Pliny the Elder: NATVRALIS HISTORIA

[1] Africam Graeci Libyam appellavere et mare ante eam Libycum; Aegyptio finitur, nec alia pars terrarum pauciores recipit sinus, longe ab occidente litorum obliquo spatio. populorum eius oppidorumque nomina vel maxime sunt ineffabilia praeterquam ipsorum linguis, et alias castella ferme inhabitant.(Ptolemy,Geog. 4.1)

[1] The Greeks have called Africa “Libya” and the sea before it “Libyan”; it is bounded by Egypt, and no other part of the lands admits fewer bays, the line of its shores stretching obliquely far from the west. The names of its peoples and towns are for the most part unpronounceable except in their own tongues, and otherwise they generally inhabit forts.(Ptolemy,Geog. 4.1)

[2] Principio terrarum Mauretaniae appellantur, usque ad C. Caesarem Germanici filium regna, saevitia eius in duas divisere provincias. promunturium oceani extumum Ampelusia nominatur a Graecis. oppida fuere Lissa et Cottae ultra columnas Herculis, nunc est Tingi, quondam ab Antaeo conditum, postea a Claudio Caesare, cum coloniam facerete, appellatum Traducta Iulia.

[2] To begin with, the lands are called the Mauretanias, kingdoms down to Gaius Caesar, son of Germanicus; his savagery divided them into two provinces. The outermost promontory of the Ocean is named Ampelusia by the Greeks. The towns were Lissa and Cottae beyond the Columns of Hercules; now there is Tingi, once founded by Antaeus, and later, by Claudius Caesar, when he made it a colony, it was named Traducta Iulia.

abest a Baelone oppido Baeticae proximo traiectu XXX. ab eo XXV in ora oceani colonia Augusti Iulia Constantia Zulil, regum dicioni exempta et iura in Baeticam petere iussa. ab ea XXXV colonia a Claudio Caesare facta Lixos, vel fabulosissime antiquis narrata:

it is distant from Baelo, a town of Baetica, by the nearest crossing 30. from it 25 on the shore of the Ocean is the colony of Augustus Julia Constantia Zulil, exempted from the dominion of the kings and ordered to seek its legal rights in Baetica. from it 35 is Lixos, a colony made by Claudius Caesar, most fabulously recounted by the ancients:

[3] ibi regia Antaei certamenque cum Hercule et Hesperidum horti. adfunditur autem aestuarium e mari flexuoso meatu, in quo dracones custodiae instar fuisse nunc interpretantur. amplectitur intra se insulam, quam solam e vicino tractu aliquanto excelsiore non tamen aestus maris inundant.

[3] there are the royal residence of Antaeus, the contest with Hercules, and the gardens of the Hesperides. moreover, an estuary is poured in from the sea with a flexuous course, in which they now interpret that dragons existed in the likeness of a guard. it embraces within itself an island, which alone, from the neighboring tract, being somewhat higher, the sea’s tides do not, however, inundate.

exstat in ea et ara Herculis nec praeter oleastros aliud ex narrato illo aurifero nemore.

There stands in it an altar of Hercules as well, and, apart from oleasters, nothing else from that narrated auriferous grove.

[4] minus profecto mirentur portentosa Graeciae mendacia de his et amne Lixo prodita qui cogitent nostros nuperque paulo minus monstrifica quaedam de iisdem tradidisse, praevalidam hanc urbem maioremque Magna Carthagine, praeterea ex adverso eius sitam et prope inmenso tractu ab Tingi, quaeque alia Cornelius Nepos avidissime credidit.

[4] let them assuredly marvel less at the portentous lies of Greece put forth about these matters and the river Lixus, who consider that our own countrymen too have quite recently handed down certain accounts about the same, scarcely less monstrous: that this city is very strong and greater than Great Carthage, moreover situated opposite to it, and at a nearly immense stretch from Tingis; and other such things, which Cornelius Nepos most avidly believed.

[5] ab Lixo XL in mediterraneo altera Augusta colonia est Babba, Iulia Campestris appellata, et tertia Banasa LXXV p., Valentia cognominata. ab ea XXXV Volubile oppidum, tantundem a mari utroque distans. at in ora a Lixo L amnis Sububus, praeter Banasam coloniam defluens, magnificus et navigabilis.

[5] from Lixus, 40 miles in the interior, the second Augustan colony is Babba, called Julia Campestris, and the third is Banasa, 75 miles, surnamed Valentia. From it, 35 miles, is the town Volubile, at an equal distance from either sea. But on the shore, 50 miles from Lixus, the river Sububus—flowing past the colony Banasa—is magnificent and navigable.

ab eo totidem milibus oppidum Sala, eiusdem nominis fluvio inpositum, iam solitudinibus vicinum elephantorumque gregibus infestum, multo tamen magis Autololum gente, per quam iter est ad montem Africae vel fabulosissimum Atlantem.

from it, at the same number of miles, is the town Sala, set upon a river of the same name, now near to the deserts and infested by herds of elephants, yet much more by the nation of the Autololes, through whose territory there is a route to the mountain of Africa, the most fabulous Atlas.

[6] E mediis hunc harenis in caelum attolli prodidere, asperum, squalentem qua vergat ad litora oceani, cui conomen inposuit, eundem opacum nemorosumque et scatebris fontium riguum qua spectet Africam, fructibus omnium generum sponte ita subnascentibus, ut numquam satias voluptatibus desit.

[6] They have reported that this rises into the sky from the midst of the sands, rough, squalid where it slopes toward the shores of the Ocean, which has imposed upon it its cognomen; the same, where it looks toward Africa, is shady and woodland and irrigated by gushings of springs, with fruits of every kind springing up of their own accord, such that satiety of delights is never lacking.

[7] incolarum neminem interdiu cerni; silere omnia haut alio quam solitudinum horrore; subire tacitam religionem animos propius accedentium praeterque horrorem elati subter nubila atque in vicina lunaris circuli. eundem noctibus micare crebris ignibus, Aegipanum Satyrorumque lascivia inpleri, tibiarum ac fistulae cantu tympanorumque et cymbalorum sonitu strepere. haec celebrati auctores prodidere praeter Herculi et Perseo laborata ibi.

[7] that no inhabitants are seen by day; that all things are silent for no other cause than the horror of solitudes; that a silent religious awe steals upon the minds of those drawing nearer, and, besides the dread, at its being lifted up beneath the clouds and in the vicinity of the lunar circle. that the same at night flickers with frequent fires, is filled with the lascivious play of Aegipans and Satyrs, and resounds with the song of flutes and pipe and with the sound of drums and cymbals. these things renowned authors have handed down, besides the labors of Hercules and Perseus wrought there.

spatium ad eum inmensum incertumque.

the expanse toward it is immense and uncertain.

[8] fuere et Hannonis Carthaginiensium ducis commentarii Punicis rebus florentissimis explorare ambitum Africae iussi, quem secuti plerique e Graecis nostrisque et alia quidem fabulosa et urbes multas ab eo conditas ibi prodidere, quarum nec memoria alia nec vestigium exstat.

[8] There were also the commentaries of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians, ordered, when Punic affairs were most flourishing, to explore the circuit of Africa; whom most among the Greeks and our own have followed, and they have reported indeed other fabulous things and that many cities were founded there by him, of which neither any other memory nor vestige exists.

[9] Scipione Aemiliano res in Africa gerente Polybius annalium conditor, ab eo accepta classe scrutandi illius orbis gratia circumvectus, prodidit a monte eo ad occasum versus saltus plenos feris, quas generat Africa; ad flumen Anatim CCCCLXXXXVI, ab eo Lixum CCV. Agrippa Lixum a Gaditano freto CXII abesse; inde sinum qui vocetur Sagigi, oppidum in promunturio Mulelacha, flumina Sububam et Salat, portum Rutubis a Lixo CCXXIIII, inde promunturium Solis, portum Rhysaddir, Gaetulos Autoteles, flumen Quosenum, gentes Selatitos et Masatos, flumen Masathat, flumen Darat, in quo crocodilos gigni.

[9] While Scipio Aemilianus was conducting affairs in Africa, Polybius, founder of annals, having received from him a fleet for the sake of scrutinizing that part of the world and having coasted around, reported that from that mountain toward the west there are woodland tracts full of wild beasts which Africa generates; to the river Anatim 496, from it to Lixum 205. Agrippa [states] that Lixum is 112 distant from the Gaditan strait; thence a bay which is called Sagigi, a town on the promontory Mulelacha, the rivers Sububam and Salat, the port Rutubis 224 from Lixo, then the promontory of the Sun, the port Rhysaddir, the Gaetuli Autoteles, the river Quosenus, the peoples Selatitos and Masatos, the river Masathat, the river Darat, in which crocodiles are engendered.

[10] dein sinum DCXVI includi montis Bracae promunturio excurrente in occasum, quod appelletur Surrentium. postea flumen Salsum, ultra quod Aethiopas Perorsos, quorum a tergo Pharusios. his iungi in mediterraneo Gaetulos Daras, at in ora Aethiopas Daratitas, flumen Bambotum, crocodilis et hippopotamis refertum.

[10] then a bay of 616 is enclosed by the promontory of Mount Braca running out toward the west, which is called Surrentium. after that the river Salsus, beyond which the Ethiopians the Perorsos, and behind them the Pharusii. to these are joined in the interior the Gaetuli the Daras, but on the coast the Ethiopian Daratitae; the river Bambotus, teeming with crocodiles and hippopotami.

ab eo montes perpetuos usque ad eum, quem Theon Ocema dicemus. inde ad promunturium Hesperu navigationem dierum ac noctium decem. in medio eo spatio Atlantem locavit, ceteris omnibus in extremis Mauretaniae proditum.

from there, unbroken mountains as far as that which we shall call Theon Ocema. thence to the promontory Hesperu is a voyage of ten days and nights. in the middle of that space he has located Atlas, whereas by all the others it is handed down as being at the extremities of Mauretania.

[11] Romana arma primum Claudio principe in Mauretania bellavere, Ptolemaeum regem a Gaio Caesare interemptum ulciscente liberto Aedemone, refugientibusque barbaris ventum constat ad montem Atlantem. nec solum consulatu perfunctis atque e senatu ducibus, qui tum res gessere, sed equitibus quoque Romanis, qui ex eo preafuere ibi, Atlantem penetrasse in gloria fuit.

[11] Roman arms first waged war in Mauretania under the princeps Claudius, when the freedman Aedemon was avenging King Ptolemy, who had been slain by Gaius Caesar; and, with the barbarians in flight, it is agreed that they came to Mount Atlas. Nor was it only for commanders who had completed a consulship and were of the Senate—those who then conducted the operations—but also for Roman equestrians, who from that time were in command there, that to have penetrated Atlas was a matter of glory.

[12] quinque sunt, ut diximus, Romanae coloniae in ea provincia, perviumque famae videri potest, sed id plerumque fallacissimum experimento deprehenditur, quia dignitates, si indagare vera pigeat, ignorantiae pudore mentiri non piget, haut alio fidei proniore lapsu quam ubi falsae rei gravis auctor existit. equidem minus miror inconperta quaedam esse equestris ordinis viris, iam vero et senatum inde intrantibus, quam luxuriae, cuius efficacissima vis sentitur atque maxima, cum ebori, citro silvae exquirantur, omnes scipuli Gaetuli muricibus, purpuris.

[12] there are five, as we have said, Roman colonies in that province, and it may seem open to report; but this is for the most part discovered by experience to be most fallacious, because dignitaries, if it is irksome to track out the truth, are not ashamed to lie from a shame of ignorance, by no more headlong a lapse of credulity than where a weighty author arises for a false matter. For my part, I marvel less that certain things are unknown to men of the equestrian order, indeed even to those entering the senate from there, than at luxury, whose most efficacious and greatest force is felt, when ivory and the forests of citrus-wood are sought out, and all the little staves are Gaetulian, adorned with murex-shells and purples.

[13] indigenae tamen tradunt in ora ab Salat CL flumen Asanam, marino haustu, sed portu spectabile, mox amnem, quem vocant Fut, ab eo ad Dirim — hoc enim Atlanti nomen esse eorum lingua convenit —CC, interveniente flumine, cui nomen est Ivor. ibi pauca extare circa vestigia habitati quondam soli, vinearum palmetorumque reliquias.

[13] the natives, however, hand down that on the coast, from the Salat, 150, the river Asana, with a marine draught, yet notable for its harbor; soon after, a river which they call Fut; from it to Dirim — for this, in their language, is agreed to be the name for Atlas — 200, with a river intervening whose name is Ivor. There a few things stand out around the traces of soil once inhabited, the remnants of vineyards and palm‑groves.

[14] Suetonius Paulinus, quem consulem vidimus, primus Romanorum ducum transgressus quoque Atlantem aliquot milium spatio, prodidit de excelsitate quidem eius quae ceteri, imas radices densis altisque repletas silvis incognito genere arborum, proceritatem spectabilem esse enodi nitore, frondes cupressi similes praeterquem gravitate odoris, tenui eas obduci lanugine, quibus addita arte posse quales e bombyce vestes confici. verticem altis etiam aestate operiri nivibus.

[14] Suetonius Paulinus, whom we saw as consul, the first of the Roman commanders to cross the Atlas as well, for a stretch of several miles, reported regarding its loftiness indeed the same as the others: that its lowest roots are filled with dense and tall forests of a kind of trees unknown, their stateliness notable for a knotless sheen; that the leaves are like those of the cypress, except in the heaviness of their odor; that they are coated with a fine down, and, with skill added, garments can be fashioned from them such as those from bombyx; that the summit is covered with deep snows even in summer.

[15] decumis se eo pervenisse castris et ultra ad fluvium, qui Ger vocatur, per solitudines nigri pulveris, eminentibus interdum velut exustis cautibus, loca inhabitabilia fervore, quamquam hiberno tempore, experto. qui proximos inhabitent saltus, refertos elephantorum ferarumque et serpentium omni genere, Canarios appellari, quippe victum eius animalis promiscuum iis esse et dividua ferarum viscera.

[15] that by the tenth encampment he had reached that place, and beyond to a river which is called the Ger, through solitudes of black dust, with crags sometimes jutting up as though scorched, places uninhabitable from heat, although he experienced it in the winter season. Those who inhabit the nearest uplands, teeming with elephants and wild beasts and serpents of every kind, are called the Canarii, since the diet of that animal (the dog) is shared with them, and the shared entrails of wild beasts.

[16] iunctam Aethiopum gentem, quos Perorsos vocant, satis constat. Iuba Ptolemaei pater, qui primus utrique Mauretaniae imperitavit, studiorum claritate memorabilior etiam quam regno, similia prodidit de Atlante, praeterque gigni herbam ibi euphorbeam nomine, ab inventore medico suo appellatam. cuius lacteum sucum miris laudibus celebrat in claritate visus contraque serpentes et venena omnia privatim dicato volumine.

[16] it is well established that an adjoining nation of Ethiopians, whom they call the Perorsos, is connected there. Juba, father of Ptolemaeus, who first held sway over both Mauretanias, more memorable for the brilliance of his studies even than for his kingdom, reported similar things about Atlas, and, moreover, that a herb is produced there named euphorbia, so called from its discoverer, his own physician. Its milky juice he celebrates with wondrous praises for the clarity of sight and against serpents and all poisons, in a separate volume dedicated to it.

et satis superque de Atlante.

and enough and more than enough about Atlas.

[17] Tingitanae provinciae longitudo CLXX est. gentes in ea: quondam praecipua Maurorum — unde nomen — quos plerique Maurusios dixerunt, attenuata bellis ad paucas recidit familias. proxima illi Masaesylorum fuerat; simili modo extincta est.

[17] The length of the province of Tingitana is 170. Peoples in it: once the principal were the Mauri — whence the name — whom most have called the Maurusios; thinned by wars, that nation has dwindled to a few families. Next to them had been the Masaesyli; in a similar manner it has become extinct.

Gaetulae nunc tenent gentes, Baniurae multoque validissimi Autololes et horum pars quondam Nesimi, qui avolsi iis propriam fecere gentem versi ad Aethiopas.

Now Gaetulian peoples hold it: the Baniurae and, by much the most valiant, the Autololes; and of these, a part once—the Nesimi—who, torn away from them, turned toward the Aethiopians and made a people of their own.

[18] ipsa provincia ab oriente montuosa fert elephantos, in Abila quoque monte et quos Septem Fratres a simili altitudine appellant. freto imminent iuncti Abilae. ab iis ora interni maris, flumen Tamuda navigabile, quondam et oppidum, flumen Laud, et ipsum navigiorum capax.Rhysaddiroppidum et portus, Malvane fluvius navigabilis.(Ptolemy,Geog.

[18] the province itself, mountainous on the east, bears elephants, on Mount Abila as well and on those which they call the Seven Brothers from their similar altitude. joined to Abila, they overhang the strait. from them the shore of the inner sea, the river Tamuda, navigable, and formerly a town as well, the river Laud, itself capable of vessels.Rhysaddir, a town and port, the Malva river, navigable.(Ptolemy,Geog.

4.2)

[19] Siga oppidum ex adverso Malacae in Hispania siti, Syphacis regia, alterius iam Mauretaniae. namque diu regum nomina obtinuere, ut Bogutiana appellaretur extuma, itemque Bocchi quae Caesariensis. ab ea portus Magnus, a spatio appellatus, civium Romanorum oppido.

[19] Siga, a town lying opposite to Malaca in Spain, the royal seat of Syphax, of what is now the other Mauretania. For for a long time the names of kings prevailed, so that the outermost was called Bogutiana, and likewise that of Bocchus, which is Caesariensis. From it, the Great Port, named from its expanse, with a town of Roman citizens.

amnis Mulucha, Bocchi Masaesylorumque finis. Quiza Cenitana peregrinorum oppidum, Arsennaria Latinorum,III a mari;

the river Mulucha, the boundary of Bocchus and of the Masaesyli. Quiza Cenitana, a town of foreigners, Arsennaria of the Latins, 3 from the sea;

[20] Cartenna, colonia Augusti legione secunda, item colonia eiusdem deducta cohorte praetoria Gunugu. promunturium Apollinis oppidumque ibi celeberrimum Caesarea, ante vocitatum Iol, Iubae regia a Divo Claudio coloniae iure donata; eiusdem iussu deductis veteranis Oppidum Novum et Latio dato Tipasa, itemque a Vespasiano Imperatore eodem munere donatum Icosium; colonia Augusti Rusguniae, Rusucuriu civitate honoratum a Claudio, Rusazus colonia Augusti, Saldae colonia eiusdem, item Igilgili;

[20] Cartenna, a colony of Augustus with the Second Legion, likewise Gunugu, a colony of the same, established with a praetorian cohort. The Promontory of Apollo, and there the most celebrated town Caesarea, previously commonly called Iol, the royal residence of Juba, by the Deified Claudius endowed with the right of a colony; by this same one’s order, with veterans settled, Oppidum Novum, and Tipasa with Latin right granted, and likewise Icosium, by the Emperor Vespasian endowed with the same privilege; Rusguniae, a colony of Augustus, Rusucuriu honored with civic status by Claudius, Rusazus, a colony of Augustus, Saldae, a colony of the same, likewise Igilgili;

[21] oppidum Tucca, inpositum mari et flumini Ampsagae. intus colonia Augusta, quae item Succhabar, item Tubusuptu, civitates Timici, Tigavae. flumina Sardabal, Aves, Nabar.

