Fulgentius: Expositio Sermonum Antiquorum

Ne de tuorum praeceptorum, domine, serie nostra quicquam curtasse inoboedientia putaretur, libellum etiam quem de abstrusis sermonibus impertiri iussisti, in quantum memoriae enteca subrogare potuit absolutum retribui, non faleratis sermonum studentes spumis quam rerum manifestationibus dantes operam lucidandis.

So that it might not be thought, master, that by disobedience anything in our series of your preceptors had been curtailed, the little book also which you ordered to be imparted concerning abstruse discourses, insofar as it could substitute into memory what was formerly lacking, has been completed and returned, not by the froth of words but by being studious in giving effort to elucidating the manifestations of things.

1. [Quid sit sandapila.] Sandapilam antiqui dici uoluerunt feretrum mortuorum, id est loculum, non in. quo nobilium corpora, sed in quo plebeiorum atque damnatorum cadauera portabantur, sicut Stesimbrotus Tasius de morte Policratis regis Samiorum descripsit dicens: 'Posteaquam de cruce depositus, sandapila etiam deportatus est'.

1. [What sandapila is.] The ancients wished sandapila to be called the bier of the dead, that is a small niche, not in which the bodies of nobles, but in which the corpses of commoners and of the condemned were carried, as Stesimbrotus Tasius described concerning the death of Polycrates, king of the Samians, saying: 'After he was taken down from the cross, he was also carried off to the sandapila.'

2. [Quid sit uispillo.] Uispillones dicti sunt baiules, quamuis Antidamas Eracleopolites uispillones dixerit nudatores cadauerum, sicut in historia Alexandri Macedonis scripsit dicens: 'Plus quam trecentos cadauerum uispillones repperiens crucibus fixit'. Tamen Mnaseas scribit in Europae libro Apollinem, posteaquam a Ioue uictus atque interfectus est, a uispillonibus ad sepulturam delatus est.

2. [What a uispillo is.] Uispillones were called baiuli (bearers), although Antidamas of Heracleopolis called uispillones the denuders of corpses, as he wrote in the history of Alexander the Macedonian, saying: 'Having found more than three hundred corpse-uispillones, he fastened them to crosses.' Yet Mnaseas writes in his book Europe that Apollo, after being conquered and slain by Jove, was carried by the uispillones to burial.

3. [Quid sit pollinctor.] Pollinctores dicti sunt qui funera morientia accurant; unde et Plautus in Menecmi comoedia ait: 'Sicut pollinctor dixit qui eum pollinxerat'. Pollinctores dicti sunt quasi pollutorum unctores, id est cadauerum curatores, unde et Apuleius in Ermagora ait: 'Pollincto eius funere domuitionem paramus'.

3. [Quid sit pollinctor.] Pollinctores are called those who tend the funerals of the dying; whence Plautus in the comedy Menecmi says: 'As the pollinctor said who had anointed him.' Pollinctores are called, as it were, anointers of the polluted, that is caretakers of corpses, whence also Apuleius in Ermagora says: 'At his pollinctus funeral we prepare a domuitionem.'

4. [Quid sint manales lapides.] Labeo qui disciplinas Etruscas Tagetis et Bacitidis quindecim uoluminibus explanauit, ita ait: 'Fibrae iecoris sandaracei coloris dum fuerint, manales tunc uerrere opus est petras', id est quas solebant antiqui in modum cilindrorum per limites trahere pro pluuiae commutandam inopiam.

4. [What are manal stones.] Labeo, who explained the Etruscan disciplines to Tagetis and Bacitides in fifteen volumes, thus says: 'While the fibers of the liver are of sandarac color, then it is necessary to sweep manal stones', that is, those stones which the ancients were wont to drag along the boundaries in the form of cylinders to change the scarcity of rain.

5. [Quid sint neferendi sues.] Diofontus Lacedemonius, qui de sacris deorum scripsit, ait aput Athenas Marti solere sacrificare sacrum quod ecatonpefoneuma appellatur; si quis enim centum hostes interfecisset, Marti de homine sacrificabat aput insulam Blennon, quod sacrificatum est a duobus Cretensibus et uno Locro, id est Timne Cortiniensi, ä Proculo Locro, sicut Solicrates scribit. Sed posteaquam hoc Atheniensibus displicuit, coeperunt offerre porcum castratum quem neferendum uocabant, id est quasi sine renibus. Et aput Romanos Uarro scribit Sitium Dentatum centies et uicies pugnasse singulari certamine, cicatrices habere econtra quadraginta quinque, pos tergum nullam, coronas accepisse uiginti sex, armillas centum quadraginta; et istum primum sacrum fecisse Marti.

