceased.

Dig. 50.16.244

Digest 50.16.244

Labeo 4 pith. a paulo epit.

Labeo 4 Pithanon, from Paul’s epitome.

Si qua poena est, multa est: si qua multa est, poena est. paulus: utrumque eorum falsum est. namque harum rerum dissimilitudo ex hoc quoque apparet, quod de poena provocatio non est: simul atque enim victus quis est eius maleficii, cuius poena est statuta, statim ea debetur.

If there is any penalty, it is a fine; if there is any fine, it is a penalty. paulus: each of these is false. For the dissimilarity of these matters appears also from this, that from a penalty there is no appeal: for as soon as someone has been found guilty of that malefaction for which a penalty has been set, it is owed at once.

at multae provocatio est, nec ante debetur, quam aut non est provocatum aut provocator victus est: nec aliter quam si is dixit, cui dicere licet. ex hoc quoque earum rerum dissimilitudo apparere poterit, quia poenae certae singulorum peccatorum sunt, multae contra, quia eius iudicis potestas est, quantam dicat, nisi cum lege est constitutum quantam dicat.

but from fines an appeal lies, and it is not owed before either no appeal has been made or the appellant has been defeated; nor otherwise than if he has declared who is permitted to declare. From this also the dissimilarity of these matters can appear: because fixed penalties exist for individual offenses; fines, on the contrary, are within that judge’s power as to how much he declares, unless it has been constituted by law how much he is to declare.

Dig. 50.16.245pr.

Digest 50.16.245 beginning.

Pomponius 10 epist.

Pomponius 10th epistle.

Statuae adfixae basibus structilibus aut tabulae religatae catenis aut erga parietem adfixae aut si similiter cohaerent lychni, non sunt aedium: ornatus enim aedium causa parantur, non quo aedes perficiantur. idem labeo ait.

Statues affixed to built bases, or panels bound with chains, or fastened against the wall, or lamps that similarly cohere, are not of the house: for they are provided for the sake of the ornament of the house, not in order that the house be completed. Labeo says the same.

Dig. 50.16.245.1

Digest 50.16.245.1

Pomponius 10 epist.

Pomponius Epistles, Book 10.

Prothyrum, quod in aedibus iterum qui fieri solet, aedium est.

The prothyrum, which in a house is what is usually made as a second entry, is part of the house.

Dig. 50.16.246pr.

Digest 50.16.246, beginning.

Pomponius 16 epist.

Pomponius book 16 of the Epistles.

Apud labeonem pithanon ita scriptum est: exhibet, qui praestat eius de quo agitur praesentiam. nam etiam qui sistit, praestat eius de quo agitur praesentiam, nec tamen eum exhibet: et qui mutum aut furiosum aut infantem exhibet, non potest videri eius praestare praesentiam: nemo enim ex eo genere praesens satis apte appellari potest.

In Labeo’s Pithanon it is written thus: he “exhibits” who furnishes the presence of the person about whom the matter is in question. For even he who causes him to appear (sists) furnishes the presence of the person concerned, and yet he does not exhibit him; and he who exhibits a mute or a madman or an infant cannot be seen to furnish his presence: for no one of that sort can aptly be called “present.”

Dig. 50.16.246.1

Digest 50.16.246.1

Pomponius 16 epist.

Pomponius book 16 of the epistles.

Restituit non tantum, qui solum corpus, sed etiam qui omnem rem condicionemque reddita causa praestet: et tota restitutio iuris est interpretatio.

Restitution is made not only by one who delivers only the corpus, but also by one who, upon the cause being given, furnishes the whole thing and its condition: and all restitution is an interpretation of law.

Dig. 50.17.0. De diversis regulis iuris antiqui.

Digest 50.17.0. On diverse rules of ancient law.

Dig. 50.17.1

Digest 50.17.1

Paulus 16 ad plaut.

Paulus 16 on Plautius.

Regula est, quae rem quae est breviter enarrat. non ex regula ius sumatur, sed ex iure quod est regula fiat. per regulam igitur brevis rerum narratio traditur, et, ut ait sabinus, quasi causae coniectio est, quae simul cum in aliquo vitiata est, perdit officium suum.

A rule is that which briefly narrates the thing as it is. Let law not be derived from the rule, but from the law which exists let the rule be fashioned. By a rule, therefore, a brief narration of matters is handed down; and, as Sabinus says, it is, as it were, a conjection of the case, which, as soon as it is vitiated in any respect, loses its own function.

Dig. 50.17.2pr.

Digest 50.17.2, preface.

Ulpianus 1 ad sab.

Ulpian book 1 on Sabinus.

Feminae ab omnibus officiis civilibus vel publicis remotae sunt et ideo nec iudices esse possunt nec magistratum gerere nec postulare nec pro alio intervenire nec procuratores existere.

Women are removed from all civil or public offices, and therefore they can neither be judges nor hold magistracy nor make petitions in court nor intervene on behalf of another nor serve as procurators.

Dig. 50.17.2.1

Digest 50.17.2.1

Ulpianus 1 ad sab.

Ulpian 1 on Sabinus.

Item impubes omnibus officiis civilibus debet abstinere.

Likewise, an impubes (a minor) ought to abstain from all civil offices.

Dig. 50.17.3

Digest 50.17.3

Ulpianus 3 ad sab.

Ulpian, 3 on Sabinus.

Eius est nolle, qui potest velle.

It is his to be unwilling, who is able to will.

Dig. 50.17.4

Digest 50.17.4

Ulpianus 6 ad sab.

Ulpian Book 6 on Sabinus.

Velle non creditur, qui obsequitur imperio patris vel domini.

One is not believed to will, who obeys the command of a father or a master.

Dig. 50.17.5

Digest 50.17.5

Paulus 2 ad sab.

Paulus 2 to Sabinus.

In negotiis contrahendis alia causa habita est furiosorum, alia eorum qui fari possunt, quamvis actum rei non intellegerent: nam furiosus nullum negotium contrahere potest, pupillus omnia tutore auctore agere potest.

In contracting transactions, a different consideration has been had for the insane, and another for those who can speak, although they did not understand the act of the matter: for a madman can contract no transaction, whereas a ward can do all things with his tutor’s authority.

Dig. 50.17.6

Digest 50.17.6

Ulpianus 7 ad sab.

Ulpian 7 on sab.

Non vult heres esse, qui ad alium transferre voluit hereditatem.

He does not wish to be heir, who wished to transfer the inheritance to another.

Dig. 50.17.7

Digest 50.17.7

Pomponius 3 ad sab.

Pomponius 3 on Sabinus.

Ius nostrum non patitur eundem in paganis et testato et intestato decessisse: earumque rerum naturaliter inter se pugna est "testatus" et "intestatus".

Our law does not permit that the same person, among civilians, has died both testate and intestate: and there is by nature a conflict between these matters—“testate” and “intestate.”

Dig. 50.17.8

Digest 50.17.8

Pomponius 4 ad sab.

Pomponius 4 on Sabinus.

Iura sanguinis nullo iure civili dirimi possunt.

The rights of blood cannot be severed by any civil law.

Dig. 50.17.9

Digest 50.17.9

Ulpianus 15 ad sab.

Ulpian 15 on Sabinus.

Semper in obscuris quod minimum est sequimur.

We always, in obscure matters, follow the minimum.

Dig. 50.17.10

Digest 50.17.10

Paulus 3 ad sab.

Paulus 3 on Sabinus.

Secundum naturam est commoda cuiusque rei eum sequi, quem sequentur incommoda.

It is according to nature that the advantages of any matter follow him whom the disadvantages will follow.

Dig. 50.17.11

Digest 50.17.11

Pomponius 5 ad sab.

Pomponius 5 to Sabinus.

Id quod nostrum est sine facto nostro ad alium transferri non potest.

That which is ours cannot be transferred to another without our act.

Dig. 50.17.12

Digest 50.17.12

Paulus 3 ad sab.

Paulus 3 to Sabinus.

In testamentis plenius voluntates testantium interpretamur.

In testaments we interpret more fully the wills of the testators.

Dig. 50.17.13

Digest 50.17.13

Ulpianus 19 ad sab.

Ulpian 19 On Sabinus.

Non videtur cepisse, qui per exceptionem a petitione removetur.

He is not deemed to have taken, who is removed from the petition by an exception.

Dig. 50.17.14

Digest 50.17.14

Pomponius 5 ad sab.

Pomponius 5 on Sabinus.

In omnibus obligationibus, in quibus dies non ponitur, praesenti die debetur.

In all obligations, in which no day is set, it is owed on the present day.

Dig. 50.17.15

Digest 50.17.15

Paulus 4 ad sab.

Paulus 4 on sab.

Is, qui actionem habet ad rem reciperandam, ipsam rem habere videtur.

He who has an action for the thing to be recovered is considered to have the thing itself.

Dig. 50.17.16

Digest 50.17.16

Ulpianus 21 ad sab.

Ulpian, 21 on Sabinus.

Imaginaria venditio non est pretio accedente.

There is no imaginary sale where a price is added.

Dig. 50.17.17

Digest 50.17.17

Ulpianus 23 ad sab.

Ulpian, 23 on Sabinus.

Cum tempus in testamento adicitur, credendum est pro herede adiectum, nisi alia mens fuerit testatoris: sicuti in stipulationibus promissoris gratia tempus adicitur.

When a term is adjoined in a testament, it is to be presumed to have been adjoined for the heir, unless the testator’s intention was otherwise: just as in stipulations a term is adjoined for the promisor’s benefit.

Dig. 50.17.18

Digest 50.17.18

Pomponius 6 ad sab.

Pomponius 6 on Sabinus.

Quae legata mortuis nobis ad heredem nostrum transeunt, eorum commodum per nos his, quorum in potestate sumus, eodem casu adquirimus: aliter atque quod stipulati sumus. nam et sub condicione stipulantes omnimodo eis adquirimus, etiamsi liberatis nobis potestate domini condicio existat.

Legacies which, we having died, pass to our heir—we acquire the benefit of these, through us, for those in whose power we are, in the same event: otherwise than in the case of what we have stipulated. For even when stipulating under a condition, we in every way acquire it for them, even if the condition comes to exist when we have been freed from the power of our master.

Dig. 50.17.19pr.

Digest 50.17.19pr.

Ulpianus 24 ad sab.

Ulpian, 24 on Sabinus.

Qui cum alio contrahit, vel est vel debet esse non ignarus condicionis eius: heredi autem hoc imputari non potest, cum non sponte cum legatariis contrahit.

He who contracts with another either is, or ought to be, not ignorant of his condition: but this cannot be imputed to the heir, since he does not contract of his own accord with legatees.

Dig. 50.17.19.1

Digest 50.17.19.1

Ulpianus 24 ad sab.

Ulpian 24 On Sabinus.

Non solet exceptio doli nocere his, quibus voluntas testatoris non refragatur.

The exception (plea) of deceit does not usually harm those whom the will of the testator does not gainsay.