[21] the town Tucca, set upon the sea and the river Ampsaga. Inland, the colony Augusta, likewise Succhabar, likewise Tubusuptu, the cities Timici, Tigava. Rivers Sardabal, Aves, Nabar.

gens Macurebi, flumen Usar, gens Nababes. flumen Ampsaga abest a Caesarea CCCXXII. utriusque Mauretaniae longitudo |X|:XXXVIII, latitudo CCCCLXVII.

the Macurebi people, the river Usar, the Nababes people. the river Ampsaga is 322 from Caesarea. the length of both Mauretanias is 1,038, the breadth 467.

[22] Ab Ampsaga Numidia est, Masinissae clara nomine, Metagonitis terra a Graecis appellata, Numidae vero Nomades a permutandis pabulis, mapalia sua, hoc est domos, plaustris circumferentes. oppida Chullu, Rusicade, et ab eo ad XLVIII in mediterraneo colonia Cirta Sittianorum cognomine, et alia intus Sicca liberumque oppidum Bulla Regia. at in ora Tacatua, Hippo Regius, flumen Armua, oppidum Thabraca civium Romanorum, Tusca fluvius, Numidiae finis.

[22] From the Ampsaga is Numidia, renowned in the name of Masinissa, the land called Metagonitis by the Greeks; the Numidae indeed are called Nomads from changing their pastures, carrying their mapalia, that is, their homes, around on wagons. towns: Chullu, Rusicade, and from it at 48 in the interior the colony Cirta, with the cognomen of the Sittiani, and other inland: Sicca and the free town Bulla Regia. but on the shore: Tacatua, Hippo Regius, the river Armua, the town Thabraca of Roman citizens, the river Tusca, the end of Numidia.

nec praeter marmoris Numidici ferarumque proventum aliud insigne ei.

nor, apart from the produce of Numidian marble and of wild beasts, is there any other distinction for it.

[23] A Tusca Zeugitana regio et quae proprie vocetur Africa est. tria promunturia, Candidum, mox Apollinis adversum Sardiniae, Mercuri adversum Siciliae, in altum procurrentia duos efficiunt sinus, Hipponiensem proximum ab oppido quod Hipponem Dirutum vocant, Diarrhytum Graecis dictum propter aquarum rigua. cui finitimum Theudalis inmune oppidum, longius a litore.

[23] From the Tusca begins the Zeugitane region and what is properly called Africa. Three promontories, the White, then that of Apollo over against Sardinia, and that of Mercury over against Sicily, running out into the deep form two bays, the Hipponian, the nearer, from the town which they call Hippo Dirutus—Diarrhytus by the Greeks on account of the irrigations of waters. Neighboring to it is Theudalis, an immune (tax‑exempt) town, farther from the shore.

[24] dein promunturium Apollinis et in altero sinu Utica civium Romanorum, Catonis morte nobilis, flumen Bagrada, locus Castra Cornelia, colonia Carthago Magnae in vestigiis Carthaginis, colonia Maxula, oppida Carpi, Missua et liberum Clypea in promunturio Mercuri, item libera Curubis, Neapolis. mox Africae ipsius alia distinctio. Libyphoenices vocantur qui Byzacium incolunt.

[24] then the promontory of Apollo, and in the other bay Utica of Roman citizens, renowned for the death of Cato, the river Bagrada, the place Castra Cornelia, the colony Carthage on the vestiges of Great Carthage, the colony Maxula, the towns Carpi, Missua, and free Clypea on the promontory of Mercury, likewise free Curubis, Neapolis. Next, another division of Africa itself. Those who inhabit Byzacium are called Libyphoenicians.

ita appellatur regio CCL p. circuitu, fertilitatis eximiae, cum centesima fruge agricolis faenus reddente terra.

thus it is called a region 250 miles in circumference, of exceptional fertility, the land paying interest to the farmers with a hundredfold crop.

[25] hic oppida Leptis, Hadrumetum, Ruspina, Thapsus. inde Thenae, Aves, Macomades, Tacape, Sabrata, contingens Syrtim Minorem, ad quam Numidiae et Africae ab Ampsaga longitudo DLXXX, latitudo, qua cognitum est,CC. ea pars, quam Africam appellavimus, dividitur in duas provincias, veterem et novam, discretas fossa inter Africanum sequentem et reges Thenas usque perducta, quod oppidum a Carthagine abest CCXVI.

[25] here the towns Leptis, Hadrumetum, Ruspina, Thapsus. thence Thenae, Aves, Macomades, Tacape, Sabrata, touching the Lesser Syrtis, to which the length of Numidia and Africa from the Ampsaga is 580, the breadth, so far as it has been known, 200. that part which we have called Africa is divided into two provinces, the older and the newer, separated by a ditch carried through between Africanus the Younger and the kings as far as Thenae, which town is 216 away from Carthage.

[26] Tertius sinus dividitur in geminos, duarum Syrtium vadoso ac reciproco mari diros. ad proximam, quae minor est, a Carthagine CCC Polybius tradit, ipsam centum milium passuum aditu, trecentorum ambitu. et terrae autem siderum observatione ad eam per deserta .... harenis perque serpentes iter est.

[26] The third gulf is divided into twins, the two Syrtes, dire for their shallow and reversing sea. To the nearer, which is the lesser, Polybius reports 300 miles from Carthage; the gulf itself has an approach of 100 miles and a circumference of 300. And by land, moreover, with observation of the stars, the journey to it is through deserts .... through sands and through serpents.

excipiunt saltus repleti ferarum multitudine introrsus elephantorum solitudines, nox deserta vasta ultraque Garamantes, ab Augilis dierum XII itinere distantes.

there follow wooded uplands filled with a multitude of wild beasts; further inward, solitudes of elephants, desolate, vast deserts, and beyond, the Garamantes, lying at a distance of a 12-days’ journey from the Augilae.

[27] super illos fuere gens Psylli, super quos lacus Lycomedis, desertis circumdatus. Augilae ipsi medio fere spatio locantur, ab Aethiopia, quae ad occidentem vergit, et a regione, quae inter duas Syrtis interiacet, pari utrimque intervallo, sed litore inter duas Syrtis CCL. ibi civitas Oeensis, Cinyps fluvius ac regio, oppida Neapolis, Taphra, Habrotonum, Leptis altera, quae cognominatur Magna.

[27] above them were the nation of the Psylli; above whom is the Lake of Lycomedes, surrounded by deserts. The Augilae themselves are situated nearly in the middle space, at an equal distance both from Ethiopia, which verges toward the west, and from the region that lies between the two Syrtes, but the shore between the two Syrtes is 250. There are the city of Oea, the river Cinyps and the region, the towns Neapolis, Taphra, Habrotonum, and the other Leptis, which is surnamed Great.

inde Syrtis Maior, circuitu DCXXV, aditu autem CCCXII, [inde] accolit gens Cisippadum.

thence the Greater Syrtis, with a circuit of 625, but an approach of 312, [thence] there borders the tribe of the Cisippadae.

[28] in intimo sinu fuit ora Lotophagon, quos quidam Machroas dixere, ad Philaenorum aras; ex harena sunt hae. ab iis non procul a continente palus vasta amnem Tritonem nomenque ab eo accipiti, Pallantias appellata Callimacho et citra Minorem Syrtim esse dicta, multis vero inter duas Syrtis. promunturium, quod Maiorem cludit, Borion appellatur.

[28] in the inmost gulf was the shore of the Lotus-Eaters, whom some called the Machroas, at the Altars of the Philaeni; these are of sand. From them, not far from the mainland, there is a vast marsh receiving the river Triton and taking its name from it, called Pallantias by Callimachus and said to be on this side of the Lesser Syrtis, but by many between the two Syrtes. The promontory which encloses the Greater is called Boryon.

ultra Cyrenaica provincia.

beyond the province of Cyrenaica.

[29] Ad hunc finem Africa a fluvio Ampsaga populos DXVI habet, qui Romano pareant imperio, in his colonias sex, praeter iam dictas Uthinam, Thuburbi. oppida civium Romanorum XV, ex quibus in mediterraneo dicenda Absuritanum, Abutucense, Aboriense, Canopicum, Chiniavense, Simithuense, Thunusidense, Thuburnicense, Thinidrumense, Tibigense, Ucitana duo, Maius et Minus, Vagense. oppidum Latinum unum Uzalitanum.

[29] To this limit Africa, from the river Ampsaga, has 516 peoples who are subject to the Roman Empire, among these six colonies, besides the already-mentioned Uthina and Thuburbo. fifteen towns of Roman citizens, of which those to be mentioned in the interior are Absuritanum, Abutucense, Aboriense, Canopicum, Chiniavense, Simithuense, Thunusidense, Thuburnicense, Thinidrumense, Tibigense, two Ucitana, the Greater and the Lesser, Vagense. one Latin town, Uzalitanum.

oppidum stipendiarium unum Castris Corneliis.

one tributary town at Castra Cornelia.

[30] oppida libera XXX, ex quibus dicenda intus Achollitanum, Accaritanum, Avittense, Abziritanum, Canopitanum, Melizitanum, Materense, Salaphitanum, Tusdritanum, Thisicense, Tunisense, Theudense, Tagesense, Tigiense, Ulusubburitanum, Vagense aliud, ...ense, Zamense. ex reliquo numero non civitates tantum, sed plerique etiam nationes iure dici possunt, ut Nattabutes, Capsitani, Musulami, Sabarbares, Massyli, Nicives, Vamacures, Cinithi, Musuni, Marchubi et tota Gaetulia ad flumen Nigrim, qui Africam ab Aethiopia dirimit.

[30] free towns 30, of which to be mentioned inland are Achollitanum, Accaritanum, Avittense, Abziritanum, Canopitanum, Melizitanum, Materense, Salaphitanum, Tusdritanum, Thisicense, Tunisense, Theudense, Tagesense, Tigiense, Ulusubburitanum, another Vagense, ...ense, Zamense. of the remaining number not cities only, but most also may by right be called nations, such as the Nattabutes, Capsitani, Musulami, Sabarbares, Massyli, Nicives, Vamacures, Cinithi, Musuni, Marchubi, and all Gaetulia up to the river Niger, which divides Africa from Aethiopia.

[31] Cyrenaica, eadem Pentapolitana regio, inlustratur Hammonis oraculo, quod a Cyrenis abest CCCC p., fonte Solis, urbibus maxime quinque, Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemaide, Apollonia ipsaque Cyrene. Berenice in Syrtis extimo cornu est, quondam vocata Hesperidum supra dictarum, vagantibus Graeciae fabulis. nec procul ante oppidum fluvius Lethon, lucus sacer, ubi horti memorantur.

[31] Cyrenaica, the same Pentapolitan region, is made illustrious by the oracle of Ammon, which is 400 p. distant from Cyrene, by the Fountain of the Sun, and most of all by five cities: Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and Cyrene itself. Berenice is on the outermost horn of the Syrtis, once called of the Hesperides mentioned above, in the roaming fables of Greece. And not far in front of the town are the river Lethon and a sacred grove, where gardens are commemorated.

[32] abest ab Lepi CCCLXXV, ab ea Arsinoe, Teuchira vocitata,XLIII et deinde Ptolemais, antiquo nomine Barce,XXII. mox XL promunturium Phycuus per Creticum mare excurrit, distans CCCL p. a Taenaro Laconicae promunturio, a Creto vero ipsa CXXV. post id Cyrene, ab mari XI passuum, a Phycunte Apolloniam XXIIII, ad Cherronesum LXXXVIII, unde Catabathmum CCXVI.In view of the ablative form Phycunte, I imagine the nominative Phycuus in both Teubner and Loeb presumably following it is a typesetter's error in the former, and it should be Phycuns?

[32] it is distant from Leptis 375 miles; from it Arsinoe, called Teuchira, 43; and then Ptolemais, by its ancient name Barce, 22. Next, after 40, the promontory Phycus runs out through the Cretan Sea, 350 miles distant from Taenarum, the promontory of Laconia, and from Crete itself 125. After that, Cyrene, 11 miles from the sea; from Phycus to Apollonia 24; to Cherronesus 88; from which to Catabathmus 216. In view of the ablative form Phycunte, I imagine the nominative Phycuus in both Teubner and Loeb presumably following it is a typesetter's error in the former, and it should be Phycus?

[33] accolunt Marmaridae, a Paraetoni ferme regione ad Syrtim Maiorem usque porrecti. post eos Acrauceles ac iam in ora Syrtis Nasamones, quos antea Mesamnones Grai appellavere ab argumento loci, medios inter harenas sitos. Cyrenaicus ager XV p. latitudine a litore et arboribus fertilis habetur, intus eodem spatio frugibus tantum, mox XXX latitudine et CCL longitudine lasere modo.

[33] the Marmaridae dwell, stretched almost from the region of Paraetonium up to the Greater Syrtis. After them, the Acrauceles, and now on the shore of the Syrtis the Nasamones, whom the Greeks formerly called Mesamnones from the indication of the place, set in the midst among the sands. The Cyrenaic land is held fertile for 15 miles in breadth from the shore for trees; inland for the same span for crops only; then 30 in breadth and 250 in length for laser only.

[34] post Nasamones Asbytae et Macae vivunt; ultra eos Amantes XI dierum itinere a Syrtibus Maioribus ad occidentem et ipsi versus harenis circumdati, puteos tamen haut difficile binum ferme cubitorum altitudine inveniunt ibi restagnantibus Mauretaniae aquis. domos sale montibus suis exciso ceu lapide construunt. ab iis ad Trogodytas hiberni occasus plaga dierum septem iter, cum quibus commercium gemmae tantum, quam carbunculum vocamus, ex Aethiopia invectae.

[34] after the Nasamones the Asbytae and the Macae live; beyond them the Amantes, at a journey of 11 days from the Greater Syrtes to the west, and they themselves also, facing the sands, are enclosed by them, yet they quite easily find wells of about two cubits in depth there, the waters of Mauretania re-stagnating. They build their houses from salt quarried from their own mountains, as if from stone. From them to the Trogodytae, in the quarter of the winter sunset, is a journey of 7 days, with whom the commerce is only in the gem which we call the carbuncle, brought in from Ethiopia.

[35] intervenit ad solitudines Africae super Minorem Syrtim dictas versas Phazania, ubi gentem Phazaniorum urbesque Alelen et Cillibam subegimus, item Cidamum e regione Sabratae. ab iis mons longo spatio in occasu ab ortu tendit, Ater nostris dictus a natura, adusto similis aut solis repercussu accenso.

[35] there intervenes, toward the solitudes of Africa lying above the Lesser Syrtis, facing Phazania, where we subdued the nation of the Phazanii and the cities Alelen and Cilliba, likewise Cidamus over against Sabrata. From these a mountain extends for a long distance westward from the east, called by our people Black from its nature, like something scorched or kindled by the sun’s reflection.

[36] ultra eum deserta, Mathelgae oppidum Garamantum itemque Debris adfuso fonte a medio die ad mediam noctem aquis ferventibus totidemque horis ad medium diem rigentibus, clarissimumque Garama, caput Garamantum, omnia armis Romanis superata et a Cornelio Balbo triumphata, unius omnium curru externo et Quiritum iure donate; quippe Gadibus genito civitas Romana cum maiore Balbo patruo data est. et hoc mirum, supra dicta oppida ab eo capta auctores nostros prodidisse, ipsum in triumpho praeter Cidamum et Garamam omnium aliarum gentium urbiumque nomina ac simulacra duxisse, quae iere hoc ordine:

[36] beyond it lie deserts; the town Mathelga of the Garamantes, and likewise Debris, with a poured‑forth spring whose waters boil from midday to midnight and for just as many hours up to midday grow rigid with cold; and the most illustrious Garama, the capital of the Garamantes—everything overcome by Roman arms and celebrated in a triumph by Cornelius Balbus, the only one of all to have been presented with a foreign chariot and with the right of the Quirites; for, being born at Gades, Roman citizenship was given to him along with his uncle, Balbus the elder. And this is a marvel: that our authors have handed down that the aforesaid towns were taken by him, and that he in his triumph, except for Cidamus and Garama, led the names and images of all the other nations and cities, which went in this order:

[37] Tabudium oppidum, Niteris natio, Miglis Gemella oppidum, Bubeium natio vel oppidum, Enipi natio, Thuben oppidum, mons nomine Niger, Nitibrum, Rapsa oppida, Viscera natio, Decri oppidum, flumen Nathabur, Thapsagum oppidum, Tamiagi natio, Boin oppidum, Pege oppidum, flumen Dasibari, mox oppida continua Baracum, Buluba, Alasit, Galsa, Balla, Maxalla, Cizania, mons Gyri, in quo gemmas nasci titulus praecessit.

[37] Tabudium, a town, the nation of the Niteris, Miglis Gemella, a town, Bubeium, a nation or a town, the nation of the Enipi, Thuben, a town, a mountain by the name Niger, Nitibrum, Rapsa, towns, the nation of the Viscera, Decri, a town, the river Nathabur, Thapsagum, a town, the nation of the Tamiagi, Boin, a town, Pege, a town, the river Dasibari, soon continuous towns Baracum, Buluba, Alasit, Galsa, Balla, Maxalla, Cizania, Mount Gyri, on which an inscription had gone before that gems are born.

[38] ad Garamantas iter inexplicabile adhuc fuit, latronibus gentis eius puteos — qui sunt non alte fodiendi, si locorum notitia adsit — harenis operientibus. proxumo bello, quod cum Oeensibus gessere initiis Vespasiani Imperatoris, conpendium viae quadridui deprehensum est. hoc iter vocatur Praeter Caput Saxi.

[38] the journey to the Garamantes had up to now been inextricable, the brigands of that nation covering the wells with sand — which do not need to be dug deep, if knowledge of the localities be at hand. In the most recent war, which they waged with the Oeenses at the beginnings of Emperor Vespasian’s reign, a four-days’ shortcut (compendium) of the way was discovered. This route is called Past the Head of the Rock.

finis Cyrenaicus Catabathmos appellatur, oppidum et vallis repente convexa. ad eum terminum Cyrenaica Africa a Syrti Minore |X|:LX in longitudinem patet, in latitudinem, qua cognitum est,DCCCCX.

the Cyrenaic boundary is called Catabathmus, a town and a valley suddenly concave (with a sudden descent). up to that terminus Cyrenaic Africa extends from the Lesser Syrtis 560 in length, in breadth, so far as it has been known, 910.

[39] Quae sequitur regio Mareotis Libya appellatur, Aegypto contermina. tenent Marmarides, Adyrmachidae, dein Mareotae. mensura a Catabathmo Paraetonium LXXXVI.

[39] The region that follows is called Mareotic Libya, contiguous with Egypt. The Marmaridae hold it, the Adyrmachidae, then the Mareotae. The measurement from the Catabathmus to Paraetonium is 86.

in eo tractu intus Apis interest, nobilis religione Aegypti locus. ab eo Paraetonium LXX:D, inde Alexandriam CC. latitudo CLXVIIII est. Eratosthenes a Cyrenis Alexandriam terrestri itinere DXXV prodit.

in that tract inland stands Apis, a place noble for the religion of Egypt. from it to Paraetonium 70; thence to Alexandria 200. the breadth is 169. Eratosthenes reports from Cyrene to Alexandria by a land journey 525.

[40] Agrippa set the length of the whole of Africa from the Atlantic Sea together with Lower Egypt at |30|:4000; Polybius and Eratosthenes, considered most diligent, made it from the Ocean to Great Carthage |11|, from there to Canopus, the nearest mouth of the Nile, |16|· 88; Isidorus from Tingi to Canopus |36|:97, Artemidorus 40,000 less than Isidorus.