5. [What the neferendi sues are.] Diofontus the Lacedaemonian, who wrote on the sacred rites of the gods, says that at Athens it was customary to sacrifice to Mars a sacred thing called ecatonpefoneuma; for if anyone had slain one hundred enemies, they sacrificed to Mars from a man on the island Blennon, which was sacrificed by two Cretans and one Locrian, that is Timne of Cortyn, and Proculus the Locrian, as Solicrates writes. But after this displeased the Athenians, they began to offer a castrated pig which they called neferendum, that is, as it were, without kidneys. And among the Romans Varro writes that Sitius Dentatus fought one hundred and twenty times in single combat, to have scars on the contrary forty-five, on the back none, to have received twenty-six crowns, one hundred and forty armlets; and that he first made this a sacred offering to Mars.

6. [Quid sint ambignae oues.] Bebius Macer, qui fastalia sacrorum scripsit, ait Iunoni eas quae geminos parerent oues sacrificare cum duobus agnis altrinsecus religatis; quas oues ambignas uocari quasi ex utraque parte agnos habentes.

6. [Quid sint ambignae oues.] Bebius Macer, who wrote the fastalia of sacred rites, says that to Juno they used to sacrifice those sheep which bore twins, with two lambs bound on either side; these sheep are called ambignae, as if having lambs on both sides.

7. [Quid sint suggrundaria.] Priori tempore suggrundaria antiqui dicebant sepulchra infantium qui necdum quadraginta dies implessent, quia nec busta dici poterant, quia ossa quae conburerentur non erant, nec tanta inmanitas cadaueris quae locum tumisceret; unde et Rutilius Geminus in Astianactis tragoedia ait: 'Melius suggrundarium miser quereris quam sepulchrum'.

7. [What suggrundaria are.] In earlier times the ancients called suggrundaria the tombs of infants who had not yet completed forty days, because they could not be called busta, since there were no bones to be burned, nor so great a bulk of corpse as to swell the place; whence Rutilius Geminus in the tragedy Astianactes says: 'Better to bewail a suggrundarium, wretched one, than a sepulchre.'

8. [Quid sit silicernius.] Silicernios dici uoluerunt senes iam incuruos quasi iam sepulchrorum suorum silices cernentes; unde et Cincius Alimentus in historia de Gorgia Leontino scribit dicens: 'Qui dum iam silicernius finem sui temporis expectaret, etsi morti non potuit, tamen infirmitatibus exultauit'.

8. [What a silicernius is.] The old men wished silicernii to be called those already bent over, as if already beholding the stones of their own tombs; whence Cincius Alimentus in the history concerning Gorgias the Leontine writes, saying: 'He, while already as a silicernius awaited the end of his time, although he could not die, nevertheless exulted in his infirmities.'

9. [Quid sint aruales fratres.] Acca Laurentina Romuli nutrix consueuerat pro agris semel in anno sacrificare cum duodecim filiis suis sacrificium praecedentibus; unde dum unus mortuus esset, propter nutricis gratiam Romulus in uicem defuncti se succedere pollicetur; unde et ritus processit cum XII iam deinceps sacrificare et aruales dici fratres, sicut Rutilius Geminus in libris pontificalibus memorat.

9. [What the arual brothers are.] Acca Laurentina, Romulus’s nurse, was accustomed to sacrifice once a year for the fields, with her twelve sons offering the sacrifice first; so when one was dead, out of gratitude to the nurse Romulus promised to succeed in the place of the deceased; whence the rite arose that 12 thereafter should sacrifice and be called arual brothers, as Rutilius Geminus records in his pontifical books.

10. [Quid sint iniuges boues.] Manilius Crestus inlibro quem de deorum himnis scribit ait Mineruae iniuges boues sacrificare, id est iugum numquam ferentes, illa uidelicet causa, quod et uirginitas iugum nesciat maritale et uirtus numquam sit iugo prementi subiecta.

