Pliny the Elder: NATVRALIS HISTORIA

[1] Tertius Europae sinus Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, finitur Hellesponto, amplectitur praeter minores sinus |XIX|:XXV passuum. in eo Epirus, Acarnania, Aetolia, Phocis, Locris, Achaia, Messenia, Laconica, Argolis, Megaris, Attice, Boeotia iterumque ab ealio mari eadem Macedonia, Thracia. omnis Graeciae fabulositas sicut et litterarum claritas ex hoc primum sinu effulsit, quapropter paululum in eo conmorabimur.

[1] The third gulf of Europe begins at the Acroceraunian mountains, ends at the Hellespont, and embraces, besides the smaller inlets, 19,025 paces. In it are Epirus, Acarnania, Aetolia, Phocis, Locris, Achaea, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, Megaris, Attica, Boeotia, and again, from the other sea, likewise Macedonia, Thrace. All the myth‑making of Greece, as also the brilliance of literature, first shone forth from this gulf; wherefore we shall linger a little upon it.

[2] Epiros in universum appellata a Cerauniis incipit montibus. in ea primi Chaones, a quibus Chaonia, dein Thesproti, Antigonenses, locus Aornos et pestifera avibus exhalatio, Cestrini, Perrhaebi, quorum mons Pindus, Cassopaei, Dryopes, Selloe, Hellopes, Molossi, apud quos Dodonaei Iovis templum oraculo inlustre, Talarus mons, centum fontibus circa radices Theopompo celebratus.

[2] Epirus, taken as a whole, begins at the Ceraunian Mountains. In it the first are the Chaones, from whom Chaonia; then the Thesproti; the Antigonenses; the place Aornos and a pestiferous exhalation deadly to birds; the Cestrini; the Perrhaebi, whose mountain is Pindus; the Cassopaei; the Dryopes; the Selloe; the Hellopes; the Molossi, among whom the temple of Jupiter at Dodona is illustrious for its oracle; Mount Talarus, celebrated by Theopompus for a hundred springs around its roots.

[3] Epiros ipsa, ad Magnesiam Macedoniamque tendens, a tergo suo Dassaretas supra dictos, liberam gentem, mox feram Dardanos habet. Dardanis laevo Triballi praetendentur latere et Moesicae gentes, a fronte iunguntur Maedi ac Denselatae, quibus Threces ad Pontum usque pertinentes. ita succincta Rhodopes, mox et Haemi, vallatur excelsitas.

[3] Epirus itself, stretching toward Magnesia and Macedonia, has at its back the Dassaretae mentioned above, a free nation, and next the savage Dardani. On the left flank of the Dardani the Triballi and the Moesian peoples stretch forward, in front are joined the Maedi and the Denselatae, to whom the Thracians are contiguous, reaching as far as the Pontus. Thus, thus girdled, the upland is walled by Rhodope, and soon also by Haemus.

[4] in Epiri ora castellum in Acrocerauniis Chimera, sub eo Aquae Regiae fons, oppida Maeandria, Cestria, flumen Thesprotiae Thyamis, colonia Buthrotum, maximeque nobilitatus Ambracius sinus, D passuum faucibus spatiosum aequor accipiens, longitudinis XXXVII, latitudinis XV. in eum defertur amnis Acheron, e lacu Thesprotias Acherusia profluens XXXV passuum inde et mille pedum ponte mirabilis omnia sua mirantibus. in sinu oppidum Ambracia. Molossorum flumina Aphas, Aratthus, civitas Anactorica, locus Pandosia.

[4] on the coast of Epirus, in the Acroceraunian heights, the fortress Chimera; beneath it the spring of the Royal Waters; the towns Meandria and Cestria; the river of Thesprotia, the Thyamis; the colony Buthrotum; and most renowned, the Ambracian Gulf, receiving a spacious expanse of sea with an entrance of 500 paces, of a length of 37 and a breadth of 15. Into it is carried the river Acheron, flowing from the Acherusian lake of Thesprotia, 35 paces from there, and remarkable for a bridge of a thousand feet, wondrous to all who marvel at all its properties. In the gulf, the town Ambracia. Rivers of the Molossians: Aphas, Aratthus; the city Anactorica; the place Pandosia.

[5] Acarnaniae, quae antea Curetis vocabatur, oppida Hercalia, Echinus et in ore ipso colonia Augusti Actium cum templo Apollinis nobili ac civitate libera Nicopolitana. egressos sinu Ambracio in Ionium excipit Leucadium litus, promunturium Leucates, dein sinus et Leucadia ipsa paeninsula, quondam Neritis appellata, opere accolarum abscisa continenti ac reddita venturum flatu congeriem harenae adtumulantium, qui locus vocatur Dioryctos stadiorum longitudine trium. oppidum in ea Leucas, quondam Neritum dictum.

[5] of Acarnania, which was previously called Curetis, the towns are Hercalia, Echinus, and at the very mouth the Augustan colony Actium, with its renowned temple of Apollo, and the free Nicopolitan city. on leaving the Ambracian gulf, the Leucadian shore receives one into the Ionian, the promontory Leucates; then a bay and Leucadia itself, a peninsula, formerly called Neritis, cut off from the mainland by the work of the inhabitants and then restored by the piling up of a mass of sand drifted in by the blowing of the winds—a place which is called the Dioryctos, three stadia in length. the town on it is Leucas, once called Neritum.

deinde Acarnanum urbes Alyzia, Stratos, Argos Amphilochium cognominatum. amnis Achelous e Pindo fluens Acarnaniam ab Aetolia dirimens et Artemitam insulam adsiduo terrae invectu continenti adnectens.

then the Acarnanian cities Alyzia, Stratos, Argos surnamed Amphilochian. the river Achelous, flowing from Pindus, separates Acarnania from Aetolia and, by a continual influx of earth driven in, connects the island Artemita to the mainland.

[6] Aetolorum populi Athamanes, Tymphaei, Ephyri, Aenienses, Perrhaebi, Dolopes, Maraces, Atraces, a quibus Atrax amnis Ionio mari infunditur. Aetoliae oppidum Calydon est VII:D passuum a mari iuxta euenum amnem. dein Macynia, Molycria, cuius a tergo Chalcis mons et Taphiassus.

[6] The peoples of the Aetolians are the Athamanes, Tymphaei, Ephyri, Aenienses, Perrhaebi, Dolopes, Maraces, Atraces, from whom the river Atrax is poured into the Ionian Sea. A town of Aetolia is Calydon, 7.5 miles from the sea, near the river Evenus. Then Macynia, Molycria, with Mount Chalcis and Taphiassus at its back.

at in ora promunturium Antirrhium, ubi ostium Corinthiaci sinus minus M p. latitudine influentis Aetolosque dirimentis a Peloponneso. promunturium quod contra procedit appellatur Rhion. sed in Corinthio ainu oppida Aetoliae Naupactus, Eupalimna et in mediterraneo Pleuron, Halicarna, montes clari in Dodone Tomarus, in Ambracia Crauia, in Acarnania Aracynthus, in Aetolia Achaton, Panaetolium, Macynium.

But on the coast is the promontory Antirrhium, where the mouth of the Corinthian gulf, as it flows in, is less than 1 mile in breadth, and it separates the Aetolians from the Peloponnesus. The promontory which projects opposite is called Rhium. But in the Corinthian gulf the towns of Aetolia are Naupactus, Eupalimna, and in the interior Pleuron, Halicarna; famous mountains: in Dodona Tomarus, in Ambracia Crauia, in Acarnania Aracynthus, in Aetolia Achaton, Panaetolium, Macynium.

[7] Proximi Aetolis Locri cognominantur Ozolae, immunes. oppidum Oeanthe, portus Apollinis Phaesti, sinus Crisaeus, intus oppida Argyna, Eupalia, Phaestum, Calamisus. ultra Cirrhaei Phocidis campi, oppidum Cirrha, portus Chalaeon, a quo VII p. introrsus liberum oppidum Delphi sub monte Parnaso, clarissimi in terris oraculi Apollinis.

[7] Next to the Aetolians are the Locrians surnamed Ozolae, exempt. the town Oeanthe, the harbor of Apollo Phaestius, the Crisaean gulf, within, the towns Argyna, Eupalia, Phaestum, Calamisus. beyond are the plains of Cirrhaean Phocis, the town Cirrha, the port Chalaeon, from which, 7 miles inland, is the free town Delphi beneath Mount Parnassus, of Apollo’s most renowned oracle on earth.

[8] fons Castalius, amnis Cephisus praefluens Delphos, ortus in Lilaea urbe. quondam praeterea oppidum Crisa et cum Bulensibus Anticyra, Naulochum, Pyrrha, Amphisa immunis, Tithrone, Tithorea, Ambrysus, Mirana, quae regio Daulis appellatur. deinde in intimo sinu angulus Boeotiae adluitur cum oppidis Siphis, Thebis quae Corsiae cognominata sunt iuxta Heliconem montem.

[8] the Castalian spring, the river Cephisus flowing past Delphi, rising in the city Lilaea. formerly, moreover, the town Crisa and, with the Bulensians, Anticyra, Naulochum, Pyrrha, Amphissa exempt, Tithrone, Tithorea, Ambrysus, Mirana—this region is called Daulis. then, in the inmost gulf, a corner of Boeotia is washed, with the towns Siphis, Thebes, which are surnamed Corsiae, next to Mount Helicon.

tertium ab hoc mari Boeotiae oppidum Pagae, unde Peloponnesi prosilit cervix.

the third town of Boeotia on this sea is Pagae, whence the neck of the Peloponnese leaps forth.

[9] Peloponnesus, Apia antea appellata et Pelasgia, paeninsula haut ulli terrae nobilitate postferenda, inter duo maria Aegeum et Ionium, platani folio similis propter angulosos recessus, circuitu DLXIII p. colligit auctore Isidoro; eadem per sinus paene tantundem adicit. angustiae, unde procedit, Isthmos appellatur. in eo loca inrumpentia e diverso quae dicta sunt maria a septentrione et exortu eius omnem ibi latitudinem vorant, donec contrario incursu tantorum aequorum V milium passuum intervallo exesis utrimque lateribus angusta cervice Peloponnesum contineat Hellas.

[9] The Peloponnesus, formerly called Apia and Pelasgia, a peninsula not to be put after any land in nobility, lies between the two seas, the Aegean and the Ionian, like a plane‑tree leaf because of its angular recesses; in circumference it gathers 563 miles, on the authority of Isidore; the same adds nearly as much through its bays. The narrows, whence it projects, is called the Isthmus. There, the inbreaking places from opposite sides—the aforesaid seas—from the north and from its east devour all the breadth there, until, by the counter‑advance of such great waters, with an interval of 5 miles, the sides on both sides having been eaten away, Hellas holds the Peloponnesus by a narrow neck.

[10] Corinthiacus hinc, illinc Caronicus appellatur sinus; Lecheae hinc, Cenchreae illinc angustiarum termini, longo et ancipiti navium ambitu quas magnitudo plaustris transvehi prohibet. quam ob causam perfodere navigabili alveo angustias eas temptavere Demeterius rex, dictator Caesar, Gaius princeps, Domitius Nero, nefasto, ut omnium exitu patuit, incepto.

[10] On this side the gulf is called Corinthian, on that Caronic; Lechaeum on this side, Cenchreae on that, are the termini of the narrows, with a long and hazardous circuit for ships which their size prevents from being carried across by wagons. For which cause Demetrius the king, Caesar the Dictator, Gaius the princeps, and Domitius Nero attempted to cut through those narrows with a navigable channel—an impious undertaking, as was evident from the outcome in every case.

[11] in medio hoc intervallo, quod Isthmon appellavimus, adplicata colli habitatur colonia Corinthus, antea Ephyra dicta, sexagenis ab utroque litore stadiis, e summa sua arce, quae vocatur Acrocorinthos, in qua fons Pirene, diversa duo maria prospectans.LXXXVIII p. ad Corinthiacum sinum traiectus est Patras a Leucade. Patrae, colonia in longissimo promunturio Peloponnesi ut dictum est, intervallo in ipsis faucibus, sinum Corinthiacum LXXXV in longitudinem usque ad Isthmon transmittunt.