[41] Insulas non ita multas complectuntur haec maria. clarissima est Meninx, longitudine XXV, latitudine XXII, ab Eratosthene Lotophagitis appellata; oppida habet duo, Meningen ab Africae latere et altero Thoar, ipsa a dextro Syrtis Minoris promunturio passibus MD sita. ab ea C p. contra laevum Cercina cum urbe eiusdem nominis libera, longa XXV, lata dimidium eius, ubi plurimum, at in extremo non plus V. huic perparva Carthaginem versus Cercinitis ponte iungitur.

[41] These seas do not comprise islands all that many. The most renowned is Meninx, length 25, breadth 22, called by Eratosthenes Lotophagitis; it has two towns, Meninx on the side facing Africa and, on the other side, Thoar; the island itself is situated 1500 paces from the right-hand promontory of the Lesser Syrtis. From it, 100 paces opposite on the left, is Cercina, with a free city of the same name, 25 long, in breadth half of that where it is at the most, but at the end not more than 5. To this a very small islet, Cercinitis, in the direction of Carthage, is joined by a bridge.

[42] ab iis L fere passuum Lepadusa, longa VI; mos Gaulos, Galata, cuius terra scorpiones, dirum animal Africae, necat. dicuntur et in Clupea emori, cuius ex adverso Cossyra cum oppido. at contra Carthaginis sinum duae Aegiomeroe, Arae autem scopuli auctores sunt et has quondam habitatas subsedisse.

[42] from them about 50 miles, Lampedusa, length 6; soon after Gaulos, Galata, whose soil kills scorpions, that dire animal of Africa. They are said also in Clupea to die, over against which is Cossyra with a town. But opposite the Gulf of Carthage, the two Aegiomeroe; the Arae, however, are reefs, and authorities affirm that these too, once inhabited, have subsided.

[43] Interiore autem ambitu Africae ad meridiem versus superque Gaetulos, intervenientibus desertis, primi omnium Libyes Aegyptii, deinde Leucoe Aethiopes habitant. super eos Aethiopum gentes Nigritae a quo dictum est flumine, Gymnetes Pharusi, iam oceanum attingentes quos in Mauretaniae fine diximus Perorsi. ab his omnibus vastae solitudines orientem versus usque ad Garamantas Augilasque et Trogodytas, verissima opinione eorum, qui desertis Africae duas Aethiopias superponunt, et ante omnes Homeri, qui bipertitos tradit Aethiopas, ad orientem occasumque versos.

[43] In the inner circuit of Africa, turned toward the south and beyond the Gaetulians, with deserts intervening, first of all dwell the Egyptian Libyans, then the White Aethiopians. Above them are peoples of the Aethiopians—the Nigritae, from whom the river is said to have its name—the Gymnetes, the Pharusi, now reaching the Ocean, those whom at the end of Mauretania we said are the Perorsi. From all these there stretch vast solitudes toward the east as far as the Garamantes and the Augilae and the Troglodytes, in the truest opinion of those who place two Aethiopias beyond the deserts of Africa, and before all of Homer, who hands down the Aethiopians as divided in two, turned toward the east and the west.

[44] Nigri fluvio eadem natura quae Nilo. calamum ac papyrum et easdem gignit animantes isdemque temporibus augescit. oritur inter Tarraelios Aethiopas et Oechalicas.

[44] The river Niger has the same nature as the Nile. It produces calamus and papyrus and the same animals, and it increases at the same seasons. It rises between the Tarraelian Ethiopians and the Oechalici.

horum oppidum Magium. quidam solitudinibus Blemmyas et Gamphasantas et Satyros et Himantopodas.

Their town is Magium. Certain people place in the solitudes the Blemmyes, the Gamphasantes, the Satyrs, and the Himantopods.

[45] Atlantes degeneres sunt humani ritus, si credimus. nam neque nominum ullorum inter ipsos appellatio est et solem orientem occidentemque dira inprecatione contuentur ut exitialem ipsis agrisque, neque in somno visunt qualia reliqui mortales. Trogodytae specus excavant; hae illis domus, victus serpentium carnes, stridorque, non vox: adeo sermonis commercio carent.

[45] The Atlantes are degenerate from human rite, if we believe it. For neither is there among them the appellation of any names, and they behold the rising and the setting sun with dire imprecation as exitial to themselves and to their fields, nor in sleep do they see such things as the rest of mortals. The Trogodytes excavate caves; these are their houses, their sustenance is the flesh of serpents, and a hissing, not a voice: so far do they lack the commerce of speech.

Garamantes matrimoniorum exortes passim cum feminis degunt. Augliae inferos tantum colunt. Gamphasantes, nudi proeliorumque expertes, nulli externo congregantur.

The Garamantes, devoid of matrimonies, live promiscuously with women. The Augilae worship only the infernal gods. The Gamphasantes, naked and inexperienced in battles, do not assemble with any outsider.

[46] Blemmyes traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectore adfixis; Satyris praeter figuram nihil moris humani; Aegipanum qualis vulgo pingitur forma; Himantopodes loripedes quidam, quibus serpendo ingredi natura sit; Pharusi, quondam Persae, comites fuisse Herculis ad Hesperidas tendentis. nec de Africa plura quae memorentur occurrunt.

[46] The Blemmyes are reported to lack heads, with mouth and eyes affixed to the chest; the Satyrs have nothing of human custom apart from their figure; the Aegipans in the form in which they are commonly depicted; the Himantopodes, certain loripeds, for whom by nature it is to proceed by crawling; the Pharusi, once Persians, are said to have been companions of Hercules as he was making for the Hesperides. nor do further things about Africa occur that are to be mentioned.

[47] Adhaeret Asia, quam patere a Canopico ostio ad Ponti ostio Timosthenes |XXVI|:XXXVIII p. tradit, ab ore autem Ponti ad os Maeotis Eratosthenes |XV|:XLV, universam vero cum Aegypto ad Tanain Artemidorus et Isidorus |L|:XIII:DCCL. maria eius conplura ab accolis traxere nomina; quare simul indicabuntur.(Ptolemy,Geog. 4.5)

[47] Asia adjoins, which Timosthenes reports to extend from the Canopic mouth to the mouth of the Pontus as |26|:38 p.; from the mouth, moreover, of the Pontus to the mouth of the Maeotis, Eratosthenes |15|:45; but the whole, together with Egypt, to the Tanais, Artemidorus and Isidorus |50|:13:750. Many of its seas have drawn names from the inhabitants; wherefore they will be indicated at the same time.(Ptolemy,Geog. 4.5)

[48] Proxima Africae incolitur Aegyptus, introrsus ad meridiem recedens, donec a tergo praetendantur Aethiopes. inferiorem eius partem Nilus dextera laevaque divisus amplexu suo determinat, Canopico ostio ab Africa, ab Asia Pelusiaco,CLXX passuum intervallo. quam ob causam inter insulas quidam Aegyptum retulere, ita se findente Nilo, ut triquetram terrae figuram efficiat, ideoque multi Graecae litterae vocabulo Delta appellavere Aegyptum.

[48] Nearest to Africa is inhabited Egypt, receding inward toward the south, until at its back the Ethiopians are stretched forth. Its lower part the Nile, divided to right and left, delimits by its own embrace, with the Canopic mouth on the Africa side, and on the Asia side the Pelusiac, at an interval of 170 miles. For which cause some have reckoned Egypt among the islands, the Nile so splitting itself as to form a three-cornered figure of land, and therefore many have called Egypt by the Greek letter-name Delta.

mensura ab unitate alvei, unde se primum findit in latera, ad Canopicum ostium CLXVI, ad Pelusiacum CLVI est.CLXVI in Teubner; surely CLXVI is intended.

the measurement from the single channel of the bed, where it first splits itself into the sides, to the Canopic mouth is 166, to the Pelusiac 156 is.166 in Teubner; surely 166 is intended.

[49] summa pars contermina Aethiopiae Thebais vocatur. dividitur in praefecturas oppidorum, quas nomou V vocant: Ombiten, Apollonopoliten, Hermonthiten, Thiniten, Phaturiten, Coptiten, Tentyriten, Diospoliten, Antaeopoliten, Aphroditopoliten, Lycopoliten. quae iuxta Pelusium est regio nomos habet Pharbaethiten, Bubastiten, Sethroiten, Taniten.

[49] the uppermost part, contiguous with Ethiopia, is called the Thebaid. it is divided into prefectures of towns, which they call nomes, 5: Ombite, Apollonopolite, Hermonthite, Thinite, Phaturite, Coptite, Tentyrite, Diospolite, Antaeopolite, Aphroditopolite, Lycopolite. the region which is next to Pelusium has the nomes Pharbaethite, Bubastite, Sethroite, Tanite.

reliqua autem Arabicum, Hammoniacum tendentem ad Hammonis Iovis oraculum, Oxyrynchiten, Leontopoliten, Athribiten, Cynopoliten, Hermopoliten, Xoiten, Mendesium, Sebennyten, Cabasiten, Latopoliten, Heliopoliten, Prosopiten, Panopoliten, Busiriten, Onuphiten, Saiten, Ptenethum, Ptemphum, Naucratiten, Meteliten, Gynaecopoliten, Menelaiten, Alexandriae regionem, item Libyae, Mareotis.

the remainder, however: the Arabian, the Ammoniac, tending toward the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, the Oxyrynchite, the Leontopolite, the Athribite, the Cynopolite, the Hermopolite, the Xoite, the Mendesian, the Sebennyte, the Cabasite, the Latopolite, the Heliopolite, the Prosopite, the Panopolite, the Busirite, the Onuphite, the Saite, the Ptenethus, the Ptemphus, the Naucratite, the Metelite, the Gynaecopolite, the Menelaite, the region of Alexandria; likewise of Libya, Mareotis.

[50] Heracleopolites est in insula Nili longa p.L, in qua et oppidum, Herculis appellatum. Arsinoitae duo sunt; hi et Memphites usque ad summum Delta perveniunt, cui sunt contermini ex Africa duo Oasitae. quidam ex iis aliqua nomina permutant et substituunt alios nomos, ut Heroopoliten et Crocodilopoliten.

[50] The Heracleopolite lies on an island of the Nile, 50 miles long, in which there is also a town named Hercules. There are two Arsinoites; these and the Memphite reach up to the top of the Delta, to which on the Africa side the two Oasites are contiguous. Certain among them interchange some names and substitute other nomes, such as the Heroopolite and the Crocodilopolite.

inter Arsenoiten autem ac Memphiten lacus fuit circuitu CCL aut, ut Mucianus tradit,CCCCL et altitudinis quinquaginta passuum, inde LXII p. abest Memphis, quondam arx Aegypti regum, unde ad Hammonis oraculum XII dierum iter, ad scissuram autem Nili, quod appellavimus Delta,XV.

between the Arsinoite and the Memphite there was a lake with a circumference of 250, or, as Mucianus relates,450, and a depth of 50 paces; from there Memphis, formerly the citadel of the kings of Egypt, is 62 miles distant, whence to the oracle of Ammon is a journey of 12 days, and to the scissure of the Nile, which we have called the Delta,15.

[51] . . .

[52] . . .

[53] . . .

[54] subinde insulis impactus, totidem incitatus inritamentis, postremo inclusus montibus, nec aliunde torrentior, vectus aquis properantibus ad locum Aethiopum, qui Catadupi vocantur, novissimo catarracte inter occursantes scopulos non fluere inmenso fragore creditur, sed ruere. postea lenis et confractis aquis domitaque violentia, aliquid et spatio fessus, multis quamvis faucibus in Aegyptium mare se evomat, certis tamen diebus auctu magno per totam spatiatus Aegyptum fecundus innatat terrae.

[54] from time to time struck against islands, urged on by just as many incitements, and at last enclosed by mountains—nowhere more torrential—borne by hurrying waters to the place of the Ethiopians, which is called the Catadupi, at the furthest cataract among colliding crags it is believed not to flow with immense crash, but to plunge down. Afterwards, gentle, the waters being broken and the violence subdued, somewhat also wearied by the distance, although through many mouths it spews itself into the Egyptian sea, yet on set days, with great increase, having traversed all Egypt, fertile, it floats over the land.

[55] Causas huius incrementi varias prodidere, sed maxime probabiles etesiarum eo tempore ex adverso flantium repercussum, ultra in ora acto mari, aut imbres Aethiopiae aestivos, isdem etesiis nubila illo ferentibus e reliquo orbe. Timaeus mathematicus occultam protulit rationem: Phialam appellari fontem eius, mergique in cuniculos ipsum amnem vapore anhelantem, fumidis cautibus ubi conditur. verum sole per eos dies comminus facto extrahi ardoris vi et suspensum abundare ac, ne devoretur, abscondi.

[55] Various causes of this increment have been put forth, but the most probable are: the repercussion of the Etesian winds at that time blowing from the opposite quarter, with the sea driven farther onto the shore; or the summer rains of Ethiopia, the same Etesians carrying clouds thither from the rest of the world. Timaeus the mathematician produced an occult rationale: that its source is called Phiala, and that the river itself, panting with vapor, is plunged into tunnels where it is confined among smoky crags. But when the sun during those days comes close at hand, it is drawn out by the force of the ardor and, being suspended, overflows, and, lest it be devoured, is concealed.

[56] id evenire a canis ortu per introitum solis in leonem, contra perpendiculum fontis sidere stante, cum eo tractu absumantur umbrae, plerisque e diverso opinatis largiorem fluere ad septentriones sole discedente, quod in cancro et leone evenit, ideoque tunc minus siccari, rursus in capricornum et austrinum polum reverso sorberi et ob id parcius fluere. sed Timaeo si quis extrahi posse credat, umbrarum defectus iis diebus et locis sine fine adest.

[56] that this comes about from the rising of the Dog-star, through the entry of the sun into Leo, with the star standing over the perpendicular of the fountain, when in that tract shadows are taken away; while most, thinking the contrary, suppose it to flow more copiously toward the north as the sun withdraws—which happens in Cancer and Leo—and therefore then to be less dried; again, when it has returned into Capricorn and the southern pole, to be sucked up and on that account to flow more sparingly. But if anyone, with Timaeus, believes it can be extracted, the lack of shadows on those days and in those places is present without end.

[57] Incipit crescere luna nova, quaecumque post solstitium est, sensim modiceque cancrum sole transeunte, abundantissime autem leonem, et residit in virgine isdem quibus adcrevit modis. in totum autem revocatur intra ripas in libra, ut tradit Herodotus, centesimo die. cum crescit, reges aut praefectos navigare eo nefas iudicatum est.

[57] It begins to increase at the new moon, whichever is after the solstice, gradually and moderately while the sun is passing through Cancer, but most abundantly in Leo; and it subsides in Virgo in the same ways by which it grew. Altogether, however, it is called back within its banks in Libra, as Herodotus relates, on the 100th day. When it is rising, it has been judged impious for kings or prefects to sail upon it.

auctus per puteos mensurae notis deprehenduntur. iustum incrementum est cubitorum XVI.

The increases are ascertained by the marks of measurement on the wells. The proper increase is 16 cubits.

[58] minores aquae non omnia rigant, ampliores detinent tardius recedendo. hae serendi tempora absumunt solo madente, illae non dant sitiente. utrumque reputat provincia.

[58] lesser waters do not irrigate everything; greater ones detain by receding more slowly. These consume the sowing seasons, the soil being sodden; those do not give when it is thirsting. The province reckons both.

in XII cubitis famem sentit, in XIII etiamnum esurit, XIIII cubita hilaritatem adferunt, XV securitatem, XVI delicias. maximum incrementum ad hoc aevi fuit cubitorum XVIII Claudio principe, minimum V Pharsalico bello, veluti necem Magni prodigio quodam flumine adversante. su stetere aquae, apertis molibus admittuntur.

at 12 cubits it senses famine, at 13 it is still hungry, 14 cubits bring hilarity, 15 security, 16 delights. the greatest increment in this age was 18 cubits under the emperor Claudius, the least 5 at the Pharsalic war, as though, by some prodigy, the river were opposing the death of Magnus. where the waters have stood, with the dams opened, they are admitted.

ut quaeque liberata est terra, seritur. idem amnis unus omnium nullas exspirat auras.

as each tract of land is freed, it is sown. the same river, alone among all, exhales no breezes.

[59] Dicionis Aegyptiae esse incipit a fine Aethiopiae Syene; ita vocatur paeninsula M passuum ambitu, in qua castra sunt, latere Arabiae, et ex adverso insula est IIII, Philae,DC p. a Nili fissura, unde appellari diximus Delta. hoc spatium edidit Artemidorus et in eo CCL oppida fuisse, Iuba CCCC p., Aristocreon ab Elephantide ad mare DCCL. Elephantis insula intra novissimum catarracten IIII p. et supra Syenen XVI habitatur, navigationis Aegyptiae finis, ab Alexandria DLXXXV p.: in tantum erravere supra scripti.

[59] The Egyptian jurisdiction begins at Syene at the boundary of Aethiopia; so called, a peninsula with a circuit of 1,000 paces, in which there are camps, on the Arabian side, and opposite there is an island, the fourth, Philae, 600 miles from the fissure of the Nile, whence we said the Delta is named. This span Artemidorus published, and that within it there were 250 towns; Juba says 400 miles; Aristocreon, from Elephantine to the sea, 750. The island of Elephantine is inhabited 4 miles within the last cataract and 16 above Syene, the end of Egyptian navigation, 585 miles from Alexandria: to such an extent did the aforesaid err.

ibi Aethiopicae veneunt naves; namque eas plicatiles umeris transferunt, quotiens ad catarractas ventum est.

there Ethiopian ships are sold; for they carry them, collapsible, on their shoulders whenever the cataracts are reached.

[60] Aegyptus super ceteram antiquitatis gloriam XX urbium sibi Amase regnante habitata praefert, nunc quoque multis etiamsi ignobilibus frequens. celbrantur tamen Apollinis, mox Leucotheae, Diospolis Magna, eadem Thebe portarum centum nobilis fama, Coptos, Indicarum Arabicarumque mercium Nilo proximum emporium, mox Veneris oppidum et iterum Iovis ac Tentyris, infra quod Abydus, Memnonis regia et Osiris templo inclutum,VII:D p. in Libyam remotum a flumine.

[60] Egypt, beyond the rest of antiquity’s glory, boasts for itself that, with Amasis reigning, it was inhabited by 20 cities, now also populous with many, even if ignoble. Celebrated, however, are the city of Apollo, next that of Leucothea, Diospolis Magna, the same Thebes, famed with the noble report of a hundred gates, Coptos, the emporium nearest to the Nile for Indian and Arabian merchandise, next the town of Venus and again of Jupiter, and Tentyris, below which is Abydus, the royal seat of Memnon and renowned for the temple of Osiris,VII:D p. set back into Libya away from the river.

[61] dein Ptolemais et Panopolis ac Veneris iterum et in Libyco Lycon, ubit montes finiunt Thebaidem. ab iis oppida Mercuri, Alabastron, Canum et supra dictum Herculis. deinde Arsinoes ac iam dicta Memphis, inter quam et Arsinoiten nomon in Libyco turres quae pyramides vocantur, et labyrinthus, in Moeridis lacu nullo addito ligno exaedificatus, et oppidum Crialon.

[61] then Ptolemais and Panopolis and again a town of Venus, and on the Libyan side Lycon, where the mountains finish the Thebaid. from these, the towns of Mercury, Alabastron, Canum, and the aforesaid of Hercules. then Arsinoë and Memphis already mentioned; between it and the Arsinoite nome, on the Libyan side, are towers which are called pyramids, and the Labyrinth, constructed in the lake of Moeris with no wood added, and the town Crialon.

unum praeterea intus et Arabiae conterminum claritatis magnae, Solis oppidum.

one moreover inland and conterminous with Arabia, of great renown, the town of the Sun.