Dig. 50.17.20

Digest 50.17.20

Pomponius 7 ad sab.

Pomponius 7 on Sabinus.

Quotiens dubia interpretatio libertatis est, secundum libertatem respondendum erit.

Whenever the interpretation of liberty is doubtful, one must answer in accordance with liberty.

Dig. 50.17.21

Digest 50.17.21

Ulpianus 27 ad sab.

Ulpian, 27 on Sabinus.

Non debet, cui plus licet, quod minus est non licere.

He to whom more is permitted ought not to be prohibited from what is lesser.

Dig. 50.17.22pr.

Digest 50.17.22pr.

Ulpianus 28 ad sab.

Ulpian, 28 on Sabinus.

In personam servilem nulla cadit obligatio.

No obligation falls upon a servile person.

Dig. 50.17.22.1

Digest 50.17.22.1

Ulpianus 28 ad sab.

Ulpian, 28 on Sabinus.

Generaliter probandum est, ubicumque in bonae fidei iudiciis confertur in arbitrium domini vel procuratoris eius condicio, pro boni viri arbitrio hoc habendum esse.

Generally it is to be approved that, wherever in good‑faith judgments the condition is referred to the arbitrament of the master or his procurator, this must be regarded as according to the judgment of a good man.

Dig. 50.17.23

Digest 50.17.23

Ulpianus 29 ad sab.

Ulpian, 29 On Sabinus.

Contractus quidam dolum malum dumtaxat recipiunt, quidam et dolum et culpam. dolum tantum: depositum et precarium. dolum et culpam mandatum, commodatum, venditum, pignori acceptum, locatum, item dotis datio, tutelae, negotia gesta: in his quidem et diligentiam.

some contracts admit only fraud; some both fraud and fault. only fraud: deposit and precarium. fraud and fault: mandate, commodatum (loan for use), sale, received in pledge, hire/lease, likewise the giving of a dowry, guardianship, business managed; and in these, moreover, diligence as well.

societas et rerum communio et dolum et culpam recipit. sed haec ita, nisi si quid nominatim convenit ( vel plus vel minus) in singulis contractibus: nam hoc servabitur, quod initio convenit ( legem enim contractus dedit), excepto eo, quod celsus putat non valere, si convenerit, ne dolus praestetur: hoc enim bonae fidei iudicio contrarium est: et ita utimur. animalium vero casus mortesque, quae sine culpa accidunt, fugae servorum qui custodiri non solent, rapinae, tumultus, incendia, aquarum magnitudines, impetus praedonum a nullo praestantur.

partnership and community of goods receive both fraud and fault. but this is so, unless something has been expressly agreed ( either more or less) in the individual contracts: for that will be observed which was agreed at the beginning ( for the contract has given the law), with the exception that Celsus thinks it is not valid if it has been agreed that fraud is not to be made good: for this is contrary to a good‑faith action; and so we practice. but the mishaps and deaths of animals which happen without fault, the flights of slaves who are not accustomed to be kept under guard, rapines, tumults, fires, the magnitudes of waters, attacks of brigands are not to be made good by anyone.

Dig. 50.17.24

Digest 50.17.24

Paulus 5 ad sab.

Paulus 5 On Sabinus.

Quatenus cuius intersit, in facto, non in iure consistit.

The extent to which it concerns someone consists in fact, not in law.

Dig. 50.17.25

Digest 50.17.25

Pomponius 11 ad sab.

Pomponius 11 on Sabinus.

Plus cautionis in re est quam in persona.

There is more security in the thing than in the person.

Dig. 50.17.26

Digest 50.17.26

Ulpianus 30 ad sab.

Ulpian 30 on Sabinus.

Qui potest invitis alienare, multo magis et ignorantibus et absentibus potest.

He who can alienate against the unwilling can, much more, against the ignorant and the absent.

Dig. 50.17.27

Digest 50.17.27

Pomponius 16 ad sab.

Pomponius, 16 on Sabinus.

Nec ex praetorio nec ex sollemni iure privatorum conventione quicquam immutandum est, quamvis obligationum causae pactione possint immutari et ipso iure et per pacti conventi exceptionem: quia actionum modus vel lege vel per praetorem introductus privatorum pactionibus non infirmatur, nisi tunc, cum inchoatur actio, inter eos convenit.

Nor from the praetorian law nor from the solemn law is anything to be altered by the convention of private persons, although the causes of obligations can be changed by pact both by the law itself and through the exception of a pact concluded: for the mode of actions, introduced either by statute or by the praetor, is not weakened by the pactions of private persons, unless at that time, when the action is initiated, it is agreed between them.

Dig. 50.17.28

Digest 50.17.28

Ulpianus 36 ad sab.

Ulpian 36 on Sabinus.

Divus pius rescripsit eos, qui ex liberalitate conveniuntur, in id quod facere possunt condemnandos.

The deified Pius issued a rescript that those who are sued by reason of liberality are to be condemned to the extent that they can perform.

Dig. 50.17.29

Digest 50.17.29

Paulus 8 ad sab.

Paulus 8 on sab.

Quod initio vitiosum est, non potest tractu temporis convalescere.

What is vitiated at the outset cannot convalesce by the passage of time.

Dig. 50.17.30

Digest 50.17.30

Ulpianus 36 ad sab.

Ulpian, 36 on Sabinus.

Nuptias non concubitus, sed consensus facit.

Marriage is made not by intercourse, but by consent.

Dig. 50.17.31

Digest 50.17.31

Ulpianus 42 ad sab.

Ulpian 42 on Sabinus.

Verum est neque pacta neque stipulationes factum posse tollere: quod enim impossibile est, neque pacto neque stipulatione potest comprehendi, ut utilem actionem aut factum efficere possit.

It is true that neither pacts nor stipulations can undo a deed: for what is impossible cannot be comprehended by pact or by stipulation, so as to be able to produce a useful action or to bring about a fact.

Dig. 50.17.32

Digest 50.17.32

Ulpianus 43 ad sab.

Ulpian 43 on Sabinus.

Quod attinet ad ius civile, servi pro nullis habentur: non tamen et iure naturali, quia, quod ad ius naturale attinet, omnes homines aequales sunt.

As it pertains to civil law, slaves are considered as no persons; not so, however, by natural law, because, so far as natural law is concerned, all human beings are equal.

Dig. 50.17.33

Digest 50.17.33

Pomponius 22 ad sab.

Pomponius 22 on Sabinus.

In eo, quod vel is qui petit vel is a quo petitur lucri facturus est, durior causa est petitoris.

In a matter in which either he who petitions or he from whom it is petitioned is going to make a gain, the petitioner’s case is the harsher.

Dig. 50.17.34

Digest 50.17.34

Ulpianus 45 ad sab.

Ulpian 45 on Sabinus.

Semper in stipulationibus et in ceteris contractibus id sequimur, quod actum est: aut, si non pareat quid actum est, erit consequens, ut id sequamur, quod in regione in qua actum est frequentatur. quid ergo, si neque regionis mos appareat, quia varius fuit? ad id, quod minimum est, redigenda summa est.

Always in stipulations and in the other contracts we follow what was transacted; or, if it does not appear what was transacted, it will be consequent that we follow what is frequented (customary) in the region in which it was transacted. What then, if neither the custom of the region appears, because it was variable? The sum must be brought back to that which is minimal.

Dig. 50.17.35

Digest 50.17.35

Ulpianus 48 ad sab.

Ulpian 48 on Sabinus.

Nihil tam naturale est quam eo genere quidque dissolvere, quo colligatum est. ideo verborum obligatio verbis tollitur: nudi consensus obligatio contrario consensu dissolvitur.

Nothing is so natural as to dissolve each thing by the same kind by which it has been bound. Therefore a verbal obligation is taken away by words: an obligation of bare consent is dissolved by contrary consent.

Dig. 50.17.36

Digest 50.17.36

Pomponius 27 ad sab.

Pomponius 27 on Sabinus.

Culpa est immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti.

It is a fault to mix oneself into a matter not pertaining to oneself.

Dig. 50.17.37

Digest 50.17.37

Ulpianus 51 ad sab.

Ulpian 51 on Sabinus.

Nemo, qui condemnare potest, absolvere non potest.

No one who can condemn is unable to absolve.

Dig. 50.17.38

Digest 50.17.38

Pomponius 29 ad sab.

Pomponius 29 on Sabinus.

Sicuti poena ex delicto defuncti heres teneri non debeat, ita nec lucrum facere, si quid ex ea re ad eum pervenisset.

Just as the heir ought not to be held liable to a penalty from the delict of the deceased, so neither should he make profit, if anything from that matter had come to him.

Dig. 50.17.39

Digest 50.17.39

Pomponius 32 ad sab.

Pomponius, 32 on Sabinus.

In omnibus causis pro facto accipitur id, in quo per alium morae sit, quo minus fiat.

In all cases, that is accepted as if done, in which, through another, there is delay whereby it is not done.

Dig. 50.17.40

Digest 50.17.40

Pomponius 34 ad sab.

Pomponius 34 on sab.

Furiosi vel eius, cui bonis interdictum sit, nulla voluntas est.

A lunatic, or one who has been interdicted from his goods, has no volition.

Dig. 50.17.41pr.

Digest 50.17.41pr.

Ulpianus 26 ad ed.

Ulpian 26 on the Edict.

Non debet actori licere, quod reo non permittitur.

The plaintiff ought not to be allowed what is not permitted to the defendant.

Dig. 50.17.41.1

Digest 50.17.41.1

Ulpianus 26 ad ed.

Ulpian, 26 on the edict.

In re obscura melius est favere repetitioni quam adventicio lucro.

In an obscure matter, it is better to favor recovery (repetition) than adventitious profit.

Dig. 50.17.42

Digest 50.17.42

Gaius 9 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 9 on the provincial edict.

Qui in alterius locum succedunt, iustam habent causam ignorantiae, an id quod peteretur deberetur. fideiussores quoque non minus quam heredes iustam ignorantiam possunt allegare. haec ita de herede dicta sunt, si cum eo agetur, non etiam si agat: nam plane qui agit, certus esse debet, cum sit in potestate eius, quando velit experiri, et ante debet rem diligenter explorare et tunc ad agendum procedere.

Those who succeed into the place of another have a just cause of ignorance as to whether that which was being sought was owed. Sureties (guarantors) also, no less than heirs, can allege just ignorance. These things are thus said concerning the heir, if action is brought against him, not also if he brings suit: for plainly he who brings an action ought to be certain, since it is in his power to try it when he wishes, and he ought first to explore the matter diligently and then proceed to take action.

Dig. 50.17.43pr.

Digest 50.17.43pr.

Ulpianus 28 ad ed.

Ulpian 28 on the edict.

Nemo ex his, qui negant se debere, prohibetur etiam alia defensione uti, nisi lex impedit.

No one among those who deny that they owe is prohibited from using also another defense, unless the law impedes.

Dig. 50.17.43.1

Digest 50.17.43.1

Ulpianus 28 ad ed.

Ulpian 28 on the edict.