10. [What iniuges boues are.] Manilius Crestus, in the book which he writes on the hymns of the gods, says that iniuges boues are sacrificed to Minerva, that is, oxen never bearing a yoke; this, evidently, because virginity knows not the marital yoke, and virtue is never subjected to a yoke that presses.

11. [Quid sint semones.] Semones dici uoluerunt deos quos nec caelo dignos ascriberent ob meriti paupertatem, sicut sunt Priapus, Epona, Uertumnus, nec terrenos eos deputare uellent pro gratiae ueneratione, sicut Uarro in mistagogorum libro ait: 'Semoneque inferius derelicto deum depinnato orationis attollam alloquio'.

11. [What semones are.] They wished Semones to be called gods whom they would neither ascribe to heaven as worthy on account of the poverty of their merit, as are Priapus, Epona, Vertumnus, nor would they wish to reckon them as earthly because of the veneration of grace, as Varro says in his book of the mistagogues: "And with the semone left below, the god, the painted guise of prayer stripped off, I will raise by speech."

12. [Quid sit blatterare.] Pacuuius in Seudone comedia inducit Sceparnum seruum ancillae dicentem: 'Ni ego te blatterantem aspicerem, his mintium iudicassem'; blatterare enim quasi uerba trepidantia metu balbutire dixerunt.

12. [What it is to blatterare.] Pacuvius in the comedy Seudon introduces Sceparnus, the slave of a maid, saying: 'If I had not seen you blattering, I would have judged you to be of diminished mind'; for to blatterare they said, as it were, to babble words trembling with fear, to stammer.

13. [Quid sit luscicius.] Luscicios dici uoluerunt in die parum uidentes, quos Greci miopes uocant; unde et Plautus in mercatoris comedia ait: 'Mirum lolio uictitare te, tam uili tritico, quia lusciciosus es'; dicunt enim quod lolium comedentibus oculi obscurentur.

13. [What luscicius is.] They wished that those who see little by day be called luscicios, whom the Greeks call myopes; whence Plautus in the Mercator comedy says: 'I marvel that you court darnel, such cheap wheat, because you are lusciciosus'; for they say that eating lolium darkens the eyes of those who consume it.

14. [Quid sit tutulus.] Uarro in pontificalibus ait tutulos sacerdotes dici breuium deorum. Numa uero Pompilius et ipse de pontificalibus scribens tutulum dici ait pallium quo sacerdotes caput tutabant, cum sacrificium accessissent, sicut et Uirgilius: 'Et capita ante aras Frigio uelamur amictu'.

14. [What tutulus is.] Varro in his Pontificalia says that tutuli are priests of the lesser gods. Numa Pompilius himself, however, also writing about the pontiffs, says that tutulum is the pallium with which priests sheltered their heads when they had approached the sacrifice, as Virgil also: 'And let us veil our heads before the altars with a Phrygian garment.'

15. [Quid sit oria.] Oriam dicunt nauicellam modicam piscatoriam; unde et Plautus in Cacisto ait: 'Malo hunc alligari ad oriam, ut semper piscetur, etsi sit tempestas maxima'.

15. [What oria is.] They call an oria a small fishing boat; whence also Plautus in Cacistus says: 'I prefer that this one be fastened to an oria, so that he may always be fished, even if the storm be very great.'

16. [Quid sit problema.] Problema dicta est propositio in capite libri quaestionaliter posita; unde et Demostenes pro Philippo ait ‚ sed ne quid te Grecum turbet exemplum, ego pro hoc tibi Latinum feram ‚ ait enim: 'Problematis autenticum gradum tradamus astanti, cui nostra subsequens occurset oratio'. Nam et Tertullianus in libro quem de fato scripsit ita ait: 'Redde huic fratri primum problematis mancipatum'.

16. [What a problema is.] A problema is called a proposition placed questioningly at the head of a book; whence also Demosthenes, for Philip, says, 'but lest any Greek example trouble you, I will bring you a Latin one in its stead'—for he says: 'Let us hand over the authentic rank of the problem to the bystander, to whom our succeeding speech may present itself.' And likewise Tertullian, in the book which he wrote on fate, says: 'Restore to this brother first what has been consigned of the problem.'