[62] Sed iure laudetur in litore Aegyptii maris Alexandria, a Magno Alexandro condita in Africae parte ab ostio Canopico XII p. iuxta Mareotim lacum, qui locus antea Rhacotes nominabatur. metatus est eam Dinochares architectus pluribus modis memorabili ingenio,XV p. laxitate insessa ad effigiem Macedonicae chlamydis orbe gyrato laciniosam, dextra laevaque anguloso procursu, iam tum tamen quinta situs parte regiae dicta.

[62] But rightly let Alexandria on the shore of the Egyptian Sea be praised, founded by Alexander the Great in the part of Africa, 12 p. from the Canopic mouth, next to Lake Mareotis—a place which earlier was named Rhacotes. Dinochares the architect, a genius memorable in many ways, laid it out, occupying an expanse of 15 p., set in the likeness of a Macedonian chlamys, fringed with a swept-around circle, with the right and left sides running forward in angular projection; even then, however, a fifth part of the site was designated the royal quarter.

[63] Mareotis lacus a meridiana urbis parte euripo e Canopico ostio mittit ex mediterraneo commercia, insulas quoque plures amplexus,XXX traiectu,CCL ambitu, ut tradit Claudius Caesar. alii schoenos in longitudinem patere XL faciunt schoenumque stadia XXX: ita fieri longitudinis CL p., tantundem et latitudinis.

[63] Lake Mareotis, on the southern side of the city, by a euripus from the Canopic mouth, sends in commerce from the Mediterranean, embracing also several islands, 30 in crossing, 250 in circuit, as Claudius Caesar relates. Others reckon its length to extend 40 schoeni and the schoenus at 30 stadia: thus it comes to 150 miles in length, and the same in breadth.

[64] sunt in honore et intra decursus Nili multa oppida, praecipue quae nomina ostiis dedere, non omnibus — XII enim reperiuntur superque quattuor, quae ipsi falsa ora appellant —, sed celeberrimis VII, proximo Alexandriae Canopico, dein Bolbitino, Sebennytico, Phatmitico, Mendesico, Tanitico ultimoque Pelusiaco. praeterea Butos, Pharbaethos, Leontopolis, Athribis, Isidis oppidum, Busiris, Cynopolis, Aphrodites, Sais, Naucratis, unde ostium quidam Naucraticum nominant quod alii Heracleoticum, Canopico, cui proximum est, praeferentes.

[64] There are in honor, too, and within the courses of the Nile many towns, especially those which gave names to the mouths, not to all — for 12 are found, and in addition four which they themselves call false mouths — but to the most celebrated 7: the Canopic, nearest to Alexandria; then the Bolbitine, the Sebennytic, the Phatmitic, the Mendesian, the Tanitic, and lastly the Pelusiac. Besides these: Butos, Pharbaethos, Leontopolis, Athribis, the town of Isis, Busiris, Cynopolis, Aphrodites, Sais, Naucratis, whence some name the mouth the Naucratic, which others the Heracleotic, preferring it to the Canopic, to which it is next.

[65] Ultra Pelusiacum Arabia est, ad Rubrum mare pertinens et odoriferam illam ac divitem terram et Beatae cognomine inclutam. haec Catabanum et Esbonitarum et Scenitarum Arabum vocatur, sterilis, praeterquam ubi Syriae confinia attingit, nec nisi Casio monte nobilis. his Arabes iunguntur, ab oriente Canchlei, a meridie Cedrei, qui deinde ambo Nabataeis.

[65] Beyond the Pelusiac is Arabia, pertaining to the Red Sea and to that odoriferous and wealthy land, renowned by the cognomen “Blessed.” This is called Catabanum, and (the land) of the Esbonitae and of the Scenite Arabs; it is barren, except where it touches the borders of Syria, and notable only for Mount Casius. To these are joined Arabs—the Canchlei on the east, the Cedrei on the south—who thereafter both adjoin the Nabataeans.

Heroopoliticus vocatur alterque Laeaniticus vel Aelaniticus sinus Rubri maris in Aegyptum vergentis,CL intervallo inter duo oppida, Laeana et in nostro mari Gazam. Agrippa a Pelusio Arsinoen, Rubri maris oppidum, per deserta CXXV p. tradit: tam parvo distat ibi tanta rerum naturae diversitas.

One gulf of the Red Sea inclining toward Egypt is called the Heroopolite, and the other the Laeanitic or Aelanitic, with an interval of 150 between two towns, Laeana and Gaza on our sea. Agrippa reports from Pelusium to Arsinoë, a town of the Red Sea, across the deserts, 125 miles: by so small a distance there so great a diversity of the nature of things is set apart.

[66] Iuxta Syria litus occupat, quondam terrarum maxuma et plurimis distincta nominibus. namque Palaestine vocabatur qua contingit Arabas, et Iudaea et Coele, dein Phoenice et qua recedit intus Damascena, ac magis etiamnum meridiana Babylonia, eadem Mesopotamia inter Euphraten et Tigrin quaque transit Taurum Sophene, citra vero eam Commagene et ultra Armeniam Adiabene, Assyria ante dicta, et ubi Ciliciam attingit Antiochia.

[66] Next, Syria occupies the coast, once the greatest of lands and distinguished by very many names. For it was called Palestine where it touches the Arabs, and Judea and Coele; then Phoenicia, and, where it withdraws inland, the Damascene; and, farther yet to the south, Babylonia—the same region, Mesopotamia, between the Euphrates and the Tigris—and where it crosses the Taurus, Sophene; on this side of it, Commagene, and beyond Armenia, Adiabene, formerly called Assyria; and where it reaches Cilicia, Antioch.

[67] longitudo eius inter Ciliciam et Arabiam CCCCLXX p. est, latitudo a Seleucia Pieria ad oppidum in Euphrate Zeugma CLXXV. qui subtilius dividunt, circumfundi Syria Phoenicen volunt et esse oram maritimam Syriae, cuius parts sit Idumaea et Iudaea, dein Phoenicen, dein Syriam. id quod praeiacet mare totum Phoenicium appellatur.

[67] its length between Cilicia and Arabia is 470 miles, its breadth from Seleucia Pieria to the town on the Euphrates, Zeugma, 175. Those who divide more finely want Phoenicia to be surrounded by Syria and to be the maritime shore of Syria, whose parts are Idumaea and Judaea, then Phoenicia, then Syria. The sea which lies before it is all called the Phoenician sea.

ipsa gens Phoenicum in magna gloria litterarum inventionis et siderum navaliumque ac bellicarum artium.

the Phoenician nation itself is in great glory for the invention of letters and for the stars, and for the naval and warlike arts.

[68] A Pelusio Chabriae castra, Casius mons, delubrum Iovis Casii, tumulus Magni Pompei. Ostracine Arabia finitur, a Pelusio LXV p. mox Idumaea incipit et Palaestina ab emersu Sirbonis lacus, quem quidam CL circuitu tradidere. Herodotus Casio monti adplicuit, nunc est plaus modica.

[68] From Pelusium: Chabrias’s camp, Mount Casius, the shrine of Jupiter Casius, the tumulus of Pompey the Great. At Ostracine Arabia comes to an end, 65 miles from Pelusium; soon Idumaea begins, and Palestine, from the outlet of Lake Sirbonis, which some have reported to be 150 in circumference. Herodotus attached it to Mount Casius; now it is a modest marsh.

oppida Rhinocolura et intus Rhaphaea, Gaza et intus Anthedon, mons Argaris. regio per oram Samaria; oppidum Ascalo liberum, Azotos, Iamneae duae, altera intus.

the towns Rhinocolura and inland Rhaphaea, Gaza and inland Anthedon, Mount Argaris. the region along the shore, Samaria; the town Ascalon, a free town, Azotus, two Iamneae, the other inland.

[69] Iope Phoenicum, antiquior terrarum inundatione, ut ferunt, insidet collem, praeiacente saxo, in quo vinculorum Andromedae vestigia ostendit. colitur illic fabulosa Ceto. inde Apollonia, Stratonis Turris, eadem Caesarea ab Herode rege condita, nunc colonia Prima Flavia a Vespasiano Imperatore deducta, finis Palaestines,CLXXXVIIII p. a confinio Arabiae.

[69] Joppa of the Phoenicians, older than the inundation of the lands, as they say, sits upon a hill, with a rock lying before it, which shows the traces of Andromeda’s chains. There the fabulous Ceto is worshiped. Thence Apollonia, Strato’s Tower, the same city Caesarea founded by King Herod, now the colony Prima Flavia established by Emperor Vespasian, the end of Palestine, 189 miles from the border of Arabia.

dein Phoenice; intus autem Samariae oppida Neapolis, quod antea Mamortha dicebatur, Sebaste in monte, et altiore Gamala.

then Phoenice; but inland, the towns of Samaria are Neapolis, which formerly was called Mamortha, Sebaste on a mountain, and, higher, Gamala.

[70] Supra Idumaeam et Samariam Iudaea longe lateque funditur. pars eius Syriae iuncta Galilaea vocatur, Arabiae vero et Aegypto proxima Peraea, asperis dispersa montibus et a ceteris Iudaeis Iordane amne discreta. reliqua Iudaea dividitur in toparchias decem quo dicemus orde: Hiericuntem palmetis consitam, fontibus riguam, Emmaum, Lyddam, Iopicam, Acrabatenam, Gophaniticam, Thamniticam, Betholeptephenen, Orinen, in qua fuere Hierosolyma, longe clarissima urbium orientis, non Iudaeae modo, Herodium cum oppido inlustri eiusdem nominis.

[70] Above Idumaea and Samaria Judaea is spread far and wide. A part of it adjoining Syria is called Galilee; but the portion nearest to Arabia and to Egypt is Peraea, scattered with rugged mountains and separated from the other Jews by the river Jordan. The remaining Judaea is divided into ten toparchies, which we shall name in order: Jericho, planted with palm-groves, irrigated by springs, Emmaus, Lydda, Joppa, Acrabattine, Gophnitic, Thamnitic, Betholeptephen, Orine, in which was Jerusalem, by far the most illustrious of the cities of the East, not of Judaea only, Herodium, with a town of the same name, illustrious.

[71] Iordanes amnis oritur e fonte Paneade, qui cognomen dedit Caesareae, de qua dicemus. amnis amoenus et, quatenus locorum situs patitur, ambitiosus accolisque se praebens velut invitus Asphaltiten lacum dirum natura petit, a quo postremo ebibitur aquasque laudatas perdit, pestilentibus mixtas. ergo ubi prima convallium fuit occasio, in lacum se fundti, quem plures Genesarem vocant,XVI p. longitudinis,VI latitudinis, amoenis circumsaeptum oppidis, ab oriente Iuliade et Hippo, a meridie Tarichea, quo nomine aliqui et lacum appellant, ab occidente Tiberiade, aquis calidis salubri.

[71] The river Jordan rises from the spring at Paneas, which gave a surname to Caesarea, of which we shall speak. A pleasant river and, in so far as the situation of the places allows, meandering and offering itself to the inhabitants, it makes, as if unwilling, for the Asphaltite lake, dreadful by nature, by which at last it is drunk up and loses its much-praised waters, mingled with pestilential ones. Therefore, where there was first an opening of the valleys, it pours itself into a lake which many call Gennesar,16 miles in length,6 in breadth, encompassed with pleasant towns: on the east Julias and Hippos, on the south Tarichea—by which name some also call the lake—on the west Tiberias, healthful with hot waters.

[72] Asphaltites nihil praeter bitumen gignit, unde et nomen. nullum corpus animalium recipit, tauri camelique fluitant; inde fama nihil in eo mergi. longitudine excedit C p., latitudine maxima LXXV implet, minima VI. prospicit eum ab oriente Arabia Nomadum, a meridie Machaerus, secunda quondam arx Iudaeae ab Hierosolymis.

[72] Asphaltites produces nothing except bitumen, whence also the name. It admits no body of animals; bulls and camels float; hence the report that nothing sinks in it. In length it exceeds 100 miles; in its greatest breadth it reaches 75, in its least 6. Facing it from the east is Arabia of the Nomads; from the south, Machaerus, formerly the second stronghold of Judaea after Jerusalem.

eodem latere est calidus fons medicae salubritatis Callirrhoe, aquarum gloriam ipso nomine praeferens.

on the same side is the hot spring of medical salubrity, Callirrhoe, displaying the glory of the waters in its very name.

[73] Ab occidente litora Esseni fugiunt usque qua nocent, gens sola et in toto orbe praeter ceteras mira, sine ulla femina, omni venere abdicata, sine pecunia, socia palmarum. in diem ex aequo convenarum turba renascitur, large frequentantibus quos vita fessos ad mores eorum fortuna fluctibus agit. ita per saeculorum milia — incredibile dictu — gens aeterna est, in qua nemo nascitur.

[73] On the west the Essenes shun the shores up to the point where they are noxious, a people unique and, in the whole world, wondrous beyond the rest: without any woman, with all Venus renounced, without money, companions of the palms. From day to day, on equal terms, the throng of newcomers is renewed, since in great numbers those wearied by life—whom fortune, with its billows, drives to their customs—resort to them. Thus through thousands of ages — incredible to say — there is an eternal people, in which no one is born.

tam fecunda illis aliorum vitae paenitentia est! infra hos Engada oppidum fuit, secundum ab Hierosolymis fertilitate palmetorumque nemoribus, nunc alterum bustum. inde Masada castellum in rupe, et ipsum haut procul Asphaltite.

so fecund to them is the penitence for life felt by others! below these was the town Engada, second after Jerusalem in fertility and in groves of palms, now a second funeral-pyre. thence Masada, a fortress on a crag, and it too not far from the Asphaltite lake.

et hactenus Iudaea est.

and hitherto extends Judaea.

[74] Iungitur et latere Syriae Decapolitana regio, a numero oppidorum, in quo non omnes eadem observant, primum tamen Damascum epoto riguis amne Chrysorroa fertilem, Philadelphiam, Rhaphanam, omnia in Arabiam recedentia, Scythopolim, antea Nysam, a Libero Patre sepulta nutrice ibi Scythis deductis, Gadara, Hieromice praefluente, et iam dictum Hippon, Dion, Pellam aquis divitem, Garasam, Canatham. intercursant cinguntque has urbes tetrarchiae — regnorum instar singulae, et regna contribuuntur — Trachonitis, Paneas, in qua Caesarea cum supra dicto fonte, Abila, Arca, Ampeloessa, Gabe.

[74] Also adjoining the side of Syria is the Decapolitan region, from the number of its towns, in which not all observe the same list; first, however, Damascus, fertile, irrigated by the river Chrysorroa after it has been drunk up; Philadelphia, Rhaphana, all drawing back toward Arabia; Scythopolis, formerly Nysa, because the nurse of Liber Pater was buried there, the Scythians having been led thither; Gadara, with the Hieromice flowing past; and Hippon already mentioned; Dion, Pella rich in waters, Garasa, Canatha. Tetrarchies run between and gird these cities — each in the likeness of kingdoms, and kingdoms are apportioned — Trachonitis, Paneas, in which is Caesarea with the aforesaid spring, Abila, Arca, Ampeloessa, Gabe.

[75] Hinc redeundum est ad oram atque Phoenicen. fuit oppidum Crocodilon, est flumen. memoria urbium Dorum, Sycaminum.

[75] From here one must return to the coast and to Phoenicia. There was the town Crocodilon; there is a river. In the memory of cities: Dor, Sycamium.

promunturium Carmelum et in monte oppidum eodem nomine, quondam Acbatana dictum. iuxta Getta, Geba, rivus Pacida sive Belus, vitri fertiles harenas parvo litori miscens; ipse e palude Cendebia a radicibus Carmeli profluit. iuxta colonia Claudi Caesaris Ptolemais, quae quondam Acce.

the promontory Carmel, and on the mountain a town of the same name, formerly called Acbatana. Nearby are Getta, Geba, the stream Pacida or Belus, fertile in sands for glass, mixing them with a small littoral; it itself flows from the marsh Cendebia from the roots of Carmel. Nearby is the colony of Claudius Caesar, Ptolemais, which was once Acce.

oppidum Ecdippa, promunturium Album.

the town Ecdippa, the promontory Album.

[76] Tyros, quondam insula praealto mari DCC passibus divisa, nunc vero Alexandri oppugnantis operibus continens; olim partu clara, urbibus genitis Lepti, Utica et illa aemula terrarumque orbis avida Carthagine, etiam Gadibus extra orbem conditis: nunc omnis eius nobilitas conchylio atque purpura constat. circuitus XVIIII est, intra Palaetyro inclusa; oppidum ipsum XXII stadia optimet. inde Sarepta et Ornithon oppida et Sidon, artifex vitri Thebarumque Boeotiarum parens.

[76] Tyre, once an island, separated by a very deep sea by 700 paces, now indeed, by the siege-works of Alexander the assailant, is continuous with the mainland; once renowned for its offspring, having begotten the cities Leptis, Utica, and Carthage—that rival, avid of the circle of lands and of the world—and even Gades founded beyond the world: now all its nobility consists in shellfish and purple. The circuit is 19, enclosed within Palaetyre; the town itself occupies 22 stadia. Thence the towns of Sarepta and Ornithon, and Sidon, artisan of glass and parent of Boeotian Thebes.

[77] a tergo eius Libanus mons orsus MD stadiis Zimyram usque porrigitur, quae Coeles Syriae cognominatur. huic par, interiacente valle, mons adversus Antilibanus obtenditur, quondam muro coniunctus. post eum introrsus Decapolitana regio praedictaeque cum ea tetrarchiae et Palaestines tota laxitas.

[77] behind it, Mount Lebanon, having begun, stretches for 1,500 stadia as far as Zimyra, which is surnamed Coele Syria. Equal to this, with an interjacent valley, the opposite mountain Antilibanus is set over against it, once joined by a wall. Beyond it, further inward, are the Decapolitan region and, together with it, the aforesaid tetrarchies, and the whole expanse of Palestine.

[78] at in ora item subiecta Libano fluvius Magoras, Berytus colonia, quae Felix Iulia appellatur, Leontos oppidum, flumen Lycos, Palaebyblos, flumen Adonis, oppida Byblos, Botrys, Gigarta, Trieris, Calamos, Tripolis, quoniam Tyrii et Sidonii et Aradii optinent, Orthosia, Eleutheros flumen, oppida Zimyra, Marathos contraque Arados, septem stadiorum oppidum et insula ducentis passibus a continente distans, re, in qua supradicti desinunt montes, et interiacentibus campis Bargylus mons.

[78] but along the shore likewise lying under Lebanon: the river Magoras; Berytus, a colony which is called Felix Julia; the town of Leontos; the river Lycos; Palaebyblos; the river Adonis; the towns Byblos, Botrys, Gigarta, Trieris, Calamos, Tripolis, since the Tyrians and Sidonians and Aradians hold it; Orthosia; the river Eleutheros; the towns Zimyra, Marathos; and over against them Arados, a town of seven stadia, and an island two hundred paces distant from the mainland—at the point at which the aforementioned mountains end—and, with plains lying between, Mount Bargylus.

[79] Incipit hinc rursus Syria, desinente Phoenice. oppida Carne, Balanea, Paltos, Gabala, promunturium, in quo Laodicea libera, Dipolis, Heraclea, Charadrus, Posidium. dein promunturium Syriae Antiochiae.

[79] From here Syria begins again, Phoenicia ending. towns Carne, Balanea, Paltos, Gabala, a promontory, on which Laodicea, a free city, Dipolis, Heraclea, Charadrus, Posidium. then the promontory of Syria of Antiochia.

intus ipsa Antiochia libera, Epi Daphnes cognominata; Oronte amne dividitur. in promunturio autem Seleucia libera, Pieria appellata.

within, the free city of Antioch itself, surnamed Epi Daphnes; it is divided by the river Orontes. on the promontory, however, Seleucia, a free city, called Pieria.