Quotiens concurrunt plures actiones eiusdem rei nomine, una quis experiri debet.

Whenever multiple actions concur in respect of the same matter, one ought to proceed by a single action.

Dig. 50.17.44

Digest 50.17.44

Ulpianus 29 ad ed.

Ulpian 29 on the Edict.

Totiens in heredem damus de eo quod ad eum pervenit, quotiens ex dolo defuncti convenitur, non quotiens ex suo.

We grant an action against the heir to the extent of what has come to him, whenever he is sued on account of the deceased’s fraud, not when on account of his own.

Dig. 50.17.45pr.

Digest 50.17.45pr.

Ulpianus 30 ad ed.

Ulpian, book 30 on the Edict.

Neque pignus neque depositum neque precarium neque emptio neque locatio rei suae consistere potest.

Neither pledge nor deposit nor precarium nor purchase nor letting of one’s own thing can subsist.

Dig. 50.17.45.1

Digest 50.17.45.1

Ulpianus 30 ad ed.

Ulpian, 30 On the Edict.

Privatorum conventio iuri publico non derogat.

The convention of private persons does not derogate from public law.

Dig. 50.17.46

Digest 50.17.46

Gaius 10 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 10 on the Provincial Edict.

Quod a quoquo poenae nomine exactum est, id eidem restituere nemo cogitur.

What has been exacted from anyone in the name of a penalty, no one is compelled to restore to that same person.

Dig. 50.17.47pr.

Digest 50.17.47, introductory paragraph.

Ulpianus 30 ad ed.

Ulpian 30 on the Edict.

Consilii non fraudulenti nulla obligatio est: ceterum si dolus et calliditas intercessit, de dolo actio competit.

There is no obligation for counsel that is not fraudulent: however, if fraud and cunning have intervened, an action for fraud lies.

Dig. 50.17.47.1

Digest 50.17.47.1

Ulpianus 30 ad ed.

Ulpian, 30 on the Edict.

Socii mei socius meus socius non est.

The associate of my associate is not my associate.

Dig. 50.17.48

Digest 50.17.48

Paulus 35 ad ed.

Paulus 35 to the Edict.

Quidquid in calore iracundiae vel fit vel dicitur, non prius ratum est, quam si perseverantia apparuit iudicium animi fuisse. ideoque brevi reversa uxor nec divortisse videtur.

Whatever either is done or said in the heat of anger is not ratified until perseverance has shown it to have been a judgment of the mind. and therefore a wife who returned shortly thereafter is not even considered to have divorced.

Dig. 50.17.49

Digest 50.17.49

Ulpianus 35 ad ed.

Ulpian 35 on the Edict.

Alterius circumventio alii non praebet actionem.

The circumvention of one person does not provide an action to another.

Dig. 50.17.50

Digest 50.17.50

Paulus 39 ad ed.

Paulus 39 on the Edict.

Culpa caret qui scit, sed prohibere non potest.

He is free of fault who knows, but cannot prevent it.

Dig. 50.17.51

Digest 50.17.51

Gaius 15 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 15 on the provincial edict.

Non videtur quisquam id capere, quod ei necesse est alii restituere.

No one is deemed to acquire that which it is necessary for him to restore to another.

Dig. 50.17.52

Digest 50.17.52

Ulpianus 44 ad ed.

Ulpian 44 on the edict.

Non defendere videtur non tantum qui latitat, sed et is qui praesens negat se defendere aut non vult suscipere actionem.

He is held to be not defending not only he who lies hidden, but also he who, though present, declares that he does not defend or is unwilling to take up the action.

Dig. 50.17.53

Digest 50.17.53

Paulus 42 ad ed.

Paulus 42 on the Edict.

Cuius per errorem dati repetitio est, eius consulto dati donatio est.

What admits of repetition as given through error is, when given deliberately, a donation.

Dig. 50.17.54

Digest 50.17.54

Ulpianus 46 ad ed.

Ulpian, 46 On the Edict.

Nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest, quam ipse haberet.

No one can transfer to another more of a right than he himself has.

Dig. 50.17.55

Digest 50.17.55

Gaius 2 de testam. ad ed. urb.

Gaius 2 On Testaments, on the Urban Edict.

Nullus videtur dolo facere, qui suo iure utitur.

No one is deemed to act with dolus who makes use of his own right.

Dig. 50.17.56

Digest 50.17.56

Gaius 3 de legatis ad ed. urb.

Gaius 3 on legacies to the urban edict.

Semper in dubiis benigniora praeferenda sunt.

In doubtful matters, the more benign is to be preferred.

Dig. 50.17.57

Digest 50.17.57

Gaius 18 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 18 on the provincial edict.

Bona fides non patitur, ut bis idem exigatur.

Good faith does not permit that the same thing be exacted twice.

Dig. 50.17.58

Digest 50.17.58

Ulpianus 2 disp.

Ulpian 2 Disputations.

Ex poenalibus causis non solet in patrem de peculio actio dari.

From penal causes, an action de peculio is not usually given against the father.

Dig. 50.17.59

Digest 50.17.59

Ulpianus 3 disp.

Ulpian book 3 of disputations.

Heredem eiusdem potestatis iurisque esse, cuius fuit defunctus, constat.

It is established that the heir is of the same power and right as the decedent was.

Dig. 50.17.60

Digest 50.17.60

Ulpianus 10 disp.

Ulpian 10 Disputations.

Semper qui non prohibet pro se intervenire, mandare creditur. sed et si quis ratum habuerit quod gestum est, obstringitur mandati actione.

Whoever does not forbid someone to intervene on his behalf is always deemed to have given a mandate. And likewise, if anyone has ratified what was done, he is bound by the action of mandate.

Dig. 50.17.61

Digest 50.17.61

Ulpianus 3 opin.

Ulpian 3 Opinions.

Domum suam reficere unicuique licet, dum non officiat invito alteri, in quo ius non habet.

It is licit for each person to repair his own house, provided he does not obstruct another who is unwilling, in something in which he has no right.

Dig. 50.17.62

Digest 50.17.62

Iulianus 6 Dig.

Julianus 6 Digest.

Hereditas nihil aliud est, quam successio in universum ius quod defunctus habuerit.

An inheritance is nothing else than a succession into the universal right that the deceased had.

Dig. 50.17.63

Digest 50.17.63

Iulianus 17 Dig.

Julianus 17 Digest.

Qui sine dolo malo ad iudicium provocat, non videtur moram facere.

One who, without malicious fraud, appeals to judgment is not considered to be causing delay.

Dig. 50.17.64

Digest 50.17.64

Iulianus 29 Dig.

Julian 29 Digest

Ea, quae raro accidunt, non temere in agendis negotiis computantur.

Those things which rarely occur are not rashly computed in the conduct of business.

Dig. 50.17.65

Digest 50.17.65

Iulianus 54 Dig.

Julianus 54 Digest.

Ea est natura cavillationis, quam graeci swrityn appellant, ut ab evidenter veris per brevissimas mutationes disputatio ad ea, quae evidenter falsa sunt, perducatur.

Such is the nature of cavillation, which the Greeks call the sorites, that from things evidently true, by the briefest mutations the disputation is led to things which are evidently false.

Dig. 50.17.66

Digest 50.17.66

Iulianus 60 Dig.

Julian 60 Dig.

Marcellus. desinit debitor esse is, qui nanctus est exceptionem iustam nec ab aequitate naturali abhorrentem.

Marcellus. he ceases to be a debtor, he who has obtained a just exception, not abhorrent from natural equity.

Dig. 50.17.67

Digest 50.17.67

Iulianus 87 Dig.

Julianus 87 Digest.

Quotiens idem sermo duas sententias exprimit, ea potissimum excipiatur, quae rei gerendae aptior est.

Whenever the same wording expresses two meanings, that should preferably be accepted which is more apt to the business to be done.

Dig. 50.17.68

Digest 50.17.68

Paulus l.S. de dotis repetit.

Paulus in the second book, On Recovery of the Dowry.

In omnibus causis id observatur, ut, ubi personae condicio locum facit beneficio, ibi deficiente ea beneficium quoque deficiat, ubi vero genus actionis id desiderat, ibi ad quemvis persecutio eius devenerit, non deficiat ratio auxilii.

In all causes this is observed: that, where the condition of the person makes room for a beneficium, there, when that fails, the beneficium also fails; but where the kind of action requires it, there, to whomever its prosecution has devolved, the rationale of aid does not fail.

Dig. 50.17.69

Digest 50.17.69

Paulus l.S. de adsign. libert.

Paulus in the single book on the assignment of freedmen.

Invito beneficium non datur.

A benefit is not given to the unwilling.

Dig. 50.17.70

Digest 50.17.70

Ulpianus 1 de off. procons.

Ulpian 1 On the Office of the Proconsul.

Nemo potest gladii potestatem sibi datam vel cuius alterius coercitionis ad alium transferre.

No one can transfer to another the power of the sword given to himself, or the power of any other coercion.

Dig. 50.17.71

Digest 50.17.71

Ulpianus 2 de off. procons.

Ulpian 2 on the office of the proconsul.

Omnia, quaecumque causae cognitionem desiderant, per libellum expediri non possunt.

All things, whatever require the cognition of a cause, cannot be expedited through a libellus.

Dig. 50.17.72

Digest 50.17.72

Iavolenus 3 ex post. lab.

Javolenus 3 from the Later Books of Labeo.

Fructus rei est vel pignori dare licere.

A fruit of the thing is that it is permitted even to give it in pledge.

Dig. 50.17.73pr.

Digest 50.17.73, preface.

Mucius l.S. horwn

Mucius in the sixth book of these

Quo tutela redit, eo et hereditas pervenit, nisi cum feminae heredes intercedunt.

To whom the guardianship reverts, to that same person the inheritance likewise arrives, unless female heirs intervene.

Dig. 50.17.73.1

Digest 50.17.73.1

Mucius l.S. horwn

Mucius in the second book of these

Nemo potest tutorem dare cuiquam nisi ei, quem in suis heredibus cum moritur habuit habiturusve esset, si vixisset.

No one can appoint a tutor to anyone, except to him whom he had among his own heirs when he dies, or would have had, if he had lived.

Dig. 50.17.73.2

Digest 50.17.73.2

Mucius l.S. horwn

Mucius slave of these

Vi factum id videtur esse, qua de re quis cum prohibetur, fecit: clam, quod quisque, cum controversiam haberet habiturumve se putaret, fecit.

An act is deemed to have been done “by force,” when a person did it, though being prohibited, with respect to that matter: “secretly,” what anyone did when he had, or thought he would have, a controversy.

Dig. 50.17.73.3

Digest 50.17.73.3

Mucius l.S. horwn

Mucius L.S., of the boundary-stones

Quae in testamento ita sunt scripta, ut intellegi non possint, perinde sunt, ac si scripta non essent.

Things which in a testament are written in such a way that they cannot be understood are just as if they had not been written.

