Justin: HISTORIARVM PHILIPPICARVM T. POMPEII TROGI LIBRI XLIV IN EPITOMEN REDACTI

I. Parthicis orientalibusque ac totius propemodum orbis rebus explicitis ad initia Romanae urbis Trogus veluti post longam peregrinationem domum revertitur, ingrati civis olficium existimans, si, cum omnium gentium res gestas inlustraverit, de sola tantum patria taceat.

1. With the Parthian, the Eastern, and the affairs of almost the whole world brought to a close, Trogus returns, as if home after a long peregrination, to the beginnings of the Roman city, deeming it the duty of an ungrateful citizen if, when he has illustrated the deeds of all nations, he should be silent about his fatherland alone.

2 Breviter igitur initia Romani imperii perstringit, ut nec modum propositi operis excedat nec utique originem urbis, quae est caput totius orbis, silentio praetermittat.

2 Therefore he briefly touches upon the beginnings of the Roman empire, so that he neither exceeds the measure of the proposed work nor, indeed, passes over in silence the origin of the city, which is the head of the whole world.

3 Italiae cultores primi Aborigines fuere, quorum rex Saturnus tantae iustitiae fuisse dicitur, ut neque servierit quisquam sub illo neque quicquam privatae rei habuerit, sed omnia communia et indivisa omnibus fuerint, veluti unum cunctis patrimonium esset.

3 The first cultivators of Italy were the Aborigines, whose king Saturn is said to have been of such justice that no one served under him, nor did anyone have anything of private property, but all things were common and undivided to all, as if there were one patrimony for everyone.

4 Ob cuius exempli memoriam cautum est, ut Saturnalibus exaequato omnium iure passim in conviviis servi cum dominis recumbant.

4 On account of the memory of this example it has been provided that, at the Saturnalia, with the right of all equalized, slaves recline with their masters everywhere at banquets.

5 Itaque Italia regis nomine Saturnia appellata, et mons in quo habitabat Saturnius, in quo nunc veluti ab Iove pulso sedibus suis Saturno Capitolium est.

5 And so Italy was appellated Saturnia from the king’s name, and the mountain on which he dwelt was called Saturnian; on it now is the Capitol, as though Saturn, having been driven by Jove from his own seats.

6 Post hunc tertio loco regnasse Faunum ferunt, sub quo Euander ab Arcadiae urbe Pallanteo in Italiam cum mediocri turba popularium venit, cui Faunus et agros et montem, quem ille postea Palatium appellavit, benigne adsignavit.

6 After him they report that Faunus reigned in the third place, under whom Evander came from the Arcadian city Pallanteum into Italy with a moderate throng of compatriots, to whom Faunus kindly assigned both fields and the hill, which he afterward called the Palatine.

7 In huius radicibus templum Lycaeo, quem Graeci Pana, Romani Lupercum appellant, constituit; ipsum dei simulacrum nudum caprina pelle amictum est, quo habitu nunc Romae Lupercalibus decurritur.

7 At the foot of this, he set up a temple to Lycaeus, whom the Greeks call Pan, the Romans Lupercus; the very simulacrum of the god is naked, wrapped in a goat-skin, in which habit now at Rome during the Lupercalia a race is run.

8 Fauno uxor fuit nomine Fatua, quae adsidue divino spiritu inpleta veluti per furorem futura praemonebat. Vnde adhuc, qui inspirari solent, fatuari dicuntur.

8 Faunus had a wife by the name Fatua, who, continually filled with divine spirit, as if in frenzy, premonished things to come. Whence even now those who are wont to be inspired are said to “fatuari” (to rave).

9 Ex filia Fauni et Hercule, qui eodem tempore extincto Geryone armenta, victoriae praemia, per Italiam ducebat, stupro conceptus Latinus procreatur.

9 From the daughter of Faunus and Hercules, who at that same time, with Geryon slain, was leading the herds, the prizes of victory, through Italy, Latinus is procreated, conceived by rape.