17. [Quid sit pumilior, quid sit glabrior.] Apuleius in asino aureo inducit sorores Psicae maritis detrahentis; dicit: 'quouis puero pumiliorem et cucurbita glabriorem'; pumilios enim dicunt molles atque enerues, glabrum uero lenem et inberbem.

17. [Quid sit pumilior, quid sit glabrior.] Apuleius in The Golden Ass introduces the sisters of Psyche who steal away husbands; he says: 'to whichever boy more pumilior and a gourd more glabrior'; for pumilios they call soft and enervate, glabrum however mild and unbearded.

18. [Quid sint sutelae.] Sutelam dici uolunt astutiam, quasi subtilia tela; unde et Plautus in Cassina ait: 'Possis clam me sutelis tuis praeripere Cassinam uxorem, proinde ut postulas'.

18. [What sutelae are.] They call sutela sutelam craftiness, as if subtle webs/weapons; whence Plautus in Cassina says: 'You could secretly snatch Cassina, my wife, from me with your sutelae, just as you demand.'

19. [Quid sit friguttire.] Friguttire dicitur subtiliter adgarrire; unde et Plautus in Cassina ait: 'Quidnam friguttis?' et Ennius in Telestide comedia sic ait: 'Haec anus admodum friguttit; nimirum sauciauit se flore Liberi'.

[What 'friguttire' is.] Friguttire is said to mean to chirp or chatter subtly; whence Plautus in Cassina says: 'What are you chattering?' and Ennius in the comedy Telestides thus: 'This old woman chatters exceedingly; surely she has wounded herself by the blossom of Liber.'

20. [Quid sit tittiuilicium.] Tittiuilicium dici uoluerunt fila putrida quae de telis cadunt; ut Plautus in Cassina ait: 'Non ego hoc uerbum empsim tittiuilicio', id est re admodum uilissima. Nam et Marcus Cornutus in satyra sic ait: 'Tittiuiles Flacce do tibi'.

20. [What tittiuilicium is.] They wished tittiuilicium to be called the rotten threads which fall from woven cloths; as Plautus says in Cassina: 'I did not buy this thing for tittiuilicium,' that is, for a thing exceedingly cheap. For Marcus Cornutus also says in a satire: 'Tittiuiles, Flaccus, I give to you.'

21. [Quid sint isculponeas.] Sculponeas dici uoluerunt cestus plumbo ligatos; unde et Neuius in Philemporo comedia ait: 'Sculponeis battenda huic sunt latera probe' et Plautus in Cassina simili modo ait: 'Melius sculponeas, quibus battuatur tibi os, senex nequissime'.

21. [Quid sint isculponeas.] Sculponeae were meant to be called gloves bound with lead; whence Nevius in the comedy Philemporo says: 'His sides must be well beaten with sculponeae,' and Plautus in Cassina in a similar way says: 'Better the sculponeae, with which your mouth may be beaten, most worthless old man.'

22. [Quid sit catillatum.] Catillare dicitur per alienas domus infrontate girare, a catulis tractum, quod per omnes domus circuant; unde et Propertius: 'Catillata geris uadimonia, puplicum prostibulum' et Plautus similiter ait: 'Quin meam uxorem mittam catillatum?'

22. [What catillatum is.] Catillare is said to mean to go insolently about through another’s houses, from catulis tractum, which runs through all the houses; hence Propertius: 'You wear catillata pledges, a public brothel,' and Plautus similarly says: 'Shall I send my wife to catillatum?'

23. [Quid sit capularis.] Capularem dici uoluerunt senem iam morti contiguum, sed et reos capulares dicebant, qui capulo digni fuerunt; unde et Lucilius ait: 'Pergit capulare cadauer' et Flaccus Tibullus in Melene comedia ait: 'Tune amare audes, edentule et capularis senex?'; edentulum enim quasi iam sine dentibus dici uoluit.

23. [Quid sit capularis.] They wished "capular" to be said of an old man already close to death, but they also called the guilty capulares, who were worthy of the capulum (the noose); whence Lucilius says: 'Pergit capulare cadauer' and Flaccus Tibullus in the comedy Melene says: 'Tune amare audes, edentule et capularis senex?'; for he meant edentulum to signify as if already without teeth.