[80] super eam mons eodem quo alius nomine, Casius. cuius excelsa altitudo quarta vigilia orientem per tenebras solem aspicit, brevi circumactu corporis diem noctemque pariter ostendens. ambitus ad cacumen XVIIII p. est, altitudo per derectum IIII.

[80] above it a mountain by the same name as another, Casius; whose lofty altitude, in the fourth watch, beholds the rising sun through the darkness, by a brief turning of the body showing day and night equally at once. the ambit to the summit is 19 p., the height in a straight line 4.

at in ora amnis Orontes, natus inter Libanum et Antilibanum iuxta Heliopolim. oppida Rhosos et a tergo Portae, quae Syria appellantur, intervallo Rhosiorum montium et Tauri. in ora oppidum Myriandros, mons Amanus, in quo oppidum Bomitae.

But on the coast, the river Orontes, born between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon near Heliopolis. Towns: Rhosos, and behind it the Gates, which are called the Syrian (Gates), at the interval between the Rhosian mountains and Taurus. On the coast the town of Myriandros; Mount Amanus, in which is the town Bomitae.

ipse ab Syris Ciliciam separat.

It itself separates Cilicia from Syria.

[81] Nunc interiora dicantur. Coele habet Apameam, Marsya amne divisam a Nazerinorum tetrarchia, Bambycen, quae alio nomine Hierapolis vocatur, Syris vero Mabog — ibi prodigiosa Atargatis, Graecis autem Derceto dicta, colitur —, Chalcidem cognominatam Ad Belum, unde regio Chalcidena fertilissima Syriae, et inde Cyrresticae Cyrrum, Gazetas, Gindarenos, Gabenos, tetrarchias duas quae Granucomatitae vocantur, Hemesenos, Hylatas, Ituraeorum gentem et qui es iix Baethaemi vocantur, Mariamnitanos,

[81] Now let the interior be mentioned. Coele has Apamea, separated by the river Marsyas from the tetrarchy of the Nazerini; Bambyce, which by another name is called Hierapolis, but by the Syrians Mabog — there the prodigious Atargatis, but called Derceto by the Greeks, is worshiped —; Chalcis, surnamed Ad Belum, whence the Chalcidian region, the most fertile of Syria; and from there, Cyrrhus of Cyrrestica, the Gazetae, the Gindareni, the Gabenes, two tetrarchies which are called the Granucomatitae, the Emesenes, the Hylatae, the nation of the Ituraeans and those among them who are called the Baethaemi, the Mariamnitani,

[82] tetrarchiam quae Mammisea appellatur, Paradisum, Pagras, Penelenitas, Seleucias praeter iam dictam duas, quae Ad Euphraten et quae Ad Belum vocantur, Tardytenses. reliqua autem Syria habet, exceptis quae cum Euphrate dicentur, Arethusios, Beroeenses, Epiphanenses ad Orontem, Laodicenos, qui Ad Libanum cognominantur, Leucadios, Larisaeos, praeter tetrarchias in regna discriptas barbaris nominibus XVII.

[82] the tetrarchy which is appellated Mammisea, the Paradisus, Pagras, the Penelenites, the two Seleucias besides the one already mentioned, which are called At the Euphrates and At Belus, the Tardytenses. the remaining Syria has, excepting those which will be spoken of together with the Euphrates, the Arethusians, the Beroeans, the Epiphanenses on the Orontes, the Laodiceans, who are surnamed At Lebanon, the Leucadians, the Larisaeans, besides the tetrarchies distributed into kingdoms with barbarian names, 17.

[83] Et de Euphrate hoc in loco dixisse aptissimum fuerit. oritur in praefectura Armeniae Maioris Caranitide, ut prodidere ex iis, qui proxime viderunt, Domitius Corbulo, in monte Aga, Licinius Mucianus, sub radicibus montis, quem Capoten appellant, supra Zimaram XII p., initio Pyxurates nominatus. fluit Derzenen primum, mox Anaeticam, Armeniae regiones a Cappadocia excludens.

[83] And about the Euphrates it will have been most apt to have spoken in this place. It rises in the prefecture of Greater Armenia, in Caranitis, as from among those who saw it most nearly have handed down—Domitius Corbulo, on Mount Aga; Licinius Mucianus, under the roots of the mountain which they call Capotes—above Zimara 12 p., initially named Pyxurates. It flows through Derzene first, then Anaetica, shutting off the regions of Armenia from Cappadocia.

[84] Dascusa abest a Zimara LXXV p; inde navigatur Sartonam L, Melitenen Cappadociae XXIIII, Elegeam Armeniae X, acceptis fluminibus Lyco, Arsania, Arsano. apud Elegeam occurrit ei Taurus mons nec resistit, quamquam XII p. latitudine praevalens. Ommam vocant inrumpentem, mox ubi perfregit, Euphraten, ultra quoque saxosum et violentum.

[84] Dascusa is 75 p. distant from Zimara; from there one sails 50 to Sartonam, 24 to Melitene of Cappadocia, 10 to Elegea of Armenia, after receiving the rivers Lycos, Arsanias, and Arsanos. At Elegea Mount Taurus meets it and does not resist, although prevailing with a width of 12 p. They call it Ommam as it bursts in, soon, when it has broken through, Euphrates, and beyond that likewise rocky and violent.

[85] Arabiam inde laeva, Orroeon dictam regionem, trischoena mensura, dextraque Commagenen disterminat, pontis tamen, etiam ubi Taurum expugnat, patiens. apud Claudiopolim Cappadociae cursum ad occasum solis agit. primo hunc illic in pugna Taurus aufert victusque et abscisus sibimet alio modo vincit ac fractum expellit in meridiem.

[85] From there on the left it demarcates Arabia, the region called Orroeon, three-schoenus in measure, and on the right Commagene, yet allowing a bridge, even where it assaults the Taurus. Near Claudiopolis of Cappadocia it drives its course toward the setting of the sun. At first there in combat the Taurus carries it off; and though conquered and cut through, it in another way prevails for itself and drives the broken one to the south.

ita naturae dimicatio illa aequatur, hoc eunte quo vult, illo prohibente ire qua velit. a catarractis iterum navigatur.XL p. inde Commagenes caput Samosata.

thus that combat of nature is balanced, this one going where it wishes, that one prohibiting it to go where it would. from the cataracts one sails again.40 miles. from there, Samosata, the capital of Commagene.

[86] Arabia supra dicta habet oppida Edessam, quae quondam Antiochia dicebatur, Callirhoem, a fonte nominatam, Carrhas, Crassi clade nobile. iungitur praefectura Mesopotamiae, ab Assyriis originem trahens, in qua Anthemusia et Nicephorium oppida. mox Arabes qui Praetavi vocantur; horum caput Singara.

[86] The above-mentioned Arabia has the towns Edessa, which was once called Antiochia, Callirhoe, named from a spring, Carrhae, renowned for the disaster of Crassus. It is adjoined by the prefecture of Mesopotamia, deriving its origin from the Assyrians, in which are the towns Anthemusia and Nicephorium. Next come the Arabs who are called the Praetavi; the head of these is Singara.

a Samosatis autem latere Syriae Marsyas amnis influit. Cingilla Commagenen finit, Imeneorum citias incipit. oppida adluuntur Epiphania et Antiochia, quae Ad Euphraten vocantur, item Zeugma LXXII p. a Samosatis, transitu Euphratis nobile.

from Samosata, however, on the Syrian side, the river Marsyas flows in. Cingilla bounds Commagene, the cities of the Imenei begin. the towns are laved: Epiphania and Antiochia, which are called On the Euphrates, likewise Zeugma, 72 miles from Samosata, notable for the crossing of the Euphrates.

ex adverso Apameam Seleucus, idem utriusque conditor, ponte iunxerat.

Opposite, Seleucus—the founder of both—had joined Apamea by a bridge.

[87] qui cohaerent Mesopotamiae, Rhoali vocantur. at in Syria oppida Europum, Thapsacum quondam, nunc Amphipolis; Arabes Scenitae. ita fertur usque Suram locum, in quo conversus ad orientem relinquit Syriae Palmyrenas solitudines, quae usque ad Petram urbem et regionem Arabiae Felicis appellatae pertinent.

[87] those who adjoin Mesopotamia are called the Rhoali. But in Syria the towns are Europum, Thapsacum formerly, now Amphipolis; the Arabs the Scenitae. Thus it is borne as far as the place Sura, where, turned toward the east, it leaves the Palmyrene solitudes of Syria, which reach as far as the city Petra and the region called Arabia Felix.

[88] Palmyra, urbs nobilis situ, divitiis soli et aquis amoenis, vasto undique ambitu haernis includit agros ac, velut terris exempta a rerum natura, privata sorte inter duo imperia summa Romanorum Parthorumque est, prima in discordia semper utrimque cura. abest ab Seleucia Parthorum, quae vocatur Ad Tigrim,CCCXXXVII p., a proximo vero Syriae litore CCIII et a Damasco XXVII propius.

[88] Palmyra, a city noble in situation, with riches of the soil and pleasant waters, with a vast circuit on every side encloses its fields by sands, and, as though exempted from the lands by nature, with a peculiar lot stands between the two supreme empires of the Romans and the Parthians, in discord always the foremost concern on either side. it is distant from Seleucia of the Parthians, which is called “Ad Tigrim,” 337 miles, from the nearest shore of Syria 203, and 27 miles nearer to Damascus.

[89] Infra Palmyrae solitudines Telendena regio dictaeque iam Hierapolis ac Beroae et Chalcis. ultra Palmyram quoque ex solitudinibus his aliquid obtinet Hemesa, item Elatium, dimidio propior Petrae quam Damascus. a Sura autem proxime est Philiscum, oppidum Parthorum ad Euphraten.

[89] Within the deserts of Palmyra lie the Telendena region and the already-named Hierapolis, Beroea, and Chalcis. Beyond Palmyra too, out of these deserts, Emesa holds a portion, likewise Elatium, which is by one-half nearer to Petra than Damascus. And from Sura, close by, is Philiscum, a town of the Parthians on the Euphrates.

ab eo Seleuciam dierum decem navigatio, totidemque fere Babylonem.

from there, to Seleucia a voyage of ten days, and to Babylon almost as many.

[90] scinditur enim Euphrates a Zeugmate DLXXXXIIII p. circa vicum Masicen et parte laeva in Mesopotamiam vadit, per ipsam Seleuciam circaque eam praefluenti infusus Tigri, dexteriore autem alveo Babylonem, quondam Chaldaeae caput, petit mediamque permeans item quam Mothrim vocant, distrahitur in paludes. increscit autem et ipse Nili modo statis diebus, paulum differens, ac Mesopotamian inundat sole optinente XX partem cancri. minui incipit in virginem e leone transgresso, in totum vero remeat in XXVIIII parte virginis.

[90] for the Euphrates is split, at 594 p. from Zeugma near the village Masicen, and with its left-hand branch it goes into Mesopotamia, being poured into the Tigris, which flows through Seleucia itself and around it; but by the right-hand channel it makes for Babylon, once the capital of Chaldaea, and, passing through the middle also of what they call the Mothrim, it is drawn apart into marshes. It too rises, after the manner of the Nile, on fixed days, differing a little, and it inundates Mesopotamia when the sun occupies the 20th part of Cancer; it begins to diminish when the sun has passed from Leo into Virgo, and it entirely recedes in the 29th part of Virgo.

[91] Sed redeamus ad oram Syriae, cui proxima est Cilicia. flumen Diaphanes, mons Crocodilus, Portae Amani montis, flumina Androcus, Pinarus, Lycs, sinus Issicus, oppidum Issos, item Alexandria, flumen Chlorus, oppidum Aegaeae liberum, amnis Pyramus, Portae Ciliciae, oppida Mallos, Magirsos et intus Tarsos. campi Alei, oppida Casyponis, Mopsos liberum, Pyramo inpositum, Tyros, Zephyrium, Anchiale.

[91] But let us return to the coast of Syria, next to which is Cilicia. The river Diaphanes, Mount Crocodilus, the Gates of Mount Amanus, the rivers Androcus, Pinarus, Lycus, the Issic gulf, the town Issos, likewise Alexandria, the river Chlorus, the free town Aegaeae, the river Pyramus, the Cilician Gates, the towns Mallos, Magirsos, and inland Tarsos. The Aleian plains, the towns of Casyponis, Mopsos free, set upon the Pyramus, Tyros, Zephyrium, Anchiale.

[92] amnes Saros, Cydnos, Tarsum liberam urbem procul a mari secans. regio Celenderitis cum oppido, locus Nymphaeum, Soloe Cilicii, nunc Pompeiopolis, Adana, Cibyra, Pinare, Pedalie, Alae, Selinus, Arsinoe, Iotape, Dorion iuxtaque mare Corycos, eodem nomine oppidum et portus et specus. mox flumen Calycadnus, promunturium Sarpedon, oppida Holmoe, Myle, promunturium et oppidum Veneris, a quo proxime Cyprus insula.

[92] rivers Saros, Cydnus, cutting Tarsus, a free city, far from the sea. the region Celenderitis with a town, the place Nymphaeum, Soloi of Cilicia, now Pompeiopolis, Adana, Cibyra, Pinare, Pedalie, Alae, Selinus, Arsinoe, Iotape, Dorion, and next to the sea Corycos, with the same name a town and a port and a cavern. soon the river Calycadnus, the promontory Sarpedon, the towns Holmoe, Myle, the promontory and town of Venus, from which the island Cyprus is nearest.

[93] sed in continente oppida Mysanda, Anemurium, Coracesium, finisque antiquus Ciliciae Melas amnis. intus autem dicendi Anazarbeni, qui nunc Caesarea, Augusta, Castabala, Epiphania, quae ante Oeniandos, Elëusa, Iconium, Seleucia supra amnem Calycadnum, Tracheotis cognomine, ab mari relata ubi vocabatur Hermia. praeterea intus flumina Liparis, Bombos, Paradisus, mons Imbarus.

[93] but on the mainland the towns Mysanda, Anemurium, Coracesium, and the ancient boundary of Cilicia, the river Melas. Inland, to be mentioned are Anazarbus, which is now Caesarea, Augusta, Castabala, Epiphania, which before was Oeniandos, Elëusa, Iconium, Seleucia above the river Calycadnus, surnamed Tracheotis, set back from the sea where it was called Hermia. Besides, inland are the rivers Liparis, Bombos, Paradisus, and Mount Imbarus.

[94] Ciliciae Pamphyliam omnes iunxere neglecta gente Isaurica. oppida eius intus Isaura, Clibanus, Lalasis; decurrit autem ad mare Anemuri e regione supra dicti. simili modo omnibus, qui eadem composuere, ignorata est contermina illi gens Omanadum, quorum intus oppidum Omana.

[94] All have joined Pamphylia to Cilicia, the Isaurian nation being neglected. Its inland towns are Isaura, Clibanus, Lalasis; moreover, it runs down to the sea at Anemurium, over against the region aforesaid. In a similar way, by all who have composed the same (accounts), the nation conterminous with it, the Omanades, has been ignored, whose inland town is Omana.

cetera castella XLIIII inter asperas convalles latent.

the remaining castles, 44 in number, lie hidden among rough valleys.

[95] Hos includit Lycaonia, in Asiaticam iurisdictionem versa, cum qua conveniunt Philomelienses, Tymbriani, Leucolithi, Pelteni, Tyrienses. datur et tetrarchia ex Lycaonia, qua parte Galatiae contermina est, civitatium XIIII, urbe celeberrima Iconio. ipsius Lycaoniae celebrantur Thebasa in Tauro, Ide in confinio Galatiae atque Cappadociae.

[95] Lycaonia encloses these, having been turned into the Asiatic jurisdiction, with which agree the Philomelienses, Tymbriani, Leucolithi, Pelteni, Tyrienses. A tetrarchy is also assigned from Lycaonia, in the part where it is contiguous with Galatia, of 14 cities, the most celebrated city being Iconium. Of Lycaonia itself Thebasa in the Taurus are celebrated, and Ide on the border of Galatia and Cappadocia.

a latere autem eius super Pamphyliam veniunt Thracum suboles Milyae, quorum Arycanda oppidum.

and from its flank, above Pamphylia, come the Milyae, a stock of the Thracians, whose town is Arycanda.

[96] Pamphylia ante Mopsopia appellata est. mare Pamphylium Cilicio iungitur. oppida Side et in monte Apendum, Plantanistum, Perga.

[96] Pamphylia was formerly called Mopsopia. The Pamphylian sea is joined to Cilicia. Towns: Side and, on the mountain, Apendum, Plantanistum, Perga.

promunturium Leucolla, mons Sardemisus. amnes Eurymedon, iuxta Aspendum fluens, Catarractes, iuxta quem Lyrnesus et Olbia ultimaque eius orae Phaselis.

the promontory Leucolla, Mount Sardemisus. the rivers Eurymedon, flowing near Aspendus, and Catarractes, near which are Lyrnesus and Olbia, and at the farthest part of its shore Phaselis.

[97] Iunctum mare Lycium est gensque Lycia, unde vastus sinus. Taurus mons, ab Eois veniens litoribus, Chelidonio promunturio disterminat, inmensus ipse et innumerarum gentium arbiter, dextro latere septentrionalis, ubi primum ab Indico mari exsurgit, laevo meridianus et ad occasum tendens mediamque distrahens Asiam, nisi opprimenti terras occurrerent maria. resilit ergo ad septentriones flexusque inmensum iter quaerit, velut de industria rerum natura subinde aequora opponente, hinc Phoenicium, hinc Ponticum, illinc Caspium et Hyrcanium contraque Maeotium lacum.

[97] Adjacent is the Lycian sea and the nation Lycia, whence a vast gulf. Mount Taurus, coming from the Eoan shores, is demarcated at the Chelidonian promontory, itself immense and the arbiter of innumerable nations: on its right flank septentrional, where first it rises from the Indian sea; on its left meridian and tending to the west, rending Asia through the middle, if the seas meeting it did not check it as it overpowers the lands. It therefore springs back toward the north and, bent, seeks an immense course, as though by design Nature were ever and anon opposing seas—here the Phoenician, here the Pontic, there the Caspian and Hyrcanian, and over against them the Maeotian lake.

[98] torquetur itaque collisus inter haec claustra et tamen victor flexuosus evadit usque ad cognata Ripaeorum montium iuga, numerosis nominibus et novis, quacumque incedit, insignis: Imaus prima parte dictus, mox Emodus, Paropanisus, Circius, Cambades, Pariades, Choatras, Oreges, Oroandes, Niphates, Taurus atque, ubi se quoque exuperat, Caucasus, ubi brachia emittit subinde temptanti maria similis, Sarpedon, Coracesius, Cragus, iterumque Taurus,

[98] Thus it is twisted, dashed between these barriers, and yet, as victor, flexuous, it escapes as far as the kindred ridges of the Rhipaean mountains, conspicuous with numerous and even new names wherever it advances: called Imaus in the first part, then Emodus, Paropanisus, Circius, Cambades, Pariades, Choatras, Oreges, Oroandes, Niphates, Taurus, and, where it even surpasses itself, Caucasus—where it sends out arms from time to time, like one testing the seas—Sarpedon, Coracesius, Cragus, and again Taurus,

[99] etiam ubi dehiscit seque populis aperit, Portarum tamen nomine unitatem sibi vindicans, quae aliubi Armeniae, aliubi Caspiae, aliubi Ciliciae vocantur. quin etiam confractus, effugiens quoque maria, plurimis se gentium nominibus hinc et illinc implet, a dextra Hyrcanius, Caspius, a laeva Parihedrus, Moschicus, Amazonicus, Coraxicus, Scythicus appellatus, in universum vero Graece Ceraunius.

