Donatus: DE PARTIBUS ORATIONIS ARS MINOR AELII DONATI

quae? masculinum, ut hic magister, femininum, ut haec Musa, neutrum, ut hoc scamnum, commune, ut hic et haec sacerdos. est praeterea trium generum, quod omne dicitur, ut hic et haec et hoc felix; est epicoenon, id est promiscuum, ut passer aquila.

which? masculine, as hic magister, feminine, as haec Musa, neuter, as hoc scamnum, common, as hic and haec sacerdos. There is, moreover, that which is of three genders, which is called “of all,” as hic and haec and hoc felix; there is the epicoene, that is, promiscuous, as passer aquila.

numeri nominum quot sunt? duo.

how many numbers of nouns are there? two.

qui? singularis, ut hic magister, pluralis, ut hi magistri.

which? singular, as this teacher, plural, as these teachers.

figurae nominum quot sunt? duae.

how many figures of nouns are there? two.

quae? simplex, ut decens potens, composita, ut indecens impotens.

which? simple, as decent potent, compound, as indecent impotent.

quibus modis nomina componuntur? quattuor: ex duobus integris, ut suburbanus; ex duobus corruptis, ut efficax municeps; ex integro et corrupto, ut insulsus; ex corrupto et integro, ut nugigerulus; aliquando ex compluribus, ut inexpugnabilis imperterritus.

in what ways are nouns composed? four: from two entire ones, as suburbanus; from two corrupted ones, as efficax municeps; from an entire and a corrupted, as insulsus; from a corrupted and an entire, as nugigerulus; sometimes from several, as inexpugnabilis imperterritus.

casus nominum quot sunt? sex.

how many cases of nouns are there? six.

qui? nominatiuus genetiuus datiuus accusatiuus uocatiuus ablatiuus. per hos omnium generum nomina pronomina participia declinantur hoc modo: magister nomen appellatiuum generis masculini numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quod declinabitur sic: nominatiuo hic magister, genetiuo huius magistri, datiuo huic magistro, accusatiuo hunc magistrum, <uocatiuo o magister>, ablatiuo ab hoc magistro; et pluraliter nominatiuo hi magistri, genetiuo horum magistrorum, datiuo his magistris, accusatiuo hos magistros, uocatiuo o magistri, ablatiuo ab his magistris. Musa nomen appellatiuum generis feminini numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quod declinabitur sic: nominatiuo haec Musa, genetiuo huius Musae, datiuo huic Musae, accusatiuo hanc Musam, uocatiuo o Musa, ablatiuo ab hac Musa; et pluraliter nominatiuo hae Musae, genetiuo harum Musarum, datiuo his Musis, accusatiuo has Musas, uocatiuo o Musae, ablatiuo ab his Musis. scamnum nomen appellatiuum generis neutri numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui accusatiui et uocatiui, quod declinabitur sic: nominatiuo hoc scamnum, genetiuo huius scamni, datiuo huic scamno, accusatiuo hoc scamnum, uocatiuo o scamnum, ablatiuo ab hoc scamno; et pluraliter nominatiuo haec scamna, genetiuo horum scamnorum, datiuo his scamnis, accusatiuo haec scamna, uocatiuo o scamna, ablatiuo ab his scamnis. sacerdos nomen appellatiuum generis communis numeri singularis figurae compositae casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quod declinabitur sic: nominatiuo hic et haec sacerdos, genetiuo huius sacerdotis, datiuo huic sacerdoti, accusatiuo hunc et hanc sacerdotem, uocatiuo o sacerdos, ablatiuo ab ho et ab hac sacerdote; et pluraliter nominatiuo hi et hae sacerdotes, genetiuo horum et harum sacerdotum, datiuo his sacerdotibus, accusatiuo hos et has sacerdotes, uocatiuo o sacerdotes, ablatiuo ab his sacerdotibus. felix nomen appellatiuum generis omnis numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quod declinabitur sic: nominatiuo hic et haec et hoc felix, genetiuo huius felicis, datiuo huic felici, accusatiuo hunc et hanc felicem et hoc felix, uocatiuo o felix, ablatiuo ab hoc et ab hac et ab hoc felice uel felici; et pluraliter nominatiuo hi et hae felices et haec felicia, genetiuo horum et harum et horum felicium, datiuo his felicibus, accusatiuo hos et has felices et haec felicia, uocatiuo o felices et o felicia, ablatiuo ab his felicibus.

which? nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, ablative. Through these the nouns, pronouns, and participles of all genders are declined in this way: magister is an appellative (common) noun of masculine gender, of singular number, of simple form, of the nominative and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative hic magister, in the genitive huius magistri, in the dative huic magistro, in the accusative hunc magistrum, in the vocative o magister, in the ablative ab hoc magistro; and in the plural, in the nominative hi magistri, in the genitive horum magistrorum, in the dative his magistris, in the accusative hos magistros, in the vocative o magistri, in the ablative ab his magistris. Musa is an appellative (common) noun of feminine gender, of singular number, of simple form, of the nominative and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative haec Musa, in the genitive huius Musae, in the dative huic Musae, in the accusative hanc Musam, in the vocative o Musa, in the ablative ab hac Musa; and in the plural, in the nominative hae Musae, in the genitive harum Musarum, in the dative his Musis, in the accusative has Musas, in the vocative o Musae, in the ablative ab his Musis. scamnum is an appellative (common) noun of neuter gender, of singular number, of simple form, of the nominative, accusative, and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative hoc scamnum, in the genitive huius scamni, in the dative huic scamno, in the accusative hoc scamnum, in the vocative o scamnum, in the ablative ab hoc scamno; and in the plural, in the nominative haec scamna, in the genitive horum scamnorum, in the dative his scamnis, in the accusative haec scamna, in the vocative o scamna, in the ablative ab his scamnis. sacerdos is an appellative (common) noun of common gender, of singular number, of composite form, of the nominative and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative hic and haec sacerdos, in the genitive huius sacerdotis, in the dative huic sacerdoti, in the accusative hunc and hanc sacerdotem, in the vocative o sacerdos, in the ablative ab ho and ab hac sacerdote; and in the plural, in the nominative hi and hae sacerdotes, in the genitive horum and harum sacerdotum, in the dative his sacerdotibus, in the accusative hos and has sacerdotes, in the vocative o sacerdotes, in the ablative ab his sacerdotibus. felix is an appellative (common) noun of every gender, of singular number, of simple form, of the nominative and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative hic and haec and hoc felix, in the genitive huius felicis, in the dative huic felici, in the accusative hunc and hanc felicem and hoc felix, in the vocative o felix, in the ablative ab hoc and ab hac and ab hoc felice uel felici; and in the plural, in the nominative hi and hae felices and haec felicia, in the genitive horum and harum and horum felicium, in the dative his felicibus, in the accusative hos and has felices and haec felicia, in the vocative o felices and o felicia, in the ablative ab his felicibus.

quaecumque nomina ablatiuo casu singulari a uel o fuerint terminata genetiuum pluralem in quid mittunt? in rum, datiuum et ablatiuum in is.

whatever nouns that in the ablative case singular have been terminated in a or o, into what do they put the genitive plural? into rum, the dative and ablative into is.

quaecumque nomina ablatiuo casu singulari e uel i uel u fuerint terminata genetiuum pluralem in quid mittunt? si e correpta fuerit, in um; si producta, in rum; si i fuerit, in ium; si u, in uum geminata u littera.

whatever nouns in the ablative case singular e or i or u shall have been terminated, into what do they put the genitive plural? if e shall have been short, into um; if long, into rum; if it be i, into ium; if u, into uum, with the letter u doubled.

datiuum et ablatiuum in quid mittunt? in bus omnia.

the dative and the ablative into what do they put? into bus, all.