Dig. 50.17.73.4

Digest 50.17.73.4

Mucius l.S. horwn

Mucius l.S. of the boundaries

Nec paciscendo nec legem dicendo nec stipulando quisquam alteri cavere potest.

Neither by contracting nor by declaring a lex nor by stipulating can anyone furnish a guarantee for another.

Dig. 50.17.74

Digest 50.17.74

Papinianus 1 quaest.

Papinian, Questions, book 1.

Non debet alteri per alterum iniqua condicio inferri.

No iniquitous condition ought to be imposed upon one person through another.

Dig. 50.17.75

Digest 50.17.75

Papinianus 3 quaest.

Papinian, Questions, book 3.

Nemo potest mutare consilium suum in alterius iniuriam.

No one can change his counsel to another’s injury.

Dig. 50.17.76

Digest 50.17.76

Papinianus 24 quaest.

Papinian 24 Questions.

In totum omnia, quae animi destinatione agenda sunt, non nisi vera et certa scientia perfici possunt.

Altogether, all things which are to be done by the mind’s determination can be perfected only by true and certain knowledge.

Dig. 50.17.77

Digest 50.17.77

Papinianus 28 quaest.

Papinian, Questions 28.

Mi, qui non recipiunt diem vel condicionem, veluti emancipatio, acceptilatio, hereditatis aditio, servi optio, datio tutoris, in totum vitiantur per temporis vel condicionis adiectionem. nonnumquam tamen actus supra scripti tacite recipiunt, quae aperte comprehensa vitium adferunt. nam si acceptum feratur ei, qui sub condicione promisit, ita demum egisse aliquid acceptilatio intellegitur, si obligationis condicio exstiterit: quae si verbis nominatim acceptilationis comprehendatur, nullius momenti faciet actum.

In my view, acts which do not admit a day or a condition—such as emancipation, acceptilation, entry upon an inheritance, option of a slave, appointment of a tutor—are wholly vitiated by the addition of time or condition. Nevertheless, the aforesaid acts sometimes tacitly admit things which, if explicitly included, bring a defect. For if it is entered as received in favor of one who promised under a condition, then and only then is the acceptilation understood to have achieved something, if the condition of the obligation has arisen; but if that condition is expressly included in the words of the acceptilation, it will render the act of no effect.

Dig. 50.17.78

Digest 50.17.78

Papinianus 31 quaest.

Papinian 31 Questions.

Generaliter cum de fraude disputatur, non quid non habeat actor, sed quid per adversarium habere non potuerit, considerandum est.

Generally, when fraud is disputed, it must be considered not what the plaintiff does not have, but what he could not have had through the adversary.

Dig. 50.17.79

Digest 50.17.79

Papinianus 32 quaest.

Papinian, 32 Questions.

Fraudis interpretatio semper in iure civili non ex eventu dumtaxat, sed ex consilio quoque desideratur.

The interpretation of fraud is always sought in civil law not only from the event alone, but from the intent as well.

Dig. 50.17.80

Digest 50.17.80

Papinianus 33 quaest.

Papinian 33 questions.

In toto iure generi per speciem derogatur et illud potissimum habetur, quod ad speciem derectum est.

In the whole law, the genus is derogated by the species, and that is held of chief force which is directed to the species.

Dig. 50.17.81

Digest 50.17.81

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinian 3 Responses.

Quae dubitationis tollendae causa contractibus inseruntur, ius commune non laedunt.

Clauses which are inserted into contracts for the purpose of removing doubt do not injure the common law.

Dig. 50.17.82

Digest 50.17.82

Papinianus 9 resp.

Papinianus 9 responses.

Donari videtur, quod nullo iure cogente conceditur.

That which is granted with no law compelling is considered to be a donation.

Dig. 50.17.83

Digest 50.17.83

Papinianus 2 def.

Papinian 2 definitions.

Non videntur rem amittere, quibus propria non fuit.

They are not deemed to lose a thing who did not have it as their own.

Dig. 50.17.84pr.

Digest 50.17.84, preface.

Paulus 3 quaest.

Paulus 3 Questions.

Cum amplius solutum est quam debebatur, cuius pars non invenitur quae repeti possit, totum esse indebitum intellegitur manente pristina obligatione.

When more has been paid than was owed, and no part is found that can be reclaimed, the whole is understood to be not owed, with the original obligation remaining in force.

Dig. 50.17.84.1

Digest 50.17.84.1

Paulus 3 quaest.

Paulus, Questions, Book 3.

Is natura debet, quem iure gentium dare oportet, cuius fidem secuti sumus.

He owes by nature, the one whom, by the law of nations, it is proper to give up, whose good faith we have followed.

Dig. 50.17.85pr.

Digest 50.17.85 preface.

Paulus 6 quaest.

Paul 6 Questions.

In ambiguis pro dotibus respondere melius est.

In ambiguous cases, it is better to respond in favor of dowries.

Dig. 50.17.85.1

Digest 50.17.85.1

Paulus 6 quaest.

Paulus, Book 6 of Questions

Non est novum, ut quae semel utiliter constituta sunt, durent, licet ille casus exstiterit, a quo initium capere non potuerunt.

It is not a new thing that what has once been usefully constituted endures, although that case has arisen from which they could not take their beginning.

Dig. 50.17.85.2

Digest 50.17.85.2

Paulus 6 quaest.

Paulus 6 Questions.

Quotiens aequitatem desiderii naturalis ratio aut dubitatio iuris moratur, iustis decretis res temperanda est.

Whenever the equity of a desire is delayed by natural reason or by a doubt of law, the matter must be tempered by just decrees.

Dig. 50.17.86

Digest 50.17.86

Paulus 7 quaest.

Paulus 7 questions.

Non solet deterior condicio fieri eorum, qui litem contestati sunt, quam si non essent, sed plerumque melior:

The condition of those who have joined issue is not wont to be made worse than if they had not, but rather, for the most part, better:

Dig. 50.17.87

Digest 50.17.87

Paulus 13 quaest.

Paulus Questions Book 13.

Nemo enim in persequendo deteriorem causam, sed meliorem facit. denique post litem contestatam heredi quoque prospiceretur et heres tenetur ex omnibus causis.

For in prosecuting, no one makes the cause worse, but better. denique after the suit has been joined, provision is made for the heir as well, and the heir is liable on all grounds.

Dig. 50.17.88

Digest 50.17.88

Scaevola 5 quaest.

Scaevola Questions 5.

Nulla intellegitur mora ibi fieri, ubi nulla petitio est.

No delay is understood to occur there where there is no demand.

Dig. 50.17.89

Digest 50.17.89

Paulus 10 quaest.

Paul 10 questions.

Quamdiu possit valere testamentum, tamdiu legitimus non admittitur.

As long as a testament can be valid, so long the legitimate heir is not admitted.

Dig. 50.17.90

Digest 50.17.90

Paulus 15 quaest.

Paulus 15 Questions.

In omnibus quidem, maxime tamen in iure aequitas spectanda est.

In all things indeed, yet especially in law, equity is to be regarded.

Dig. 50.17.91

Digest 50.17.91

Paulus 17 quaest.

Paulus 17 Questions.

Quotiens duplici iure defertur alicui successio, repudiato novo iure quod ante defertur, supererit vetus.

Whenever succession is tendered to someone by a double right, the new right, which is offered earlier, being repudiated, the old will remain.

Dig. 50.17.92

Digest 50.17.92

Scaevola 5 resp.

Scaevola 5 responses.

Si librarius in transscribendis stipulationis verbis errasset, nihil nocere, quo minus et reus et fideiussor teneretur.

If the scribe had erred in transcribing the words of the stipulation, it is no prejudice, so that both the debtor and the surety are held bound.

Dig. 50.17.93

Digest 50.17.93

Maecenatus 1 fideic.

Maecenatus Book 1 on fideicommissa.

Filius familias neque retinere neque reciperare neque apisci possessionem rei peculiaris videtur.

A filius familias is deemed neither to retain, nor to recover, nor to acquire possession of peculium property.

Dig. 50.17.94

Digest 50.17.94

Ulpianus 2 fideic.

Ulpian, 2 on Fideicommissa.

Non solent quae abundant vitiare scripturas.

Things that abound are not wont to vitiate writings.

Dig. 50.17.95

Digest 50.17.95

Ulpianus 6 fideic.

Ulpian 6 fideicommissa.

Nemo dubitat solvendo videri eum qui defenditur.

No one doubts that he who is defended is considered solvent.

Dig. 50.17.96

Digest 50.17.96

Maecenatus 12 fideic.

Maecenatus 12 on fideicommisses.

In ambiguis orationibus maxime sententia spectanda est eius, qui eas protulisset.

In ambiguous expressions, the intention of the one who brought them forth is especially to be considered.

Dig. 50.17.97

Digest 50.17.97

Hermogenianus 3 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 3 of the Epitome of Law.

Ea sola deportationis sententia aufert, quae ad fiscum perveniunt.

A sentence of deportation removes only those things which come to the fisc.

Dig. 50.17.98

Digest 50.17.98

Hermogenianus 4 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus Book 4 of the Epitome of Law.

Quotiens utriusque causa lucri ratio vertitur, is praeferendus est, cuius in lucrum causa tempore praecedit.

Whenever the reckoning of lucre for both is at issue, he is to be preferred whose cause toward lucre precedes in time.

Dig. 50.17.99

Digest 50.17.99

Venonius 12 stipul.

Venonius 12 stipulations.

Non potest improbus videri, qui ignorat quantum solvere debeat.

He cannot be deemed guilty of improbity, who does not know how much he ought to pay.

Dig. 50.17.100

Digest 50.17.100

Gaius 1 reg.

Gaius Rule 1.

Omnia, quae iure contrahuntur, contrario iure pereunt.

All things that are contracted by law perish by contrary law.

Dig. 50.17.101

Digest 50.17.101

Paulus l.S. de cogn.

Paulus in the single book on cognitions.

Ubi lex duorum mensum fecit mentionem, et qui sexagensimo et primo die venerit, audiendus est: ita enim et imperator antoninus cum divo patre suo rescripsit.

Where a law has made mention of two months, one who comes on the 61st day must be heard: for thus also Emperor Antoninus, together with his deified father, wrote back by rescript.

Dig. 50.17.102pr.

Digest 50.17.102, preface.

Ulpianus 1 ad ed.

Ulpian 1 on the edict.

Qui vetante praetore fecit, hic adversus edictum fecisse proprie dicitur.

He who acted while the praetor was forbidding is properly said to have acted against the edict.

Dig. 50.17.102.1

Digest 50.17.102.1

Ulpianus 1 ad ed.

Ulpian, 1 on the Edict.

Eius est actionem denegare, qui possit et dare.

To deny an action belongs to him who can also grant it.

Dig. 50.17.103

Digest 50.17.103

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paulus, Book 1 on the Edict.

Nemo de domo sua extrahi debet.

No one ought to be removed from his own house.

Dig. 50.17.104

Digest 50.17.104

Ulpianus 2 ad ed.

Ulpian, 2 on the Edict.