[99] even where it gapes and opens itself to peoples, yet under the name of the Gates it vindicates unity for itself, which elsewhere are called Armenian, elsewhere Caspian, elsewhere Cilician. Nay more, when shattered, and even when fleeing to the seas, it is filled on this side and that with the very many names of nations: on the right called Hyrcanian, Caspian; on the left Parihedran, Moschic, Amazonian, Coraxic, Scythic; but as a whole, in Greek, the Ceraunian.

[100] In Lycia igitur a promunturio eius oppidum Simena, mos Chimaera, noctibus flagrans, Hephaestium civitas, et ipsa saepe flagrantibus iugis. oppidum Olympus ibi fuit, nunc sunt montana Gagae, Corydalla, Rhodiopolis. iuxta mare Limyra cum amne, in quem Arycandus influit, mons Masicytus, Andria civitas, Myra, ippa Aperlae et Antiphellos, quae quondam Habesos, atque in recessu Phellos.

[100] In Lycia, then, from its promontory the town Simena; Mount Chimaera, blazing by nights; the city Hephaestium, itself too with its ridges often blazing. There was a town Olympus there; now there are the upland places Gagae, Corydalla, Rhodiopolis. Next to the sea, Limyra with a river, into which the Arycandus flows; Mount Masicytus; the city Andria, Myra, Ippa, Aperlae and Antiphellos, which was formerly Habesos, and, in the recess, Phellos.

dein Pyrrha, item Xanthus, a mari XV, flumenque eodem nomine. deinde Patara, quae prius Pataros, et in monte Sidyma, promunturium Cragus.

then Pyrrha, likewise Xanthus, 15 from the sea, and a river with the same name. next Patara, which earlier was Pataros, and on the mountain Sidyma, the promontory Cragus.

[101] ultra par sinus priori; ibi Pinara et quae Lyciam finit Telmesus. Lycia LXX quondam oppida habuit, nunc XXXVI habet. ex his celeberrima praeter supra dicta Canas, Candyba, ubi laudatur Eunias nemus, Podalia, Choma praefluente Aedesa, Cyaneae, Ascandiandalis, Amelas, Noscopium, Tlos, Telandrus.

[101] beyond is a bay equal to the former; there are Pinara and Telmessus, which bounds Lycia. Lycia once held 70 towns, now it holds 36. Of these the most celebrated, besides those mentioned above, are Canas, Candyba, where the Eunias grove is praised, Podalia, Choma with the Aedesa flowing past, the Cyaneae, Ascandiandalis, Amelas, Noscopium, Tlos, Telandrus.

conprehendit in mediterraneis et Cabaliam, cuius tres urbes Oenianda, Balbura, Bubon.

it comprehends among the inland regions also Cabalia, whose three cities are Oenianda, Balbura, and Bubon.

[102] a Telmeso Asiaticum mare sive Carpathium et quae proprie vocatur Asia. in duas eam partes Agrippa divist: unam inclusit ab oriente Phrygia et Lycaonia, ab occidente Aegaeo ari, a meridie Aegypto, a septentrione Paphlagonia; huius longitudinem CCCCLXX, latitudinem CCCXX fecit. alteram determinavit ab oriente Armenia Minore, ab occidente Phrygia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, a septentrione provincia Pontica, a meridie mari Pamphylio, longam DLXXV, latam CCCXXV.

[102] from Telmessus: the Asiatic Sea, or Carpathian, and what is properly called Asia. Agrippa divided it into two parts: one he bounded on the east by Phrygia and Lycaonia, on the west by the Aegean Sea, on the south by Egypt, on the north by Paphlagonia; he made its length 470, its breadth 320. The other he delimited on the east by Lesser Armenia, on the west by Phrygia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, on the north by the Pontic province, on the south by the Pamphylian Sea, its length 575, its breadth 325.

[103] In proxima ora Caria est, mox Ionia, ultra eam Aeolis. Caria mediae Doridi circumfunditur, ad mare utroque latere ambiens. in ea promunturium Pedalium, amnis Glaucus, deferens Telmedium, oppida Daedala, Crya fugitivorum, flumen Axon, oppidum Calynda.

[103] On the next shore is Caria, then Ionia, beyond it Aeolis. Caria wraps around central Doris, skirting the sea on both sides. In it are the promontory Pedalium, the river Glaucus, bringing down from Telmedium, the towns Daedala and Crya of the fugitives, the river Axon, the town Calynda.

amnis Indus, in Cibyratarum iugis ortus, recipit LX perennes fluvios, torrentes vero amplius centum.

the river Indus, rising on the ridges of the Cibyratae, receives 60 perennial rivers, and in fact torrents more than 100.

[104] oppidum Caunos liberum, dein Pyrnos. portus Cressa, a quo Rhodus insula passuum XX. locus Loryma, oppida Tisanusa, Paridon, Larymna, sinus Thymnias, promunturium Aphrodisias, oppidum Hydas, sinus Schoenus, regio Bubassus. oppidum fuit Acanthus, alio nomine Dulopolis.

[104] the free town Caunos, then Pyrnos. the harbor Cressa, from which the island Rhodes is 20 miles away. the place Loryma, the towns Tisanusa, Paridon, Larymna, the bay Thymnias, the promontory Aphrodisias, the town Hydas, the bay Schoenus, the region Bubassus. there was a town Acanthus, by another name Dulopolis.

est in promunturio Cnidos libera, Triopia, dein Pegusa et Stadia appellata. ab ea Doris incipit.

There is on the promontory free Cnidus, called Triopia; then Pegusa and Stadia. From it Doris begins.

[105] Sed prius terga et mediterraneas iurisdictiones indicasse conveniat. una appellatur Cibyratica; ipsum oppidum Phrygiae est. conveniunt eo XXV civitates, celeberrima urbe Laodicea.

[105] But first, let it be fitting to have indicated the back-lands and inland jurisdictions. One is called the Cibyratic; the town itself is in Phrygia. To it there gather 25 cities, Laodicea being the most celebrated city.

imposita est Lyco flumini, latera adluentibus Asopo et Capro, appellata primo Diospolis, dein Rhoas. reliqui in eo conventu, quos nominare non pigeat, Hydrelitae, Themisones, Hierapolitae. alter conventus a Synnade accepit nomen; conveniunt Lycaones, Appiani, Corpeni, Dorylaei, Midaei, Iulienses et reliqui ignobiles populi XV.

it is set upon the river Lycus, its sides being laved by the Asopus and the Caprus, appellated at first Diospolis, then Rhoas. The rest in that assize-district, whom it is not irksome to name, are the Hydrelitae, Themisones, Hierapolitae. A second assize-district has taken its name from Synnada; there assemble the Lycaones, Appiani, Corpeni, Dorylaei, Midaei, Iulienses, and the remaining undistinguished peoples, 15.

[106] tertius Apameam vadit, ante appellatam Celaenas, deinde Ciboton. sita est in radice montis Signiae, circumfusa Marsya, Obrima, Orba fluminibus in Maeandrum cadentibus. Marsyas ibi redditur, ortus ac paulo mox conditus.

[106] the third goes to Apamea, earlier called Celaenae, then Ciboton. It is situated at the foot of Mount Signia, surrounded by the rivers Marsyas, Obrima, and Orba, which fall into the Maeander. There the Marsyas reappears, having arisen and soon after been hidden.

ubi certavit tibiarum cantu cum Apolline, Aulocrene est; ita vocatur convallis,X p. ab Apamea Phrygiam petentibus. ex hoc conventu deceat nominare Metropolitas, Dionysopolitas, Euphorbenos, Acmonenses, Peltenos, Silbianos. reliqui ignobiles VIIII.

where he contended in the playing of pipes with Apollo, there is Aulocrene; thus is the valley called,10 miles from Apamea for those going to Phrygia. from this assize it is fitting to name the Metropolitae, Dionysopolitae, Euphorbeni, Acmonenses, Pelteni, Silbiani. the rest undistinguished 9.

[107] Doridis in sinu Leucopolis, Hamaxitos, Eleus, Etene. dein Cariae oppida Pitaium, Eutane, Halicarnasus. sex oppida contributa ei sunt a Magno Alexandro, Thangela, Side, Medmassa, Uranium, Pedasum, Telmisum.

[107] In the gulf of Doris, Leucopolis, Hamaxitus, Eleus, Etene. Then the towns of Caria: Pitaium, Eutane, Halicarnassus. Six towns were contributed to it by Alexander the Great: Thangela, Side, Medmassa, Uranium, Pedasum, Telmisum.

habitatur inter duos sinus, Ceramicum et Iasium. inde Myndos et ubi fuit Palaemyndus, Nariandos, Neapolis, Caryanda, Termera libera, Bargylia et, a quo sinus Iasius, oppidum Iasus.

it is inhabited between two gulfs, the Ceramicus and the Iasian. thence Myndos, and where Palaemyndus was, Nariandos, Neapolis, Caryanda, free Termera, Bargylia, and the town Iasus, from which the Iasian gulf [takes its name].

[108] Caria interiorum nominum fama praenitet. quippe ibi sunt oppida Mylasa libera, Antiochia, ubi fuere Symmaethos et Cranaos oppida; nunc eam circumfluunt Maeander et Morsynus. fuit in eo tractu et Maeandropolis, est Eumenia, Cludro flumini adposita, Glaucus amnis, Lysias oppidum et Orthosia, Berecynthius tractus, Nysa, Trallis, eadem Euanthia et Seleucia et Antiochia dicta; adluitur Eudone amne, perfunditur Thebaite.

[108] Caria shines forth with the renown of its inland names. For there are there towns: free Mylasa, Antiochia, where there once were the towns Symmaethos and Cranaos; now it is encompassed by the Maeander and the Morsynus. In that tract there was also Maeandropolis; there is Eumenia, set beside the river Cludrus; the river Glaucus; the town Lysias and Orthosia; the Berecynthian district; Nysa; Tralles, the same called Euanthia and Seleucia and Antiochia; it is washed by the Eudon river, it is drenched by the Thebaïs.

[109] quidam ibi Pygmaeos habitasse tradunt. praeterea sunt Thydonos, Pyrrha, Eurome, Heraclea, Amyzon, Alabanda libera, quae conventum eum cognominavit, Stratonicea libera, Labrayndos, Ceramus, Troezene, Phorontis. longinquiores eodem foro disceptant Orthronienses, Alindienses, Euhippini, Xystiani, Hydissenses, Apolloniatae, Trapezopolitae, Aphrodisienses liberi.

[109] Some relate that Pygmies once dwelt there. Furthermore there are Thydonos, Pyrrha, Eurome, Heraclea, Amyzon, Alabanda, free, which gave its name to that conventus (assize district), Stratonicea, free, Labrayndos, Ceramus, Troezene, Phorontis. Those farther off plead their cases in the same forum: the Orthronienses, Alindienses, Euhippini, Xystiani, Hydissenses, Apolloniatae, Trapezopolitae, the Aphrodisians, free.

praeter haec sunt Coscinus, Harpasa, adposita fluvio Harpaso, quo et Trallicon, cum fuit, adluebatur.

besides these are Coscinus, Harpasa, placed beside the river Harpasus, by which Trallicon also, when it existed, was washed.

[110] Lydia autem perfusa flexuosis Maeandri amnis recursibus super Ioniam procedit, Phrygiae ab exortu solis vicina, ad septentrionem Mysiae, meridiana parte Cariam amplectens, Maeonia ante appellata. celebratur maxime Sardibus in latere Tmoli montis, qui ante Timolus appellabatur, conditis; ex quo profluente Pactolo eodemque Chrysorroa ac fonte Tarni a Maeonis civitas ipsa Hyde vocitata est, clara stagno Gygaeo.

[110] Lydia, moreover, perfused by the sinuous reflows of the river Maeander, extends above Ionia, neighboring Phrygia on the side of the rising sun, toward the north to Mysia, in its southern part embracing Caria, formerly called Maeonia. It is most celebrated for Sardis, founded on the flank of Mount Tmolus, which was formerly called Timolus; from this there flow the Pactolus—also the same [river] as Chrysorroa—and the spring of Tarnis, and by Maeon the city itself was called Hyde, renowned for the Gygaean mere.

[111] Sardiana nunc appellatur each iurisdictio, conveniuntque in eam extra praedictos Macedones Cadieni, Philadelphini et ipsi in radice Tmoli Cogamo flumini adpositi Maeonii, Tripolitani, iid et Antoniopolitae — Maeandro adluuntur —, Apollonhieritae, Mysotimolitae et alii ignobiles.

[111] This jurisdiction is now called Sardiana, and into it there assemble, besides the aforesaid Macedones, the Cadieni, the Philadelphini, and the Maeonii themselves set at the foot of Tmolus by the river Cogamus, the Tripolitani, the same also Antoniopolitae — they are washed by the Maeander —, the Apollonhieritae, the Mysotimolitae, and others of no note.

[112] Ionia, ab Iasio sinu incipiens, numerosiore ambitu flectitur. in each primus sinus Basilicus, Posideum promunturium et oppidum, Oraculum Branchidarum appellatum, nunc Didymei Apollinis litore stadiis XX, et inde CLXXX Miletus, Ioniae caput, Lelegeis ante et Pityusa et Anactoria nominata, super LXXXX urbium per cuncta maria genetrix nec fraudanda cive Cadmo, qui primus prorsam orationem condere instituit.

[112] Ionia, beginning from the Iasian gulf, bends in a more indented sweep. In it the first gulf is the Basilicus; the Posideum promontory and town; the Oracle of the Branchidae so called, now of Didymaean Apollo, on the shore at 20 stades; and from there, at 180 stades, Miletus, the head of Ionia, formerly by the Leleges named both Pityusa and Anactoria, mother of more than 90 cities across all the seas, nor to be defrauded of the citizen Cadmus, who first undertook to compose continuous prose.

[113] amnis Maeander, ortus e lacu in monte Aulocrene plurimisque adfusus oppidis et repletus fluminibus crebris, ita sinuosus flexibus, ut saepe credatur reverti, Apamenam primum pervagatur regionem, mox Eumeneticam ac deinde Hyrgaleticos campos, postremo Cariam, placidus omnesque eos agros fertilissimo rigans limo, ad decumum a Mileto stadium lenis inlabitur mari. inde mons Latmus, oppida Heraclea, montis eius cognominis Carice, Myuus, quod primo condidisse Iones narrantur Athenis profecti, Naulochum, Priene, in ora, quae Troglea appellatur, Gaesus amnis, regio omnibus Ionibus sacra et ideo Panionia appellata;

[113] the river Maeander, rising from a lake on Mount Aulocrene and having bathed very many towns and been replenished by frequent rivers, so sinuous in its windings that it is often believed to turn back, first roves through the Apamenean region, then the Eumenetican, and thereafter the Hyrgaletic fields, lastly Caria, placid and watering all those fields with most fertile silt; at the tenth stade from Miletus it gently glides into the sea. Thence Mount Latmus, the towns Heraclea, Carice, eponymous from that mountain, Myus, which the Ionians, having set out from Athens, are said first to have founded, Naulochum, Priene; on the shore which is called Troglea, the river Gaesus, a region sacred to all the Ionians and therefore called Panionia;

[114] iuxta fugitivis conditum, uti nomen indicio est, Phygela fuit et Marathesium oppidum. supra haec Magnesia Maeandri cognomine insignis, Thessalica Magnesia orta. abest Epheso XV p., Trallibus eo amplius MMM.

[114] nearby there was Phygela, founded by fugitives, as its name is an indicium, and the town of Marathesium. above these, Magnesia, distinguished by the cognomen “of the Maeander,” sprung from Thessalian Magnesia. it is distant from Ephesus 15 miles, and from Tralles by that much more, 3,000 paces.

antea Thessaloche et Mandrolytia nominata et litori adposita Derasidas insulas secum abstulit mari.

formerly named Thessaloche and Mandrolytia and set beside the shore, it carried off with itself the Derasidae islands into the sea.

[115] intus et Thyatira adluitur Lyco, Pelopia aliqunado et Euhippia cognominata. in ora autem Matium, Ephesus, Amazonum opus, multis antea expetita nominibus, Alopes, cum pugnatum apud Troiam est, mox Ortygiae, Amorges. vocata et Smyrna est, cognomine Trachia, et Haemonion et Ptelea.

[115] within too Thyatira is washed by the Lycus, sometimes surnamed Pelopia and Euhippia. On the coast, however, Matium; Ephesus, a work of the Amazons, formerly known under many names—Alopes, when there was fighting at Troy, then Ortygia, then Amorges. It has also been called Smyrna, with the cognomen Trachia, and Haemonion and Ptelea.

attollitur monte Pione, adluitur Caystro, in Cilbianis iugis orto multosque amnis expellit. ab iis multitudo limi est, qua terras propagat mediisque iam capmis Syrien insulam adiecit. fons in urbe Callippia et templum Dianae conplexi e diversis regionibus duo Selenuntes.

it is elevated by Mount Pion, is washed by the Cayster, which, rising on the Cilbian ridges, also discharges many streams. from these there is an abundance of silt, by which it propagates the lands, and it has now added the island Syria to the very midst of the fields. a spring in the city at Callippia and the Temple of Diana are encompassed from different regions by two Selinuses.

[116] ab Epheso Matium aliud Colophoniorum et intus ipsa Colophon, Haleso adfluente. inde Apollinis Clarii fanum, Lebedos — fuit et Notium oppidum —, promunturium Cyrenaeum, mons Mimas CL p. excurrens atque in continentibus campis residens. quo in loco Magnus Alexander intercidi planitiem eam iusserat VII:D p. longitudine, ut duos sinus iungeret Erythrasque cum Mimante circumfunderet.

[116] from Ephesus, Matium, another settlement of the Colophonians, and inland Colophon itself, with the Halesus flowing by. Thence the shrine of Apollo at Clarus, Lebedos — there was also the town Notium —, the promontory Cyrenaeum, Mount Mimas running out for 150 p. and settling down into plains on the mainland. In that place Alexander the Great had ordered that plain to be cut through for a length of 7,500 p., so that he might join two bays and surround Erythrae together with Mimas.

[117] iuxta eas fuerunt oppida Pteleon, Helos, Dorion, nunc est Aleon fluvius, Corynaeum, Mimantis promunturium, Clazomenae, Parthenie et Hippi, Chytrophoria appellatae, cum iae essent. iusserat Alexander idem per duo stadia contineti adnecti. interiere intus Daphnus et Hermesta et Sipylum, quod ante Tantalis vocabatur, caput Maeoniae, ubi nunc est stagnum Sale.

[117] next to them were the towns Pteleon, Helos, Dorion; now there is the river Aleon; Corynaeum, the promontory of Mimas; Clazomenae; Partheniae and Hippi, called Chytrophoria when they were islands. Alexander likewise had ordered these to be connected to the mainland for two stadia in length. Inland have perished Daphnus and Hermesta and Sipylum, which before was called Tantalis, the capital of Maeonia, where now is the lake Sale.

obiit et Archaeopolis, substituta Sipylo, et inde illi Colpe et huic Libade.

Archaeopolis too passed away, Sipylus having been substituted; and then to that one, Colpe, and to this one, Libade.

[118] regredientibus inde abest XII p., ab Amazone condita, restituta ab Alexandro, in ora Zmyrna, amne Melete gaudens non procul orto. montes Asiae nobilissimi in hoc tractu fere explicant se: Mastusia a tergo Zmyrnae et Termetis Olympi radicibus iunctus in Dracone desinit, Draco in Tmolo, Tmolus in Cadmo, ille in Tauro.