DE PRONOMINE

ON THE PRONOUN

pronomen quid est? pars orationis, quae pro nomine posita tantundem paene significat personamque interdum recipit.

what is a pronoun? a part of speech, which, set in place of a noun, signifies almost as much and sometimes receives person.

pronomini quot accidunt? sex.

to the pronoun how many things happen? six.

quae? qualitas genus numerus figura persona casus.

which? quality, genus, number, figure, person, case.

qualitas pronominum in quo est? bipertita est: aut enim finita sunt pronomina aut infinita.

in what does the quality of pronouns consist? it is bipartite: for pronouns are either finite or infinite.

quae sunt finita? quae recipiunt personas, ut ego tu ille.

which are finite? those which receive persons, such as I you he.

quae sunt infinita? quae non recipiunt personas, ut quis quae quod.

which are infinite? which do not receive persons, as quis quae quod.

genera pronominum quae sunt? eadem fere quae et nominum: masculinum, ut quis, femininum, ut quae, neutrum, ut quod, commune, ut qualis talis, trium generum, ut ego tu.

what are the genders of pronouns? nearly the same as those of nouns: masculine, as quis, feminine, as quae, neuter, as quod, common, as qualis talis, of three genders, as ego tu.

numeri pronominum quot sunt? duo.

how many numbers of pronouns are there? two.

qui? singularis, ut hic, pluralis, ut hi.

which? singular, as hic, plural, as hi.

figurae pronominum quot sunt? duae.

how many figures of pronouns are there? two.

quae? simplex, ut quis, composita, ut quisquis.

which? simple, as quis, composite, as quisquis.

personae pronominum quot sunt? tres.

how many persons of pronouns are there? three.

quae? prima, ut ego, secunda, ut tu, tertia, ut ille.

which? first, as I, second, as you, third, as he.

casus item pronominum quot sunt? sex, quem ad modum et nominum, per quos omnium generum pronomina inflectuntur hoc modo. ego pronomen finitum generis omnis numeri singularis figurae simplicis personae primae casus nominatiui, quod declinabitur sic: ego mei uel mis mihi me <o ego> a me, et pluraliter nos nostrum uel nostri nobis nos o <nos> a nobis: personae secundae generis omnis numeri singularis tu tui uel tis tibi te o <tu> a te, et pluraliter uos uestrum uel uestri uobis uos o <uos> a uobis: personae tertiae generis masculini numeri singularis ille illius illi illum ab illo, et pluraliter illi illorum illis illos ab illis; generis feminini numeri singularis illa illius illi illam ab illa, et pluraliter illae illarum illis illas ab illis; generis neutri numeri singularis illud illius illi illud ab illo, et pluraliter illa illorum illis illa ab illis. minus quam finita generis masculini numeri singularis ipse ipsius ipsi ipsum <o ipse> ab ipso, et pluraliter ipsi ipsorum ipsis ipsos <o ipsi> ab ipsis; generis feminini numeri singularis ipsa ipsius ipsi ipsam <o ipsa> ab ipsa, et pluraliter ipsae ipsarum ipsis ipsas <o ipsae> ab ipsis; generis neutri numeri singularis ipsum ipsius ipsi ipsum <o ipsum> ab ipso, et pluraliter ipsa ipsorum ipsis ipsa ab ipsis. item minus quam finita generis masculini numeri singularis iste istius isti istum ab isto, et pluraliter isti istorum istis istos ab istis; generis feminini numeri singularis ista istius isti istam ab ista, et pluraliter istae istarum istis ista ab istis. item articulare praepositiuum uel demonstratiuum generis masculini numeri singularis hic huius huic hunc o <hic> ab hoc, et pluraliter hi horum his hos o <hi> ab his; generis feminini numeri singularis haec huius huic hanc o <haec> ab hac, et pluraliter hae harum his has o <hae> ab his; generis neutri numeri singularis hoc huius huic hoc o <hoc> ab hoc, et pluraliter haec horum his haec o <haec> ab his. item subiunctiuum uel relatiuum generis masculini numeri singularis is eius ei eum ab eo, et pluraliter ei eorum eis eos ab eis; generis feminini numeri singularis ea eius ei eam ab ea, et pluraliter eae earum eis eas ab eis; generis neutri numeri singularis id eius ei id ab eo, et pluraliter ea eorum eis ea ab eis. item infinita generis masculini numeri singularis quis cuius cui quem a quo uel a qui, et pluraliter qui quorum quis uel quibus quos a quis uel a quibus; generis feminini numeri singularis quae cuius cui quam a qua uel a qui, et pluraliter quae quarum quis uel quibus quas a quis uel a quibus; generis neutri numeri singularis quod cuius cui quod a quo uel a qui, et pluraliter quae quorum quis uel quibus quae a quis uel a quibus. item possessiua finita ad aliquid dicta ex utraque parte singularia generis masculini meus mei meo meum o <mi> a meo, et pluraliter ex altera parte mei meorum meis meos o <mei> a meis; generis feminini numeri singularis mea meae meae meam o <mea> a mea, et pluraliter meae mearum meis meas o <meae> a meis; generis neutri numeri singularis meum mei meo meum o <meum> a meo, et pluraliter mea meorum meis mea o a meis: personae secundae generis masculini numeri singularis tuus tui tuo tuum a tuo et pluraliter tui tuorum tuis tuos a tuis; generis feminini numeri singularis tua tuae tuae tuam a tua, et pluraliter tuae tuarum tuis tuas a tuis; generis neutri numeri singularis tuum tui tuo tuum a tuo, et pluraliter tua tuorum tuis tua a tuis: personae tertiae generis masculini numeri singularis suus sui suo suum a suo, et pluraliter sui suorum suis suos a suis; generis feminini numeri singularis sua suae suae suam a sua, et pluraliter suae suarum suis suas a suis; generis neutri numeri singularis suum sui suo suum a suo, et pluraliter sua suorum suis sua a suis. item possessiua finita ad aliquid dicta ex altera parte pluralia generis masculini noster nostri nostro nostrum o <noster> a nostro, et pluraliter ex utraque parte nostri nostrorum nostris nostros o <nostri> a nostris; generis feminini numeri singularis nostra nostrae nostrae nostram o <nostra> a nostra, et pluraliter nostrae nostrarum nostris nostras o <nostrae> a nostris; generis neutri numeri singularis nostrum nostri nostro nostrum o <nostrum> a nostro, et pluraliter nostra nostrorum nostris nostra o <nostra> a nostris: personae secundae generis masculini numeri singularis uester uestri uestro uestrum a uestro, et pluraliter uestri uestrorum uestris uestros a uestris generis feminini numeri singularis uestra uestrae uestrae uestram a uestra, et pluraliter uestrae uestrarum uestris uestras a uestris; generis neutri numeri singularis uestrum uestri uestro uestrum a uestro, et pluraliter uestra uestrorum uestris uestra a uestris.