Si in duabus actionibus alibi summa maior, alibi infamia est, praeponenda est causa existimationis. ubi autem aequiperant, famosa iudicia, etsi summam inparem habent, pro paribus accipienda sunt.

If in two actions the sum is greater in one place, and in another there is infamy, the cause of reputation is to be preferred. But where they are on a par, infamous suits, even if they have an unequal sum, are to be taken as equal.

Dig. 50.17.105

Digest 50.17.105

Paulus 1 ad ed.

Paulus 1 on the edict.

Ubicumque causae cognitio est, ibi praetor desideratur.

Wherever there is an inquiry into a case, there a praetor is required.

Dig. 50.17.106

Digest 50.17.106

Paulus 2 ad ed.

Paulus 2 on the Edict.

Libertas inaestimabilis res est.

Liberty is an inestimable thing.

Dig. 50.17.107

Digest 50.17.107

Gaius 1 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 1 on the provincial edict.

Cum servo nulla actio est.

With a slave there is no action.

Dig. 50.17.108

Digest 50.17.108

Paulus 4 ad ed.

Paulus 4 on the edict.

Fere in omnibus poenalibus iudiciis et aetati et imprudentiae succurritur.

Generally, in almost all penal judgments, aid is given both to age and to imprudence.

Dig. 50.17.109

Digest 50.17.109

Paulus 5 ad ed.

Paulus 5 on the Edict.

Nullum crimen patitur is, qui non prohibet, cum prohibere potest.

No crime is incurred by him who does not prohibit, although he is able to prohibit.

Dig. 50.17.110pr.

Digest 50.17.110 pr.

Paulus 6 ad ed.

Paulus 6 on the edict.

In eo, quod plus sit, semper inest et minus.

In that which is the greater, the lesser is always included.

Dig. 50.17.110.1

Digest 50.17.110.1

Paulus 6 ad ed.

Paulus 6 on the Edict.

Nemo alienae rei expromissor idoneus videtur, nisi si cum satisdatione.

No one appears an adequate expromissor for another’s obligation, unless with satisdation.

Dig. 50.17.110.2

Digest 50.17.110.2

Paulus 6 ad ed.

Paulus 6 on the Edict.

Pupillus pati posse non intellegitur.

A ward is not understood to be capable of permitting.

Dig. 50.17.110.3

Digest 50.17.110.3

Paulus 6 ad ed.

Paulus 6 on the edict.

Ubi verba coniuncta non sunt, sufficit alterutrum esse factum.

Where the words are not conjoined, it suffices that either has been done.

Dig. 50.17.110.4

Digest 50.17.110.4

Paulus 6 ad ed.

Paulus 6 on the Edict.

Mulieribus tunc succurrendum est, cum defendantur, non ut facilius calumnientur.

Aid must then be given to women when they are defendants, not so that they may more easily bring malicious accusations.

Dig. 50.17.111pr.

Digest 50.17.111, preface.

Gaius 2 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 2 on the provincial edict.

Pupillum, qui proximus pubertati sit, capacem esse et furandi et iniuriae faciendae.

That a ward, who is closest to puberty, is capable both of theft and of committing injury.

Dig. 50.17.111.1

Digest 50.17.111.1

Gaius 2 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 2 on the provincial edict

In heredem non solent actiones transire, quae poenales sunt ex maleficio, veluti furti, damni iniuriae, vi bonorum raptorum, iniuriarum.

Actions which are penal arising from a delict do not usually pass to the heir, for example: of theft, of wrongful damage, of goods carried off by force, of affronts.

Dig. 50.17.112

Digest 50.17.112

Paulus 8 ad ed.

Paulus 8 on the edict.

Nihil interest, ipso iure quis actionem non habeat an per exceptionem infirmetur.

It makes no difference whether someone does not have an action by the law itself or is defeated through an exception.

Dig. 50.17.113

Digest 50.17.113

Gaius 3 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 3 on the provincial edict.

In toto et pars continetur.

In the whole a part is contained.

Dig. 50.17.114

Digest 50.17.114

Paulus 9 ad ed.

Paulus 9 on the edict.

In obscuris inspici solere, quod verisimilius est aut quod plerumque fieri solet.

In obscure matters it is customary to look to what is more verisimilar, or to what for the most part is wont to occur.

Dig. 50.17.115pr.

Digest 50.17.115, introductory paragraph.

Paulus 10 ad ed.

Paul book 10 on the Edict.

Si quis obligatione liberatus sit, potest videri cepisse.

If anyone has been released from an obligation, he can be considered to have received it.

Dig. 50.17.115.1

Digest 50.17.115.1

Paulus 10 ad ed.

Paulus 10 on the Edict.

Non potest videri accepisse, qui stipulatus potest exceptione summoveri.

He cannot be deemed to have received who, though he has stipulated, can be removed by an exception.

Dig. 50.17.116pr.

Digest 50.17.116 preface.

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian 11 on the Edict.

Nihil consensui tam contrarium est, qui ac bonae fidei iudicia sustinet, quam vis atque metus: quem comprobare contra bonos mores est.

Nothing is so contrary to consent, which also sustains good‑faith judgments, as force and fear: to approve which is against good morals.

Dig. 50.17.116.1

Digest 50.17.116.1

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian, 11 on the Edict.

Non capitur, qui ius publicum sequitur.

He is not seized, who pursues a public right.

Dig. 50.17.116.2

Digest 50.17.116.2

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian 11 on the Edict.

Non videntur qui errant consentire.

Those who are mistaken are not deemed to consent.

Dig. 50.17.117

Digest 50.17.117

Paulus 11 ad ed.

Paulus 11 on the Edict.

Praetor bonorum possessorem heredis loco in omni causa habet.

The praetor holds the bonorum possessor in the place of an heir in every case.

Dig. 50.17.118

Digest 50.17.118

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian, 11 on the Edict.

Qui in servitute est, usucapere non potest: nam cum possideatur, possidere non videtur.

One who is in servitude cannot usucapt: for although he is possessed, he is not considered to possess.

Dig. 50.17.119

Digest 50.17.119

Ulpianus 13 ad ed.

Ulpian, 13 on the Edict.

Non alienat, qui dumtaxat omittit possessionem.

He does not alienate, who only abandons possession.

Dig. 50.17.120

Digest 50.17.120

Paulus 12 ad ed.

Paul 12 on the Edict.

Nemo plus commodi heredi suo relinquit, quam ipse habuit.

No one leaves to his heir more benefit than he himself had.

Dig. 50.17.121

Digest 50.17.121

Paulus 13 ad ed.

Paulus book 13 on the Edict.

Qui non facit quod facere debet, videtur facere adversus ea, quia non facit: et qui facit quod facere non debet, non videtur facere id quod facere iussus est.

He who does not do what he ought to do is deemed to act contrary to those things, because he does not act: and he who does what he ought not to do is not deemed to do that which he has been ordered to do.

Dig. 50.17.122

Digest 50.17.122

Gaius 5 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius Book 5 on the provincial edict.

Libertas omnibus rebus favorabilior est.

Freedom is more to be favored than all things.

Dig. 50.17.123pr.

Digest 50.17.123pr.

Ulpianus 14 ad ed.

Ulpian 14 on the edict.

Nemo alieno nomine lege agere potest.

No one can proceed at law in another’s name.

Dig. 50.17.123.1

Digest 50.17.123.1

Ulpianus 14 ad ed.

Ulpian 14 On the Edict.

Temporaria permutatio ius provinciae non innovat.

A temporary exchange does not alter the law of the province.

Dig. 50.17.124pr.

Digest 50.17.124, beginning.

Paulus 16 ad ed.

Paulus 16 on the Edict.

Ubi non voce, sed praesentia opus est, mutus, si intellectum habet, potest videri respondere. idem in surdo: hic quidem et respondere potest.

Where there is need not of voice but of presence, a mute, if he has understanding, can be deemed to respond. The same in the case of a deaf person: this one indeed can also respond.

Dig. 50.17.124.1

Digest 50.17.124.1

Paulus 16 ad ed.

Paulus 16 On the Edict.

Furiosus absentis loco est et ita pomponius libro primo epistularum scribit.

A madman is in the position of an absentee, and thus Pomponius writes in the first book of the Epistles.

Dig. 50.17.125

Digest 50.17.125

Gaius 5 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 5 on the provincial edict.

Favorabiliores rei potius quam actores habentur.

Defendants are held more favorable than plaintiffs.

Dig. 50.17.126pr.

Digest 50.17.126pr.

Ulpianus 15 ad ed.

Ulpian, 15 on the Edict.

Nemo praedo est, qui pretium numeravit.

No one is a robber who has counted out the price.

Dig. 50.17.126.1

Digest 50.17.126.1

Ulpianus 15 ad ed.

Ulpian 15 on the edict.

Locupletior non est factus, qui libertum adquisierit.

He has not become richer who has acquired a freedman.

Dig. 50.17.126.2

Digest 50.17.126.2

Ulpianus 15 ad ed.

Ulpian, 15 on the Edict.

Cum de lucro duorum quaeratur, melior est causa possidentis.

When the profit of two is in question, the possessor has the better cause.

Dig. 50.17.127

Digest 50.17.127

Paulus 20 ad ed.

Paulus 20 on the Edict.

Cum praetor in heredem dat actionem, quatenus ad eum pervenit, sufficit, si vel momento ad eum pervenit ex dolo defuncti.

When the praetor grants an action against the heir, insofar as it has reached him, it is sufficient if it has reached him even for a moment from the fraud of the deceased.

Dig. 50.17.128pr.

Digest 50.17.128, beginning.

Paulus 19 ad ed.

Paulus 19 on the edict.

In pari causa possessor potior haberi debet.

In an equal case, the possessor ought to be held the stronger.

Dig. 50.17.128.1

Digest 50.17.128.1

Paulus 19 ad ed.

Paulus 19 on the Edict.

Hi, qui in universum ius succedunt, heredis loco habentur.

Those who succeed by universal succession are considered in the position of an heir.

Dig. 50.17.129pr.

Digest 50.17.129pr.

Paulus 21 ad ed.

Paulus 21 on the edict.

Nihil dolo creditor facit, qui suum recipit.

A creditor commits no fraud who recovers what is his own.

Dig. 50.17.129.1

Digest 50.17.129.1

Paulus 21 ad ed.

Paulus 21 on the edict.

Cum principalis causa non consistit, ne ea quidem quae sequuntur locum habent.

When the principal cause does not subsist, not even those things which follow have place.

Dig. 50.17.130

Digest 50.17.130

Ulpianus 18 ad ed.

Ulpian 18 on the Edict.

Numquam actiones, praesertim poenales, de eadem re concurrentes alia aliam consumit.

Actions—especially penal ones—concurrent concerning the same matter never consume one another.

Dig. 50.17.131

Digest 50.17.131

Paulus 22 ad ed.

Paulus 22 on the Edict.

Qui dolo desierit possidere, pro possidente damnatur, quia pro possessione dolus est.