10 Quo tenente regnum Aeneas ab Ilio Troia a Graecis expugnata in Italiam venit statimque bello exceptus, cum in aciem exercitum eduxisset, ad conloquium vocatus tantam admirationem sui Latino praebuit, ut et in societatem regni reciperetur et Lavinia in matrimonium ei data gener adscisceretur.

10 While he held the kingdom, Aeneas, from Ilium—Troy, after it had been stormed by the Greeks—came into Italy, and was immediately met with war; and when he had led his army into the line of battle, called to a colloquy, he inspired in Latinus such admiration of himself that he was both received into partnership in the kingship and, with Lavinia given to him in marriage, was adopted as a son-in-law.

11 Post haec commune utriusque bellum adversus Turnum, regem Rutulorum, propter fraudatas Laviniae fuit nuptias, in quo et Turnus et Latinus interiere.

11 After these things, there was a common war of both against Turnus, king of the Rutulians, on account of Lavinia’s defrauded nuptials, in which both Turnus and Latinus perished.

12 Igitur cum Aeneas iure victoriae utroque populo potiretur, urbem ex nomine uxoris Lavinium condidit.

12 Therefore, when Aeneas, by the right of victory, took possession of both peoples, he founded the city Lavinium from his wife's name.

13 Bellum deinde adversus Mezentium, Etruscorum regem, gessit, in quo cum ipse occidisset, in locum eius Ascanius filius successit, qui Lavinio relicto Longam Albam condidit, quae CCC annis caput regni fuit.

13 Then he waged war against Mezentius, king of the Etruscans, in which, when he himself had fallen, his son Ascanius succeeded in his place, who, with Lavinium left behind, founded Alba Longa, which for 300 years was the head of the kingdom.

II. Post multos deinde huius urbis reges ad postremum Numitor et Amulius regno potiti sunt.

2. After many kings of this city, at last Numitor and Amulius gained possession of the kingdom.

2 Sed Amulius cum vi aetate potiorem Numitorem oppressisset, filiam eius Ream in perpetuam virginitatem, ne quis vindex regni virilis sexus ex gente Numitoris oriretur, demersit, addita iniuriae specie honoris, ut non damnata, sed sacerdos electa videretur.

2 But Amulius, when by force he had overpowered Numitor, superior in age, consigned his daughter Rhea to perpetual virginity, lest any avenger of the kingship, of the male sex, arise from the stock of Numitor, an appearance of honor being added to the injury, so that she might seem not condemned but chosen as a priestess.

3 Igitur clausa in luco Marti sacro duos pueros, incertum stupro an ex Marte conceptos, enixa est.

3 Therefore, enclosed in the grove sacred to Mars, she bore two boys, uncertain whether conceived by rape or from Mars.

4 Quo cognito Amulius multiplicato metu proventu duorum pueros exponi iubet et puellam vinculis onerat, ex quorum iniuria decessit.

4 When this was learned, Amulius, his fear multiplied at the birth of the two, orders the boys to be exposed and burdens the girl with chains, from the injury of which she died.

5 Sed Fortuna origini Romanae prospiciens pueros lupae alendos obtulit, quae amissis catulis distenta ubera exinanire cupiens nutricem se infantibus praebuit.

5 But Fortune, looking out for the Roman origin, offered the boys to a she‑wolf to be reared; she, having lost her cubs, with distended udders, wishing to empty them, presented herself as a nurse to the infants.

6 Cum saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, rem Faustulus pastor animadvertit subtractosque ferae inter greges pecorum agresti vita nutrivit.

6 As she kept returning to the little ones as if to her cubs, the shepherd Faustulus noticed the matter, and, the boys removed from the wild beast, he nourished them among the herds of livestock in rustic life.

7 Martios pueros fuisse, sive quod in luco Martis enixi sunt sive quod a lupa, quae in tutela Martis est, nutriti, veluti manifestis argumentis creditum. Nomina pueris alteri Remo, alteri Romulo fuere.