How many cases likewise of pronouns are there? Six, in the same manner as of nouns, through which the pronouns of all genders are inflected in this way. ego is a definite pronoun of every gender, of the singular number, of simple figure, of the first person, of the nominative case, which will be declined thus: ego mei or mis mihi me <o ego> a me, and in the plural nos nostrum or nostri nobis nos o <nos> a nobis: of the second person of every gender of the singular number tu tui or tis tibi te o <tu> a te, and in the plural uos uestrum uel uestri uobis uos o <uos> a uobis: of the third person of masculine gender of the singular number ille illius illi illum ab illo, and in the plural illi illorum illis illos ab illis; of feminine gender of the singular number illa illius illi illam ab illa, and in the plural illae illarum illis illas ab illis; of neuter gender of the singular number illud illius illi illud ab illo, and in the plural illa illorum illis illa ab illis. less-than-definite of masculine gender of the singular number ipse ipsius ipsi ipsum <o ipse> ab ipso, and in the plural ipsi ipsorum ipsis ipsos <o ipsi> ab ipsis; of feminine gender of the singular number ipsa ipsius ipsi ipsam <o ipsa> ab ipsa, and in the plural ipsae ipsarum ipsis ipsas <o ipsae> ab ipsis; of neuter gender of the singular number ipsum ipsius ipsi ipsum <o ipsum> ab ipso, and in the plural ipsa ipsorum ipsis ipsa ab ipsis. likewise less-than-definite of masculine gender of the singular number iste istius isti istum ab isto, and in the plural isti istorum istis istos ab istis; of feminine gender of the singular number ista istius isti istam ab ista, and in the plural istae istarum istis ista ab istis. likewise the articular prepositive or demonstrative of masculine gender of the singular number hic huius huic hunc o <hic> ab hoc, and in the plural hi horum his hos o <hi> ab his; of feminine gender of the singular number haec huius huic hanc o <haec> ab hac, and in the plural hae harum his has o <hae> ab his; of neuter gender of the singular number hoc huius huic hoc o <hoc> ab hoc, and in the plural haec horum his haec o <haec> ab his. likewise the subjoined or relative of masculine gender of the singular number is eius ei eum ab eo, and in the plural ei eorum eis eos ab eis; of feminine gender of the singular number ea eius ei eam ab ea, and in the plural eae earum eis eas ab eis; of neuter gender of the singular number id eius ei id ab eo, and in the plural ea eorum eis ea ab eis. likewise the indefinite of masculine gender of the singular number quis cuius cui quem a quo or a qui, and in the plural qui quorum quis or quibus quos a quis or a quibus; of feminine gender of the singular number quae cuius cui quam a qua or a qui, and in the plural quae quarum quis or quibus quas a quis or a quibus; of neuter gender of the singular number quod cuius cui quod a quo or a qui, and in the plural quae quorum quis or quibus quae a quis or a quibus. likewise the possessives, definite, said with reference to something, on both sides singular, of masculine gender meus mei meo meum o <mi> a meo, and in the plural on the other side mei meorum meis meos o <mei> a meis; of feminine gender of the singular number mea meae meae meam o <mea> a mea, and in the plural meae mearum meis meas o <meae> a meis; of neuter gender of the singular number meum mei meo meum o <meum> a meo, and in the plural mea meorum meis mea o a meis: of the second person of masculine gender of the singular number tuus tui tuo tuum a tuo and in the plural tui tuorum tuis tuos a tuis; of feminine gender of the singular number tua tuae tuae tuam a tua, and in the plural tuae tuarum tuis tuas a tuis; of neuter gender of the singular number tuum tui tuo tuum a tuo, and in the plural tua tuorum tuis tua a tuis: of the third person of masculine gender of the singular number suus sui suo suum a suo, and in the plural sui suorum suis suos a suis; of feminine gender of the singular number sua suae suae suam a sua, and in the plural suae suarum suis suas a suis; of neuter gender of the singular number suum sui suo suum a suo, and in the plural sua suorum suis sua a suis. likewise the possessives, definite, said with reference to something, plural on the other side, of masculine gender noster nostri nostro nostrum o <noster> a nostro, and in the plural on both sides nostri nostrorum nostris nostros o <nostri> a nostris; of feminine gender of the singular number nostra nostrae nostrae nostram o <nostra> a nostra, and in the plural nostrae nostrarum nostris nostras o <nostrae> a nostris; of neuter gender of the singular number nostrum nostri nostro nostrum o <nostrum> a nostro, and in the plural nostra nostrorum nostris nostra o <nostra> a nostris: of the second person of masculine gender of the singular number uester uestri uestro uestrum a uestro, and in the plural uestri uestrorum uestris uestros a uestris of feminine gender of the singular number uestra uestrae uestrae uestram a uestra, and in the plural uestrae uestrarum uestris uestras a uestris; of neuter gender of the singular number uestrum uestri uestro uestrum a uestro, and in the plural uestra uestrorum uestris uestra a uestris.

da horum composita. egomet, tute, illic, istic, idem masculino genere productum, neutro correptum, quisquis, quisnam, quispiam aliquis et cetera.

give the compounds of these. egomet, tute, illic, istic, idem lengthened in the masculine gender, shortened in the neuter, quisquis, quisnam, quispiam aliquis and the rest.

DE VERBO

ON THE VERB

uerbum quid est? pars orationis cum tempore et persona sine casu aut agere aliquid aut pati aut neutrum significans.

what is a verb? a part of speech with tense and person without case, signifying either to do something or to suffer, or neither.

uerbo quot accidunt? septem.

How many things befall the verb? seven.

quae? qualitas coniugatio genus numerus figura tempus persona.

which? quality conjugation gender number figure tense person.

qualitas uerborum in quo est? in modis et in formis.

In what is the quality of verbs? in moods and in forms.

modi qui sunt? indicatiuus, ut lego, imperatiuus, ut lege, optatiuus, ut utinam legerem, coniunctiuus, ut cum legam, infinitiuus, ut legere, impersonalis, ut legitur.