Whoever has ceased to possess by fraud is condemned as a possessor, because fraud stands in place of possession.

Dig. 50.17.132

Digest 50.17.132

Gaius 7 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 7 on the provincial edict.

Imperitia culpae adnumeratur.

Inexperience is counted as negligence.

Dig. 50.17.133

Digest 50.17.133

Gaius 8 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 8 on the Provincial Edict.

Melior condicio nostra per servos fieri potest, deterior fieri non potest.

Our condition can be made better through slaves; it cannot be made worse.

Dig. 50.17.134pr.

Digest 50.17.134pr.

Ulpianus 21 ad ed.

Ulpian 21 on the Edict.

Non fraudantur creditores, cum quid non adquiritur a debitore, sed cum quid de bonis deminuitur.

Creditors are not defrauded when something is not acquired by the debtor, but when something is diminished from the estate.

Dig. 50.17.134.1

Digest 50.17.134.1

Ulpianus 21 ad ed.

Ulpian 21 on the Edict.

Nemo ex suo delicto meliorem suam condicionem facere potest.

No one can make his own condition better by his own delict.

Dig. 50.17.135

Digest 50.17.135

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian 23 on the Edict.

Ea, quae dari impossibilia sunt vel quae in rerum natura non sunt, pro non adiectis habentur.

Those things which are impossible to be given, or which are not in the nature of things, are held as not added.

Dig. 50.17.136

Digest 50.17.136

Paulus 18 ad ed.

Paulus book 18 on the edict.

Bona fides tantundem possidenti praestat, quantum veritas, quotiens lex impedimento non est.

Good faith affords to the possessor just as much as truth, whenever the law is not an impediment.

Dig. 50.17.137

Digest 50.17.137

Ulpianus 25 ad ed.

Ulpian 25 on the edict.

Qui auctore iudice comparavit, bonae fidei possessor est.

He who has acquired by the judge’s authority is a possessor in good faith.

Dig. 50.17.138pr.

Digest 50.17.138 preface.

Paulus 27 ad ed.

Paulus 27 on the Edict.

Omnis hereditas, quamvis postea adeatur, tamen cum tempore mortis continuatur.

Every inheritance, although it may be entered upon afterwards, is nevertheless continuous with the time of death.

Dig. 50.17.138.1

Digest 50.17.138.1

Paulus 27 ad ed.

Paulus 27 On the Edict.

Numquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti aestimatio.

The estimation of a past delict never increases ex post facto.

Dig. 50.17.139pr.

Digest 50.17.139, beginning.

Gaius ad ed. pu.

Gaius on the Edict of the Urban Praetor.

Omnes actiones, quae morte aut tempore pereunt, semel inclusae iudicio salvae permanent.

All actions which perish by death or by time, once included in a judgment, remain preserved.

Dig. 50.17.139.1

Digest 50.17.139.1

Gaius ad ed. pu.

Gaius on the provincial edict.

Non videtur perfecte cuiusque id esse, quod ex casu auferri potest.

That which can be carried off by chance does not seem to be perfectly each person's own.

Dig. 50.17.140

Digest 50.17.140

Ulpianus 56 ad ed.

Ulpian 56 on the Edict.

Absentia eius, qui rei publicae causa abest, neque ei neque alii damnosa esse debet.

The absence of one who is away for the sake of the republic ought to be damaging neither to him nor to another.

Dig. 50.17.141pr.

Digest 50.17.141, preface.

Paulus 54 ad ed.

Paulus 54 on the Edict.

Quod contra rationem iuris receptum est, non est producendum ad consequentia.

What has been received against the reason of law is not to be extended to consequences.

Dig. 50.17.141.1

Digest 50.17.141.1

Paulus 54 ad ed.

Paulus 54 on the Edict.

Uni duo pro solido heredes esse non possunt.

To one person, two cannot be heirs for the whole.

Dig. 50.17.142

Digest 50.17.142

Paulus 56 ad ed.

Paulus 56 on the edict.

Qui tacet, non utique fatetur: sed tamen verum est eum non negare.

He who is silent does not necessarily confess: yet it is true that he does not deny.

Dig. 50.17.143

Digest 50.17.143

Ulpianus 62 ad ed.

Ulpian, 62 on the Edict.

Quod ipsis qui contraxerunt obstat, et successoribus eorum obstabit.

What is an obstacle to the very ones who contracted, will also be an obstacle to their successors.

Dig. 50.17.144pr.

Digest 50.17.144pr.

Paulus 62 ad ed.

Paulus 62 on the edict.

Non omne quod licet honestum est.

Not everything that is permitted is honorable.

Dig. 50.17.144.1

Digest 50.17.144.1

Paulus 62 ad ed.

Paulus 62 on the Edict.

In stipulationibus id tempus spectatur, quo contrahimus.

In stipulations, the time that is considered is the one at which we contract.

Dig. 50.17.145

Digest 50.17.145

Ulpianus 66 ad ed.

Ulpian 66 on the edict.

Nemo videtur fraudare eos, qui sciunt et consentiunt.

No one is deemed to defraud those who know and consent.

Dig. 50.17.146

Digest 50.17.146

Paulus 62 ad ed.

Paulus 62 on the edict.

Quod quis dum servus est egit, proficere libero facto non potest.

What someone did while he was a slave cannot profit him once he has been made free.

Dig. 50.17.147

Digest 50.17.147

Gaius 24 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 24 on the provincial edict.

Semper specialia generalibus insunt.

Special things are always contained in general things.

Dig. 50.17.148

Digest 50.17.148

Paulus 16 brev. edicti.

Paulus 16, breviary of the edict.

Cuius effectus omnibus prodest, eius et partes ad omnes pertinent.

That whose effect profits all, its parts also pertain to all.

Dig. 50.17.149

Digest 50.17.149

Ulpianus 67 ad ed.

Ulpian 67 on the Edict.

Ex qua persona quis lucrum capit, eius factum praestare debet.

From the person from whom one takes lucre, one ought to be responsible for that person’s act.

Dig. 50.17.150

Digest 50.17.150

Ulpianus 68 ad ed.

Ulpian, 68 on the Edict.

Parem esse condicionem oportet eius, qui quid possideat vel habeat, atque eius, cuius dolo malo factum sit, quo minus possideret vel haberet.

The condition ought to be equal for him who possesses or has something, and for him by whose malicious fraud it has been brought about that he not possess or have it.

Dig. 50.17.151

Digest 50.17.151

Paulus 64 ad ed.

Paulus 64 on the Edict.

Nemo damnum facit, nisi qui id fecit, quod facere ius non habet.

No one causes damage, except the one who has done that which he does not have the right to do.

Dig. 50.17.152pr.

Digest 50.17.152pr.

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian 69 on the Edict.

Hoc iure utimur, ut quidquid omnino per vim fiat, aut in vis publicae aut in vis privatae crimen incidat.

We use this law: that anything whatsoever done by violence falls under the crime either of public violence or of private violence.

Dig. 50.17.152.1

Digest 50.17.152.1

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian 69 on the Edict.

Deicit et qui mandat.

He too ejects who gives the order.

Dig. 50.17.152.2

Digest 50.17.152.2

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian 69 on the Edict.

In maleficio ratihabitio mandato comparatur.

In wrongdoing, ratification is equated with a mandate.

Dig. 50.17.152.3

Digest 50.17.152.3

Ulpianus 69 ad ed.

Ulpian 69 on the Edict.

In contractibus, quibus doli praestatio vel bona fides inest, heres in solidum tenetur.

In contracts in which a prestation for fraud or good faith inheres, the heir is held liable for the whole.

Dig. 50.17.153

Digest 50.17.153

Paulus 65 ad ed.

Paulus 65 on the Edict.

Fere quibuscumque modis obligamur, isdem in contrarium actis liberamur, cum quibus modis adquirimus, isdem in contrarium actis amittimus. ut igitur nulla possessio adquiri nisi animo et corpore potest, ita nulla amittitur, nisi in qua utrumque in contrarium actum est.

Almost by whatever modes we are obligated, by the same, when acts are done to the contrary, we are liberated; just as by whatever modes we acquire, by the same, when acts are done to the contrary, we lose. Thus, since no possession can be acquired except by mind and body, so none is lost unless, in respect of it, both have been acted to the contrary.

Dig. 50.17.154

Digest 50.17.154

Ulpianus 70 ad ed.

Ulpian, 70 on the Edict.

Cum par delictum est duorum, semper oneratur petitor et melior habetur possessoris causa. sicut fit, cum de dolo excipitur petitoris: neque enim datur talis replicatio petitori "aut si rei quoque in ea re dolo actum sit". illi debet permitti poenam petere, qui in ipsam non incidit.

When the delict is equal between two, the petitioner is always burdened, and the possessor’s cause is held to be the better. As happens when an exception is pleaded on the plaintiff’s fraud: for such a replication is not given to the plaintiff, “or if in that matter the defendant also acted with fraud.” Permission to seek the penalty ought to be granted to him who has not himself incurred it.

Dig. 50.17.155pr.

Digest 50.17.155pr.

Paulus 65 ad ed.

Paulus 65 on the Edict.

Factum cuique suum, non adversario nocere debet.

Each person’s own deed ought to harm himself, not his adversary.

Dig. 50.17.155.1

Digest 50.17.155.1

Paulus 65 ad ed.

Paulus 65 on the Edict.

Non videtur vim facere, qui iure suo utitur et ordinaria actione experitur.

He is not deemed to commit violence who exercises his own right and proceeds by an ordinary action.

Dig. 50.17.155.2

Digest 50.17.155.2

Paulus 65 ad ed.

Paulus 65 on the Edict.

In poenalibus causis benignius interpretandum est.

In penal cases, a more benign interpretation is to be adopted.

Dig. 50.17.156pr.

Digest 50.17.156pr.

Ulpianus 70 ad ed.

Ulpian 70 on the edict.

Invitus nemo rem cogitur defendere.

No one is compelled to defend a case against his will.

Dig. 50.17.156.1

Digest 50.17.156.1

Ulpianus 70 ad ed.

Ulpian 70 on the edict.

Cui damus actiones, eidem et exceptionem competere multo magis quis dixerit.

One might say that to the person to whom we grant actions, an exception likewise, and even more, is competent.

Dig. 50.17.156.2

Digest 50.17.156.2

Ulpianus 70 ad ed.

Ulpian, 70 on the Edict.

Cum quis in alii locum successerit, non est aequum ei nocere hoc, quod adversus eum non nocuit, in cuius locum successit.

When someone has succeeded into another’s place, it is not equitable that that should harm him which did not harm the one into whose place he succeeded.

Dig. 50.17.156.3

Digest 50.17.156.3

Ulpianus 70 ad ed.

Ulpian 70 On the Edict.

Plerumque emptoris eadem causa esse debet circa petendum ac defendendum, quae fuit auctoris.

For the most part, the buyer ought to have the same cause in suing and in defending as the seller had.

Dig. 50.17.156.4

Digest 50.17.156.4

Ulpianus 70 ad ed.