7 It was believed, as if by manifest arguments, that the boys were sons of Mars, either because they were born in the grove of Mars or because they were nourished by the she-wolf, who is in the tutelage of Mars. The names for the boys were: to the one, Remus; to the other, Romulus.

8 Adultis inter pastores de virtute cotidiana certamina et vires et pernicitatem auxere.

8 When grown up, among the shepherds daily contests for prowess increased both their strength and their swiftness.

9 Igitur cum latrones a rapina pecorum industrie frequenterque submoverent, Remus ab isdem latronibus captus et velut ipse esset, quod in aliis prohibebat, regi offertur; crimini datur quasi greges Numitoris infestare solitus esset. Tunc a rege Numitori in ultionem traditur.

9 Therefore, when the brigands were industriously and frequently being driven off from the rapine of cattle, Remus was seized by these same brigands and, as if he himself were doing what he was preventing in others, he is presented to the king; he is charged with the crime as though he had been accustomed to harry the herds of Numitor. Then by the king he is handed over to Numitor for vengeance.

10 Sed Numitor adulescentia iuvenis permotus et in suspitionem expositi nepotis adductus, cum eum nunc liniamentorum filiae similitudo, nunc aetas expositionis temporibus congruens anxium tenerent, repente Faustulus cum Romulo supervenit; a quo origine cognita puerorum facta conspiratione et adulescentes in ultionem maternae necis et Numitor in vindictam erepti regni armantur.

10 But Numitor, moved by the youthfulness of the young man and led into suspicion of an exposed grandson, since now the similarity of the lineaments to his daughter, now the age congruent with the times of the exposure, kept him anxious, suddenly Faustulus arrived with Romulus; and from him, once the boys’ origin was known, a conspiracy having been formed, both the adolescents were armed for the avenging of their mother’s murder, and Numitor for the vindication of the kingdom snatched from him.

III. Occiso Amulio regnum Numitori restituitur et urbs Romana ab adulescentibus conditur.

3. With Amulius slain, the kingdom is restored to Numitor and the city of Rome is founded by the young men.

2 Tunc et senatus centum seniorum, qui patres dicti sunt, constituitur; tunc et vicinis conubia pastorum dedignantibus virgines Sabinae rapiuntur, finitimisque populis armis subiectis primo Italiae et mox orbis imperium quaesitum.

2 Then too a Senate of a hundred elders, who were called Fathers, is established; then too, with the neighbors disdaining intermarriage with the shepherds, the Sabine virgins are seized, and, the bordering peoples subjected by arms, the imperium of Italy first and soon of the world was sought.

3 Per ea tempora adhuc reges hastas pro diademate habebant, quas Graeci Æsceptra dixere. Nam et ab origine rerum pro diis inmortalibus veteres hastas coluere, ob cuius religionis memoriam adhuc deorum simulacris hastae adduntur.

3 In those times, too, kings held spears in place of a diadem, which the Greeks called sceptra. For even from the origin of things the ancients worshiped spears instead of the immortal gods; in memory of which cult, to this day spears are added to the gods’ images.

4 Temporibus Tarquinii regis ex Asia Phocaeensium iuventus ostio Tiberis invecta amicitiam cum Romanis iunxit; inde in ultimos Galliae sinus navibus profecta Massiliam inter Ligures et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, magnasque res, sive dum armis se adversus Gallicam feritatem tuentur sive dum ultro lacessunt, a quibus fuerant antea lacessiti, gesserunt.

4 In the times of King Tarquinius, the Phocaean youth from Asia, brought in at the mouth of the Tiber, entered into friendship with the Romans; from there, having set out by ships to the farthest inlets of Gaul, it founded Massilia among the Ligurians and the wild tribes of the Gauls, and they accomplished great deeds, whether while with arms they protected themselves against Gallic ferocity, or while they in turn provoked those by whom they had previously been provoked.

5 Namque Phocaeenses exiguitate ac macie terrae coacti studiosius mare quam terras exercuere: piscando mercandoque, plerumque etiam latrocinio maris, quod illis temporibus gloriae habebatur, vitam tolerabant.