24. [Quid sit promus et condus.] Promos et condos dici uoluerunt cellaritas, eo quod deintus promant et iutus condant; unde et Plautus in Asinaria ait: 'Ego sum promus condus procurator peni'; penum enim cellarium dicimus.

24. [What promus and condus are.] They wished promos and condos to be called cellaritas, because they promant and iutus condant within; whence also Plautus in Asinaria says: 'Ego sum promus condus procurator peni'; for penum we call the cellarium (pantry).

25. [Quid sint suppetiae.] Suppetias dicimus auxilium; unde et Memos in tragoedia Herculis ait: 'Ferte suppetias, optimi comites'.

25. [What suppetiae are.] Suppetiae we call aid or supplies; whence Memos in the tragedy of Hercules says: 'Ferte suppetias, optimi comites' — "Bring supplies, O best companions."

26. [Quid sit auctio.] Auctionem dici uoluerunt uenditionem, quasi quod et ementem augeat et uendentem; unde et Plautus in Curculione comedia ait: 'Auctionem facio parasiticiam'.

26. [What an auction is.] They wished auction to be called vendition (a sale), as if it were to increase both the buyer and the seller; whence Plautus in the comedy Curculio says: 'I hold an auction for the parasite.'

27. [Quid sit mnasiterna.] Mnasiternam dicunt aquae urnam, id est orceum; unde et Calpurnius in Fronesi comedia ait: 'Ubi tu mnasiternatus aquam petas?' et Plautus in Baccide ait: 'Effer mnasiternam cum aqua foras'.

27. [What a mnasiterna is.] A mnasiterna they call a water-urn, that is an orceum; whence Calpurnius in the comedy Fronesis says: 'Where do you, mnasiternated, seek water?' and Plautus in the Bacchides says: 'Bring the mnasiterna out with water.'

28. [Quid est antistare.] Antistare dicimus praecellere; unde et Crispinus in Eraclea ait: 'Diuinis uirtutibus antistans Alcides'.

28. [What antistare is.] We call antistare to mean to excel or surpass; whence Crispinus in Eraclea says: 'Alcides excelling in divine virtues.'

29. [Quid sit istega.] Stega est nauis proscenium uel tabulatum, super quod nautae ambulant, sicut Plautus ait in Crisalo: 'Forte ego ut in stega consederam'.

29. [What istega is.] Stega is a ship's proscenium or decked platform, upon which the sailors walk, as Plautus says in Crisalis: "Perhaps I had sat upon the stega."

30. [Quid sit lembum.] Lembum est genus nauicellae uelocissimae, quos dromones dicimus, sicut Uirgilius ait: 'Quam qui auerso uix flumine lembum remigiis subigit'.

30. [What a lembus is.] A lembus is a kind of very swift little ship, which we call dromones, as Virgil says: 'Whom he with difficulty, by his oars, drives the lembus along against the opposing river.'

31. [Quid sint ramenta.] Ramenta dici uoluerunt quasi quoddam proiecticium purgamentum; unde et Quintus Fabius Lucullus in epico carmine ait: 'Uilissimum ramentum, proluuiosa pestis'.

31. [What ramenta are.] Ramenta were meant to be called, as it were, a kind of cast-off rubbish; whence Quintus Fabius Lucullus in an epic song says: 'Most worthless rament, a filthy flood-born pest.'

32.[Quid sint diouolares.] Diobolares dicuntur uilissimae meretrices quae sub paruo stipendio prostant, sicut Pammacius ait: 'Diobolare prostibolum, quem ego actutum ut Dircem partitam reddam'; nam et Pacuuius similiter ait: 'Non ego ita fui ut nunc sunt meretrices diobolae, quae suam nummi causa parui pendunt gratiam'.

32. [What diouolares are.] Diobolares are called the cheapest prostitutes who stand for a small stipend, as Pammacius says: 'Diobolare prostibolum, quem ego actutum ut Dircem partitam reddam'; for Pacuvius likewise says: 'Non ego ita fui ut nunc sunt meretrices diobolae, quae suam nummi causa parui pendunt gratiam' — that is, prostitutes of the diobola who for the sake of money hang their favor at little price.