What are the moods? indicative, as I read, imperative, as read, optative, as would that I were reading, conjunctive, as when I read, infinitive, as to read, impersonal, as it is read.

formae uerborum quot sunt? quattuor.

how many forms of verbs are there? four.

quae? perfecta, ut lego, meditatiua, ut lecturio, frequentatiua, ut lectito, inchoatiua, ut feruesco calesco.

which? perfect, as lego, meditative, as lecturio, frequentative, as lectito, inchoative, as feruesco calesco.

coniugationes uerborum quot sunt? tres.

how many conjugations of verbs are there? three.

quae? prima secunda tertia.

which? first second third.

prima quae est? quae indicatiuo modo tempore praesenti numero singulari secunda persona uerbo actiuo et neutrali a productam habet ante nouissimam litteram, passiuo communi et deponenti ante nouissimam syllabam, ut amo amas, amor amaris; et futurum tempus eiusdem modi in bo et in bor syllabam mittit, ut amo amabo, amor amabor.

what is the first? that which, in the indicative mood, in present time, in singular number, second person, in an active and neutral verb, has a long a before the last letter; in the passive of the common and of the deponent, before the last syllable, as amo amas, amor amaris; and the future tense of the same mood inserts the syllable bo and bor, as amo amabo, amor amabor.

secunda quae est? quae indicatiuo modo tempore praesenti numero singulari secunda persona uerbo actiuo et neutrali e productam habet ante nouissimam litteram, passiuo communi et deponenti ante nouissimam syllabam, ut doceo doces, doceor doceris; et futurum tempus eiusdem modi in bo et in bor syllabam mittit, ut doceo docebo, doceor docebor.

what is the second? which in the indicative mood, in present time, in singular number second person, in the active and neuter verb has a lengthened e before the last letter, in the common passive and in the deponent before the last syllable, as doceo doces, doceor doceris; and the future tense of the same mood sends into the syllable bo and bor, as doceo docebo, doceor docebor.

tertia quae est? quae indicatiuo modo tempore praesenti numero singulari secunda persona uerbo actiuo et neutrali i correptam uel i productam habet ante nouissimam litteram, passiuo communi et deponenti pro i littera e correptam uel i productam habet ante nouissimam syllabam, ut lego legis, legor legeris, audio audis, audior audiris; et futurum tempus eiusdem modi in am et in ar syllabam mittit, ut lego legam, legor legar, audio audiam, audior audiar. haec in imperatiuo et in infinitiuo statim discerni possunt, utrum i littera correpta sit an producta. nam correpta i littera in e conuertitur; producta si fuerit, non mutatur.

what is the third? that which in the indicative mood, in present time, singular number,
second person, in the active and neuter verb has the i short or the i
long before the last letter; in the common passive and in the deponent,
in place of the letter i it has e short or i long
before the last syllable, as lego legis, legor legeris, audio
audis, audior audiris; and its future tense of the same kind sends into the syllable am
and into ar, as lego legam, legor legar, audio
audiam, audior audiar. these can at once be discerned in the imperative and in the infinitive,
whether the letter i is short or long. for a short letter i is converted into e; if it is long,
it is not changed.

quando tertia coniugatio futurum tempus non in am tantum sed etiam in bo mittit? interdum, cum i litteram non correptam habuerit sed productam, ut eo is ibo, queo quis quibo.

when does the third conjugation send the future tense not only into am but also into bo? sometimes, when it has the letter i not short but long, as eo is ibo, queo quis quibo.

genera uerborum quot sunt? quinque.

how many genera of verbs are there? five.

quae? actiua passiua neutra deponentia communia.

which? active passive neuter deponent common.

actiua quae sunt? quae in o desinunt et accepta r littera faciunt ex se passiua, ut lego legor.

What are actives? those which end in o and, upon receiving the letter r, make from themselves passives, as lego legor.

passiua quae sunt? quae in r desinunt et ea dempta redeunt in actiua, ut legor lego.

what are passives? those which end in r, and that removed they return into actives, as legor lego.

neutra quae sunt? quae in o desinunt, ut actiua, sed accepta r littera Latina non sunt, ut sto curro: stor curror non dicimus.

what are neuters? those which end in o, like actives, but, the letter r having been received, are not Latin, as I stand I run: I am stood I am run we do not say.

deponentia quae sunt? quae in r desinunt, ut passiua, sed ea dempta Latina non sunt, ut luctor loquor.

what are deponents? those which end in r, like passives, but with that removed they are not Latin, as luctor loquor.

communia quae sunt? quae in r desinunt, ut deponentia, sed in duas formas cadunt, patientis et agentis, ut osculor criminor: dicimus enim osculor te et osculor a te, criminor te et criminor a te.

what are common ones? those which end in r, like deponents, but fall into two forms, of the patient and of the agent, as osculor criminor: for we say osculor te and osculor a te, criminor te and criminor a te.

numeri uerborum quot sunt? duo.

how many numbers of verbs are there? two.

qui? singularis, ut lego, pluralis, ut legimus.

which? singular, as lego, plural, as legimus.

figurae uerborum quot sunt? duae.

how many figures of verbs are there? two.

quae? simplex, ut lego, composita, ut neglego.

which? simple, as I read, composite, as I neglect.

tempora uerborum quot sunt? tria.

how many tenses of verbs are there? three.

quae? praesens, ut lego, praeteritum, ut legi, futurum, ut legam.

which? present, as lego, preterite, as legi, future, as legam.

quot sunt tempora in declinatione uerborum? quinque.

how many tenses are there in the declension of verbs? five.

quae? praesens, ut lego, praeteritum imperfectum, ut legebam, praeteritum perfectum, ut legi, praeteritum plusquamperfectum, ut legeram, futurum, ut legam.

which? present, as I read, preterite imperfect, as I was reading, preterite perfect, as I have read, preterite pluperfect, as I had read, future, as I shall read.

personae uerborum quot sunt? tres.

how many persons of verbs are there? three.

quae? prima, ut lego, secunda, ut legis, tertia, ut legit.

which? first, as I read, second, as you read, third, as he/she/it reads.