[11] in the middle of this interval, which we have called the Isthmus, the colony Corinth, leaning upon a hill, is inhabited, formerly called Ephyra, sixty stadia from each shore, from its highest citadel, which is called Acrocorinthus, in which is the spring Pirene, gazing upon two different seas.88 p. to the Corinthian gulf the crossing is from Leucas to Patras. Patras, a colony on the very long promontory of the Peloponnese, as has been said, at a span in the very narrows, carries the Corinthian gulf 85 in length as far as the Isthmus.

[12] Achaiae nomen provinciae ab Isthmo incipit. antea Aegialos vocabatur propter urbes in litore per ordinem dispositas. primae ibi quas diximus Lecheae, Corinthiorum portus, mox Olyros, Pellenaeorum castellum, oppida Helice, Bura, in quae refugere haustis prioribus, Sicyon, Aegira, Aegium, Erineos.

[12] The name of the province Achaia begins from the Isthmus. Formerly it was called Aegialos on account of the cities arranged in order along the shore. The first there is the Lechaeum, the port of the Corinthians, next Olyros, a fortress of the Pelleneans, the towns Helice, Bura, into which, when the earlier had been swallowed up, they took refuge, Sicyon, Aegira, Aegium, Erineos.

intus Cleonae, Hysiae.

inland, Cleonae, Hysiae.

[13] Panhormus portus demonstratumque iam Rhium, a quo promunturio V absunt Patrae, quas supra memoravimus. locus Pherae. in Achaia novem montium Scioessa notissimus, fons Cymothoe.

[13] Panhormus harbor, and now Rhium already indicated, from whose promontory Patrae, which we mentioned above, are 5 away. the place Pherae. in Achaia, Scioessa of the nine mountains, very well known; the spring Cymothoe.

ultra Patras oppidum Olenum, cox Dyme, loca Buprasium, Hyrmine, promunturium Araxus, Cyllenius sinus, promunturium Chelonates, unde Cyllenen XV p., castellum Phlius, quae regio ab Homero Araethyrea dicta est, postea Asopis.

beyond Patras, the town Olenus, then Dyme, the places Buprasium and Hyrmine, the promontory Araxus, the Cyllenian bay, the promontory Chelonates, whence Cyllene is 15 miles, the fortress Phlius, a region which by Homer was called Araethyrea, afterwards Asopis.

[14] inde Eliorum ager, qui antea Epioe vocabantur. ipsa Elis in mediterraneo et a Pylo XIII intus delubrum Olympii Iovis, ludorum claritate fastos Graeciae complexum, Pisaeorum quondam oppidum, praefluente Alpheo amne. at in ora promunturium Ichthys, amnis Alpheus — navigatur VI p. —, oppida Aulon, Leprium, promunturium Platanodes.

[14] thence the land of the Eleans, who earlier were called the Epeians. Elis itself is inland, and, 13 inland from Pylos, the shrine of Olympian Jove, whose renown of the games has encompassed the fasti of Greece, formerly a town of the Pisatae, with the river Alpheus flowing before it. But on the shore, the promontory Ichthys, the river Alpheus — it is navigated for 6 p. —, the towns Aulon, Leprium, the promontory Platanodes.

omnia haec ad occasum versa,

all these turned toward the west,

[15] ad meridiem Cyparissius sinus cum urbe Cyparisso LXXV circuitu, oppida Pylos, Mothone, locus Helos, promunturium Acritas, sinus Asinaeus ab oppido Asine, Coronaeus a Corone. finiuntur Taenaro promunturio. ibi regio Messenia duodeviginti montium, amnis Pamisus, intus autem ipsa Messene, Ithome, Oechalia, Arene, Pteleon, Thryon, Dorion, Zancle, variis quaeque clara temporibus.

[15] to the south the Cyparissian gulf with the city Cyparissus, 75 in circuit; the towns Pylos, Mothone, the place Helos, the promontory Acritas; the Asinaean gulf from the town Asine, the Coronaean from Corone. they are bounded by the promontory Taenarum. there the region Messenia, of eighteen mountains; the river Pamisus; inland moreover Messene itself, Ithome, Oechalia, Arene, Pteleon, Thryon, Dorion, Zancle—each famous in various times.

huius sinus circuitus LXXX, traiectus vero XXX.

the circuit of this gulf is 80, but the crossing is 30.

[16] Dehinc a Taenaro ager Laconicus liberae gentis et sinus circuitu CVI, traiectu XXXVIII. oppida Taenarum, Amyclae, Pherae, Leuctra et intus Sparta, Therapne atque ubi fuere Cardamyle, Pitane, Anthia, locus Thyreae, Gerania. mons Taygetus, amnis Eurotas.

[16] Then from Taenarum the Laconian territory of a free people, and a gulf with a circuit of 106, a crossing of 38. Towns: Taenarum, Amyclae, Pherae, Leuctra, and inland Sparta, Therapne, and where there once were Cardamyle, Pitane, Anthia, the place of Thyrea, Gerania. Mount Taygetus, the river Eurotas.

sinus Aegilodes, oppidum Psamathus. sinus Gytheates ab oppido, ex quo Cretam in insulam certissimus cursus. omnes autem Maleo promunturium includuntur.

the Aegilodes gulf, the town Psamathus. the Gythean gulf by the town, from which to the island of Crete the surest course. all, moreover, are enclosed by the promontory of Malea.

[17] Qui sequitur sinus ad Scyllaeum Argolicus appellatur, traiectu L, idem ambitu CLXII. oppida Boea, Epidaurus Limera cognomine, Zerax, Cyphans portus. amnes Inachus, Erasinus, inter quos Argos Hippium cognominatum supra locum Lernen a mari MM, novemque additis milibus Mycenae et ubi fuisse Tiryntha tradunt et locus Mantinea.

[17] The gulf that follows, toward Scyllaeum, is called the Argolic; in crossing, 50, the same in circuit, 162. towns Boea, Epidaurus with the cognomen Limera, Zerax, the port of Cyphans. rivers Inachus, Erasinus, between which Argos surnamed Hippium, above the place Lerna 2 miles from the sea, and with 9 added miles Mycenae, and the place where they hand down that Tiryns used to be, and the site Mantinea.

montes Artemisius, Apesantus, Asterion, Parparus aliique XI numero, fontes Niobe, Amymone, Psamathe.

mountains Artemisius, Apesantus, Asterion, Parparus and the others, 11 in number, springs Niobe, Amymone, Psamathe.

[18] a Scyllaeo ad Isthmon LXXX p. oppida Hermione, Troezen, Coryphasium appellatumque alias Inachium, alias Dipsium Argos, portus Schoenitas. sinus Saronicus, olim querno nemore redimitus, unde nomen, ita Graecia antiqua appellante quercum; in eo Epidaurum oppidum, Aesculapi delubro celebre, Spiraeum promunturium, portus Anthedus et Bucephalus et quas supras dixeramus Cenchreae, Isthmi pars altera cum delubro Neptuni quinquennalibus incluto ludis.

[18] from Scyllaeum to the Isthmus 80 miles; towns: Hermione, Troezen, Coryphasium, and Argos, called at times Inachian, at times Dipsian; the harbor Schoenitas. The Saronic gulf, once encircled with an oak-grove, whence the name, for so ancient Greece named the oak; in it the town of Epidaurus, famed for the shrine of Aesculapius; the promontory Spiraeum; the harbors Anthedus and Bucephalus; and Cenchreae, which we mentioned above; the other part of the Isthmus, with the shrine of Neptune, renowned for its quinquennial games.

[19] tot sinus Peloponnesi oram lancinant, tot maria adlatrant, siquidem a septentrione Ionium inrumpit, ab occidente Siculo pulsatur, a meridie Cretico urguetur, ab oriente brumali Aegaeo, ab oriente solstitiali Myrtoo, quod a Megarico incipiens sinu totam Atticen adluit.

[19] so many bays lacerate the shore of the Peloponnese, so many seas bark at it, since indeed from the north the Ionian breaks in, from the west it is buffeted by the Sicilian, from the south it is pressed by the Cretan, from the winter east by the Aegean, from the solstitial east by the Myrtoan, which, beginning from the Megarian gulf, washes all Attica.

[20] Mediterraneao eius Arcadia maxime tenet undique a mari remota, initio Drymodes, mox Pelasgis appellata. oppida eius Psophis, Mantinea, Stymphalum, Tegea, Antigonea, Orchomenum, Pheneum, Pallantium, unde Palatium Romae, Megalepolis, Gortyna, Bucolium, Carnion, Parrhasie, Thelpusa, Melaenae, Heraea, Pylae, Pallene, Agrae, Epium, Cynaethae, Lepreon Arcadiae, Parthenium, Alea, Methydrium, Enispe, Macistum, Lampia, Clitorium, Cleonae. inter quae due oppida regio Nemea est, et Bambinadia vocitata.

[20] Of its inland, Arcadia occupies the greatest part, removed from the sea on every side, at first called Drymodes, soon called Pelasgia. Its towns are Psophis, Mantinea, Stymphalum, Tegea, Antigonea, Orchomenum, Pheneum, Pallantium, whence the Palatine at Rome, Megalepolis, Gortyna, Bucolium, Carnion, Parrhasie, Thelpusa, Melaenae, Heraea, Pylae, Pallene, Agrae, Epium, Cynaethae, Lepreon of Arcadia, Parthenium, Alea, Methydrium, Enispe, Macistum, Lampia, Clitorium, Cleonae. Among which, between two towns, is the region Nemea, also called Bambinadia.

[21] montes in Arcadia Pholoë cum oppido, item Cyllene, Lycaeus, in quo Lycaei Iovis delubrum, Maenalus, Artemisius, Parthenius, Lampeus, Nonacris praeterque ignobiles VIII. amnes Ladon e paludibus Phenei, Erymanthus e monte eiusdem nominis in Alpheum defluens.

[21] the mountains in Arcadia are Pholoë with a town, likewise Cyllene, Lycaeus, on which there is a shrine of Lycaean Jove, Maenalus, Artemisius, Parthenius, Lampeus, Nonacris, and besides these, 8 rivers of no note: the Ladon from the marshes of Pheneus, the Erymanthus from a mountain of the same name, flowing down into the Alpheus.

[22] reliquae citiates in Achaia dicendae Alipheraei, Abeatae, Pyrgenses, Paroreatae, Pharygenitae, Tortuni, Typanei, Thriusi, Tritienses. universae Achaiae libertatem Domitius Nero dedit. Peloponnesus in latitudinem a promunturio Maleae ad oppidum Aegium Corinthiaci sinus CXC patet, at in transversum ab Elide Epidaurum CXXV, ab Olympia Argos per Arcadiam LXVIII; ab eodem loco ad Pylum iam dicta mensura est.

[22] the remaining communities in Achaea to be mentioned are the Alipheraei, Abeatae, Pyrgenses, Paroreatae, Pharygenitae, Tortuni, Typanei, Thriusi, Tritienses. Domitius Nero granted liberty to the whole of Achaea. The Peloponnesus in breadth from the promontory of Malea to the town of Aegium on the Corinthian Gulf extends 190, but across from Elis to Epidaurus 125, from Olympia to Argos through Arcadia 68; from that same place to Pylus the measure has already been stated.

universa autem, velut pensante aequorum incursus natura, in montes sex atque LXX attollitur.

the whole, however, as though nature, balancing the incursions of the seas, were weighing them, is raised into seventy-six mountains.

[23] Ab Isthmi angustiis Hella incipit, nostris Graecia appellata. in ea prima Attice, antiquitus Acte vocata. attingit Isthmum parte sui quae appellatur Megaris ab colonia Megara, e regione Pagarum.

[23] From the narrows of the Isthmus, Hellas begins, called by us Graecia. In it the first is Attica, anciently called Acte. It touches the Isthmus with that part of itself which is called Megaris, from the colony Megara, opposite Pagai.

duo haec oppida excurrente Peloponneso sita sunt, utraque ex parte velut in umeris Helladis, Pagaei et amplius Aegosthenenses contributi Megarensibus. in ora autem portus Choenos, oppida Sidous, Cremmyon, Scironia saxa VI longitudine, Gernaia, Megara, Eleusin.

these two towns are situated as the Peloponnesus runs out, on either side as if upon the shoulders of Hellas, Pagae and, further, Aegosthena, assigned to the Megarans. on the shore, moreover, the harbor Choenos; the towns Sidous, Cremmyon; the Scironian rocks 6 in length; Gernaia, Megara, Eleusis.