33. [Quid sit ueruina.] Ueruina est genus iaculi longum quod aliquanti uerrutum uocant, sicut Gauius Bassus in satiris ait: 'Ueruina confodiende, non te nauci facio'; nauci enim quasi pro nihilo dici uoluerunt. Nam et Plautus in Baccide sic ait: 'Si tibi macera est foris, at mihi ueruina est domi, qua te ego et illos conficiamus soricina nenia'.

33. [What a ueruina is.] A ueruina is a sort of long javelin, which some call a verrutum; as Gaius Bassus says in his satires: "O ueruina to be stuck in, I do not make you nauci"—nauci having been used as if for nothing. For Plautus likewise in the Baccides says: "If you have a macera outside, yet I have a ueruina at home, with which I and those others will finish you, the soricina nenia."

34.[Quid sint diuidiae.] Diuidias dixerunt tristitias, sicut Propertius [ait]: 'Diuidias mentis conficit omnis amor'.

34.[Quid sint diuidiae.] They said diuidiae are sadnesses, as Propertius says: 'Every love brings about the diuidiae of the mind.'

35. [Quid sit iustitium.] Iustitium dicitur luctus puplicus, unde et Fronto in oratione pro Nucerinis ait: 'Denique iustitium plebi indicitur'.

35. [What iustitium is.] Iustitium is called a public mourning, whence also Fronto in the oration pro Nucerinis says: 'Finally a iustitium is proclaimed to the people.'

36. [Quid sit coragium.] Coragium dicitur uirginale funus, sicut Apuleius in metamorfoseon ait: 'Coragio itaque perfecto omnes domuitionem parant'.

36. [What coragium is.] Coragium is called a virginal funeral, as Apuleius in the Metamorphoses says: 'Coragio itaque perfecto omnes domuitionem parant'.

37. [Quid sit desiduo.] Desiduo dicitur diuturno; unde et Uarro in Corallaria ait: 'Diuidiae mihi fuerunt tum desiduo afuisse te'.

37. [What desiduo is.] Desiduo is said to mean long-lasting; whence also Uarro in Corallaria says: 'It was a boon to me then that you were absent from desiduo.'

38. [Quid sit floccio.] Flocci dixerunt quasi nihili, unde et Plautus ait: 'Flocci pendo quid rerum geras'.

38. [What floccio is.] Flocci they said as if of nothing (worth), whence Plautus also says: 'Flocci pendo quid rerum geras' — 'I reckon at a floccus whatever affairs you carry on.'

39. [Quid sit lentaculum.] Lentaculum dicitur gustatio, sicut Calimacus in Thesia: 'Lentaculum proferre Ioui'.

39. [Quid sit lentaculum.] Lentaculum is called a gustation, as Callimachus in Thesia: 'to bring forth a lentaculum to Jove'.

40. [Qmd sit edulium.] Edulium dicitur ab edendo dictum, id est quasi praegustatiua comestio; unde et Apuleius in asino aureo ait: 'Edulibus opipare excepta'.

40. [Qmd sit edulium.] Edulium is said from edendo, named from eating, that is, as it were a praegustatory comestio (a preliminary tasting); whence also Apuleius in The Golden Ass says: 'sumptuously received by the diners.'

41. [Quid sint tucceta.] Tucceta dicuntur escae regiae, sicut Callimorfus in Piseis [ait]: 'Ambrosio redolent tucceta fauore'.

41. [What tucceta are.] Tucceta are called royal dishes, as Callimorfus in the Piseis says: 'Tucceta breathe of ambrosial favor.'

42. [Quid sit ferculum.] Ferculum dicitur missum carnium, unde et Petronius Arbiter ait: 'Postquam ferculum allatum est'.

42. [What a ferculum is.] A ferculum is called a missal/serving of meats (literally a sending of meats), whence Petronius Arbiter says: 'Postquam ferculum allatum est'.

43. [Quid sit miropola, quid sit adfatim, quid sit uenustare.] Miropolam dicunt qui unguenta uendunt, ut sunt pigmentarii, unde et Neuius in Diobolaria ait: 'Miropola adfatim mihi unguentum largitus est, quo me uenustarem'; adfatim dicitur abundanter, uenustare uero exhilarare est.