da declinationem uerbi actiui. lego uerbum actiuum indicatiuo modo dictum temporis praesentis numeri singularis figurae simplicis personae primae coniugationis tertiae correptae, quod declinabitur sic: lego legis legit et pluraliter legimus legitis legunt: eodem modo tempore praeterito imperfecto legebam legebas legebat, et pluraliter legebamus legebatis legebant: eodem modo tempore praeterito perfecto legi legisti legit, et pluraliter legimus legistis legerunt uel legere: eodem modo tempore praeterito plusquamperfecto legeram legeras legerat, et pluraliter legeramus legeratis legerant: eodem modo tempore futuro legam leges leget, et pluraliter legemus legetis legent. imperatiuo modo tempore praesenti ad secundam et tertiam personam lege uel legas legat, et pluraliter legamus legite uel legatis legant: eodem modo tempore futuro legito uel legas legito uel legat, et pluraliter legamus legitote uel legatis legant uel legunto uel leguntote. optatiuo modo tempore praesenti et praeterito imperfecto utinam legerem legeres legeret et pluraliter utinam legeremus legeretis legerent: eodem modo tempore praeterito perfecto et plusquamperfecto utinam legissem legisses legisset, et pluraliter utinam legissemus legissetis legissent: eodem modo tempore futuro utinam legam legas legat, et pluraliter utinam legamus legatis legant. coniunctiuo modo tempore praesenti cum legam legas legat, et pluraliter cum legamus legatis legant: eodem modo tempore praeterito imperfecto cum legerem legeres legeret, et pluraliter cum legeremus legeretis legerent: eodem modo tempore praeterito perfecto cum legerim legeris legerit, et pluraliter cum legerimus legeritis legerint: eodem modo tempore praeterito plusquamperfecto cum legissem legisses legisset, et pluraliter cum legissemus legissetis legissent: eodem modo tempore futuro cum legero legeris legerit, et pluraliter cum legerimus legeritis legerint. infinitiuo modo numeris et personis tempore praesenti et praeterito imperfecto legere, praeterito perfecto et plusquamperfecto legisse, futuro lectum ire uel lecturum esse. uerbo impersonali tempore praesenti legitur, praeterito imperfecto legebatur, praeterito perfecto lectum est uel lectum fuit, praeterito plusquamperfecto lectum erat uel lectum fuerat, futuro legetur. gerundia uel participialia uerba sunt haec, legendi legendo legendum lectum lectu. participia trahuntur a uerbo actiuo duo, praesentis temporis et futuri, praesentis legens, futuri lecturus. legor uerbum passiuum indicatiuo modo dictum temporis praesentis numeri singularis figurae simplicis personae primae coniugationis tertiae correptae, quod declinabitur sic: legor legeris uel legere legitur, et pluraliter legimur legimini leguntur: eodem modo tempore praeterito imperfecto legebar legebaris uel legebare legebatur, et pluraliter legebamur legebamini legebantur: eodem modo tempore praeterito perfecto lectus sum es est, et pluraliter lecti sumus estis sunt; et ulteriore modo lectus fui fuisti fuit, et pluraliter lecti fuimus fuistis fuerunt uel fuere: eodem modo tempore praeterito plusquamperfecto lectus eram eras erat, et pluraliter lecti eramus eratis erant; et ulteriore modo lectus fueram fueras fuerat, et pluraliter lecti fueramus fueratis fuerant: eodem modo tempore futuro legar legeris uel legere legetur, et pluraliter legemur legemini legentur, imperatiuo modo tempore praesenti ad secundam et tertiam personam legere uel legaris legatur, et pluraliter legamur legimini uel legamini legantur. eodem modo tempore futuro legitor uel legaris legitor uel legatur, et pluraliter legamur legimini uel legiminor legantur uel leguntor. optatiuo modo tempore praesenti et praeterito imperfecto utinam legerer legereris uel legerere legeretur, et pluraliter utinam legeremur legeremini legerentur: eodem modo tempore praeterito perfecto et plusquamperfecto utinam lectus essem esses esset, et pluraliter utinam lecti essemus essetis essent, et ulteriore modo utinam lectus fuissem fuisses fuisset, et pluraliter utinam lecti fuissemus fuissetis fuissent: eodem modo tempore futuro utinam legar legaris uel legare legatur, et pluraliter utinam legamur legamini legantur. coniunctiuo modo tempore praesenti cum legar legaris uel legare legatur, et pluraliter cum legamur legamini legantur: eodem modo tempore praeterito imperfecto cum legerer legereris uel legerere legeretur, et pluraliter cum legeremur legeremini legerentur: eodem modo tempore praeterito perfecto cum lectus sim sis sit, et pluraliter cum lecti simus sitis sint; et ulteriore modo cum lectus fuerim fueris fuerit, et pluraliter cum lecti fuerimus fueritis fuerint: eodem modo tempore praeterito plusquamperfecto cum lectus essem esses esset, et pluraliter cum lecti essemus essetis essent; et ulteriore modo cum lectus fuissem fuisses fuisset, et pluraliter cum lecti fuissemus fuissetis fuissent; eodem modo tempore futuro cum lectus ero eris erit, et pluraliter cum lecti erimus eritis erint, et ulteriore modo cum lectus fuero fueris fuerit, et pluraliter cum lecti fuerimus fueritis fuerint. infinitiuo modo numeris et personis tempore praesenti et praeterito imperfecto legi, praeterito perfecto et plusquamperfecto lectum esse uel fuisse, futuro lectum iri. participia trahuntur a uerbo passiuo duo, praeteriti temporis et futuri, praeteriti lectus, futuri legendus. actiui uerbi regulam neutrale uerbum sequitur, passiui commune et deponens.

give the declension of the active verb. lego, an active verb, said in the indicative mood of the present tense, singular number, simple figure, first person, of the third conjugation with a short vowel, which will be declined thus: lego legis legit and in the plural legimus legitis legunt: in the same way in the past imperfect time legebam legebas legebat, and in the plural legebamus legebatis legebant: in the same way in the past perfect time legi legisti legit, and in the plural legimus legistis legerunt or legere: in the same way in the past pluperfect time legeram legeras legerat, and in the plural legeramus legeratis legerant: in the same way in the future time legam leges leget, and in the plural legemus legetis legent. In the imperative mood in the present time to the second and third person lege or legas legat, and in the plural legamus legite or legatis legant: in the same way in the future time legito or legas legito or legat, and in the plural legamus legitote or legatis legant or legunto or leguntote. In the optative mood in the present and past imperfect time utinam legerem legeres legeret and in the plural utinam legeremus legeretis legerent: in the same way in the past perfect and pluperfect time utinam legissem legisses legisset, and in the plural utinam legissemus legissetis legissent: in the same way in the future time utinam legam legas legat, and in the plural utinam legamus legatis legant. In the subjunctive mood in the present time cum legam legas legat, and in the plural cum legamus legatis legant: in the same way in the past imperfect time cum legerem legeres legeret, and in the plural cum legeremus legeretis legerent: in the same way in the past perfect time cum legerim legeris legerit, and in the plural cum legerimus legeritis legerint: in the same way in the past pluperfect time cum legissem legisses legisset, and in the plural cum legissemus legissetis legissent: in the same way in the future time cum legero legeris legerit, and in the plural cum legerimus legeritis legerint. In the infinitive mood for numbers and persons in the present and past imperfect time legere, in the past perfect and pluperfect legisse, in the future lectum ire or lecturum esse. In the impersonal verb in the present time legitur, in the past imperfect legebatur, in the past perfect lectum est or lectum fuit, in the past pluperfect lectum erat or lectum fuerat, in the future legetur. The gerunds or participial words are these, legendi legendo legendum lectum lectu. Two participles are drawn from the active verb, of present time and of future, of the present legens, of the future lecturus. legor, a passive verb, said in the indicative mood of the present time, singular number, simple figure, first person, of the third conjugation with a short vowel, which will be declined thus: legor legeris or legere legitur, and in the plural legimur legimini leguntur: in the same way in the past imperfect time legebar legebaris or legebare legebatur, and in the plural legebamur legebamini legebantur: in the same way in the past perfect time lectus sum es est, and in the plural lecti sumus estis sunt; and in a further way lectus fui fuisti fuit, and in the plural lecti fuimus fuistis fuerunt or fuere: in the same way in the past pluperfect time lectus eram eras erat, and in the plural lecti eramus eratis erant; and in a further way lectus fueram fueras fuerat, and in the plural lecti fueramus fueratis fuerant: in the same way in the future time legar legeris or legere legetur, and in the plural legemur legemini legentur, in the imperative mood in the present time to the second and third person legere or legaris legatur, and in the plural legamur legimini or legamini legantur. In the same way in the future time legitor or legaris legitor or legatur, and in the plural legamur legimini or legiminor legantur or leguntor. In the optative mood in the present and past imperfect time utinam legerer legereris or legerere legeretur, and in the plural utinam legeremur legeremini legerentur: in the same way in the past perfect and pluperfect time utinam lectus essem esses esset, and in the plural utinam lecti essemus essetis essent, and in a further way utinam lectus fuissem fuisses fuisset, and in the plural utinam lecti fuissemus fuissetis fuissent: in the same way in the future time utinam legar legaris or legare legatur, and in the plural utinam legamur legamini legantur. In the subjunctive mood in the present time cum legar legaris or legare legatur, and in the plural cum legamur legamini legantur: in the same way in the past imperfect time cum legerer legereris or legerere legeretur, and in the plural cum legeremur legeremini legerentur: in the same way in the past perfect time cum lectus sim sis sit, and in the plural cum lecti simus sitis sint; and in a further way cum lectus fuerim fueris fuerit, and in the plural cum lecti fuerimus fueritis fuerint: in the same way in the past pluperfect time cum lectus essem esses esset, and in the plural cum lecti essemus essetis essent; and in a further way cum lectus fuissem fuisses fuisset, and in the plural cum lecti fuissemus fuissetis fuissent; in the same way in the future time cum lectus ero eris erit, and in the plural cum lecti erimus eritis erint, and in a further way cum lectus fuero fueris fuerit, and in the plural cum lecti fuerimus fueritis fuerint. In the infinitive mood for numbers and persons in the present and past imperfect time legi, in the past perfect and pluperfect lectum esse or fuisse, in the future lectum iri. Two participles are drawn from the passive verb, of past time and of future, of the past lectus, of the future legendus. The neutral verb follows the rule of the active verb; the common and the deponent follow that of the passive.