[24] fuere et Oenoe et Probalinthos. nunc sunt ab Isthmo LV Piraeus et Phalera portus, V muro recedentibus Athenis iuncti. libera haec civitas nec indiga ullius praeconii amplius: tanta claritas superfluit.

[24] There were also Oenoe and Probalinthus. Now the harbors Piraeus and Phalera are 55 from the Isthmus, joined to Athens, which lies set back, by a wall 5 long. This city is free and no longer in need of any proclamation: such great celebrity is superfluous.

in Attica fontes Cephisia, Larine, Callirroe Enneacrunos, montes Brilessus, Aegialeus, Icarius, Hymettus, Lycabettus, locus Ilisos. a Piraeo LXV Sunium promunturium, Thoricos promunturium, Potamos, Steria, Brauron, quondam oppida, Rhamnus pagus, locus Marathon, campus Thriasius, oppidum Melita et Oropus in confinio Boeotiae.

in Attica the springs Cephisia, Larine, Callirrhoe Enneacrunos, the mountains Brilessus, Aegialeus, Icarius, Hymettus, Lycabettus, the place Ilisos. from the Piraeus 65 the Sunium promontory, the Thoricos promontory, Potamos, Steria, Brauron, once towns, Rhamnus a village, the place Marathon, the Thriasian plain, the town Melita, and Oropus on the border of Boeotia.

[25] Cuius Anthedon, Onchestos, Thespiae liberum oppidum, Lebadea nec cedentes Athenis claritate quae cognominantur Boeotiae Thebae, duorum numinum Liberi atque Herculis, ut volunt, patria. et Musis natalem in nemore Heliconis adsignant. datur et his Thebis saltus Cithaeron, amnis Ismenus.

[25] Of which are Anthedon, Onchestus, Thespiae, a free town, Lebadea, and Thebes—which are called the Thebes of Boeotia—not yielding to Athens in renown, the fatherland, as they claim, of the two divinities Liber and Hercules. And to the Muses they assign a birthplace in the grove of Helicon. To these Thebes are given the Cithaeron range and the river Ismenus.

praeterea fontes in Boeotia Oedipodia, Psamathe, Dirce, Epicrane, Arethusa, Hippocrene, Aganippe, Gargaphie. montes extra praedictos Mycalesus, Hadylius, Acontius.

besides, the springs in Boeotia: Oedipodia, Psamathe, Dirce, Epicrane, Arethusa, Hippocrene, Aganippe, Gargaphie. mountains, beyond those aforesaid: Mycalesus, Hadylius, Acontius.

[26] reliqua oppida inter Megaricam et Thebas Eleutherae, Haliartus, Plataeae, Pherae, Aspledon, Hyle, Thisbe, Erythrae, Glissa, Copae, iuxta Cephisum amnem Lamiae et Anichiae, Medeon, Phlygone, Acraephia, Coronea, Chaeronea. in ora autem infra Thebas Ocalee, Eteonos, Scolos, Schoenos, Peteon, Hyrie, Mycalesos, Ireseum et Eleon, Ollarum, Tanagra, liber populus, et in ipsis faucibus Euripi, quem facit obiecta insula Euboea, Aulis capacis nobilis portu. Boeotos Hyantas antiquitus dixere.

[26] the remaining towns between the Megarid and Thebes are Eleutherae, Haliartus, Plataeae, Pherae, Aspledon, Hyle, Thisbe, Erythrae, Glissa, Copae, next to the river Cephisus Lamiae and Anichiae, Medeon, Phlygone, Acraephia, Coronea, Chaeronea. on the shore, however, below Thebes, Ocalee, Eteonos, Scolos, Schoenos, Peteon, Hyrie, Mycalesos, Ireseum and Eleon, Ollarum, Tanagra, a free people, and in the very jaws of the Euripus, which the island of Euboea set opposite makes, Aulis, renowned for its capacious harbor. the Boeotians were in antiquity called Hyantes.

[27] Locri deinde Epicnemidii cognominantur, olim Leleges appellati, per quos amnis Cephisus defertur in mare. oppida Opus, unde et sinus Opuntius, Cynus. Phocidis in litore unum Daphnus, introrsus autem Larisa, Elatea et in ripa Cephisi, ut diximus, Lilaea Delphosque versae Cnemis et Hyampolis.

[27] The Locrians are then surnamed Epicnemidian, formerly called Leleges, through whose territory the river Cephisus is borne down into the sea. towns Opus, whence also the Opuntian Gulf, Cynus. In Phocis on the shore one, Daphnus; inland, however, Larisa, Elatea, and on the bank of the Cephisus, as we have said, Lilaea; and facing Delphi, Cnemis and Hyampolis.

rursus Lorcorum ora, in qua Larumna, Thronium, iuxta quod Boagrius amnis defertur in mare. oppida Narycum, Alope, Scarphia. postea Maliacus sinus ab incolis dictus, in quo oppida Halcyone, Aegonia, Phalara.

again the shore of the Locrians, in which are Larumna, Thronium, next to which the river Boagrius is carried into the sea. towns: Narycum, Alope, Scarphia. afterward the Maliac gulf, so called by the inhabitants, in which are the towns Halcyone, Aegonia, Phalara.

[28] Doris deinde, in qua Sparthos, Erineon, Boion, Pindus, Cytinum. Doridis a tergo mons Oeta est. Sequitur mutatis saepe nominibus Haemonia, eadem Pelasgis et Pelasgicon Argos, Hellas, eadem Thessalia et Dryopis, semper a regibus cognominata.

[28] Then Doris, in which are Sparthos, Erineon, Boion, Pindus, Cytinum. Behind Doris is Mount Oeta. Next follows Haemonia, with names often changed—the same land as, for the Pelasgians, Pelasgic Argos and Hellas; likewise Thessaly and Dryopis—always surnamed after its kings.

ibi genitus rex nomine Graecus, a quo Graecia; ibi Hellen, a quo Hellenes. hos eosdem Homerus tribus nominibus appellavit Myrmidonas et Hellenas et Achaeos. ex his Phthiotae nominantur Dorida accolentes.

there was begotten there a king named Graecus, from whom Greece; there Hellen, from whom the Hellenes. Homer called these same people by three names, the Myrmidons and the Hellenes and the Achaeans. from these are named the Phthiotae, dwelling alongside Doris.

eorum oppida Echinus, in faucibus Sperchii fluminis Thermopylarum angustiae, quo argumento IIII inde Heraclea Trechin dicta est. mons ibi Calidromus; oppida celebrata Hellas, Halos, Lamia, Phthia, Arne.

their towns are Echinus; in the defiles of the Spercheius river are the narrows of Thermopylae, for which reason Heraclea, 4 from there, is called Trechin. the mountain there is Calidromus; the celebrated towns are Hellas, Halos, Lamia, Phthia, Arne.

[29] In Thessalia autem Orchomenus, Minyius antea dictus, et oppidum Alimon, ab aliis Holmon, Atrax, Palamna, fons Hyperia, oppida Pherae, quarum a tergo Pieria ad Macedoniam protenditur, Larisa, Gomphi, Thebae Thessalae, nemus Pteleon, sinus Pagasicus, oppidum Pagasa, idem postea Demetrias dictum, Tricca, Pharsali campi cum civitate libera, Crannon, Iletia. montes Phthiotidis Nymphaeus, quod topiario naturae opere spectabilis, Buzygaeus, Conacoessa, Bromiaeus, Daphusa, Chimarone, Athamas, Stephane.

[29] In Thessaly, moreover, Orchomenus, previously called Minyius, and the town Alimon, by others Holmon, Atrax, Palamna, the spring Hyperia, the town Pherae, behind which Pieria stretches toward Macedonia, Larisa, Gomphi, Thessalian Thebes, the grove Pteleon, the Pagasian gulf, the town Pagasa, the same later called Demetrias, Tricca, the Pharsalian fields with a free city, Crannon, Iletia. the mountains of Phthiotis: Nymphaeus, remarkable for nature’s topiary work, Buzygaeus, Conacoessa, Bromiaeus, Daphusa, Chimarone, Athamas, Stephane.

[30] in Thessalia quattuor atque triginta, quorum nobilissimi Cercetii, Olympus Pierius, Ossa, cuius ex adverso Pindus et Othrys, Lapitharum sedes, hi ad occasum vergentes, ad ortus Pelious, omnes theatrali modo inflexi, caveatis ante eos LXXV urbibus. flumina Thessaliae Apidamus, Phoenix, Enipeus, Onochonus, Pamisus, fons Messeis, lacus Boebeis et ante cunctos claritate Penius, ortos iuxta Gomphos interque Ossam et Olympum nemorosa convalle defluens D stadiis, dimidio eius spatii navigabilis.

[30] in Thessaly thirty-four mountains, of which the most renowned are the Cercetii, the Pierian Olympus, Ossa, over against which are Pindus and Othrys, the seat of the Lapithae; these slope toward the west, toward the east Pelion, all curved in theatrical fashion, with seating-tiers before them of 75 cities. the rivers of Thessaly are the Apidamus, Phoenix, Enipeus, Onochonus, Pamisus; the spring Messeis; the lake Boebeis; and before all in renown the Penius, rising near Gomphi and flowing down through a wooded valley between Ossa and Olympus for 500 stades, navigable for half that distance.

[31] in eo cursu Tempe vocant,V passuum longitudine et ferme sesquiugeri latitudine, ultra visum hominis attollentibus se dextra laevaque leniter convexis iugis, intus silva late viridante, ac labitur Penius viridis calculo, amoenus circa ripas gramine, canorus avium concentu. accipit amnem Horcon nec recipiti, sed olei modo supernatantem, ut dictum est Homero, brevi spatio portatum abdicat, poenales aquas dirisque genitas argenteis suis misceri recusans.

[31] in that course they call it Tempe,5 miles in length and about a jugerum-and-a-half in breadth, with ridges on the right and left, gently convex, lifting themselves beyond human sight; within, a forest greening far and wide; and the Peneus glides, green with its pebbles, pleasant about the banks with grass, tuneful with the concert of birds. It receives the river Horcon and yet does not receive it, but, floating above like oil, as has been said by Homer, after being carried for a short space it repudiates it, refusing that penal waters, begotten from baleful springs, be mixed with its own silvery ones.

[32] Thessaliae adnexa Magnesia est, cuius fons Libethra, oppida Iolcus, Ormenium, Pyrra, Methone, Olizon, promunturium Sepias, oppida Castana, Spalathra, promunturium Aeantium, oppida Meliboea, Rhizus, Erymnae, ostium Penii, oppida Homolium, Orthe, Iresiae, Pelinna, Thaumacie, Gyrton, Crannon, Acharne, Dotion, Melite, Phylace, Potniae. Epiri, Achaiae, Atticae, Thessalia in porrectum longitudo CCCCLXXXX traditur, latitudo CCLXXXXVII.

[32] Adjoined to Thessaly is Magnesia, whose spring is Libethra, the towns Iolcus, Ormenium, Pyrra, Methone, Olizon, the promontory Sepias, the towns Castana, Spalathra, the promontory Aeantium, the towns Meliboea, Rhizus, Erymnae, the mouth of the Peneus, the towns Homolium, Orthe, Iresiae, Pelinna, Thaumacie, Gyrton, Crannon, Acharne, Dotion, Melite, Phylace, Potniae. Of Epirus, Achaia, Attica, and Thessaly, the length in an extended line is reported as 490, the breadth 297.

[33] Macedonia postea CL populorum, duobus incluta regibus quondamque terrarum imperio, Emathia antea dicta. haec ad Epiroticas gentes in solis occasum recedens post terga Magnesiae atque Thessaliae infestatur a Dardanis; partem eius septentrionalem Paeonia ac Pelagonia protegunt a Triballis. oppida Aegae, in quo sepeliri mos reges, Beroea et in regione, quae Pieria appellatur a nemore, Aeginium.