Ulpian 70 on the Edict.

Quod cuique pro eo praestatur, invito non tribuitur.

What is rendered on a person’s behalf is not granted to him against his will.

Dig. 50.17.157pr.

Digest 50.17.157pr.

Ulpianus 71 ad ed.

Ulpian 71 on the edict.

Ad ea, quae non habent atrocitatem facinoris vel sceleris, ignoscitur servis, si vel dominis vel his, qui vice dominorum sunt, veluti tutoribus et curatoribus obtemperaverint.

As to those things which do not have the atrocity of a deed or of a crime, pardon is extended to slaves, if they have obeyed either their masters or those who are in the place of masters, as tutors and curators.

Dig. 50.17.157.1

Digest 50.17.157.1

Ulpianus 71 ad ed.

Ulpian 71 on the Edict.

Semper qui dolo fecit, quo minus haberet, pro eo habendus est, ac si haberet.

Always, one who has acted by fraud, so that he might have less, is to be considered as if he had it.

Dig. 50.17.157.2

Digest 50.17.157.2

Ulpianus 71 ad ed.

Ulpian, 71 on the Edict.

In contractibus successores ex dolo eorum, quibus successerunt, non tantum in id quod pervenit, verum etiam in solidum tenentur, hoc est unusquisque pro ea parte qua heres est.

In contracts, successors, on account of the dolus of those to whom they have succeeded, are held liable not only for what has come into their hands, but even in solidum, that is, each for that part in which he is heir.

Dig. 50.17.158

Digest 50.17.158

Gaius 26 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 26 on the provincial edict.

Creditor, qui permittit rem venire, pignus dimittit.

A creditor, who permits the thing to be sold, dismisses the pledge.

Dig. 50.17.159

Digest 50.17.159

Paulus 70 ad ed.

Paulus 70 on the edict.

Non ut ex pluribus causis deberi nobis idem potest, ita ex pluribus causis idem possit nostrum esse.

Not that, as from several causes the same thing can be owed to us, so from several causes the same thing can be ours.

Dig. 50.17.160pr.

Digest 50.17.160, preface.

Ulpianus 76 ad ed.

Ulpian, 76 on the Edict.

Aliud est vendere, aliud vendenti consentire.

It is one thing to sell; it is another to consent to the seller.

Dig. 50.17.160.1

Digest 50.17.160.1

Ulpianus 76 ad ed.

Ulpian 76 on the Edict.

Refertur ad universos, quod publice fit per maiorem partem.

What is done publicly by the greater part is referred to all.

Dig. 50.17.160.2

Digest 50.17.160.2

Ulpianus 76 ad ed.

Ulpian 76 on the Edict.

Absurdum est plus iuris habere eum, cui legatus sit fundus, quam heredem aut ipsum testatorem, si viveret.

It is absurd that the one to whom a farm has been bequeathed should have more right than the heir or the testator himself, if he were living.

Dig. 50.17.161

Digest 50.17.161

Ulpianus 77 ad ed.

Ulpian 77 to the edict.

In iure civili receptum est, quotiens per eum, cuius interest condicionem non impleri, fiat quo minus impleatur, perinde haberi, ac si impleta condicio fuisset. quod ad libertatem et legata et ad heredum institutiones perducitur. quibus exemplis stipulationes quoque committuntur, cum per promissorem factum esset, quo minus stipulator condicioni pareret.

In the civil law it is established that, whenever through the agency of him whose interest it is that the condition not be fulfilled it comes about that it is not fulfilled, it is held the same as if the condition had been fulfilled. This is carried over to liberty (manumission), to legacies, and to the institution of heirs. By these examples, stipulations likewise are deemed to be committed, when it has been brought about by the promisor that the stipulator should not comply with the condition.

Dig. 50.17.162

Digest 50.17.162

Paulus 70 ad ed.

Paulus 70 on the edict.

Quae propter necessitatem recepta sunt, non debent in argumentum trahi.

Things which have been received on account of necessity ought not to be drawn into argument.

Dig. 50.17.163

Digest 50.17.163

Ulpianus 55 ad ed.

Ulpian 55 on the Edict.

Cui ius est donandi, eidem et vendendi et concedendi ius est.

He who has the right to donate has likewise the right to sell and to grant.

Dig. 50.17.164

Digest 50.17.164

Paulus 51 ad ed.

Paulus, 51 on the edict.

Poenalia iudicia semel accepta in heredes transmitti possunt.

Penal suits, once accepted, can be transmitted to heirs.

Dig. 50.17.165

Digest 50.17.165

Ulpianus 53 ad ed.

Ulpian 53 on the Edict.

Cum quis possit alienare, poterit et consentire alienationi. cui autem donare non conceditur, probandum erit nec, si donationis causa consenserit, ratam eius voluntatem habendam.

When someone is able to alienate, he will also be able to consent to the alienation. But as for him to whom it is not granted to donate, it must be proved that, even if he consented for the purpose of a donation, his will is not to be held ratified.

Dig. 50.17.166

Digest 50.17.166

Paulus 48 ad ed.

Paulus 48 on the Edict.

Qui rem alienam defendit, numquam locuples habetur.

He who defends another’s property is never regarded as solvent.

Dig. 50.17.167pr.

Digest 50.17.167, beginning.

Paulus 49 ad ed.

Paulus, book 49 on the Edict.

Non videntur data, quae eo tempore quo dentur accipientis non fiunt.

They are not deemed given, which at the time when they are given do not become the recipient’s.

Dig. 50.17.167.1

Digest 50.17.167.1

Paulus 49 ad ed.

Paul 49 on the edict.

Qui iussu iudicis aliquid facit, non videtur dolo malo facere, qui parere necesse habet.

He who does something by order of a judge is not considered to act with malicious intent, since he is obliged to obey.

Dig. 50.17.168pr.

Digest 50.17.168pr.

Paulus 1 ad plaut.

Paulus 1 to Plautius.

Rapienda occasio est, quae praebet benignius responsum.

The occasion that offers a more benign response must be seized.

Dig. 50.17.168.1

Digest 50.17.168.1

Paulus 1 ad plaut.

Paulus 1 on Plautius.

Quod factum est cum in obscuro sit, ex affectione cuiusque capit interpretationem.

What has been done, when it lies in obscurity, takes its interpretation from each person’s affection.

Dig. 50.17.169pr.

Digest 50.17.169, beginning.

Paulus 2 ad plaut.

Paulus 2 on Plautius.

Is damnum dat, qui iubet dare: eius vero nulla culpa est, cui parere necesse sit.

It is he who inflicts the loss who orders it to be given; but there is no fault in the one who must obey.

Dig. 50.17.169.1

Digest 50.17.169.1

Paulus 2 ad plaut.

Paulus 2 to Plautius.

Quod pendet, non est pro eo, quasi sit.

What is pending is not treated as though it exists.

Dig. 50.17.170

Digest 50.17.170

Paulus 3 ad plaut.

Paulus 3 on Plautius.

Factum a iudice, quod ad officium eius non pertinet, ratum non est.

An act done by a judge, which does not pertain to his office, is not valid.

Dig. 50.17.171

Digest 50.17.171

Paulus 4 ad plaut.

Paulus, 4 on Plautius.

Nemi ideo obligatur, quia recepturus est ab alio quod praestiterit.

No one is therefore obligated because he is going to receive from another what he has rendered.

Dig. 50.17.172pr.

Digest 50.17.172pr.

Paulus 5 ad plaut.

Paulus 5 on Plautius.

In contrahenda venditione ambiguum pactum contra venditorem interpretandum est.

In contracting a sale, an ambiguous pact must be interpreted against the seller.

Dig. 50.17.172.1

Digest 50.17.172.1

Paulus 5 ad plaut.

Paulus 5 to Plautius.

Ambigua autem intentio ita accipienda est, ut res salva actori sit.

But an ambiguous intention is to be received in such a way that the matter remains safe for the plaintiff.

Dig. 50.17.173pr.

Digest 50.17.173 pr.

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 on plaut.

In condemnatione personarum, quae in id quod facere possunt damnantur, non totum quod habent extorquendum est, sed et ipsarum ratio habenda est, ne egeant.

In the condemnation of persons who are condemned to that which they can do, not everything they have is to be extorted; rather, consideration must be had for them, lest they be in need.

Dig. 50.17.173.1

Digest 50.17.173.1

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 to Plautius.

Cum verbum "restituas" lege invenitur, etsi non specialiter de fructibus additum est, tamen etiam fructus sunt restitendi.

When the word "you shall restore" is found in the law, even if it is not specifically added concerning fruits, nevertheless the fruits too are to be restored.

Dig. 50.17.173.2

Digest 50.17.173.2

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 to Plautius.

Unicuique sua mora nocet. quod et in duobus reis promittendi observatur.

To each, his own delay is injurious; which is observed also in the case of two co-promisors.

Dig. 50.17.173.3

Digest 50.17.173.3

Paulus 6 ad plaut.

Paulus 6 on Plautius.

Dolo facit, qui petit quod redditurus est.

He acts with dolus who sues for what he will have to render back.

Dig. 50.17.174pr.

Digest 50.17.174, beginning.

Paulus 8 ad plaut.

Paul 8 to Plautius.

Qui potest facere, ut possit condicioni parere, iam posse videtur.

He who can make it so that he can obey the condition is already considered able.

Dig. 50.17.174.1

Digest 50.17.174.1

Paulus 8 ad plaut.

Paulus 8 on Plautius.

Quod quis si velit habere non potest, id repudiare non potest.

What a person, if he should wish, cannot have, that he cannot repudiate.

Dig. 50.17.175pr.

Digest 50.17.175pr.

Paulus 11 ad plaut.

Paulus 11 on Plautius.

In his, quae officium per liberas fieri personas leges desiderant, servus intervenire non potest.

In those matters which the laws require to be performed through free persons, a slave cannot intervene.

Dig. 50.17.175.1

Digest 50.17.175.1

Paulus 11 ad plaut.

Paulus, 11, on Plautius.

Non debeo melioris condicionis esse, quam auctor meus, a quo ius in me transit.

I ought not to be in a better condition than my grantor, from whom the right passes to me.

Dig. 50.17.176pr.

Digest 50.17.176, beginning.

Paulus 13 ad plaut.

Paulus book 13 on Plautius.

Non est singulis concedendum, quod per magistratum publice possit fieri, ne occasio sit maioris tumultus faciendi.

It is not to be conceded to individuals what can be done publicly through a magistrate, lest there be an occasion for making a greater tumult.

Dig. 50.17.176.1

Digest 50.17.176.1

Paulus 13 ad plaut.

Paulus 13 on Plautius.

Infinita aestimatio est libertatis et necessitudinis.

The estimation of liberty and of kinship is infinite.

Dig. 50.17.177pr.

Digest 50.17.177, preface.

Paulus 14 ad plaut.

Paulus 14 on Plautius.

Qui in ius dominiumve alterius succedit, iure eius uti debet.