5 For indeed the Phocaeans, compelled by the exiguity and leanness of their land, exercised the sea more studiously than the lands: by fishing and trading, and for the most part even by sea-raiding, which in those times was held for glory, they sustained their life.

6 Itaque in ultimam Oceani oram procedere ausi in sinum Gallicum ostio Rhodani amnis devenere,

6 And so, having dared to advance to the farthest shore of the Ocean, they came to the Gallic gulf at the mouth of the river Rhone,

7 cuius loci amoenitate capti, reversi domum referentes quae viderant, plures sollicitavere.

7 captivated by the amenity of that place, returning home and relating what they had seen, they solicited many more.

8 Duces classis Simos et Protis fuere. Itaque regem Segobrigiorum, Nannum nomine, in cuius finibus urbem condere gestiebant, amicitiam petentes conveniunt.

8 The commanders of the fleet were Simos and Protis. Therefore they meet the king of the Segobrigii, by name Nannus, seeking amity, in whose territory they were eager to found a city.

9 Forte eo die rex occupatus in apparatu nuptiarum Gyptis filiae erat, quam more gentis electo inter epulas genero nuptum tradere illic parabat. 10 Itaque cum ad nuptias invitati omnes proci essent, rogantur etiam Graeci hospites ad convivium.

9 By chance on that day the king was occupied with the nuptial preparations for his daughter Gyptis, whom, by the custom of the people, he was arranging there to give in marriage to a son-in-law chosen amid the banquet. 10 And so, since all the suitors had been invited to the wedding, the Greek guests are also invited to the banquet.

11 Introducta deinde virgo cum iuberetur a patre aquam porrigere ei, quem virum eligeret, tunc omissis omnibus ad Graecos conversa aquam Proti porrigit, qui factus ex hospite gener locum condendae urbis a socero accepit.

11 Then the maiden having been led in, when she was being ordered by her father to proffer water to him whom she would choose as husband, then, all others set aside, turning to the Greeks she proffered water to Protis, who, made from guest to son‑in‑law, received from his father‑in‑law a place for founding a city.

12 Condita igitur Massilia est prope ostia Rhodani amnis in remoto sinu, velut in angulo maris.

12 Accordingly, Massilia was founded near the mouths of the river Rhone, in a remote bay, as if in a corner of the sea.

13 Sed Ligures incrementis urbis invidentes Graecos adsiduis bellis fatigabant, qui pericula propulsando in tantum enituerunt, ut victis hostibus in captivis agris multas colonias constituerint.

13 But the Ligurians, envying the growth of the city, wearied the Greeks with assiduous wars, who, by repelling dangers, distinguished themselves to such a degree that, the enemies conquered, they established many colonies in the captured lands.

IV. Ab his igitur Galli et usum vitae cultioris deposita ac mansuefacta barbaria et agrorum cultus et urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt.

4. From these, therefore, the Gauls, with barbarity laid aside and tamed, learned both the use of a more cultured life and the cultivation of fields, and to gird cities with walls.

2 Tunc et legibus, non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere consuerunt, adeoque magnus et hominibus et rebus inpositus est nitor, ut non Graecia in Galliam emigrasse, sed Gallia in Graeciam translata videretur.

2 Then too they became accustomed to live by laws, not by arms; then too to prune the vine; then to plant the olive; and so great a polish was set upon both men and things, that it seemed not that Greece had emigrated into Gaul, but that Gaul had been translated into Greece.

3 Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo locus acceptus condendae urbis fuerat, cum regno filius eius Comanus successisset, adfirmante quodam regulo, quandoque Massiliam exitio finitimis populis futuram, opprimendamque in ipso ortu, ne mox validior ipsum obrueret.

3 With King Nannus of the Segobrigii dead, from whom the site for founding the city had been obtained, when his son Comanus had succeeded to the kingdom, a certain petty-king asserting that Massilia would someday be to the destruction of the neighboring peoples, and that it must be crushed in its very birth, lest, soon stronger, it should overwhelm him.