DE ADVERBIO

ON THE ADVERB

aduerbium quid est? pars orationis, quae adiecta uerbo significationem eius explanat atque implet.

what is an adverb? a part of speech, which, added to the verb, explains and completes its signification and fills it up.

aduerbio quot accidunt? tria.

How many accidents happen to the adverb? three.

quae? significatio comparatio figura.

which? meaning comparison figure.

significatio aduerbiorum in quo est? quia sunt aut loci aduerbia aut temporis aut numeri aut negandi aut affirmandi aut demonstrandi aut optandi aut hortandi aut ordinis aut interrogandi aut similitudinis aut qualitatis aut quantitatis aut dubitandi aut personalia aut uocandi aut respondendi aut separandi aut iurandi aut eligendi aut congregandi aut prohibendi aut euentus aut comparandi.

In what does the signification of adverbs consist? Because there are either adverbs of place, or of time, or of number, or of negating, or of affirming, or of demonstrating, or of wishing, or of exhorting, or of order, or of interrogating, or of similitude, or of quality, or of quantity, or of doubting, or personal, or of calling, or of responding, or of separating, or of swearing, or of electing, or of congregating, or of prohibiting, or of event, or of comparing.

da aduerbia loci. ut hic uel ibi, intus uel foris, illic uel inde.

give the adverbs of place. for example, here or there, inside or outside, in that place or from there.

da temporis. ut hodie nuper aliquando; numeri, ut semel bis; negandi, ut non; affirmandi, ut etiam quinni; demonstrandi, ut en ecce; optandi, ut utinam; hortandi, ut eia; ordinis, ut deinde; interrogandi, ut cur quare quamobrem; similitudinis, ut quasi ceu; qualitatis, ut docte pulchre; quantitatis, ut multum parum; dubitandi, ut forsitan fortasse; personalia, ut mecum tecum secum nobiscum uobiscum; uocandi, ut heus; respondendi, ut heu; separandi, ut seorsum; iurandi, ut edepol, ecastor, hercle, medius fidius; eligendi, ut potius immo; congregandi, ut simul una; prohibendi, ut ne; euentus, ut forte fortuitu; comparandi, ut magis uel tam.

give those of time. as hodie nuper aliquando; of number, as semel bis; of negating, as non; of affirming, as etiam quinni; of demonstrating, as en ecce; of wishing, as utinam; of exhorting, as eia; of order, as deinde; of interrogating, as cur quare quamobrem; of similitude, as quasi ceu; of quality, as docte pulchre; of quantity, as multum parum; of doubting, as forsitan fortasse; personal, as mecum tecum secum nobiscum uobiscum; of calling, as heus; of responding, as heu; of separating, as seorsum; of swearing, as edepol, ecastor, hercle, medius fidius; of choosing, as potius immo; of congregating, as simul una; of prohibiting, as ne; of event, as forte fortuitu; of comparing, as magis or tam.

comparatio aduerbiorum in quo est? in tribus gradibus comparationis, positiuo comparatiuo superlatiuo.

comparison of adverbs is in what? in three degrees of comparison, positive comparative superlative.

da aduerbium positiui gradus. ut docte; comparatiui, ut doctius; superlatiui, ut doctissime. magis doctius et tam doctissime non dicimus, quia magis et tam positiuo gradui tantum iungitur, licet ueteres dixerint tam magis et quam magis.

give the adverb of the positive degree. as learnedly; of the comparative, as more learnedly;
of the superlative, as most learnedly. magis doctius and tam
doctissime we do not say, because magis and tam are joined only to the positive
degree, although the ancients said tam magis and
quam magis.

figurae aduerbiorum quot sunt? duae.

how many figures of adverbs are there? two.

quae? simplex et composita, simplex, ut docte prudenter, composita, ut indocte imprudenter. aduerbia localia uel in loco sunt uel de loco uel ad locum. sed in loco et de loco eandem significationem habent, ut intus sum, intus exeo, foris sum, foris uenio. ad locum aliam significationem habent, ut intro eo, foras eo. de intus autem et de foris sic non dicimus, quo modo in foras uel ad foras.

which? simple and composite: simple, as learnedly prudently; composite, as unlearnedly imprudently. local adverbs are either in place or from place or to place. but in place and from place have the same signification, as I am inside, I go out from inside, I am outside, I come from outside. to place they have another signification, as I go in, I go out. however from inside and from outside we do not say thus, in the way we say into outside or to outside.

DE PARTICIPIO

ON THE PARTICIPLE

participium quid est? pars orationis partem capiens nominis, partem uerbi; nominis genera et casus, uerbi tempora et significationes, utriusque numerum et figuram.

what is a participle? a part of speech taking a part of a noun, a part of a verb; of the noun genders and cases, of the verb, tenses and significations, of both, number and figure.

participio quot accidunt? sex.

how many things happen to the participle? six.

quae? genus casus tempus significatio numerus figura.

which? gender case tense signification number figure.

genera participiorum quot sunt? quattuor.

how many genera of participles are there? four.

quae? masculinum, ut hic lectus, femininum, ut haec lecta, neutrum, ut hoc lectum, commune tribus generibus, ut hic et haec et hoc legens.

which? masculine, as hic lectus, feminine, as haec lecta, neuter, as hoc lectum, common to the three genders, as hic and haec and hoc legens.

casus participiorum quot sunt? sex.

how many cases of participles are there? six.

qui? nominatiuus, ut hic legens, genetiuus, ut huius legentis, datiuus, ut huic legenti, accusatiuus, ut hunc legentem, uocatiuus, ut o legens, ablatiuus, ut ab hoc legente.

which? nominative, as this one reading, genitive, as of this one reading, dative, as to/for this one reading, accusative, as this one reading, vocative, as O one reading, ablative, as from this one reading.

tempora participiorum quot sunt? tria.

how many tenses of participles are there? three.

quae? praesens, ut legens, praeteritum, ut lectus, futurum, ut lecturus et legendus.

which? present, as reading, preterite, as read, future, as about to read and to be read.