Whoever succeeds to the right or dominion of another must exercise that right.

Dig. 50.17.177.1

Digest 50.17.177.1

Paulus 14 ad plaut.

Paulus 14 on Plautius.

Nemo videtur dolo exsequi, qui ignorat causam, cur non debeat petere.

No one is deemed to proceed with fraud who is ignorant of the cause why he ought not to sue.

Dig. 50.17.178

Digest 50.17.178

Paulus 15 ad plaut.

Paulus book 15 on Plautius.

Cum principalis causa non consistat, plerumque ne ea quidem, quae sequuntur, locum habent.

When the principal cause does not consist, for the most part not even those things which follow have place.

Dig. 50.17.179

Digest 50.17.179

Paulus 16 ad plaut.

Paulus 16 to plautius.

In obscura voluntate manumittentis favendum est libertati.

When the manumitter’s will is obscure, liberty is to be favored.

Dig. 50.17.180

Digest 50.17.180

Paulus 17 ad plaut.

Paulus 17 on Plautius.

Quod iussu alterius solvitur, pro eo est, quasi ipsi solutum esset.

What is paid by the order of another stands for him, as if it had been paid to himself.

Dig. 50.17.181

Digest 50.17.181

Paulus 1 ad vitell.

Paulus 1 to Vitellius.

Si nemo subiit hereditatem, omnis vis testamenti solvitur.

If no one has entered upon the inheritance, all the force of the testament is dissolved.

Dig. 50.17.182

Digest 50.17.182

Paulus 3 ad vitell.

Paulus 3 to Vitellius.

Quod nullius esse potest, id ut alicuius fieret, nulla obligatio valet efficere.

No obligation is valid to effect that what can be no one’s should become someone’s.

Dig. 50.17.183

Digest 50.17.183

Marcellus 3 Dig.

Marcellus 3 Digest.

Etsi nihil facile mutandum est ex sollemnibus, tamen ubi aequitas evidens poscit, subveniendum est.

Although nothing from the solemnities is to be readily changed, nevertheless, where evident equity demands, aid must be afforded.

Dig. 50.17.184

Digest 50.17.184

Celsus 7 Dig.

Celsus 7 Digest

Vani timoris iusta excusatio non est.

A just excuse for vain fear does not exist.

Dig. 50.17.185

Digest 50.17.185

Celsus 8 Dig.

Celsus 8 Digest.

Inpossibilium nulla obligatio est.

There is no obligation regarding impossibles.

Dig. 50.17.186

Digest 50.17.186

Celsus 12 Dig.

Celsus 12 Digest.

Nihil peti potest ante id tempus, quo per rerum naturam persolvi possit: et cum solvendi tempus obligationi additur, nisi eo praeterito peti non potest.

Nothing can be sought before the time at which, by the nature of things, it can be discharged; and when a time of payment is added to the obligation, it cannot be sought unless that time has elapsed.

Dig. 50.17.187

Digest 50.17.187

Celsus 16 Dig.

Celsus 16 Digest.

Si quis praegnatem uxorem reliquit, non videtur sine liberis decessisse.

If someone left behind a pregnant wife, he is not considered to have died without children.

Dig. 50.17.188pr.

Digest 50.17.188, beginning.

Celsus 17 Dig.

Celsus 17 Digest

Ubi pugnantia inter se in testamento iuberentur, neutrum ratum est.

Where things conflicting with each other are ordered in a testament, neither is valid.

Dig. 50.17.188.1

Digest 50.17.188.1

Celsus 17 Dig.

Celsus 17 Digest.

Quae rerum natura prohibentur, nulla lege confirmata sunt.

Things which are prohibited by the nature of things are confirmed by no law.

Dig. 50.17.189

Digest 50.17.189

Celsus 13 Dig.

Celsus 13 Digest

Pupillus nec velle nec nolle in ea aetate nisi adposita tutoris auctoritate creditur: nam quod animi iudicio fit, in eo tutoris auctoritas necessaria est.

A pupil is believed at that age neither to will nor to be unwilling unless the guardian’s authority is added: for whatever is done by judgment of the mind, therein the guardian’s authority is necessary.

Dig. 50.17.190

Digest 50.17.190

Celsus 24 Dig.

Celsus 24 Digest.

Quod evincitur, in bonis non est.

What is evicted is not among the goods.

Dig. 50.17.191

Digest 50.17.191

Celsus 33 Dig.

Celsus 33 Digest.

Neratius consultus, an quod beneficium dare se quasi viventi caesar rescripserat, iam defuncto dedisse existimaretur, respondit non videri sibi principem, quod ei, quem vivere existimabat, concessisset, defuncto concessisse: quem tamen modum esse beneficii sui vellet, ipsius aestimationem esse.

Neratius, when consulted whether the benefit which the emperor had stated in a rescript that he would grant as if to one living should be considered to have been given to one now deceased, replied that it did not seem to him that the emperor had granted to a dead man what he had granted to one whom he believed to be alive; nevertheless, whatever measure he wished his own benefit to have is a matter for his own estimation.

Dig. 50.17.192pr.

Digest 50.17.192pr.

Marcellus 29 Dig.

Marcellus 29 Digest.

Ea, quae in partes dividi non possunt, solida a singulis heredibus debentur.

Those things which cannot be divided into parts are owed in solidum by each heir.

Dig. 50.17.192.1

Digest 50.17.192.1

Marcellus 29 Dig.

In re dubia benigniorem interpretationem sequi non minus iustius est quam tutius.

In a doubtful matter, to follow the more benign interpretation is no less just than safe.

Dig. 50.17.193

Digest 50.17.193

Celsus 38 Dig.

Celsus 38 Digest.

Omnia fere iura heredum perinde habentur, ac si continuo sub tempus mortis heredes exstitissent.

Almost all the rights of heirs are held just as if the heirs had existed immediately at the time of death.

Dig. 50.17.194

Digest 50.17.194

Modestinus 6 diff.

Modestinus 6 Differences.

Qui per successionem quamvis longissimam defuncto heredes constiterunt, non minus heredes intelleguntur, quam qui principaliter heredes existunt.

Those who, through a succession however long, have been constituted heirs of the deceased are understood to be no less heirs than those who are heirs principally.

Dig. 50.17.195

Digest 50.17.195

Modestinus 7 diff.

Modestinus 7 Differences.

Expressa nocent, non expressa non nocent.

What is expressed harms; what is not expressed does not harm.

Dig. 50.17.196

Digest 50.17.196

Modestinus 8 reg.

Modestinus Rules book 8.

Privilegia quaedam causae sunt, quaedam personae. et ideo quaedam ad heredem transmittuntur, quae causae sunt: quae personae sunt, ad heredem non transeunt.

Certain privileges are of a cause, certain of a person. And therefore some are transmitted to the heir, those which are of a cause; those which are of a person do not pass to the heir.

Dig. 50.17.197

Digest 50.17.197

Modestinus l.S. de ritu nupt.

Modestinus in the single book On the Rite of Nuptials.

Semper in coniunctionibus non solum quid liceat considerandum est, sed et quid honestum sit.

Always in unions, not only what is licit must be considered, but also what is honorable.

Dig. 50.17.198

Digest 50.17.198

Iavolenus 13 ex cass.

Iavolenus 13 from Cassius.

Neque in interdicto neque in ceteris causis pupillo nocere oportet dolum tutoris, sive solvendo est sive non est.

Neither in an interdict nor in the other cases ought the fraud of the tutor to harm the ward, whether he is solvent or not.

Dig. 50.17.199

Digest 50.17.199

Iavolenus 6 epist.

Javolenus 6 epistles.

Non potest dolo carere, qui imperio magistratus non paruit.

He cannot be without fraud who did not obey the command of a magistrate.

Dig. 50.17.200

Digest 50.17.200

Iavolenus 7 epist.

Iavolenus 7 epistles.

Quotiens nihil sine captione investigari potest, eligendum est quod minimum habeat iniquitatis.

Whenever nothing can be investigated without captiousness, what has the least iniquity must be chosen.

Dig. 50.17.201

Digest 50.17.201

Iavolenus 10 epist.

Iavolenus book 10 of the Epistles.

Omnia, quae ex testamento proficiscuntur, ita statum eventus capiunt, si initium quoque sine vitio ceperint.

All things that proceed from a testament thus take the status of their event, if their inception also has been undertaken without defect.

Dig. 50.17.202

Digest 50.17.202

Iavolenus 11 epist.

Javolenus 11 epistles.

Omnis definitio in iure civili periculosa est: parum est enim, ut non subverti posset.

Every definition in civil law is perilous: for it is scarcely the case that it could not be subverted.

Dig. 50.17.203

Digest 50.17.203

Pomponius 8 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 8 on q. muc.

Quod quis ex culpa sua damnum sentit, non intellegitur damnum sentire.

The damage which someone suffers from his own fault is not understood to be damage.

Dig. 50.17.204

Digest 50.17.204

Pomponius 28 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 28 on q. muc.

Minus est actionem habere quam rem.

It is less to have an action than the thing.

Dig. 50.17.205

Digest 50.17.205

Pomponius 39 ad q. muc.

Pomponius 39 on Q. Mucius.

Plerumque fit, ut etiam ea, quae nobis abire possint, proinde in eo statu sint, atque si non essent eius condicionis, ut abire possent. et ideo quod fisco obligamus, et vindicare interdum et alienare et servitutem in praedio imponere possumus.

It commonly happens that even those things which may depart from us are nevertheless in the same status as if they were not of such a condition as to be able to depart. And therefore what we bind to the Fisc, we can sometimes both vindicate and alienate, and impose a servitude upon a praedium.

Dig. 50.17.206

Digest 50.17.206

Pomponius 9 ex var. lect.

Pomponius 9 from Various Readings.

Iure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et iniuria fieri locupletiorem.

By the law of nature it is equitable that no one be made richer with another’s detriment and injury.

Dig. 50.17.207

Digest 50.17.207

Ulpianus 1 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian, 1 on the Lex Julia and Papia.

Res iudicata pro veritate accipitur.

A matter adjudged is accepted as truth.

Dig. 50.17.208

Digest 50.17.208

Paulus 3 ad l. iul. et pap.

Paulus 3 on the Julian and Papian Law.

Non potest videri desisse habere, qui numquam habuit.

He cannot be deemed to have ceased to have, who never had.

Dig. 50.17.209

Digest 50.17.209

Ulpianus 4 ad l. iul. et pap.

Ulpian 4 on the Julian and Papian Law.

Servitutem mortalitati fere comparamus.

We almost compare servitude to mortality.

Dig. 50.17.210

Digest 50.17.210

Licinius 2 reg.

Licinius II king.

Quae ab initio inutilis fuit institutio, ex postfacto convalescere non potest.

An institution that was invalid from the beginning cannot convalesce ex post facto.

Dig. 50.17.211

Digest 50.17.211

Paulus 69 ad ed.

Paulus 69 on the Edict.

Servus rei publicae causa abesse non potest.

A slave cannot be absent on public business.