4 Subnectit et illam fabulam: canem aliquando partu gravidam locum a pastore precario petisse, in quo pareret, quo obtento iterato petisse, ut sibi educare eodem in loco catulos liceret; ad postremum adultis catulis fultam domestico praesidio proprietatem loci sibi vindicasse.

4 He subjoins also that fable: that a dog, once gravid with parturition, petitioned from a shepherd by precarious leave a place in which she might give birth; this obtained, she petitioned again that it be permitted for her to rear the puppies in the same place; at last, with the puppies grown and supported by domestic protection, she claimed for herself the proprietorship of the place.

5 Non aliter Massilienses, qui nunc inquilini videantur, dominos quandoque regionum futuros.

5 Likewise the Massilians, who now seem tenants, will someday be lords of the regions.

6 His incitatus rex insidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque sollemni Floraliorum die multos fortes ac strenuos viros hospitii iure in urbem misit, plures sirpeis latentes frondibusque supertectos induci vehiculis iubet,

6 Stirred by these, the king plots ambushes against the Massiliotes. And so, on the solemn day of the Floralia, he sent many brave and strenuous men into the city under the right of hospitality; he orders more, hidden in rush-baskets and covered over with foliage, to be brought in on vehicles,

7 ipse cum exercitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut, cum nocte a praedictis apertae portae forent, tempestive ad insidias adesset urbemque somno ac vino sepultam armatis invaderet.

7 he himself with the army hides in the neighboring mountains, so that, when at night the gates should be opened by the aforesaid men, he might be timely present for the ambush and might invade with armed men the city buried in sleep and wine.

8 Sed has insidias mulier quaedam regis cognata prodidit, quae adulterare cum Graeco adulescente adsolita in amplexu iuvenis miserata formae eius insidias aperuit periculumque declinare iubet.

8 But these plots a certain woman, a kinswoman of the king, betrayed, who, accustomed to commit adultery with a Greek adolescent, in the embrace of the youth, moved with pity for his beauty, disclosed the ambushes and bids him to decline the peril.

9 Ille rem statim ad magistratus defert; atque ita patefactis insidiis cuncti Ligures conprehenduntur latentesque de sirpeis protrahuntur.

9 He immediately reports the matter to the magistrates; and thus, with the ambush laid open, all the Ligurians are apprehended and, lying hidden, are dragged out from the rushes.

10 Quibus omnibus interfectis insidianti regi insidiae tenduntur. Caesa cum ipso rege hostium septem milia.

10 With all of them slain, an ambush is laid for the king who was lying in ambush. Seven thousand of the enemy were cut down along with the king himself.

11 Exinde Massilienses festis diebus portas claudere, vigilias agere, stationes in muris observare, peregrinos recognoscere, curas habere, ac veluti bellum habeant, sic urbem pacis temporibus custodire.

11 Thereupon the Massiliotes, on festal days, would close the gates, keep vigils, observe stations on the walls, recognize foreigners, take precautions, and, as though they had war, thus guard the city in times of peace.

12 Adeo illic bene instituta non temporum necessitate, sed recte faciendi consuetudine servantur.

12 To such a degree there the well‑instituted measures are observed, not by the necessity of the times, but by the custom of doing right.

V. Post haec magna illis cum Liguribus, magna cum Gallis fuere bella, quae res et urbis gloriam auxit et virtutem Graecorum multiplicata victoria celebrem inter finitimos reddidit.

5. After these things, there were great wars for them with the Ligurians, great ones with the Gauls, which both increased the glory of the city and, with victory multiplied, made the virtue of the Greeks celebrated among the neighbors.

2 Karthaginiensium quoque exercitus, cum bellum captis piscatorum navibus ortum esset, saepe fuderunt pacemque victis dederunt,

2 The armies of the Carthaginians also, when war had arisen from the seizure of fishermen’s ships, often routed the enemy and gave peace to the vanquished,

3 cum Hispanis amicitiam iunxerunt, cum Romanis prope ab initio conditae urbis foedus summa fide custodierunt auxiliisque in omnibus bellis industrie socios iuverunt. Quae res illis et virium fiduciam auxit et pacem ab hostibus praestitit.