[33] Macedonia, afterwards of 150 peoples, renowned for two kings and once for dominion over the lands, formerly called Emathia. This, receding toward the setting of the sun along the Epirotic nations and lying behind Magnesia and Thessaly, is harried by the Dardanians; its northern part Paeonia and Pelagonia protect from the Triballi. Towns: Aegae, in which it is the custom that the kings be buried, Beroea, and in the region which is called Pieria from the grove, Aeginium.

[34] in ora Heraclea, flumen Apilas, oppida Pydna, Aloros, amnis Haliacmon. intus Aloritae, Vallaei, Phylacaei, Cyrrestae, Tyrissaei, Pella colonia, oppidum Stobi civium Romanorum, mox Antigonea, Europus ad Axium amnem, eodemque nomine per quod Rhoedias fluit, Scydra, Eordaea, Mieza, Gordyniae.

[34] on the Heracleian coast, the river Apilas, the towns Pydna, Aloros, the river Haliacmon. inland, the Aloritae, Vallaei, Phylacaei, Cyrrestae, Tyrissaei, Pella a colony, the town Stobi of Roman citizens, next Antigonea, Europus on the Axius river, and another of the same name, through which the Rhoedias flows, Scydra, Eordaea, Mieza, Gordyniae.

[35] mox in ora Ichnae, fluvius Axius. ad hunc finem Dardani, Treres, Pieres Macedoniam accolunt. ab hoc amne Paeoniae gentes Paraxiaei, Eordenses, Almopi, Pelagones, Mygdones.

[35] next on the shore, Ichnae; the river Axius. up to this limit the Dardani, Treres, and Pieres adjoin Macedonia. from this river, the Paeonian peoples: Paraxiaei, Eordenses, Almopi, Pelagones, Mygdones.

montes Rhodope, Scopius, Orbelus. dein praeiacente gremio terrarum Arethusii, Antiochienses, Idomenenses, Doberi, Aestrienses, Allantenses, Audaristenses, Morylli, Garresci, Lyncestae, Othryonei et liberi Amantini atque Orestae, coloniae Bullidenses et Dienses, Xylopolitae, Scotusaei liberi, Heraclea Sintica, Tymphaei, Toronaei.

the mountains Rhodope, Scopius, Orbelus. then, with the forelying bosom of the lands, the Arethusii, the Antiochienses, the Idomenenses, the Doberi, the Aestrienses, the Allantenses, the Audaristenses, the Morylli, the Garresci, the Lyncestae, the Othryonei, and the free Amantini and Orestae, the colonies of the Bullidenses and the Dienses, the Xylopolitae, the free Scotusaei, Heraclea Sintica, the Tymphaei, the Toronaei.

[36] In ora sinus Macedonica oppidum Chalastra et intus Phloros, Lete medioque litoris flexu Thessalonice liberae condicionis — ad hanc a Dyrrhachio CCXLV —, Therme in Thermaico sinu, oppida Dicaea, Palinandrea, Scione, promunturium Canastraeum, oppida Pallene, Phlegra. qua in regione montes Hypsizonus, Epytus, Alcyon, Elaeuomne, oppida Nissos, Phryxelon, Mendae et in Pallenensi Isthmo quondam Potidaea, nunc Cassandrea colonia, Anthemus, Olophyxus,

[36] On the shore of the Macedonian gulf, the town Chalastra, and within, Phloros and Lete; and at the middle bend of the shore Thessalonica, of free status — to this from Dyrrhachium 245 —, Therme in the Thermaic gulf, the towns Dicaea, Palinandrea, Scione, the Canastraeum promontory, the towns Pallene and Phlegra. In which region the mountains Hypsizonus, Epytus, Alcyon, Elaeuomne; the towns Nissos, Phryxelon, Menda, and on the Pallenean Isthmus formerly Potidaea, now the colony Cassandrea, Anthemus, Olophyxus,

[37] sinus Mecyberna, oppida Myscella, Ampelos, Torone, Siggos, Stolos, fretum, quo montem Atho Xerxes Persarum rex continenti abscidit in longitudinem passuum MD. mons ipse a planitie excurrit in maria LXXV passuum, ambitus radicis CL colligit. oppidum in cacumine fuit Acrothoon; nunc sunt Uranopolis, Palaehorium, Thyssus, Cleonae, Apollonia, cuius incolae Macrobii coantur.

[37] the Gulf of Mecyberna, the towns Myscella, Ampelos, Torone, Siggos, Stolos, a strait, by which King Xerxes of the Persians cut Mount Athos off from the continent, to a length of 1,500 paces. The mountain itself runs out from the plain into the seas for 75 miles; the circuit of its root measures 150 miles. There was a town on the summit, Acrothoon; now there are Uranopolis, Palaehorium, Thyssus, Cleonae, Apollonia, whose inhabitants are called Macrobii.

[38] oppidum Cassera faucesque alterae Isthmi, Acanthus, Stagira, Sithone, Heraclea et regio Mygdoniae subiacens, in qua recedentes a mari Apollonia, Arethusa. in ora rursus Posidium et sinus cum oppido Cermoro, Amphipolis liberum, gens Bisaltae. dein Macedoniae terminus amnis Strymon, ortus in Haemo.

[38] the town Cassera and the other narrows of the Isthmus, Acanthus, Stagira, Sithone, Heraclea, and the region lying under Mygdonia, in which, set back from the sea, are Apollonia and Arethusa. on the shore again Posidium and a bay with the town of Cermorus, Amphipolis a free city, the nation of the Bisaltae. then the boundary of Macedonia is the river Strymon, rising in Haemus.

memorandum in septem lacus eum fundi, priusquam derigat cursum.

it should be remembered that it is poured into seven lakes, before it straightens its course.

[39] Haec est Macedonia terrarum imperio potita quondam, haec Asiam, Armeniam, Hiberiam, Albaniam, Cappadociam, Syriam, Aegyptum, Taurum, Caucasum transgressa, haec in Bactris, Medis, Persis dominata toto oriente pssesso, haec etiam Indiae victrix per vestigia Liberi Patris atque Herculis vagata. haec eadem est Macedonia, cuius uno die Paulus Aemilius imperator noster LXII urbes direptas vendidit. tantam differentiam sortis praestitere duo homines!

[39] This is Macedonia, once having obtained dominion over the lands; this, having crossed Asia, Armenia, Hiberia, Albania, Cappadocia, Syria, Egypt, the Taurus and the Caucasus; this, having ruled in Bactria, Media, Persia, with the whole East possessed; this too, the victress of India, ranging along the footsteps of Father Liber and Hercules. This is the same Macedonia, of which, in a single day, our general Paul Aemilius sold 62 cities that had been sacked. So great a difference of fortune did two men exhibit!

[40] Thracia sequitur, inter validissimas Europae gentes, in strategias L divisa. populorum eius, quos nominare non pigeat, amnem Strymonem accolunt dextro latere Denseletae et Maedi ad Bisaltas usque supra dictas, laevo Digerri Bessorumque multa nomina ad Mestum amnem ima Pangaei mtis ambientem inter Haletos, Diobessos, Carbilesos, inde Brigas, Sapaeos, Odomantos. Odrysarum gens fundit Hebrum accolentibus Carbiletis, Pyrogeris, Drugeris, Caenicis, Hypsaltis, Benis, Corpilis, Bottiaeis, Edonis.

[40] Thrace follows, among the most powerful nations of Europe, divided into 50 strategiai. Of its peoples, whom it is not irksome to name, along the river Strymon on the right side dwell the Denseletae and the Maedi, as far as the aforesaid Bisaltae; on the left, the Digerri and many names of the Bessi, to the river Mestus, which encircles the lower slopes of Mt. Pangaeus, among the Haleti, Diobessi, Carbilesi, then the Brigae, Sapaei, and Odomanti. The Odrysian nation spreads along the Hebrus, with the Carbiletis, Pyrogeris, Drugeris, Caenicis, Hypsaltis, Benis, Corpilis, Bottiaeis, and Edonis dwelling beside it.

[41] eodem sunt in tractu Sialetae, Priantae, Dolongae, Thyni, Coelaletae maiores Haemo, minores Rhodopae subditi. inter quos Hebrus amnis, oppidum sub Rhodope Poneropolis antea, mox a conditore Philippopolis, nunc a situ Trimontium dicta. Haemi excelsitas VI passuum subitur.

[41] in the same tract are the Sialetae, Priantae, Dolongae, Thyni, and Coelaletae, the greater subject to Haemus, the lesser to Rhodope. among whom is the river Hebrus; a town under Rhodope, formerly Poneropolis, soon after, from its founder, Philippopolis, now, from its site, called Trimontium. the loftiness of Haemus is ascended in 6 miles.

aversa eius et in Histrum devexa Moesi, Getae, Aedi, Scaugdae Clariaeque et sub iis Arraei Sarmatae, quos Aretas vocant, Scythaeque et circa Ponti litora Moriseni Sitonique, Orphei vatis genitores, optinent.

On its far side and sloping down into the Hister (Danube), the Moesi, Getae, Aedi, Scaugdae, and Clariae occupy the land; and beneath them the Arraean Sarmatians, whom they call Aretas, and the Scythians; and around the shores of the Pontus (Black Sea) the Moriseni and the Sitoni, progenitors of the bard Orpheus, hold it.

[42] ita finit Hister a septentrione, ab ortu Pontus ac Propontis, a meridie Aegaeum mare. cuius in ora a Strymone Apollonia, Oesyma, Neapolis, Datos. intus Philippi colonia — absunt a Dyrrhachio CCCXXV —, Scotusa, Topiros civitas.

[42] thus it is bounded by the Hister on the north, by the Pontus and the Propontis on the east, by the Aegean Sea on the south. on its shore from the Strymon are Apollonia, Oesyma, Neapolis, Datos. inland, the colony of Philippi — they are 325 distant from Dyrrhachium —, Scotusa, the city of Topiros.

Mesti amnis ostium, mons Pangaeus. Heraclea, Olynthos, Abdera libera civitas. stagnum Bistonum et gens.

The mouth of the river Mestus, Mount Pangaeus. Heraclea, Olynthus, Abdera, a free city. lake Bistonis and the people.

oppidum fuit Tirida, Diomedis equorum stabulis dirum; nunc sunt Dicaea, Ismaron, locus Parthenion, Phalesina, Maronea, prius Orthagurea dicta.

there was the town Tirida, dire to the stables of the horses of Diomedes; now there are Dicaea, Ismaron, the place Parthenion, Phalesina, Maronea, formerly called Orthagurea.

[43] mons Serrium, Zone, tum locus Doriscum,X hominum capax — ita Xerxes ibi dinumeravit exercitum —, os Hebri, portus Stentoris, oppidum Aenos liberum cum Polydori tumulo, Ciconum quondam regio. a orisco incurvatur ora ad Macron Tichos CXII p., circa quem locum fluvius Melas, a quo sinus appellatur. oppida Cypsela, Bisanthe, Macron Tichos, dictum quia a Propontide ad Melanem sinum inter duo maria porrectus murus procurrentem excludit Cherronesum.

[43] Mount Serrium, Zone, then the place Doriscum, capable of 10 myriads of men — thus Xerxes there numbered his army —, the mouth of the Hebrus, the Harbor of Stentor, the free town Aenus with the tumulus of Polydorus, formerly the region of the Cicones. From Doriscus the shore curves to Macron Tichos 112 p., around which place is the river Melas, from which the gulf is named. Towns: Cypsela, Bisanthe, Macron Tichos, so called because a wall, stretched from the Propontis to the Melas Gulf between two seas, shuts off the Chersonese as it projects.

[44] namque Thracia altero latere a Pontico litore incipiens, ubi Hister amnis inmergitur, vel pulcherrimas in ea parte urbes habet, Histropolin Milesiorum, Tomos, Callatim, quae antea Cerbatis vocabatur, Heracleam. habuit et Bizonen terrae hiatu raptam; nunc habet Dionysopolim, Crunon antea dictam; adluit Zyras amnis. totum eum tractum Scythae Aroteres cognominati tenuere.