significationes participiorum in quo sunt? quia ab actiuo uerbo duo participia ueniunt, praesens et futurum, ut legens lecturus; a passiuo duo, praeteritum et futurum, ut lectus legendus; a neutro duo, sicut ab actiuo, praesens et futurum, ut stans staturus, a deponenti tria, praesens praeteritum et futurum, ut loquens locutus locuturus; a communi quattuor, praesens praeteritum et duo futura, ut criminans criminatus criminaturus criminandus.

the significations of participles are in what? because from the active verb two participles come, the present and the future, as legens lecturus; from the passive two, the preterite and the future, as lectus legendus; from the neuter two, just as from the active, the present and the future, as stans staturus; from the deponent three, the present, the preterite, and the future, as loquens locutus locuturus; from the common, four, the present, the preterite, and two futures, as criminans criminatus criminaturus criminandus.

numeri participiorum quot sunt? duo.

how many numbers of participles are there? two.

qui? singularis, ut hic legens, pluralis, ut hi legentes.

which? singular, as this reading, plural, as these reading.

figurae participiorum quot sunt? duae.

how many figures of participles are there? two.

quae? simplex, ut legens, composita, ut neglegens.

which? simple, as legens, composite, as neglegens.

da declinationem participii. legens participium ueniens a uerbo actiuo temporis praesentis generis omnis numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui (accusatiui) et uocatiui, quod declinabitur sic: nominatiuo hic et haec et hoc legens, genetiuo huius legentis, datiuo huic legenti, accusatiuo hunc et hanc legente et hoc legens, uocatiuo o legens, ablatiuo ab hoc et ab hac et ab hoc legente uel legenti; et pluraliter nominatiuo hi et hae legentes et haec legentia, genetiuo horum et harum et horum legentium, datiuo his legentibus, accusatiuo hos et has legentes et haec legentia, uocatiuo o legentes et o legentia, ablatiuo ab his legentibus. lecturus lectura lecturum participia uenientia a uerbo actiuo temporis futuri generis masculini feminini et neutri numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quae declinabuntur sic: nominatiuo lecturus lectura lecturum, genetiuo lecturi lecturae lecturi, datiuo lecturo lecturae lecturo, accusatiuo lecturum lecturam lecturum, uocatiuo lecture lectura lecturum, ablatiuo ab hoc lecturo ab hac lectura ab hoc lecturo; et pluraliter nominatiuo lecturi lecturae lectura, genetiuo lecturorum lecturarum lecturorum, datiuo lecturis, accusatiuo lecturos lecturas lectura, uocatiuo lecturi lecturae lectura, ablatiuo ab his lecturis. lectus lecta lectum participia uenientia a uerbo passiuo temporis praeteriti generis masculini feminini et neutri numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quae declinabuntur sic: nominatiuo lectus lecta lectum, genetiuo lecti lectae lecti, datiuo lecto lectae lecto, accusatiuo lectum lectam lectum, uocatiuo lecte lecta lectum, ablatiuo ab hoc lecto ab hac lecta ab hoc lecto; et pluraliter nominatiuo lecti lectae lecta, genetiuo lectorum lectarum lectorum, datiuo lectis, accusatiuo lectos lectas lecta, uocatiuo lecti lectae lecta, ablatiuo ab his lectis. legendus legenda legendum participia uenientia a uerbo passiuo temporis futuri generis masculini feminini et neutri numeri singularis figurae simplicis casus nominatiui et uocatiui, quae declinabuntur sic: nominatiuo legendus legenda legendum, genetiuo legendi legendae legendi, datiuo legendo legendae legendo, accusatiuo legendum legendam legendum, uocatiuo legende legenda legendum, ablatiuo ab hoc legendo ab hac legenda ab hoc legendo; et pluraliter nominatiuo legendi legendae legenda, genetiuo legendorum legendarum legendorum, datiuo legendis, accusatiuo legendos legendas legenda, uocatiuo legendi legendae legenda, ablatiuo ab his legendis.

give the declension of the participle. legens, a participle coming from an active verb of present time, of every gender, of the singular number, of the simple form, in the nominative (accusative) and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative hic and haec and hoc legens, in the genitive huius legentis, in the dative huic legenti, in the accusative hunc and hanc legente and hoc legens, in the vocative o legens, in the ablative ab hoc and ab hac and ab hoc legente or legenti; and in the plural in the nominative hi and hae legentes and haec legentia, in the genitive horum and harum and horum legentium, in the dative his legentibus, in the accusative hos and has legentes and haec legentia, in the vocative o legentes and o legentia, in the ablative ab his legentibus. lecturus lectura lecturum, participles coming from an active verb of future time, of the masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, of the singular number, of the simple form, in the nominative and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative lecturus lectura lecturum, in the genitive lecturi lecturae lecturi, in the dative lecturo lecturae lecturo, in the accusative lecturum lecturam lecturum, in the vocative lecture lectura lecturum, in the ablative ab hoc lecturo ab hac lectura ab hoc lecturo; and in the plural in the nominative lecturi lecturae lectura, in the genitive lecturorum lecturarum lecturorum, in the dative lecturis, in the accusative lecturos lecturas lectura, in the vocative lecturi lecturae lectura, in the ablative ab his lecturis. lectus lecta lectum, participles coming from a passive verb of past time, of the masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, of the singular number, of the simple form, in the nominative and vocative case, which will be declined thus: in the nominative lectus lecta lectum, in the genitive lecti lectae lecti, in the dative lecto lectae lecto, in the accusative lectum lectam lectum, in the vocative lecte lecta lectum, in the ablative ab hoc lecto ab hac lecta ab hoc lecto; and in the plural in the nominative lecti lectae lecta, in the genitive lectorum lectarum lectorum, in the dative lectis, in the accusative lectos lectas lecta, in the vocative lecti lectae lecta, in the ablative ab his lectis. legendus legenda legendum, participles coming from a passive verb of future time, of the masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, of the singular number, of the simple form, in the nominative and vocative, which will be declined thus: in the nominative legendus legenda legendum, in the genitive legendi legendae legendi, in the dative legendo legendae legendo, in the accusative legendum legendam legendum, in the vocative legende legenda legendum, in the ablative ab hoc legendo ab hac legenda ab hoc legendo; and in the plural in the nominative legendi legendae legenda, in the genitive legendorum legendarum legendorum, in the dative legendis, in the accusative legendos legendas legenda, in the vocative legendi legendae legenda, in the ablative ab his legendis.