[118] for those returning, from there it is 12 miles away: on the shore Smyrna, founded by an Amazon, restored by Alexander, rejoicing in the river Melete, which rises not far off. montes of Asia the most noble in this tract as it were unfold themselves: Mastusia behind Smyrna, and the Termetis Olympus, joined at the roots, ends in the Draco; the Draco in Tmolus, Tmolus in Cadmus, that one in Taurus.

[119] a Zmyrna Hermus amnis campos secat et nomini suo adoptat. oritur iuxta Dorylaum, Phrygiae civitatem, multosque colligit fluvios, inter quos Phrygem, qui nomine genti dato a Caria eam disterminat, Hyllum et Cryon, ipsos Phrygiae, Mysiae, Lydiae amnibus repletos. fuit in ore eius oppidum Temnos, nunc in extremo sinu Myrmeces scopuli, oppidum Leucae in promunturio, quod insula fuit, finisque Ioniae Phocaea.

[119] from Zmyrna the river Hermus cuts through the plains and gives them its name. It rises near Dorylaum, a city of Phrygia, and gathers many rivers, among them the Phryges, which, having given its name to the nation, separates it from Caria, and the Hyllus and Cryos, themselves filling Phrygia, Mysia, and Lydia with streams. At its mouth there was the town Temnos; now, at the far end of the bay, are the rocks Myrmeces; the town of Leucae on a promontory, which was once an island; and the boundary of Ionia is Phocaea.

[120] Zmyrnaeum conventum magna pars et Aeoliae, quae mox dicetur, frequentat praeterque Macedones Hyrcani cognominati et Magnetes a Sipylo. verum Ephesum, alterum lumen Asiae, remotiores conveniunt Caesarienses, Metropolitae, Cilbiani Inferiores et Superiores, Mysomacednoes, Mastaurenses, Briullitae, Hypaepeni, Dioshieritae.

[120] A great part of Aeolis too, which will soon be mentioned, frequents the Smyrnaean assize, and besides these the Macedonians surnamed Hyrcani, and the Magnetes from Sipylus. But to Ephesus, the other light of Asia, the more remote assemble: the Caesarienses, Metropolitae, the Lower and Upper Cilbiani, the Mysomacednoes, Mastaurenses, Briullitae, Hypaepeni, and Dioshieritae.

[121] Aeolis proxima est, quondam Mysia appellata, et quae Hellesponto adiacet Troas. ibi a Phocaea Ascanius portus. dein fuerat Larisa, sunt Cyme, Myrina quae Sebastopolim se vocat, et intus Aegaeae, Itale, Posidea, Neon Tichos, Temnos.

[121] Next to Aeolis is the land once called Mysia, and the Troad, which is adjacent to the Hellespont. There, of Phocaea, is the harbor Ascanius. Then there had been Larisa; there are Cyme, Myrina, which calls itself Sebastopolis, and inland Aegaeae, Itale, Posidea, Neon Tichos, Temnos.

in ora autem Titanus amnis et civitas ab eo cognominata — fuit et Grynia, nunc tantum portus, olim insula adprehensa —, oppidum Elsea et ex Mysia veniens Caicus amnis, oppidum Pitane, Canaitis amnis.

on the coast, however, the Titanus river and a city cognominated from it — there was also Grynia, now only a port, once an island attached —, the town Elsea, and the Caicus river coming from Mysia, the town Pitane, the Canaitis river.

[122] intercidere Canae, Lysimachea, Atarnea, Carene, Cisthene, Cilla, Cocylium, Thebe, Astyre, Chrysa, Palaescepsis, Gergitha, Neandros; nunc est Perperene civitas, Heracleotes tractus, Coryphas oppidum, amnes Grylios, Ollius, regio Aphrodisias quae antea Politice Orgas, regio Scepsis, flumen Euenum, cuius in ripis intercidere Lyrnesos, Miletos. in hoc tractu Ide mons et in ora, quae sinum cognominavit et conventum, Adramytteos, olim Pedasus dicta, flumina Astron, Cormalos, Crianos, Alabastros, Hieros ex Ida; intus mons Gargara eodemque nomine oppidum.

[122] have disappeared Canae, Lysimachea, Atarnea, Carene, Cisthene, Cilla, Cocylium, Thebe, Astyre, Chrysa, Palaescepsis, Gergitha, Neandros; now there is the city Perperene, the Heracleote tract, the town Coryphas, the rivers Grylios and Ollius, the region Aphrodisias, which earlier was Politice Orgas, the region Scepsis, the river Evenus, on whose banks have disappeared Lyrnesos and Miletos. In this tract Mount Ida, and on the shore, which gave its name to the gulf and the conventus (jurisdiction), the Adramyttene, formerly called Pedasus, the rivers Astron, Cormalos, Crianos, Alabastros, and Hieros from Ida; inland Mount Gargara and a town of the same name.

[123] rursus in litore Antandros, Edonis prius vocata, dein Cimmeris, Assos, eadem apollonia — fuit et Palamedium oppidum —, promunturium Lectum disterminans Aeolida et Troada. fuit et Polymedia civitas, Chrysa et Larisa alia. Zminthium templum durat.

[123] again on the shore Antandros, formerly called Edonis, then Cimmeris, Assos, likewise Apollonia — there was also the town Palamedium —, the promontory Lectum dividing Aeolis and the Troad. There was also the city Polymedia, Chrysa, and another Larisa. The Zminthium temple endures.

intus Colone intercidit. deportant Adramytteum negotia Apollonitae a Rhyndaco amne, Eresi, Miletopolitae, Poemaneni, Macedones Asculacae, Polichnaei, Pionitae, Cilices Mandacandeni, Mysi Abretteni et Hellespontii appellati et alii ignobiles.

inland, Colone has disappeared. they transport their commerce to Adramytteum: the Apollonitae from the river Rhyndacus, the Eresii, the Miletopolitans, the Poemaneni, the Macedonians of Asculaca, the Polichnaeans, the Pionitae, the Cilicians Mandacandeni, the Mysians Abretteni, and those called Hellespontii, and other ignoble peoples.

[124] Troadis primus locus Hamaxitus, dein Cebrenia ipsaque Troas, Antigonia dicta, nunc Alexandria colonia Romana, oppidum Nee, Scamander amnis navigabilis et in promunturio quondam Sigeum oppidum; dein portus Achaeorum, in quem influit Xanthus Simoenti iunctus stagnumque prius faciens Palaescamander; ceteri Homero celebrati, Rhesus, Heptaporus, Carsus, Rhodius, vestigia non habent. Granicus diverso tractu in Propontida fluit. est tamen, ut prius, Scamandria civitas parva ac MM:D p. remotum a portu Ilium immune, unde omnis rerum claritas.

[124] The first place of the Troad is Hamaxitus, then Cebrenia and Troas itself, called Antigonia, now Alexandria, a Roman colony; the town Nee; the river Scamander, navigable; and on the promontory, once the town Sigeum; then the port of the Achaeans, into which the Xanthus flows, joined with the Simois and first making a pool, the Palae‑Scamander; the others celebrated by Homer—Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, Rhodius—have no vestiges. The Granicus, by a different tract, flows into the Propontis. There is, however, as before, Scamandria, a small community, and Ilium, tax‑exempt, 2,500 p. distant from the port—whence all the renown of events.

[125] extra sinum sunt Rhoetea litora, Rhoeteo et Dardanio et Arisbe oppidis habitata. fuit et Achilleon oppidum, iuxta tumulum Achillis conditum a Mytilenaeis et mox Atheniensibus, ubi classis eius steterat in Sigeo. fuit et Aeantion, a Rhodiis conditum in altero cornu, Aiace ibi sepulto XXX stadiorum intervallo a Sigeo, et ipso in statione classis suae.

[125] outside the bay are the Rhoetean shores, inhabited by the towns Rhoeteum and Dardanium and Arisbe. There was also the town Achilleon, founded next to the tumulus of Achilles by the Mytilenaeans and soon after by the Athenians, where his fleet had stood at Sigeum. There was also the Aeantion, founded by the Rhodians on the other horn, with Ajax buried there, at an interval of 30 stadia from Sigeum, and he himself in the station of his fleet.

supra Aeolida et partem Troadis in mediterraneo est quae vocatur Teuthrania, quam Mysi antiquitus tenuere. ibi Caicus amnis iam dictus oritur. gens ampla per se, etiam cum totum Mysia appellaretur.

Above Aeolis and a part of the Troad, inland, is what is called Teuthrania, which the Mysians in antiquity held. There the river Caïcus, already mentioned, rises. A people ample in itself, even when the whole region was called Mysia.

[126] Pioniae, Andera, Idale, Stabulum, Conisium, Teium, Balce, Tiare, Teuthranie, Sarnaca, Haliserne, Lycide, Parthenium, Cambre, Oxyopum, Lygdamum, Apollonia longeque clarissimum Asiae Pergamum, quod intermeat Selinus, praefluit Cetius profusus Pindaso monte. abest haud procul Elaea, quam in litore diximus. Pergamena velut eius tractus iurisdictio.

[126] Pioniae, Andera, Idale, Stabulum, Conisium, Teium, Balce, Tiare, Teuthranie, Sarnaca, Haliserne, Lycide, Parthenium, Cambre, Oxyopum, Lygdamum, Apollonia, and, by far the most renowned of Asia, Pergamum, which the Selinus runs through; the Cetius flows before it, poured forth from Mount Pindasus. Not far away is Elaea, which we said is on the shore. The Pergamene [territory], as it were, the jurisdiction of that tract.

ad eam conveniunt Thyatireni, Mossyni, Mygdones, Bregmeni, Hierocometae, Perpereni, Tiareni, Hierolophienses, Hermocapelitae, Attalenses, Panteenses, Apollonidienses aliaeque inhonorae civitates.

to it there convene the Thyatirenes, Mossyni, Mygdones, Bregmeni, Hierocometae, Perpereni, Tiareni, Hierolophienses, Hermocapelitae, Attalenses, Panteenses, Apollonidienses, and other unrenowned cities.

[127] a Rhoeteo Dardanium oppidum parvum abest stadia LXX. inde XVIII promunturium Trapeza, unde primum concitat se Hellespontus. Ex Asia interisse gentes tradit Eratosthenes Solymorum, Lelegum, Bebrycum, Colycantiorum, Tripsedorum, Isidorus Arieneos et Capreatas, ubi sit Apamea condita a Seleuco rege inter Ciliciam, Cappadociam, Cataoniam, Armeniam, et quoniam ferocissimas gentes domuisset, initio Dameam vocatam.

[127] from Rhoeteum the small town Dardanium is distant 70 stadia. thence 18 the promontory Trapeza, whence the Hellespont is first set in motion. Out of Asia Eratosthenes hands down that the peoples of the Solymi, Leleges, Bebryces, Colycantii, Tripsedii have perished; Isidorus [adds] the Arienei and Capreatae, where Apamea is, founded by King Seleucus between Cilicia, Cappadocia, Cataonia, Armenia; and since he had tamed the fiercest peoples, at the beginning it was called Damea.

[128] Insularum ante Asiam prima est in Canopico ostio Nili, a Canopo, Menelai gubernatore, ut ferunt, dicta; altera iuncta ponte Alexandriae, colonia Caesaris dictatoris, Pharos, quondam diei navigatione distans ab Aegypto, nunc e turri nocturnis ignibus cursum navium regens: namque fallacibus vadis Alexandria tribus omnino aditur alveis mari, Stegano, Posideo, Tauro. in Phoenicio deinde mari est ante Iopen Paria, tota oppidum, in qua obiectam belvae Andromedam ferunt, et iam dicta Arados, inter quam et continentem L cubita alto mari, ut auctor est Mucianus, e fonte culcis aqua turbo coriis facto usque a vado trahitur.

[128] The first of the islands before Asia is in the Canopic mouth of the Nile, called, as they say, from Canopus, the helmsman of Menelaus; another, joined by a bridge to Alexandria, a colony of Caesar the Dictator, is Pharos, formerly a day’s sailing distant from Egypt, now from its tower, by nocturnal fires, directing the course of ships: for, because of treacherous shallows, Alexandria is approached from the sea only by three channels, the Steganos, the Posideion, and the Taurus. Then in the Phoenician Sea there is, before Joppa, Paria, entirely a town, in which they say Andromeda was exposed to the beast, and Arados already mentioned, between which and the mainland the sea is 50 cubits deep, as Mucianus is authority, and water from a spring is drawn up in water‑skins, a whirl contrived of hides, straight from the shoal.

[129] Pamphylium mare ignobiles insulas habet, Cilicium ex quinque maximis Cyprum, ad ortum occasumque Ciliciae ac Syriae obiectam, quondam novem regnorum sedem, huius circuitum Timosthenes CCCCXXVII:D p. prodidit, Isidorus CCCLXXV. longitudinem inter duo promunturia, Clidas et Acamanta, quod est ab occasu, Artemidorus CLXII:D, Timosthenes CC; vocatam ante Acamantida Philonides, Cerastim Xenagoras et Aspeliam et Amathusiam et Macariam, Astynomus Crypton et Colinian.

[129] The Pamphylian Sea has undistinguished islands; the Cilician (Sea) counts among its five greatest Cyprus, lying over against the east and west of Cilicia and Syria, once the seat of nine kingdoms. Timosthenes reported its circumference as 427½ miles, Isidorus as 375. Its length between the two promontories, Clidas and Acamanta (which is on the west), Artemidorus gives as 162½, Timosthenes as 200. Philonides called it formerly Acamantida; Xenagoras, Cerastis; and also Aspelia, Amathusia, and Macaria; Astynomus, Crypton and Colinian.

[130] oppida in each XV, Nea Paphos, Palaepaphos, Curias, Citium, Corinaeum, Salamis, Amathus, Lapethos, Soloe, Tamasos, Epidaurum, Chytri, Arsinoe, Carpasium, Golgoe. fuere et Cinyria, Mareum, Idalium. abest ab Anemurio Ciliciae L mare quod praetenditur vocant Aulona Cilicium.

[130] towns in it 15, New Paphos, Old Paphos, Curias, Citium, Corinaeum, Salamis, Amathus, Lapethus, Soloe, Tamasos, Epidaurum, Chytri, Arsinoe, Carpasium, Golgoe. there also were Cinyria, Mareum, Idalium. it is 50 away from Anemurium of Cilicia; the sea which is stretched in front is called the Cilician Aulon.

in eodem situ Elaeusa insula est et quattuor ante promunturium ex adverso Syriae Clides rursusque ab altero capite Stiria, contra Neam Paphum Hiera Cepia, contra Salamina Salaminiae.

In the same position is the island Elaeusa, and, four before the promontory over against Syria, the Clides; and again from the other headland, Stiria; opposite Nea Paphos, Hiera Cepia; opposite Salamis, the Salaminiae.

[131] in Lycio autem mari Idyris, Telendos, Attelebussa, Cypriae tres steriles et Dionysia, prius Charaeta dicta, dein contra Tauri promunturium pestiferae navigantibus Chelidoniae totidem, ab iss cum oppido Leucolla, Pactyae, Lasia, Nymphais, Macris, Megista, cuius civitas interiit. multae deinde ignobiles, sed contra Chimaeram Dolichiste, Choerogylion, Crambusa, Rhoge, Xenagora VIII, Daedalon duae, Cryeon tres, Strongyle et contra Sidyma Antiochi Glaucumque versus amnem Lagusa, Macris, Didymae, Helbo, Scope, Aspis et, in qua oppidum interiit, Telandria proximaque Cauno Rhodusa.

[131] in the Lycian sea, however: Idyris, Telendos, Attelebussa, the three barren Cypriae, and Dionysia, previously called Charaeta; then, over against the promontory of Taurus, the Chelidoniae, as many, pestiferous to sailors; after these, with a town, Leucolla, the Pactyae, Lasia, Nymphais, Macris, Megista, whose civitas has perished. many then of no note, but over against the Chimaera: Dolichiste, Choerogylion, Crambusa, Rhoge, Xenagora 8, Daedalon 2, Cryeon 3, Strongyle; and, over against Sidyma, toward Antiochia and the river Glaucus, Lagusa, Macris, Didymae, Helbo, Scope, Aspis, and, in which a town has perished, Telandria, and, next to Caunus, Rhodusa.

[132] Sed pulcherrima est libera Rhodos, circuitu CXXV aut, si potius Isidoro credimus,CIII, habitata urbibus Lindo, Camiro, Ialyso, nunc Rhodo. distat ab Alexandria Aegypti DLXXXIII, ut Isidorus tradit, ut Eratosthenes,CCCCLXVIIII, ut Mucianus D, a Cypro CLXXVI. vocitata est antea Ophiusa, Asteria, Aethria, Trinacrie, Corymbia, Poeeessa, Atabyria ab rege, dein Macaria et Oloessa.

[132] But the most beautiful is free Rhodes, with a circumference of 125 or, if rather we believe Isidore,103, inhabited by the cities Lindus, Camirus, Ialysus, now Rhodes. It is distant from Alexandria of Egypt 583, as Isidore hands down; as Eratosthenes,469; as Mucianus,500; from Cyprus 176. It was formerly called Ophiusa, Asteria, Aethria, Trinacrie, Corymbia, Poeeessa, Atabyria from the king, then Macaria and Oloessa.

[133] Rhodiorum insulae Carpathus, quae mari nomen dedit, Casos, Hagne, Eulimna, Nisyros, distans a Cnido XV:D, Porphyris antea dicta, et eodem tractu media inter Rhodum Cnidumque Syme; cingitur XXXVII:D, portus benigne praebet VIII. praeter eas circa Rhodum Cyclopis, Teganon, Corydlusa, Diabatae IIII, Hymos, Chalce eum oppido, Teutlusa, Narthecusa, Dimastos, Progne et a Cnido Cisserusa, Therionarcia, Calydne cum tribus oppidis, Notio, Nisyro, Mendetero, et in Arconneso oppidum Ceramus. in Cariae ora quae vocantur Argiae numero XX et Hyetusa, Lepsia, Leros.

[133] The islands of the Rhodians are Carpathus, which gave its name to the sea, Casos, Hagne, Eulimna, Nisyros, distant from Cnidus 15:D, formerly called Porphyris, and in the same tract, midway between Rhodes and Cnidus, Syme; it is girdled 37:D, it kindly offers 8 harbors. Besides these, around Rhodes, Cyclopis, Teganon, Corydlusa, the Diabatae 4, Hymos, Chalce with a town, Teutlusa, Narthecusa, Dimastos, Progne, and from Cnidus Cisserusa, Therionarcia, Calydne with three towns, Notio, Nisyro, Mendetero, and on Arconnesus the town Ceramus. On the Carian coast, those which are called the Argiae, in number 20, and Hyetusa, Lepsia, Leros.

[134] nobilissima autem in eo sinu Coos, ab Halicarnaso XV distans, circuitu C, ut plures existimant, Merope vocata, Cea, ut Staphylus, Meropis, ut Dionysius, dein Nymphaea. mons ibi Prion; et Nisyron abruptam illi putant, quae Porphyris antea dicta est. Caryanda cum oppido, nec procul ab Halicarnaso Pidossus; in Ceramico autem sinu Priaponesos, Hipponesos, Pserima, Lampsa, Aemyndus, Passala, Crusa, Pyrraethusa, Sepiusa, Melano paulumque a continente distans quae vocata est Cinaedopolis, probrosis ibi relictis a rege Alexandro.