[44] For Thrace, beginning on the other side from the Pontic shore, where the river Hister is submerged, has in that part even the fairest cities, Histropolis of the Milesians, Tomi, Callatis, which was formerly called Cerbatis, Heraclea. It also had Bizone, snatched away by a yawning of the earth; now it has Dionysopolis, formerly called Cruno; it is laved by the river Zyras. That whole tract was held by Scythians surnamed Aroteres.

ceor oppida Aphrodisias, Libistos, Zygere, Rhocobae, Eumenia, Parthenopolis, Gerania, ubi Pygmaeorum gens fuisse proditur; Catizos barbari vocabant, creduntque a gruibus fugatos.

the other towns are Aphrodisias, Libistos, Zygere, Rhocobae, Eumenia, Parthenopolis, Gerania, where the nation of the Pygmies is reported to have existed; the barbarians used to call them Catizos, and they believe that they were driven off by cranes.

[45] in ora a Dionysopoli est Odessus Milesiorum, flumen Pannysis, oppidum Ereta, Naulochus. mons Haemus, vasto iugo procumbens in Pontum, oppidum habuit in vertice Aristaeum; nunc in ora Mesembria, Anchialum, ubi Messa fuerat. Astice regio habuit oppidum Anthium; nunc est Apollonia.

[45] on the coast from Dionysopolis is Odessus of the Milesians, the river Pannysis, the town Ereta, Naulochus. Mount Haemus, with a vast ridge sloping down toward the Pontus, had on its summit the town Aristaeum; now on the coast are Mesembria, Anchialum, where Messa had been. The Astice region had the town Anthium; now it is Apollonia.

flumina Panisos, Iuras, Tearus, Orosines; oppida Thynias, Halmydesos, Develton cum stagno, quod nunc Deultum vocatur veteranorum, Phinopolis, iuxta quam Bosporos. ab Histri ostio ad os Ponti passuum D alii fecere, Agrippa LX adiecit; inde ad murum supra dictum CL, ab eo Cherronesi CXXVI.

rivers Panisos, Iuras, Tearus, Orosines; towns Thynias, Halmydesos, Develton with a lagoon, which is now called the Veterans’ Deultum, Phinopolis, near which lies the Bosporus. From the mouth of the Hister to the mouth of the Pontus some have reckoned 500 miles, Agrippa added 60; thence to the wall mentioned above 150, from it to the Chersonesus 126.

[46]— Sed a Bosporo sinus Lasthenes, portus Senum et alter qui Mulierum cognominatur. promunturium Chryseon Ceras, in quo oppidum Byzantium liberae condicionis, antea Lygos dictum; abest a Dyrrhachio DCCXI p.: tantum patet longitudo terrarum inter Hadriaticum mare et Propontidem.

[46]— But from the Bosporus, the bay Lasthenes, the Harbor of the Old Men, and another which is surnamed “of the Women.” The promontory the Golden Horn, on which is the town Byzantium of free status, formerly called Lygos; it is distant from Dyrrhachium 711 miles: such is the extent of the length of the lands between the Adriatic Sea and the Propontis.

[47] amnes Bathynias, Pidars sive Athyras. oppida Selymbria, Peinthus, latitudine CC pedum continenti adnexa. intus Bizye, arx regum Thraciae, a Terei nefasto invisa hirundinibus, regio Caenica, colonia Flaviopolis, ubi antea Caela oppidum vocabatur, et a Bizye L p. Aprox colonia, quae a Philippis abest CLXXXVIIII.

[47] rivers Bathynias, Pidars or Athyras. towns Selymbria, Peinthus, joined to the mainland by a breadth of 200 feet. inland, Bizye, the citadel of the kings of Thrace, hated by swallows on account of the unspeakable crime of Tereus; the Caenic region; the colony Flaviopolis, where earlier the town was called Caela; and from Bizye 50 miles, the colony Aprox, which is 189 from Philippi.

at in ora amnis Erginus; oppidum fuit Ganos. deseritur et Lysimachea iam in Cherroneso.

but at the mouth of the river Erginus; there was a town Ganos. also Lysimachea is deserted now in the Chersonese.

[48] alius namque ibi Isthmios angustias similes eodem nomine et pari latitudine inlustrat. duae urbes utrimque litora haut dissimiili modo tenuere, Pactye a Propontide, Cardia a Melane sinu, haec ex facie loci nomine accepto, utraeque conprehensae postea Lysimachea V p. a Longis Muris. Cherronesos a Propontide habuit Tiristasin, Crithoten, Cissam flumini Aegos adpositam; nunc habet a colonia Apro XXII p. Resisthon, ex adverso coloniae Parianae.

[48] for there too another makes notable Isthmian narrows similar, with the same name and equal breadth. two cities held the shores on either side in a not dissimilar fashion, Pactye on the side of the Propontis, Cardia on the side of the Melas gulf, the latter having received its name from the appearance of the place; both were later incorporated in Lysimachea, 5 p. from the Long Walls. the Chersonese on the Propontis side had Tiristasis, Crithote, Cissa set beside the river Aegos; now it has Resisthon, 22 p. from the colony of Apros, opposite the Parian colony.

[49] et Hellespontus VII, ut diximus, stadiis Europam ab Asia dividens, IIII inter se contrarias urbes habet, in Europa Callipolim et Seston, in Asia Lampsacon et Abydon. dein promunturium Cherronesi Mastusia adversum Sigeo, cuius in fronte obliqua Cynossema — ita appellatur Hecubae tumulus —, statio Achaeorum et turris, delubrum Protesilai et in extrema Cherronesi fronte, quae vocatur Aeotium, oppidum Elaeus. dein petenti Melana sinum portus Coelos et Panhormus et supra dicta Cardia.

[49] and the Hellespont, 7 stadia, as we said, dividing Europe from Asia, has 4 cities facing each other: in Europe Callipolis and Sestus, in Asia Lampsacus and Abydus. Then the promontory of the Chersonese, Mastusia, opposite Sigeum, on whose slanting front are Cynossema — so the tomb of Hecuba is called —, the anchorage of the Achaeans and a tower, a shrine of Protesilaus; and at the extreme front of the Chersonese, which is called Aeotium, the town of Elaeus. Then, for one seeking the gulf of Melas, the harbors Coelos and Panormus, and the aforesaid Cardia.

[50] Tertius Europae sinus ad hunc modum clauditur. montes extra praedictos Thraciae Edonus, Gygemeros, Meritus, Melamphyllos. flumina in Hebrum cadentia Bargus, Syrmus.

[50] The third gulf of Europe is closed in this manner. The mountains of Thrace, beyond those aforesaid, are the Edonus, the Gygemeros, the Meritus, the Melamphyllos. The rivers falling into the Hebrus are the Bargus and the Syrmus.

Macedoniae, Thraciae, Hellesponti longitudo est supra dicta: quidam DCCXX faciunt. latitudo CCCLXXXIIII est.

The longitude of Macedonia, Thrace, and the Hellespont has been said above: some make it 720. the latitude is 384.

[51] Aegaeo mari nomen dedit scopulus inter Tenedum et Chium verius quam insula, Aex nomine a specie caprae, quae ita Graecis appellatur, repente e medio mari exiliens. cernunt eum ab dextera parte Antandrum navigantes ab Achaia, dirum ac pestiferum. Aegaei pars Myrtoo datur.

[51] The Aegean Sea received its name from a crag between Tenedos and Chios, more truly a rock than an island, called Aex from the appearance of a goat—so it is named by the Greeks—suddenly leaping up from the middle of the sea. Those sailing from Achaia to Antandrus see it on the right-hand side, a dire and pestiferous thing. A part of the Aegean is assigned to the Myrtoan.

appellatur ab insula parva, quae cernitur Macedoniam a Geraesto petentibus haut procul Euboeae Carysto. Romani omnia haec maria duobus nominibus appellant, Macedonicum quacumque Macedoniam aut Thraciam attingit, Graeciense qua Graceiam adluit. nam Graeci et Ionium dividunt in Siculum ac Creticum ab insulis, item Icarium, quod est inter Samnum et Myconum.

it is named from a small island, which is seen by those making for Macedonia from Geraestus, not far from Carystus of Euboea. The Romans call all these seas by two names: “Macedonian,” wherever it touches Macedonia or Thrace; “Grecian,” where it washes Greece. For the Greeks also divide the Ionian into the Sicilian and the Cretan from the islands, likewise the Icarian, which is between Samos and Myconos.

cetera nomina sinus dedere quod diximus.

The gulfs have given the other names, as we have said.

[52] Et maria quidem gentesque in tertio Europae sinu ad hunc modum se habent; insulae autem ex adverso Thesprotiae a Buthroto XII p., eadem ab Acrocerauniis L, cum urbe eiusdem nominis Corcyra liberae civitatis et oppido Cassiope temploque Cassi Iovis,XCVII in longitudinem patens, Homero dicta Scheria et Phaeacia, Callimacho etiam Drepane. circa eam aliquot, sed ad Italiam vergens Othronos, ad Leucadiam Paxos, Subotae duae,V discretae a Corcyra.

[52] And indeed the seas and the nations in the third bay of Europe are thus; but the islands over against Thesprotia, 12 p. from Buthrotum, the same 50 from the Acroceraunii, with a city of the same name, Corcyra, a free state, and the town Cassiope and the temple of Jupiter Cassius,97 stretching in length, called by Homer Scheria and Phaeacia, and by Callimachus also Drepane. Around it several, but leaning toward Italy Othronos, toward Leucadia Paxos, the two Sybotae,5 separated from Corcyra.

[53] nec procul ab iis ante Corcyram Ericusa, Marathe, Elaphusa, Malthace, Trachie, Pythionia, Ptychia, Tarachie et a Phalacro, Corcyrae promunturio, scopulus in quem mutatam Ulixis navem a simili specie fabula est. ante Leucadiam autem et Aetoliam permultae, quarum Teleboides eaedemque Taphiae ab incolis ante Leucadiam appellantur Taphias, Carnos, Oxia, Prinoessa, ante Aetoliam Echinades Aegialia, Cotonis, Thyatira, Geoaris, Dionysia, Cyrnus, Chalcis, Pinara, Nystrus.

[53] and not far from these, before Corcyra, Ericusa, Marathe, Elaphusa, Malthace, Trachie, Pythionia, Ptychia, Tarachie; and off Phalacrum, a promontory of Corcyra, a rock into which, as the tale goes, the ship of Ulysses was changed because of its similar appearance. but before Leucadia and Aetolia there are very many, of which the Teleboides, the same also the Taphiae, are by the inhabitants off Leucadia called the Taphiae: Taphias, Carnos, Oxia, Prinoessa; before Aetolia, the Echinades: Aegialia, Cotonis, Thyatira, Geoaris, Dionysia, Cyrnus, Chalcis, Pinara, Nystrus.

[54] ante eas in alto Cephallania, Zacynthus, utraque libera, Ithaca, Dulichium, Same, Crocyle. a Paxo Cephallania, quondam Melaena dicta,X p. abest, circuitu patet XCIII. Same diruta a Romanis adhuc tamen oppida tria habet.

[54] out before these in the deep: Cephallania, Zacynthus—both free— Ithaca, Dulichium, Same, Crocyle. From Paxo, Cephallania, once called Melaena, is 10 miles distant; in circuit it extends 93. Same, demolished by the Romans, nevertheless still has three towns.

inter hanc et Achaiam cum oppido magnifica et fertilitate praecipua Zacynthus, aliquando appellata Hyrie, a Cephallaniae meridiana parte XXV abest. mons Elatus ibi nobilis; ipsa circuitu colligit XXXVI.

between this and Achaea lies Zacynthus, with a town, magnificent and preeminent in fertility, sometimes called Hyrie; from the southern part of Cephallenia it is distant 25. There the mountain Elatus is renowned; the island itself measures 36 in circumference.

[55] ab ea Ithaca XV distat, in qua mons Neritus; tota vero circuitu patet XXV. ab ea Araxum, Peloponnesi promunturium,XV. ante hanc in alto Asteris, Prote, ante Zacynthum XXXV in eurum ventum Strophades duae, ab aliis Plotae dictae, ante Cephallaniam Letoia, ante Pylum III Sphagiae, totidem ante Messenen Oenussae.

[55] from it Ithaca is 15 distant, in which is Mount Neritus; and in all, it extends 25 in circuit. from it to Araxus, a promontory of the Peloponnese,15. before this, in the deep, Asteris, Prote; before Zacynthus, 35 on the Eurus wind-course, the two Strophades, called by others the Plotae; before Cephallenia, the Letoia; before Pylus, 3 the Sphagiae; the same number before Messene, the Oenussae.