43. [What miropola is, what adfatim is, what uenustare is.] A miropola they call those who sell unguents, as do the pigmentarii; whence Nevius in the Diobolaria says: 'A miropola adfatim bestowed a perfume on me, by which I might make myself venustare' — adfatim means plentifully, and uenustare truly means to enliven or to make charming.

44. [Quid sit celocem.] Celocem dicunt genus nauicellae modicissimum, quod bamplum dicimus, unde et Apuleius in libro de re puplica ait: 'Qui celocem regere nequit, onerariam petit'.

44. [What celocem is.] Celocem is said to be a kind of very small nauicella (a tiny vessel), which we call bamplum; whence also Apuleius in his book De re publica says: 'Qui celocem regere nequit, onerariam petit'.

45. [Quid sit celibatum.] Celibatum dici uoluerunt uirginitatis abstinentiam, unde et Felix Capella in libro de nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae ait: 'Placuit Mineruae pellere celibatum'.

45. [What celibatum is.] Celibatum they wished to call the abstention of virginity, whence also Felix Capella in the book of the nuptials of Mercury and Philology says: 'It pleased Minerva to drive away celibacy.'

46. [Quid sit exercitus, quid sit nictare, quid sint ualgia.] Exercitus dicitur contemptus, unde et Plautus in milite glorioso ait: 'Itane nos nostramque familiam habes exercitam', et ubi supra ait: 'Plus uideas ualgis quam sabiis, denique omnes nictant eum'; nictare enim dicimus cinnum facere, ualgia uero sunt labellorum obtortiones in subinatione factae, sicut et Petronius ait: 'Obtorto ualgiter labello'.

46. [What is exercitus, what is nictare, what are ualgia.] Exercitus is said to mean contempt, whence Plautus in The Boastful Soldier says: 'Itane nos nostramque familiam habes exercitam', and where above he says: 'Plus uideas ualgis quam sabiis, denique omnes nictant eum'; for nictare we say to make a cinnum, ualgia however are twists of the little lips made in a subinnation (an affectation), as Petronius says: 'Obtorto ualgiter labello'.

47. [Quid sint summates, quid sint simpolones, quid sit ganium.] Summates dicuntur uiri potentes, simpolones dicuntur conuiuae; nam et amicus sponsi qui cum eo per conuiuia ambulat simpolator dicitur; ganeum uero taberna est, unde et Sutrius in comedia Piscatoria ait: 'Summates uiri simpolones facti sunt ganei'.

47. [What summates are, what simpolones are, what a ganeum is.] Summates are called powerful men, simpolones are called convivial companions; for also the friend of the bridegroom who walks with him through banquets is called a simpolator; a ganeum, however, is a tavern, whence Sutrius in the comedy Piscatoria says: 'Summates uiri simpolones facti sunt ganei'.

48. [Quid sint praesegmina.] Praesegmina sunt partes corporis incisae, ut Tages in aruspicinis ait: 'Praesegminibus amputatis'.

48. [What praesegmina are.] Praesegmina are parts of the body cut off, as Tages says in the haruspices: 'Praesegminibus amputatis.'

49. [Quid sit congerra.] Congerrones dicuntur qui aliena ad se congregant, unde et aput Romanos gerrones Brutiani sunt dicti.

49. [What a congerra is.] Congerrones are called those who gather others' belongings to themselves, whence among the Romans the Brutian gerrones were called.

50. [Quid sit cistella, quid sint crepundia.] Cistellam dicunt capsellam, ut Plautus [ait]: 'Cistellam mihi effers cum crepundiis', id est cum puerilibus ornamentis.

50. [What a cistella is, what crepundia are.] They call a cistella a capsella, as Plautus says: 'Cistellam mihi effers cum crepundiis', that is, with puerile ornaments.

51. [Quid sit fabre, quid sit pecuatum, quid sit aricinas.] Antidamas in moralibus libris ait: 'Fabre conpactum animal hominem quis ferat sic ire pecuatum' et 'Auerruncassit deus tam aricinas hominum mentes'; fabre dicitur perfecte, auerruncare eradicare, aricinas testeas uel argilleas, pecuatum stultum.

51. [What fabre is, what pecuatum is, what aricinas is.] Antidamas in his moral books says: "Who would suffer that a man, a creature compacted fabre, should go thus, pecuatum," and "God has auerruncassit so the aricinas of men's minds"; fabre is said to mean "perfectly" (or "skillfully compacted"), auerruncare means "to uproot," aricinas means "testaceous or clayey" (potsherd‑like), and pecuatum means "stupid."