[134] But the most renowned in that gulf is Coos (Cos), 15 distant from Halicarnassus, with a circumference of 100, as more suppose, called Merope—“Cea,” according to Staphylus, “Meropis,” according to Dionysius—then Nymphaea. There the mountain Prion; and they think Nisyros was broken off from it, which was previously called Porphyris. Caryanda with its town, and not far from Halicarnassus Pidossus; and in the Ceramic Gulf, Priaponesos, Hipponesos, Pserima, Lampsa, Aemyndus, Passala, Crusa, Pyrraethusa, Sepiusa, Melano, and, a little removed from the mainland, that which is called Cinaedopolis, the disreputable being left there by King Alexander.

[135] Ioniae ora Aegeas et Corseas habet et Icaron, de qua dictum est, Laden, quae prius Late vocabatur, atque inter ignobiles aliquot duas Camelitas Mileto vicinas, Mycalae Trogilias tres, Philion, Argennon, Sandalion, Samon liberam, circuitu LXXXVII:D aut, ut Isidorus,C. Partheniam primum appellatam Aristoteles tradit, postea Dryusam, deinde Anthemusam; Aristocritus adicit Melamphyllum, dein Cyparissiam, alii Parthenoarrhusam, Stephanen. amnes in each Imbrasus, Chesius, Hibiethes, fontes Gigartho, Leucothea, mons Cercetius. adiacent insulae Rhypara, Nymphaea, Achillea.

[135] the coast of Ionia has Aegeas and Corseas and Icarus, about which mention has been made, Lade, which earlier was called Late, and, among several unnotable [islands], the two Camelitae near Miletus, the three Trogiliae of Mycale, Philion, Argennon, Sandalion, Samos free, with a circuit of 87½, or, as Isidorus, 100. Aristotle hands down that it was first named Parthenia, afterwards Dryusa, then Anthemusa; Aristocritus adds Melamphyllus, then Cyparissia, others Parthenoarrhusa, Stephane. rivers in it: Imbrasus, Chesius, Hibiethes; springs: Gigartho, Leucothea; mount Cercetius. adjacent are the islands Rhypara, Nymphaea, Achillea.

[136] Par claritate ab each distat XCIIII cum oppido Chios libera, quam Aethaliam Ephorus prisco nomine appellat, Metrodorus et Cleobulus Chiam a Chione nympha, aliqui a nive, et Macrim et Pityusam. montem habet Pelinnaeum, marmor Chium. circuitu CXXV colligit, ut veteres tradidere, Isidorus VIIII adicit.

[136] Equal in renown, at a distance of 94 from it, is Chios, free, with a town; Ephorus calls it by the ancient name Aethalia, Metrodorus and Cleobulus derive “Chios” from the nymph Chione, some from snow, and [call it] also Macris and Pityusa. It has the mountain Pelinnaeus, and Chian marble. In circumference it totals 125, as the ancients handed down; Isidore adds 9.

posita est inter Samum et Lesbum, ex adverso maxime Erythrarum.

it is situated between Samos and Lesbos, lying chiefly opposite the Erythraeans.

[137] finitimae sunt Tellusa, quam alii Paphnusam scribunt, Oenusa, Elaphitis, Euryanassa, Arginusa cum oppido. iam hae circa Ephesum et quae Pisistrati vocantur Anthinae, Myonnesos, Diarrheusa — in utraque oppida intercidere —, Poroselene cum oppido, Cerciae, Halone, Commone, Illetia, Lepria, Aethre, Sphaeria, Procusae, Bolbulae, Pheate, Priapos, Syce, Melane, Aenare, Sidusa, Pele, Drymusa, Anhydros, Scopelos, Sycusa, Marathusa, Psile, Perirrheusa multaeque ignobiles.

[137] neighboring are Tellusa, which others write Paphnusa, Oenusa, Elaphitis, Euryanassa, Arginusa with a town. Now these are around Ephesus, and those which by Pisistratus are called the Anthinae, Myonnesos, Diarrheusa — in both, the towns have perished —, Poroselene with a town, Cerciae, Halone, Commone, Illetia, Lepria, Aethre, Sphaeria, Procusae, Bolbulae, Pheate, Priapos, Syce, Melane, Aenare, Sidusa, Pele, Drymusa, Anhydros, Scopelos, Sycusa, Marathusa, Psile, Perirrheusa, and many ignoble ones.

[138] clara vere in alto Teos cum oppido, a Chio LXXII:D, tantundem ab Erythris. iuxta Zmyrnam sunt Peristerides, Carteria, Alopece, Elaeusa, Bacchina, Pystira, Crommyonesos, Megale, ante Troada Ascaniae, Plateae tres, dein Lamiae, Plitaniae duae, Plate, Scopelos, Getone, Arthedon, Coele, Lagusae, Didymae.

[138] truly renowned out in the deep is Teos with a town, from Chios 72:D, just as much from Erythrae. Next to Zmyrna are the Peristerides, Carteria, Alopece, Elaeusa, Bacchina, Pystira, Crommyonesos, Megale, before the Troad the Ascaniae, three Plateae, then the Lamiae, two Plitaniae, Plate, Scopelos, Getone, Arthedon, Coele, the Lagusae, the Didymae.

[139] Clarissima autem Lesbos, a Chio LXV, Himerte et Lasia, Pelasgia, Aegira, Aethiope, Macaria appellata. fuit VIIII oppidis incluta: ex his Pyrrha hausta est mari, Arisbe terrarum motu subversa, Antissam Methymna traxit in se, ipsa VIIII urbibus Asiae in XXXVII p. vicina. et Agamede obiit et Hiera; restant Eresos, Pyrrha et libera Mytilene, annis MD potens.

[139] Most renowned, however, is Lesbos, 65 from Chios, called Himerte and Lasia, Pelasgia, Aegira, Aethiope, and Macaria. It was illustrious for 9 towns: of these Pyrrha was swallowed up by the sea, Arisbe was overturned by an earthquake, Methymna drew Antissa to itself; it itself is near to 9 cities of Asia within 37 miles. And Agamede too has perished, and Hiera; there remain Eresos, Pyrrha, and free Mytilene, powerful for 1,500 years.

[140] tota insula circuitur, ut Isidorus,CLXVIII, ut veteres,CXCV. montes habet Lepetymnum, Ordymnum, Macistum, Creonem, Olympum. a proxima continete abest VII:D p. insulae adpositae Sandalium, Leucae V, ex iis Cydonea cum fonte calido.

[140] the whole island measures in circuit, according to Isidore, 168; according to the ancients, 195. it has mountains Lepetymnus, Ordymnus, Macistus, Creon, Olympus. from the nearest mainland it is distant 7 miles and 500 paces. islands set nearby are Sandalium, the Leucae 5; of these, Cydonea with a hot spring.

Arginusae ab Aege IIII p. distant. dein Phellusa, Pedna, extra Hellespontum adversa Sigeo litori iacet Tenedus, Leucophrys dicta et Phoenice et Lyrnesos; abest a Lesbo LVI, a Sigeo XII:D.

Arginusae are 4 miles distant from Aege. Then Phellusa, Pedna; outside the Hellespont, opposite the Sigean shore lies Tenedos, called Leucophrys and Phoenice and Lyrnesos; it is 56 miles from Lesbos, and 12 miles in a direct line from Sigeum.

[141] Impetum deinde sumit Hellespontus, et mare incumbit, verticibus limitem fodiens, donec Asiam abrumpat Europae. promunturium id appellavimus Trapezam. ab eo X p. Abydum oppidum, ubi angustiae VII stadiorum.

[141] Then the Hellespont takes its onset, and the sea bears down, furrowing a boundary with its eddies, until it breaks Asia off from Europe. We have called that promontory Trapeza. From it, 10 miles away, the town of Abydus, where the narrows are 7 stadia.

deinde Percote oppidum et Lampsacum, antea Pityusa dictum, Parium colonia quam Homerus Adrastiam appellavit, oppidum Priapos, amnis Aesepus, Zelia, Propontis — ita appellatur ubi se distat mare —, flumen Granicum, Artace portus ubi oppidum fuit.

then the town Percote and Lampsacus, formerly called Pityusa, Parium, a colony which Homer called Adrastia, the town Priapos, the river Aesepus, Zeleia, the Propontis — thus it is called where the sea spreads out —, the river Granicus, the harbor Artace where there was a town.

[142] ultra insulam continenti iunxit Alexander, in qua oppidum Milesiorum Cyzicum, ante vocitatum Arctonnesus et Dolionis et Didymis, cuius a vertice mons Didymus. mox oppida Placia, Ariace, Scylace, quorum a tergo mons Olympus, Mysius dictus, civitas Olympena, amnes Horisius et Rhyndacus, ante Lycus vocatus; oritur in stagno Artynia iuxta Miletopolim, recipit Maceston et plerosque alios, Asiam Bithyniamque disterminans.

[142] beyond, Alexander joined the island to the mainland, in which is the town of the Milesians, Cyzicus, formerly called Arctonnesus and Dolionis and Didymis, whose summit is Mount Didymus. Next, the towns Placia, Ariace, Scylace, behind which is Mount Olympus, called Mysian; the city Olympena; the rivers Horisius and Rhyndacus, formerly named the Lycus; it rises in the lake Artynia near Miletopolis, receives the Macestus and several others, dividing Asia and Bithynia.

[143] each appellata est Cronia, dein Thessalis, dein Malianda et Strymonis. hos Homerus Halizonas cixit, quando praecingitur gens mari. urbs fuit inmensa Atussa nomine, nunc sunt XII civitates inter quas Gordiu Come, quae Iuliopolis vocatur.

[143] this was called Cronia, then Thessalis, then Malianda and of the Strymon. Homer sang of these as the Halizones, since the nation is girded by the sea. There was a vast city named Atussa; now there are 12 cities, among which Gordiu Come, which is called Iuliopolis.

in ora Dascylos, dein flumen Gelbes et intus Helgas oppidum, quae Germanicopolis, alio nomine Booscoete, sicut Apamea, quae nunc Myrlea Colophoniorum, flumen Echeleos, anticus Troadis finis et Mysiae initium.

on the shore Dascylos, then the river Gelbes, and inland the town Helgas, which is Germanicopolis, by another name Booscoete, just as Apamea, which is now Myrlea of the Colophonians, the river Echeleos, the ancient end of the Troad and the beginning of Mysia.

[144] postea sinus in quo flumen Ascanium, oppidum Bryalion, amnes Hylas et Cios cum oppido eiusdem nominis, quod fuit emporium non procul accolentis Phrygiae, a Milesiis quidem conditum, in loco tamen qui Ascania Phrygiae vocabatur. quapropter non aliubi aptius de each dicatur.

[144] afterwards a bay in which are the Ascanian river, the town Bryalion, the rivers Hylas and Cios with a town of the same name, which was an emporium not far from adjoining Phrygia, founded indeed by the Milesians, yet in a place that was called the Ascania of Phrygia. Wherefore it is not more fitting that it be spoken of elsewhere.

[145] Phrygia, Troadi superiecta populisque a promunturio Lecto ad flumen Echeleum praedictis, septentrionali sui parte Galatiae contermina, meridiana Lycaoniae, Pisidiae, Mygdoniae, ab oriente Cappadociam attingit. oppida ibi celeberrima praeter iam dicta Ancyra, Andria, Celaenae, Colossae, Carina, Cotiaïon, Ceraïne, Conium, Midaïum. sunt auctores transisse ex Europa Moesos et Brygos et Thynos, a quibus appellentur Mysi, Phryges, Bithyni.

[145] Phrygia, lying above the Troad and the peoples aforesaid from the promontory Lectum to the river Echeleus, in its northern part is conterminous with Galatia, in its southern with Lycaonia, Pisidia, Mygdonia, and on the east it touches Cappadocia. The most celebrated towns there, besides those already named, are Ancyra, Andria, Celaenae, Colossae, Carina, Cotiaïon, Ceraïne, Conium, Midaïum. There are authors who say that the Moesi and Brygi and Thyni crossed over from Europe, from whom the Mysians, Phrygians, and Bithynians are so called.

[146] Simul dicendum videtur et de Galatia, quae superposita agros maiore ex parte Phrygiae tenet caputque quondam eius Gordium. qui partem eam insedere Gallorum Tolostobogi et Voturi et Ambitouti vocantur; qui Maeoniae et Paphlagoniae regionem, Trogmi. praetenditur Cappadocia a septentrione et solis ortu, cuius uberrimam partem occupavere Tectosages.

[146] At the same time it seems that something should be said also about Galatia, which, set above, for the greater part occupies the fields of Phrygia and once had Gordium as its capital. The Gauls who settled that part are called the Tolostobogi, the Voturi, and the Ambitouti; those of the region of Maeonia and Paphlagonia, the Trogmi. Cappadocia fronts it on the north and at the sunrise, of which the Tectosages have occupied the richest part.

ac toto tractu gentes quidem hae, populi vero ac tetrarchiae omnes numero CXCV. oppida Tectosagum Ancyra, Trogmorum Tavium, Tolostobogiorum Pisinuus

and along the whole tract these are the gentes; but the peoples and the tetrarchies all are in number 195. the towns: of the Tectosages, Ancyra; of the Trogmi, Tavium; of the Tolostobogii, Pisinuus

[147] praeter hos celebres Attalenses, Arassenses, Comenses, Dicitenses, Hierorenses, Lystreni, Neapolitani, Oeandenses, Seleucenses, Sebasteni, Timoniacenses, Thebaseni. attingit Galatia et Pamphyliae Cabaliam et Milyas qui circa Barim sunt et Cyllanicum et Oroandicum Pisidiae in each praeter iam dicta Saggarium et Gallus, a quo nomen traxere Matris deum sacerdotes.

[147] besides these, the celebrated Attalenses, Arassenses, Comenses, Dicitenses, Hierorenses, Lystreni, Neapolitani, Oeandenses, Seleucenses, Sebasteni, Timoniacenses, Thebaseni. Galatia also touches Pamphylia’s Cabalia and the Milyas, which are around Baris, and the Cyllanicum and Oroandicum of Pisidia; in it, besides those already mentioned, are the Sangarius and the Gallus, from which the priests of the Mother of the gods drew their name.

[148] Nunc reliqua in ora. a Cio intus in Bithynia Prusa, ab Hannibale sub Olympo condita — indea Nicaeam XXV p. interveniente Ascanio lacu —, dein Nicaea in ultimo Ascanio sinu, quae prius Olbia et Prusias, item altera sub Hypio monte. fuere Pythopolis, Parthenopolis, Coryphanta.

[148] Now the remaining [places] on the coast. From Cius, inland in Bithynia, Prusa, founded by Hannibal under Olympus — thence to Nicaea 25 miles, Lake Ascania intervening —, then Nicaea at the farthest recess of Ascania, which earlier was Olbia and Prusias, likewise another beneath Mount Hypius. There were Pythopolis, Parthenopolis, Coryphanta.

sunt in ora amnes Aesius, Bryazon, Plataneus, Areus, Aesyros, Geudos, qui et Chrysorroas, promunturium in quo Megarice oppidum fuit. inde Craspedites sinus vocabatur, quoniam id oppidum velut in lacinia erat. fuit et Astacum, unde et ex eo Astacenus idem sinus; fuit et Libyssa oppidum, ubi nunc Hannibalis tantum tumulus.

On the shore are the rivers Aesius, Bryazon, Plataneus, Areus, Aesyros, Geudos, which is also called Chrysorroas; a promontory on which there was the town Megarice. From there the gulf was called Craspedites, since that town was, as it were, on the border (lacinia). There was also Astacum, whence from it the same gulf was likewise called Astacenus; and there was the town Libyssa, where now there is only Hannibal’s tumulus.

est in intimo sinu Nicomedia Bithyniae praeclara.

In the inmost bay is Nicomedia, illustrious in Bithynia.

[149] Leucatas promunturium, quo includitur Astacenus sinus, a Nicomedia XXXVII:D p., rursusque coeuntibus terris angustiae pertinentes usque ad Bosporum Thracium. in his Calchadon libera, a Nicomedia LXII:D p., Procerastis ante dicta, dein Colpusa, postea Caecorum oppidum, quod locum eligere nescissent, VII stadiis distante Byzantio, tanto feliciore omnibus modis sede. ceterum intus in Bithynia colonia Apamena, Agrippenses, Iuliopolitae, Bithynion.

[149] Leucatas, a promontory by which the Astacene gulf is enclosed, from Nicomedia 37:D p.; and then, as the lands come together again, narrows reaching as far as the Thracian Bosporus. Among these is Chalcedon, a free city, 62:D p. from Nicomedia, formerly called Procerastis, then Colpusa, afterwards the Town of the Blind, because they did not know how to choose a site, 7 stadia distant from Byzantium, whose seat is in every way so much the more fortunate. But inland in Bithynia: the Apamean colony, the Agrippenses, the Juliopolitans, Bithynion.

flumina Syrium, Laphias, Pharnacias, Alces, Serinis, Lilaeus, Scopas, Hieros, qui Bithyniam et Galatiam disterminunt.

the rivers Syrium, Laphias, Pharnacias, Alces, Serinis, Lilaeus, Scopas, Hieros, which demarcate Bithynia and Galatia.

[150] ultra Calchadona Chrysopolis fuit, dein Nicopolis, a qua nomen etiamnum sinus retinet, in quo portus Amyci. dei Naulochium promunturium, Estiae, templum Neptuni. Bosporus, D p. intervallo Asiam Europae iterum auferens, abest a Calchadone XII:D p., inde fauces primae VIII:DCCL p., ubi Spiropolis oppidum fuit.

[150] beyond Chalcedon was Chrysopolis, then Nicopolis, from which the bay even now retains its name, in which is the harbor of Amycus. the Naulochium promontory, Estia, a temple of Neptune. The Bosporus, at an interval of 500 paces, again separating Asia from Europe, is distant from Chalcedon 12,500 paces; thence the first narrows are 8,750 paces, where the town Spiropolis was.

tenent oram omnem Thyni, interiora Bithyni. is finis Asiae est populorumque CCLXXXII, qui ad eum locum a fine Lyciae numerantur. spatium Hellesponti et Propontidis ad Bosporum Thracium CCXXXVIIII p. diximus.

the Thynians hold the whole shore, the Bithynians the interior. this is the end of Asia and of 282 peoples, who up to that place are counted from the border of Lycia. we have said that the span of the Hellespont and the Propontis to the Thracian Bosporus is 239 p.

a Calchadone Sigeum Isidorus CCCXXII:D p. tradit.

Isidore reports Sigeum to be 322:500 p. from Chalcedon.

[151] Insulae in Propontide ante Cyzicum Elaphonnesus, unde Cyzicenum marmor, eadem Neuris et Proconnesus dicta. secuntur Ophiusa, Acanthus, Phoebe, Scopelos, Porphyrione, Halone cum oppido, Delphacie, Polydora, Artacaeon cum oppido. est et contra Nicomediam Demonnesos, item ultra Heracleam adversa Bithyniae Thynias, quam barbari Bithyniam vocant.

[151] The islands in the Propontis before Cyzicus are Elaphonnesus, whence the Cyzicene marble, the same also called Neuris and Proconnesus. Next follow Ophiusa, Acanthus, Phoebe, Scopelos, Porphyrione, Halone with a town, Delphacie, Polydora, Artacaeon with a town. There is also, opposite Nicomedia, Demonnesos; likewise beyond Heraclea, facing Bithynia, Thynias, which the barbarians call Bithynia.

est et Antiochia et contra fauces Rhydaci Besbicos,XVIII p. circuitu. est et Elaea et duae Rhoduae, Erebinthote, Megale, Chalcitis, Pityodes.

there is also Antiochia, and opposite the narrows of the Rhydacus, Besbicos, 18 miles in circuit. there is also Elaea and two Rhoduae, Erebinthote, Megale, Chalcitis, Pityodes.