[56] in Asinaeo sinu tres Thyrides, in Laconico Theganusa, Cothon, Cythera cum oppido, antea Porphyris appellata. haec sita est a Maleae promunturio V passuum, ancipiti propter angustias ibi navium ambitu. in Arrgolico Pityusa, Arine, Ephyre. contra Herminium agrum Tricarenus, Aperopia, Colonis, Aristera,

[56] in the Asinaean gulf, three Thyrides; in the Laconian, Theganusa, Cothon, Cythera with a town, formerly called Porphyris. This is situated 5 miles from the promontory of Malea, with a twofold circuit for ships there because of the narrowness. In the Arrgolic, Pityusa, Arine, Ephyre. Opposite the territory of Herminium, Tricarenus, Aperopia, Colonis, Aristera,

[57] contra Troezenium Calauria,L distans Plateis, Belbina, Lasia, Baucidias, contra Epidaurum Cecryphalos, Pityonesos VI a continente. ab hac Aegina liberae condicionis XV, cuius XVIIII praenavigatio est; eadem autem a Piraeo Atheniensium portu XX abest, ante Oenone vocitata. Spiraeo promunturio obiacent Eleusa, Adendros, Craugiae duae, Caeciae duae, Selcosa; et a Cenchreis Aspis VII et in Megarico sinu Methurides IIII, Aegila autem XV a Cythera, eademque a Cretae Phalasarna oppido XXV.

[57] opposite the Trezenean land, Calauria,50 distant from Plateis, Belbina, Lasia, Baucidias; opposite Epidaurus, Cecryphalos, Pityonesos 6 from the mainland. From this, Aegina, of free status, is 15, whose circumnavigation is 19; and the same is 20 distant from the Piraeus, the port of the Athenians, formerly called Oenone. Off the Spiraeum promontory lie Eleusa, Adendros, the two Craugiae, the two Caeciae, Selcosa; and from Cenchreae Aspis 7, and in the Megarian gulf the Methurides 4; and Aegila is 15 from Cythera, and the same 25 from Phalasarna, a town of Crete.

[58] Ipsa Creta, altero latere ad austrum, altero ad septentrionem versa, inter ortum occasumque porrigitur centum urbium clara fama. Dosiades eam a Crete nympha, Hesperidis filia, Anaximander a rege Curetum, Philistides Mallotes et Crates primum Aëriam dictam, deinde postea Curetim; et Macaron nonnulli a temperie caeli appellatam existimavere. latitudine nusquam L excedens et circa mediam sui partem maxime patens longitudine implet CCLXX, circuitu DLXXXVIIII, flectensque se in Creticum pelagus ab ea dictum, qua longissima est, ad orientem promunturium Samonium adversum Rhodo, ad occidentem Criu Metopon Cyrenas versus expellit.

[58] Crete itself, turned with one side to the south, the other to the north, stretches between east and west, renowned for a hundred cities. Dosiades [derives] it from the nymph Crete, daughter of Hesperis; Anaximander from a king of the Curetes; Philistides of Mallos and Crates [say it was] first called Aeria, then afterwards Curetis; and some have thought it called Macaron from the temperateness of the climate. In breadth it exceeds nowhere 50, and, being widest around its middle part, in length it amounts to 270, in circumference 589; and bending itself into the Cretan sea, named from it, where it is longest, to the east it thrusts forth the promontory Samonium opposite Rhodes, to the west it pushes out Criu Metopon toward Cyrene.

[59] oppida eius insignia Phalasarna, Elaea, Cisamon, Pergamum, Cydonea, Minoium Apteron, Pautomatrium, Amphimala, Rhithymna, Panhormum, Cytaeum, Apollonia, Matium, Heraclea, Miletos, Ampelos, Hierapytna, Lebena, Hierapolis, et in mediterraneo Gortyna, Phaestum, Gnosus, Polyrrhenum, Myrina, Lycastos, Rhmanus, Lyctus, Dium, Asium, Pyloros, Rhytion, Elatos, Pherae, Olopyxos, Lasos, Eleuthernae, Therapnae, Marathusa, Tylisos; et aliorum circiter LX oppidorum memoria extat. montes Cadistus, Idaeus, Dictynnaeus, Corycus.

[59] its notable towns are Phalasarna, Elaea, Cisamon, Pergamum, Cydonea, Minoium Apteron, Pautomatrium, Amphimala, Rhithymna, Panhormum, Cytaeum, Apollonia, Matium, Heraclea, Miletos, Ampelos, Hierapytna, Lebena, Hierapolis, and in the interior Gortyna, Phaestus, Gnosus, Polyrrhenum, Myrina, Lycastos, Rhmanus, Lyctus, Dium, Asium, Pyloros, Rhytion, Elatos, Pherae, Olopyxos, Lasos, Eleuthernae, Therapnae, Marathusa, Tylisos; and the record of about 60 other towns remains. the mountains Cadistus, Idaeus, Dictynnaeus, Corycus.

[60] ipsa abest promunturio suo, quod vocatur Criu Metopon, ut prodit Agrippa, a Cyrenarum promunturio Phycunte CXXV, item Cadisto .... a Malea Peloponnesi LXXX, a Carpatho insula promunturio Samonio LX in favonium ventum. haec inter eam et Rhodum interiacet;

[60] it itself is distant, at its own promontory which is called Criu Metopon, as Agrippa reports, 125 from the promontory Phycus of the Cyrenaeans, likewise from Cadistus .... 80 from Malea of the Peloponnese, 60 from the island Carpathus at the promontory Samonium with the Favonius wind. This lies between it and Rhodes;

[61] reliquae circa eam ante Peloponnesum duae Corycoe, totidem Mylae, et latere septentrionali dextra Cretam habenti contra Cydoneam Leuce et duae Budroe, contra Matium Dia, contra Itanum promunturium Onysia, Leuce, contra Hierapytham Chrysea, Gaudos. eodem tractu Ophiussa, Butoa, Ramnus circumvectisque Criu Metopon tres Acusagorus appellatae. ante Samonium promunturium Phocoe, Platiae, Syrnides, Naulochos, Harmedon, Zephyre.

[61] the remaining [islands] around it, before the Peloponnese, are two Corycoes, and just as many Mylae; and on the northern side, for one having Crete on the right, opposite Cydonea, Leuce and two Budroe; opposite Matium, Dia; opposite the promontory of Itanum, Onysia, Leuce; opposite Hierapytha, Chrysea, Gaudos. In the same tract, Ophiussa, Butoa, Ramnus; and, when Criu Metopon has been circumnavigated, three called Acusagorus. Before the promontory Samonium, Phocae, Platiae, the Syrnides, Naulochos, Harmedon, Zephyre.

[62] At in Hellade, etiamnum in Aegaeo, Lichades, Scarphia, Corese, Phocasia conpluresque aliae ex adverso Atticae, sine oppidis et ideo ignobiles. sed contra Eleusina clara Salamis. ante eam Psyttalia, a Sunio vero Helene V distants.

[62] But in Hellas, still in the Aegean, the Lichades, Scarphia, Corese, Phocasia, and several others lie opposite Attica, without towns and therefore obscure. But over against Eleusis is famous Salamis. Before it, Psyttalia; and from Sunium, indeed, Helene is 5 distant.

dein Ceos ab ea totidem, quam nostri quidam dixere Ceam, Graeci et Hydrusam, avolsam Euboeae. quingentos longa stadios fuit quondam, mox quattuor fere partibus, quae ad Boeotiam vergebant, eodem mari devoratis oppida habet reliqua Iulida, Carthaeam; intercidere Coresus, Poeeessa. ex hac profectam delicatiorem feminis vestem auctor est Varro.

then Ceos from it at the same distance, which some of our writers have called Cea, the Greeks also Hydrusa, torn away from Euboea. it was once 500 stadia long, but soon, with nearly four parts, which inclined toward Boeotia, swallowed by the same sea, it retains the remaining towns Iulis and Carthaea; Coresus and Poeeessa have fallen away. Varro is an authority that from this island there originated for women a more delicate garment.

[63] Euboea, et ipsa avolsa Boeotiae, tam modico interfluente Euripo, ut ponte iungantur, ad meridiem promunturiis duobus, Geraesto ad Atticam vergente et ad Hellespontum Caphereo, insignis, a septentrione Cenaeo, nusquam latitudinem ultra XL extendit, nusquam intra MM contrahit, sed in longitudinem universae Boeotiae ab Attica ad Thessaliam usque praetenta in CL, circuitu vero CCCLXV.

[63] Euboea, itself torn off from Boeotia, with so small an Euripus flowing between that they are joined by a bridge, is conspicuous on the south by two promontories—Geraestus looking toward Attica and Caphereus toward the Hellespont—and on the north by Cenaeum; in breadth it nowhere extends beyond 40, and nowhere narrows to within 2,000; but in length, stretched along the whole of Boeotia from Attica up to Thessaly, it runs to 150, and in circuit 365.

[64] abest ab Hellesponto parte Capherei CCXXV, urbibus quondam Pyrrha, Porthmo, Neso, Cerintho, Oreo, Dio, Aedepso, Oechalia, nunc Chalcie, cuius ex adverso in continente Aulis est, Geraesto, Eretria, Carysto, Oritano, Artemisio, fonte Arethusa, flumine Lelanto aquisque calidis quae Ellopiae vocantur nobilis, notior tamen marmore Carystio. antea vocitata est Chalcodontis aut Macris, ut Dionysius et Ephorus tradunt, ut Aristides, Macra, ut Callidemus, Chalcis aere ibi primum reperto, ut Menaechmus, Abantias, ut poetae vulgo, Asopis.

[64] it is distant from the Hellespont on the Caphereus side 225, once with the cities Pyrrha, Porthmos, Neso, Cerinthus, Oreus, Dium, Aedipsus, Oechalia, now Chalcis, opposite which on the mainland is Aulis, Geraestus, Eretria, Carystus, Oritanum, Artemision, notable for the spring Arethusa, the river Lelantus, and the hot waters which are called Ellopiae, yet better known for Carystian marble. Formerly it was called Chalcodontis or Macris, as Dionysius and Ephorus relate, as Aristides, Macra, as Callidemus, Chalcis, from bronze first discovered there, as Menaechmus, Abantias, as the poets generally, Asopis.

[65] Extra eam in Myrtoo multae, sed maxime inlustres Glauconnesos et Aegilia et a promunturio Geraesto circa Delum in orbem sitae, unde et nomen traxere, Cyclades. prima earum Andrus cum oppido abest a Geraesto X, a Ceo XXXVIII. ipsam Myrsiulus Cauron, deinde Antandron cognominatum tradit, Callimachus Lasiam, alii Nonagriam, Hydrusam, Epagrim; patet circuitu LXXXXIII.

[65] Outside it in the Myrtoan (sea) there are many (islands), but most illustrious are Glauconnesos and Aegilia, and, from the promontory of Geraestus, the Cyclades, set around Delos in a circle, whence they also drew their name. The first of them, Andros with its town, is distant from Geraestus 10, from Ceos 38. Myrsiulus relates that it itself was surnamed Cauron, then Antandron; Callimachus (calls it) Lasia; others, Nonagria, Hydrusa, Epagrus; it extends in circumference 93.

ab eadem Andro passus mille et a Delo XV Tenos cum oppido in XV porrecta, quam propter aquarum abundantiam Aristoteles Hydrusam appellatam ait, aliqui Ophiusam.

from that same Andros a thousand paces, and 15 from Delos, lies Tenos with its town, stretched out for 15; which, on account of the abundance of waters, Aristotle says was called Hydrusa, some Ophiousa.

[66] ceterae Myconus cum monte Dimasto a Delo XV, Siphnus, ante Meropia et Acis appellata, circuitu XXVIII, Seriphus XV Prepesinthus, Cythnos ispaque longe clarissima et Cycladum media ac templo Apollinis et mercatu celebrata Delos, quae diu fluctuata, ut proditur, sola motum terrae non sensit ad M. Varronis aetatem; Mucianus prodidit bis concussam. hanc Aristoteles ita appellatam tradit, quoniam repente apparuerit enata, Aglaosthenes Cynthiam, alii Ortygiam, Asteriam, Lagiam, Chlamydim, Cynethum, Pyrpylen igni ibi primum reperto. cingitur V passuum, adsurgit Cynthio monte.