DE CONIVNCTIONE

ON CONJUNCTION

coniunctio quid est? pars orationis adnectens ordinansque sententiam.

what is a conjunction? a part of speech annexing and ordering the sentence.

coniunctioni quot accidunt? tria.

how many things happen to the conjunction? three.

quae? potestas figura ordo.

which? power figure order.

potestas coniunctionum quot species habet? quinque.

how many species does the power of conjunctions have? five.

quas? copulatiuas disiunctiuas expletiuas causales rationales:

which ones? copulative disjunctive expletive causal rational:

da copulatiuas. et que at atque ac ast.

give the copulatives. et que at atque ac ast.

da disiunctiuas. aut ue uel ne nec neque.

give the disjunctives. or or or or nor nor.

da expletiuas. quidem, equidem, saltim, uidelicet, quamquam, quamuis, quoque, autem, porro, porro autem, tamen.

give expletives. indeed, for my part, at least, namely, although, even though,
also, however, furthermore, furthermore however, nevertheless.

da causales. si, etsi, etiamsi, si quidem, quando, quando quidem; quin, quin etiam, quatinus, sin, seu, siue, nam, namque, ni, nisi, nisi si, si enim, etenim, ne, sed, interea, licet, quamobrem, praesertim, item, itemque, ceterum, alioquin, praeterea.

give causal [particles]. si, etsi, etiamsi, si quidem, quando, quando quidem; quin, quin etiam, quatinus, sin, seu, siue, nam, namque, ni, nisi, nisi si, si enim, etenim, ne, sed, interea, licet, quamobrem, praesertim, item, itemque, ceterum, alioquin, praeterea.

da rationales. ita, itaque, enim, enimuero, quia, quapropter, quoniam, quoniam quidem, quippe, ergo, ideo, igitur, scilicet, propterea, idcirco.

give rationals. thus, and so, for, indeed to be sure, because, wherefore, since, since indeed, indeed, therefore, for that reason, therefore, namely, for that reason, for this reason.

figurae coniunctionum quot sunt? duae.

how many figures of conjunctions are there? two.

quae? simplex, ut nam, composita, ut namque.

which? simple, as nam, composite, as namque.

ordo coniunctionum in quo est? quia aut praepositiuae coniunctiones sunt, ut ac ast, aut subiunctiuae, ut que autem, aut communes, ut et igitur ergo.

the order of conjunctions is in what? because either there are prepositive conjunctions, such as ac ast, or subjoined ones, such as que autem, or common ones, such as et igitur ergo.

DE PRAEPOSITIONE

ON THE PREPOSITION

praepositio quid est? pars orationis quae praeposita aliis partibus orationis significationem earum aut complet aut mutat aut minuit.

what is a preposition? a part of speech which, set before other parts of speech, either completes, changes, or diminishes their signification.

praepositioni quot accidunt? unum.

how many accidents befall the preposition? one.

quid? casus tantum.

what? only the case.

quot? duo.

how many? two.

qui? accusatiuus et ablatiuus.

which? accusative and ablative.

da praepositiones casus accusatiui. ad apud ante aduersum cis citra circum circa contra erga extra inter intra infra iuxta ob pone per prope secundum post trans ultra praeter propter supra usque penes.

give the prepositions of the accusative case. ad apud ante aduersum cis citra circum circa contra erga extra inter intra infra iuxta ob pone per prope secundum post trans ultra praeter propter supra usque penes.

quo modo? dicimus enim ad patrem, apud uillam, ante aedes, aduersum inimicos, cis renum, citra forum, circum uicinos, circa templum, contra hostem, erga propinquos, extra terminos, inter naues, intra moenia infra tectum, iuxta macellum, ob augurium, pone tribunal, per parietem, prope fenestram, secundum fores, post tergum, trans ripam, ultra fines, praeter officium, propter rem, supra caelum, usque Oceanum, penes arbitros.

in what way? for we say to the father, at the villa, before the house, against enemies, on this side of the Rhine, on this side of the forum, around the neighbors, around the temple, against the enemy, toward the kinsfolk, outside the boundaries, among the ships, within the walls below the roof, next to the marketplace, on account of the augury, behind the tribunal, through the wall, near the window, along the doors, behind the back, across the bank, beyond the borders, contrary to duty, because of the matter, above the sky, all the way to Ocean, in the power of the arbiters.

da praepositiones casus ablatiui. a ab abs cum coram clam de e ex pro prae palam sine absque tenus.

give the prepositions of the ablative case. from (a) from (ab) from (abs) with (cum) in the presence of (coram) secretly (clam) from/about (de) out of (e) out of (ex) for/on behalf of (pro) before (prae) openly (palam) without (sine) apart from/without (absque) up to/as far as (tenus).

quo modo? dicimus enim a domo, ab homine, abs quolibet, cum exercitu, coram testibus, clam custodibus, de foro, e iure, ex praefectura, pro clientibus, prae timore, palam omnibus, sine labore, absque iniuria, tenus pube, quod nos dicimus pube tenus.

in what way? for we say from the house, from the man, from anyone at all, with an army, in the presence of witnesses, secretly from the guards, from the forum, from the law, from the prefecture, on behalf of the clients, for fear, openly before all, without labor, without injury, as far as the pubes, which we say pube tenus.

da utriusque casus praepositiones. in sub super subter.

give the prepositions of both cases. in sub super subter.

in et sub quando accusatiuo casui iunguntur? quando uel nos uel quoslibet in locum ire isse ituros esse significamus.

in and sub when are they joined to the accusative case? when we signify that either we ourselves or anyone whatsoever goes into a place, has gone, or is about to go.

quando ablatiuo? quando uel nos uel quoslibet in loco esse fuisse futuros esse significamus. in accusatiui casus, "itur in antiquam siluam"; in ablatiui casus, "stans celsa in puppi"; sub accusatiui casus, "postesque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus"; sub ablatiui casus, "arma sub aduersa posuit radiantia quercu".

when with the ablative? when we signify that either we or anyone whatsoever are, have been, or will be in a place. in the accusative case, "itur in antiquam siluam";
in the ablative case, "stans celsa in puppi"; sub with the accusative case, "postesque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus"; sub with the ablative case, "arma sub aduersa posuit radiantia quercu".

super quam uim habet? ubi locum significat, magis accusatiuo casui seruit quam ablatiuo; ubi mentionem alicuius facimus, ablatiuo tantum, ut "multa super Priamo rogitans".

super what force does it have? where it signifies place, it serves the accusative case more than the ablative; where we make mention of someone, the ablative only, as "asking many things about Priam".

in quam uim habet? etiam tum accusatiuo casui seruit, cum significat contra, ut in adulterum, in desertorem.

in what force does it have? even then it serves the accusative case, when it signifies against, as in in adulterum, in desertorem.

subter quam uim habet? eandem quam superiores ad locum et in loco significantes.

subter what force does it have? the same as the foregoing, in signifying to place and in place.

quae praepositiones sunt quae dictionibus seruiunt et separari non possunt? di dis re se am con.

what prepositions are there that serve words and cannot be separated? di dis re se am con.

quo modo? dicimus enim diduco distraho recipio secubo amplector congredior.

in what way? for we say I divide, I tear apart, I receive, I lie apart, I embrace I come together.

quae sunt quae coniungi non possunt? apud et penes.

which are those that cannot be conjoined?apud and penes.

quae coniunguntur et separantur? reliquae omnes.

which are conjoined and separated? all the rest.

DE INTERIECTIONE

ON THE INTERJECTION

interiectio quid est? pars orationis significans mentis affectum uoce incondita.

what is an interjection? a part of speech signifying an affect of the mind by an inarticulate voice.

interiectioni quid accidit? tantum significatio.

What pertains to the interjection? only signification.

significatio interiectionis in quo est? quia aut laetitiam significamus, ut euax, aut dolorem, ut heu, aut admirationem, ut papae, aut metum, ut attat, et siqua sunt similia.

wherein is the signification of the interjection? because we signify either joy, as euax, or grief, as heu, or admiration, as papae, or fear, as attat, and if there are any similar ones.