3 with the Spaniards they formed amity, with the Romans they kept the treaty, from almost the beginning of the city’s founding, with the utmost fidelity, and with auxiliaries in all wars they industriously aided their allies. Which thing for them both increased confidence in their strength and afforded peace from their enemies.

4 Cum igitur Massilia et fama rerum gestarum et abundantia opum et virium gloria virente floreret, repente finitimi populi ad nomen Massiliensium delendum velut ad commune extinguendum incendium concurrunt.

4 Therefore, when Massilia was flourishing with the fame of deeds and with an abundance of wealth and with the glory of strength in full bloom, suddenly the neighboring peoples rush together to blot out the name of the Massilians, as if to extinguish a common conflagration.

5 Dux consensu omnium Catumandus regulus eligitur. Qui cum magno exercitu lectissimorum virorum urbem hostium obsideret, per quietem specie torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus ultro pacem cum Massiliensibus fecit,

5 By the consensus of all, Catumandus a petty king is chosen as leader. While with a great army of most select men he was besieging the enemy city, in his sleep, by the apparition of a grim woman who said she was a goddess, terrified, he of his own accord made peace with the Massilians,

6 petitoque ut intrare illi urbem et deos eorum adorare liceret, cum in arcem Minervae venisset, conspecto in porticibus simulacro deae, quam per quietem viderat, repente exclamat illam esse, quae se nocte exterruisset, illam, quae recedere ab obsidione iussisset.

6 and having requested that it be permitted for him to enter the city and adore their gods, when he had come into Minerva’s citadel, on catching sight of the simulacrum of the goddess in the porticoes, he suddenly exclaims that that is she who had terrified him in the night, she who had ordered him to withdraw from the siege.

7 Gratulatusque Massiliensibus, quod animadverteret eos ad curam deorum inmortalium pertinere, torque aureo donata dea in perpetuum amicitiam cum Massiliensibus iunxit.

7 And having congratulated the Massilians, because he perceived that they pertained to the care of the immortal gods, the goddess having been presented with a golden torque, he joined friendship in perpetuity with the Massilians.

8 Parta pace et securitate fundata revertentes a Delphis Massiliensium legati, quo missi munera Apollini tulerant, audiverunt urbem Romanam a Gallis captam incensamque.

8 With peace achieved and security established, the envoys of the Massilians returning from Delphi—whither they had been sent to carry gifts to Apollo—heard that the city of Rome had been captured and burned by the Gauls.

9 Quam rem domi nuntiatam publico funere Massilienses prosecuti sunt aurumque et argentum publicum privatumque contulerunt ad explendum pondus Gallis, a quibus redemptam pacem cognoverant.

9 When this matter was announced at home, the Massilians accompanied it with a public funeral, and they contributed both public and private gold and silver to fill out the weight for the Gauls, from whom they had learned that peace had been redeemed.

10 Ob quod meritum et immunitas illis decreta et locus spectaculorum in senatu datus et foedus aequo iure percussum.

10 On account of which merit, both immunity was decreed to them, and a place at the spectacles in the Senate was given, and a treaty was struck with equal right.

11 In postremo libro Trogus: maiores suos a Vocontiis originem ducere; avum suum Trogum Pompeium Sertoriano bello civitatem a Cn. Pompeio percepisse,

11 In the last book Trogus: that his ancestors derive their origin from the Vocontii; that his grandfather Trogus Pompeius, in the Sertorian war, had received citizenship from Cn. Pompey,

12 patruum Mithridatico bello turmas equitum sub eodem Pompeio duxisse; patrem quoque sub C. Caesare militasse epistularumque et legationum, simul et anuli curam habuisse.

12 that his uncle in the Mithridatic War led squadrons of cavalry under that same Pompey; that his father also served under Gaius Caesar and had the charge of epistles and legations, and at the same time of the signet-ring.