[66] the others: Myconos with Mount Dimastus, 15 from Delos; Siphnos, formerly called Meropia and Acis, with a circuit of 28; Seriphos 15; Prepesinthos; Kythnos; and Delos itself—by far the most illustrious and the midst of the Cyclades, celebrated for the temple of Apollo and its market—which, long afloat, as is related, alone did not feel the movement of the earth down to the age of M. Varro; Mucianus has reported it was shaken twice. Aristotle hands down that it was so named because it suddenly appeared, as if born; Aglaosthenes (calls it) Cynthian; others Ortygia, Asteria, Lagia, Chlamys, Cynethus, Pyrpylen—since fire was first discovered there. It is girdled by 5 miles, and it rises with Mount Cynthus.

[67] proxima ei Rhene, quam Anticlides Celadusam vocat, item Artemiten, Celadinen. Syros, quam circuitu patere XX prodiderunt vetere, Mucianus CLX, Olearos, Paros cum oppido, ab Delo XXXVIII, marmore nobilis, quam primo Platean, postea Minoida vocarunt. ab ea VII:D Naxus, a Delo XVIII, cum oppido, quam Strongylen, deinde Dian, mox Dionysiada a vinearum fertilitate, alii Siciliam minorem aut Callipolim appellarunt.

[67] next to it is Rhene, which Anticlides calls Celadusa, likewise Artemite, Celadine. Syros, which they have reported to extend 20 in circuit, Mucianus 160, Olearos, Paros with a town, 38 from Delos, noble for marble, which they first called Platea, afterwards Minoïs. from it 7 distant: Naxos, 18 from Delos, with a town, which they called Strongyle, then Dia, soon Dionysiada from the fertility of its vineyards; others have called it Lesser Sicily or Callipolis.

patet circuitu LXXV p. dimidioque maior est quam Parus.

it extends in circumference 75 miles, and is larger than Paros by one half.

[68] Et hactenus quidem Cyclada servant, ceteras quae secuntur Sporadas. sunt autem Helene, Phacusa, Nicasia, Schinusa, Pholegandros et a Naxo XXXVIII p. Icaros, quae nomen mari dedit, tantundem ipsa in longitudinem patens, cum oppidis duobus tertio amisso, antea vocitata Doliche et Macris et Ichthyusa. sita est ab exortu solstitiali Deli L eademque a Samo XXXV, inter Euboeam et Andrum X passuum freto, ab ea Geraestum CXII:D passuum.

[68] And thus far indeed they keep to the Cyclades; the rest which follow are the Sporades. These are Helene, Phacusa, Nicasia, Schinusa, Pholegandros, and, 38 miles from Naxos, Icaros, which gave its name to the sea, itself extending the same distance in length, with two towns, a third having been lost, formerly called Doliche and Macris and Ichthyusa. It lies 50 miles from Delos toward the solstitial sunrise, and likewise 35 from Samos, with a strait of 10 miles between Euboea and Andros; from it Geraestum is 112.5 miles.

[69] nec deinde servari potest ordo; acervatim ergo ponentur reliquae. Scyros, Ios a Naxo XVIII, Homeri sepulchro veneranda, longitudine XXII, antea Phoenice appellata, Odia, Oletandros. Gyara cum oppido, circuitu XV p., abest ab Andro LXII, ab ea Syrnos LXXX, Cynethus, Telos unguneto nobilis, a Callimacho Agathusa appellata, Donusa, Patmus circuitu XXX,

[69] nor thereafter can order be preserved; therefore the rest will be set down in a heap. Scyros, Ios at 18 from Naxos, venerable for the sepulchre of Homer, with a length of 22, formerly called Phoenice, Odia, Oletandros. Gyara with a town, with a circuit of 15 p., is 62 from Andros; from it Syrnos 80, Cynethus, Telos notable for unguent, called Agathousa by Callimachus, Donusa, Patmus with a circuit of 30,

[70] Corassiae, Lebinthus, Gyrus, Cinara, Sicinus quae antea Oenoe, Heraclia quae Onus, Casos quae Astrabe, Cimolos quae Echinusa, Melos cum oppido, quam Aristides Mimblida appellat, Aristoteles Zephyriam, Callimachus Mimallida, Heraclides Siphin et Acytan; haec insularum rotundissima est. Buporthmos, Machia, Hypere, quondam Patage, ut alii, Platage, nunc Amorgos, Polyaegas, Sapyle, Thera, cum primum emersit, Calliste dicta. ex ea avolsa postea Therasia, atque inter duas enata mox Automate, eadem Hiera, et in nostro aevo Thia iuxta easdem enata.

[70] Corassiae, Lebinthus, Gyrus, Cinara, Sicinus, which earlier (formerly) Oenoe, Heraclia, which (was) Onus, Casos, which (was) Astrabe, Cimolos, which (was) Echinusa, Melos with a town, which Aristides calls Mimblida, Aristotle (calls) Zephyria, Callimachus Mimallida, Heraclides Siphin and Acytan; this is the roundest of the islands. Buporthmos, Machia, Hypere, once Patage—according to others, Platage—now Amorgos, Polyaegas, Sapyle, Thera, when it first emerged, called Calliste. From it Therasia was later torn away, and soon born between the two was Automate, the same (called) Hiera, and in our era Thia, born next to those same ones.

distat Ios a Thera XXV p.

Ios is distant from Thera 25 miles.

[71] secuntur Lea, Ascania, Anaphe, Hippuris. Astypalaea, liberae civitatis, circuitus LXXXVIII, abest a Cadisto Cretae CXXV, ab ea Platea LX, unde Caminia XXXVIII, Azibintha, Lamse, Atragia, Pharmacusa, Thetaedia, Chalcia, Calymna, in qua oppidum, Coos, Eulimna, a qua Carpathum, Cretae promunturium,XXX. in Euripo autem Euboico primo fere introitu Petaliae IIII insulae et in exitu Atalante.

[71] Lea, Ascania, Anaphe, Hippuris follow. Astypalaea, a free city, circuit 88, is distant from Cadistus of Crete 125; from it Platea 60, whence Caminia 38, Azibintha, Lamse, Atragia, Pharmacusa, Thetaedia, Chalcia, Calymna, in which there is a town, Coos, Eulimna, from which Carpathum, a promontory of Crete, 30. In the Euboean Euripus, almost at the first entrance, the Petaliae, 4 islands, and at the exit Atalante.

Cyclades et Sporades ab oriente litoribus Icariis Asiae, ab occidente Myrtois Atticae, a septentrione Aegaeo mari, a meridie Cretico et Carpathio inclusae per DCC in longitudinem et per CC latitudinem iacent.

The Cyclades and the Sporades, enclosed on the east by the Icarian shores of Asia, on the west by the Myrtoan waters of Attica, on the north by the Aegean Sea, and on the south by the Cretan and Carpathian seas, lie extending 700 in length and 200 in breadth.

[72] Pagasicus sinus ante se habet Euthiam, Cicynethum, Scyrum supra dictam, sed Cycladum et Sporadum extimam, Gerontiam, Scandiram, Thermaeus Iresiam, Solymniam, Eudemiam, Neam, quae Minervae sacra est, Athos ante se IIII, Peparethum cum oppido, quondam Euoenon dictam, novem milia, Sciathum XV, Imbrum cum oppido LXXXVIII. eadem abest a Mastusia Cherronesi XXII p., ipsa circuitur LXII:D; perfunditur amne Ilisso.

[72] The Pagasian bay has before it Euthia, Cicynethus, Skyros mentioned above, yet the outermost of the Cyclades and Sporades, Gerontia, Scandira, the Thermaean Iresia, Solymnia, Eudemia, Nea, which is sacred to Minerva—Athos before it 4—Peparethus with a town, once called Euoenon, 9 miles; Sciathus 15; Imbrus with a town 88. The same is distant from Mastusia of the Chersonese 22 miles; it is itself circumnavigated in 62:D; it is washed by the river Ilissus.

[73] ab ea Lemnos XXII, quae ab Atho LXXXVII; circuitu pate CXV:D p., oppida habet Hephaestiam et Myrinam, in cuius forum solstitio Athos eiaculatur umbram. ab ea Thasos libera VI p., olim Aëria vel Aethria dicta. inde Abdera continentis XXII, Athos LXII:D, tantundem insula Samothrace libera ante Hebrum, ab Imbro XXXII, a Lemno XXII:D p., a Thraciae ora XXXVIII; circuitur XXXV, attllitur monte Saoce X p. altitudinis, vel inportuosissima omnium.

[73] from it Lemnos 22, which is 87 from Athos; in circumference it extends 115:D p., it has towns Hephaestia and Myrina, into whose forum at the solstice Athos shoots its shadow. From it Thasos, free, 6 p., formerly called Aeria or Aethria. Thence Abdera of the mainland 22, Athos 62:D, just as much the island Samothrace, free, before the Hebrus, from Imbros 32, from Lemnos 22:D p., from the shore of Thrace 38; it is circumnavigated in 35, it is raised by Mount Saos to a height of 10 p., or the most harborless of all.

Callimachus eam antiquo nomine Dardaniam vocat.

Callimachus calls it by the ancient name Dardania.

[74] inter Cherronesum et Samothracen, utrimque fere XV, Halonesos, ultra Gethone, Lamponia, Alopeconnesus haud procul a Coelo, Cherronesi portu, et quaedam ignobiles. desertis quoque reddantur in hoc sinu quarum modo inveniri potuere nomina: Avesticos, Sarnos, Cissyros, Charbrusa, Calathusa, Scyllia, Dialeon, Dictaea, Melanthia, Dracanon, Arconesos, Diethusa, Ascapos, Capheris, Mesate, Acantion, Pateronnesus, Pateria, Calathe, Neriphus, Pelendos.

[74] between the Cherronesus and Samothrace, on either side about 15, Halonesos; beyond, Gethone, Lamponia, Alopeconnesus not far from Coelo, a port of the Cherronesus, and certain obscure ones. Let there also be set down among the deserted in this gulf those whose names could only just be found: Avesticos, Sarnos, Cissyros, Charbrusa, Calathusa, Scyllia, Dialeon, Dictaea, Melanthia, Dracanon, Arconesos, Diethusa, Ascapos, Capheris, Mesate, Acantion, Pateronnesus, Pateria, Calathe, Neriphus, Pelendos.

[75] Quartus e magnis Europae sinus ab Hellespontio incipiens Maeotis ostio finitur. sed totius Ponti forma breviter conplectenda est, ut facilius partes noscantur. vastum mare, praeiacens Asiae et ab Europa porrecto Cherronesi litore expulsu, ancgusto meatu inrumpit in terras, VII stadiorum, ut dictum est, intervallo Europam auferens Asiae.

[75] The fourth of the great gulfs of Europe, beginning at the Hellespont, ends at the mouth of the Maeotis. But the form of the whole Pontus (the Black Sea) must be briefly comprehended, so that its parts may be more easily recognized. A vast sea, lying before Asia and, on the side of Europe, driven back by the extended shore of the Chersonese, bursts into the lands by a narrow channel, separating Europe from Asia by an interval of 7 stadia, as has been said.

primas angustias Hellespontum vocant; hac Xerxes Persarum rex constrato in navibus ponte duxit exercitum. porrigitur deinde tenuis Euripus LXXXVI spatio ad Priapum urbem Asiae, qua Magnus Alexander transcendit.

they call the first narrows the Hellespont; by this Xerxes, king of the Persians, with a bridge laid on ships, led his army. then a slender Euripus stretches for a span of 86 to the city of Priapus in Asia, by which Great Alexander crossed.

[76] inde exspatiatur aequor rursusque in artum coit. laxitas Propontis appellatur, angustiae Thracius Bosporus, latitudine quingentorum passuum, qua Darius pater Xerxis copias ponte transvexit. tota ab Hellesponto longitudo CCXXXIX.