52. [Quid sit alucinare.] Alucinare dicitur uana somniari tractum ab alucitas quos nos conopes dicimus, sicut Petronius Arbiter ait: 'Nam centum uernali me alucitae molestabant'.

52. [Quid sit alucinare.] To alucinare is said to mean to dream vainly, drawn from alucitas, which we call conopes (mosquito‑nets), as Petronius Arbiter says: 'For a hundred vernal alucitae were troubling me.'

53. [Quid sit culleum.] Culleum dicitur saccum, in quo rei conclusi in mare mittuntur, sicut Plautus ait in Uidularia: 'Iube hunc insui in culleo atque in altum deportari, si uis annonam bonam'.

53. [What a culleum is.] A culleum is called a sack, in which enclosed things are thrown into the sea, as Plautus says in Vidularia: 'Order that this man be sewn into a culleus and be carried out into the deep, if you want good grain.'

54. [Quid sit elogium.] Elogium est hereditas in malo, sicut Cornelius Tacitus in libro facetiarum ait: 'Cessit itaque morum elogio in filiis derelicto'.

54. [What an elogium is.] An elogium is an inheritance in evil, as Cornelius Tacitus says in his book of jests: "Therefore the elogium gave way, the custom having been abandoned in the sons."

55. [Quid sit lixa.] Lixa dicitur mercennarius, unde et Lucanus ait: 'Stat dum lixa bibat'.

55. [What a lixa is.] A lixa is called a mercennary, whence Lucan also says: 'Stat dum lixa bibat' ('He stands while the hireling drinks').

56. [Quid sit sudum.] Sudum dicitur serenum; unde et Tiberianus ait: 'Aureos subducit ignes sudus ora Lucifer'.

56. [What is sudum.] Sudum is called serenum (clear weather); whence Tiberianus also says: 'Lucifer with a sudus face draws away the golden fires.'

57. [Quid sit luteum.] Luteum dicitur splendidum, unde et Pacuuius in tragoedia Tiestis ait: 'Non illic luteis aurora biiugis'.

57. [What luteum is.] Luteum is called splendid, whence also Pacuvius in the tragedy Tiestes says: 'There the dawn is not with luteous two-horsed chariots.'

58. [Quid sit abstemius.] Abstemius dicitur obseruans, sicut Rabirius in satira ait: 'Abstemium merulenta fugit Mettenia nomen'.

58. [What abstemius is.] Abstemius is said to mean observing (abstinent), as Rabirius says in a satire: 'Abstemius merulenta fugit Mettenia nomen' — 'The name Mettenia flees the abstinent, blackbird‑filled (one).'

59. [Quid sit uadatus.] Uadatus dicitur obstrictus uel sub fideiussione ambulans, sicut Fenestella ait: 'Penes quem uadatus, amicitiae nodolo tenebantur'.

59. [Quid sit uadatus.] Uadatus is said to mean bound or walking under a surety, as Fenestella says: 'Where the uadatus was with someone, they were held by the knot of friendship.'

60. [Quid sint manubies.] Manubies dicuntur ornamenta regum, unde et Petronius Arbiter ait: 'Tot regum manubies penes fugitiuum repertae'.

60. [What are manubies.] Manubies are called the ornaments of kings, whence also Petronius Arbiter says: 'So many manubies of kings were found in the possession of the fugitive.'

61. [Quid sit aumacium.] Aumatium dicitur locum secretum puplicum sicut in theatris aut in circo, unde et Petronius Arbiter ait: 'In aumatium memet ipsum conieci'.

61. [What an aumacium is.] Aumatium is called a secret public place, as in the theatres or in the circus, whence Petronius Arbiter also says: 'In aumatium memet ipsum conieci'.

62. [Quid sit delenificus.] Delenificus dicitur blandilocus, unde et Lucretius comicus in Nummolaria ait: 'Nescio quorsum mihi eueniant tua uerba tam delenifica'.

62. [Quid sit delenificus.] Delenificus is called a blandilocus, whence also Lucretius the comic in Nummolaria says: 'I do not know to what purpose your words so flattering come to me.'