[76] thence the sea spreads out and again comes together into narrow. the widening is called the Propontis, the narrows the Thracian Bosporus, with a breadth of 500 paces, where Darius, father of Xerxes, carried his forces across by a bridge. the whole length from the Hellespont is 239.

dein vastum mare Pontus Euxinus, qui quondam Axenus, longe refugientes occupat terras magnoque litorum flexu retro curvatus in cornua ab iis utrimque porrigitur, ut sit plane arcus Scythici forma. medio flexu iungitur ostio Maeotii lacus. Cimmerius Bosporus id os vocatur,II quingentorum passuum latitudine.

then the vast sea, the Pontus Euxinus, which once was called Axenus, occupies lands receding far, and, curved backward into horns by a great flexure of the shores, is stretched out from them on either side, so that it is plainly in the form of a Scythian bow. At the middle bend it is joined by the mouth of Lake Maeotis. That mouth is called the Cimmerian Bosporus, with a breadth of 1,000 paces.

[77] at inter duos Bosporos Thracium et Cimmerium derecto cursu, ut auctor est Polybius,D intersunt. circuitus vero totius Ponti viciens semel L, ut auctor est Varro et fere veteres. Nepos Corenlius CCCL adicit, Artemidorus vicies novies decem novem milia facit, Agrippa |XXV|:XL, Mucianus |XXIIII|:XXV.

[77] but between the two Bospori, the Thracian and the Cimmerian, by a direct course, as Polybius is authority, 500 lie between. As for the circuit of the whole Pontus, it is 1,050, as Varro and nearly the ancients say. Cornelius Nepos adds 350; Artemidorus makes it 29,000; Agrippa |25|:40; Mucianus |24|:25.

simili modo de Europae latere mensuram alii |XIIII|:LXXVIIII determinavere, alii |XI|.

In a similar manner, on the side of Europe, some have determined the measurement as 14:79, others as 11.

[78] M. Varro ad hunc modum metitur: ab ostio Ponti Apolloniam CLXXXVII:D p., Callatim tantundem, ad ostium Histri CXXV, ad Borysthenem CCL, Cherronesum Heracleotarum oppidum CCCLXXV p., ad Panticapaeum, quod aliqui Bosporum vocant, extremum in Europae ora,CCXII:D, quae summa efficit |XIII|:XXXVII:D. Agrippa a Byzantio ad flumen Histrum DLX, inde Panticapaeum DCXXXVIII. lacus ipse Maeotis, Tanain amnem ex Ripaeis montibus defluentem accipiens, novissimum inter Europam Asiamque finem, |XIIII|:VI circuitu patere traditur, ab aliis |XI|:XXV. ab ostio eius ad Tanais ostium derecto cursu CCLXXV esse constat.

[78] M. Varro measures in this manner: from the mouth of the Pontus to Apollonia 187.5 miles, to Callatis the same amount, to the mouth of the Hister 125, to the Borysthenes 250, to Chersonesus, the town of the Heracleotae, 375 miles, to Panticapaeum, which some call the Bosporus, the farthest on the shore of Europe,212.5; which sum makes 1,337.5. Agrippa from Byzantium to the river Hister 560, thence to Panticapaeum 638. The Maeotis lake itself, receiving the river Tanais flowing down from the Rhipaean mountains, the farthest boundary between Europe and Asia, is reported to extend in circumference 1,406, by others 1,125. From its mouth to the mouth of the Tanais in a straight course it is established to be 275.

accolae sinus eius in mentione Thraciae dicti sunt Histropolin usque. inde ostia Histri.

the dwellers along its gulf have been mentioned in the mention of Thrace, as far as Histropolis. thence, the mouths of the Hister.

[79] Ortus hic in Germania iugis montis Abnouae ex adverso Raurici Galliae oppidi, multis ultra Alpes milibus ac per innumeras lapsus gentes Danuvi nomine, inmenso aquarum auctu et unde primum Illyricum adluit Hister appellatus, LX amnibus receptis, medio ferme eorum numero navigabili, in Pontum vastis sex fluminibus evolvitur. primum ostium Peuces, mox ipsa Peuce insula, in qua proximus alveus appellatus XIX p. magna palude sorbetur. ex eodem alveo et super Histropolim lacus gignitur LXIII passuum ambitu; Halmyrin vocant.

[79] This river rises in Germania on the ridges of Mount Abnoba, over against the town of the Raurici in Gaul, many miles beyond the Alps, and, having glided through innumerable nations under the name Danube, with an immense augmentation of waters, and from the point where it first bathes Illyricum called the Hister, after receiving 60 tributaries—nearly half of that number navigable—is discharged into the Pontus by 6 vast streams. The first mouth is Peuce; next, the Peuce island itself, in which the nearest channel, so called, is swallowed by a great marsh after 19 miles. From the same channel also, and above Histropolis, a lake is produced with a circuit of 63 miles; they call it Halmyris.

secundum ostium Naracustoma appellatur, tertium Calon Stoma iuxta insulam Sarmaticam, quartum Pseudostomon et insula Conopon Diabasis, postea Borion Stoma et Psilon Stoma. singula autem ora sunt tanta, ut prodatur in XL passuum longitudinis vinci mare dulcemque intellegi haustum.

the second mouth is called Naracustoma, the third Calon Stoma near the Sarmatian island, the fourth Pseudostomon and the island Conopon Diabasis, and after that Borion Stoma and Psilon Stoma. each mouth, moreover, is so great that it is reported that over 40 miles in length the sea is overcome and understood as a sweet (fresh-water) draught.

[80] Ab eo in plenum quidem omnes Scytharum sunt gentes, varie tamen litori adposita tenuere, alias Getae, Daci Romanis dicti, alias Sarmatae, Graecis Sauromatae, eorumque Hamaxobli aut Aorsi, alias Scythae degeneres et a servis orti aut Trogodytae, mox Alani et Rhoxolani; superiora autem inter Danuvium et Hercynium saltum usque ad Pannonica hiberna Carnunti Germanorumque ibi confinium, campos et plana Iazyges Sarmatae, montes vero et saltus pulsi ab iis Daci ad Pathissum amnem,

[80] From there, in general, all the nations are Scythian; yet those set along the shore have variously held it—some the Getae, called Daci by the Romans; others the Sarmatae, “Sauromatae” to the Greeks, and among these the Hamaxobli or Aorsi; others degenerate Scythians and sprung from slaves, or Trogodytae; next the Alani and the Rhoxolani. The upper regions, however, between the Danube and the Hercynian Forest, as far as the Pannonian winter-quarters at Carnuntum and the frontier of the Germans there—the plains and flat-lands the Iazyges Sarmatae; but the mountains and forest-passes, the Daci, driven by them, up to the river Pathissus.

[81] a Maro, sive Duria est a Suebis regnoque Vanniano dirimens eos, aversa Basternae tenent aliique inde Germani.grippa totum eum tractum ab Histro ad oceanum bis ad decies centenum milium passuum in longitudinem, quattuor milibus minus CCCC in latitudinem, ad flumen Vistlam a desertis Sarmatiae prodidit. Scytharum nomen usquequaque transiit in Sarmatas atque Germanos. nec aliis prisca illa duravit appellatio quam qui extremi gentium harum, ignotic prope ceteris mortalibus, degunt.

[81] from the Marus, or the Duria, which divides them from the Suebi and the kingdom of Vannius; on the far side the Bastarnae hold, and other Germans from there.Germans. Agrippa reported that whole tract from the Hister to the Ocean as 2,000,000 paces in length, and in breadth 4,000 less 400, up to the river Vistula, from the deserts of Sarmatia. The name of the Scythians has everywhere passed over to the Sarmatians and the Germans. Nor has that ancient appellation endured for any others than those who dwell at the extremities of these nations, almost unknown to the rest of mortals.

[82] Verum ab Histro oppida Cremniscoe, Aepolium, montes Macrocremni, clarus amnis Tyra, oppido nomen inponens ubi antea Ophiusa dicebatur. in eodem insulam spatiosam inclutn Tyragetae; abest a Pseudostomo Histri ostio CXXX. mox Axiacae cognomines flumini, ultra quos Crobyzi, flumen Rhode, sinus Saggarius, portus Ordesos et a Tyra CXX flumen Borysthenes lacusque et gens eodem nomine et oppidum ab mari recedens XV passuum, Olbiopolis et Miletopolis antiquis nominibus.

[82] But from the Danube: the towns Cremniscoe, Aepolium; the Macrocremni mountains; the celebrated river Tyra, bestowing its name upon the town where previously it was called Ophiusa. In the same place the Tyragetae inhabit a spacious island; it is 130 miles distant from the Pseudostomus mouth of the Danube. Next, the Axiacae, eponymous with the river; beyond whom the Crobyzi; the river Rhode; the bay Saggarius; the harbor Ordesos; and, 120 miles from the Tyra, the river Borysthenes, with lakes and a people of the same name, and a town withdrawing 15 miles from the sea, with the ancient names Olbiopolis and Miletopolis.

[83] rursus litore portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara, et ab ea CXXV passuum paeninsula ad formam gladii in transversum porrecta, exercitatione eiusdem cognominata Dromos Achilleos, cuius longitudinem LXXX tradidit Agrippa. totum eum tractum tenent Sardi Scythae et Siraci. inde silvestris regio Hylaeo mare, quo adluitur, cognominavit; Enoaecadioe vocantur incolae.

[83] again along the shore the Port of the Achaeans, the island of Achilles, renowned for that man’s tumulus; and from it a peninsula of 125 paces, stretched crosswise in the shape of a sword, surnamed the Dromos of Achilles from his exercise, whose length Agrippa recorded as 80. the whole of that tract is held by the Sardi Scythians and the Siraci. thence a forested region gave its cognomen to the Hylaean Sea, by which it is laved; the inhabitants are called the Enoaecadioe.

ultra Panticapes amnes, qui Nomadas et Georgos disterminat, mos Acesinus. quidam Panticapen confluere intra Olbiam cum Borysthene tradunt, diligentiores Hypanim, tanto errore eorum, qui illum in Asiae parte prodidere.

beyond the Panticapes rivers, which demarcates the Nomads and the Georgi (farmers), is the Acesinian mouth. some report that the Panticapes confluent within Olbia with the Borysthenes; the more diligent say the Hypanis—so great is the error of those who have handed it down as being on the Asian side.

[84] Mare subit magno recessu, donec V passuum intervallo absit a Maeotide, vasta ambiens spatia multasque gentes. sinus Carcinites appellatur. flumen Pacyris; oppida Navarum, Carcine.

[84] The sea advances inland in a great recess, until, at an interval of 5 miles, it is distant from the Maeotis, encompassing vast spaces and many peoples. The bay is called Carcinites. The river Pacyris; the towns Navarum, Carcine.

a tergo lacus Buces, fossa emissus in mare. ipse Buces a Coreto, Maeoti lacus sinu, petroso discluditur dorso. recipit amnes Bucem, Gerrhum.

Behind lies Lake Buces, discharged into the sea by a trench. Buces itself is shut off from the Coretus, a bay of the Maeotian lake, by a rocky ridge. It receives the rivers Bucus and Gerrhus.

Hypanim, ex diverso venientes tractu. nam Gerrhus Basilidas et Nomadas separat, Hypanis per Nomadas et Hylaeos fluit, manu facto alveo in Bucen, naturali in Coretum. regio Scythiae Sindica nominatur.

the Hypanis as well, coming from a different direction. for the Gerrhus separates the Basilidae and the Nomads; the Hypanis flows through the Nomads and the Hylaei, by a man-made channel into Bucen, by a natural one into Coretus. the region of Scythia is named Sindica.

[85] Sed a Carcinite Taurica incipit, quondam mari circumfusa et ipsa qua nunc campi iacent; dein vastis attollitur iugis. triginta sunt eorum populi, ex iis mediterranei XXIII; VI oppida Orgociini, Characeni, Assyrani, Stactari, Acisalitae, Caliordi. iugum ipsum Scythotauri tenent; cluduntur ab occidente Cherroneso Nea, ab ortu Scythis Satarcis.

[85] But from the Carcinite Taurica begins, formerly itself surrounded by the sea even where now plains lie; then it is lifted up with vast ridges. Their peoples are thirty, of these 23 inland; 6 towns: the Orgociini, Characeni, Assyrani, Stactari, Acisalitae, Caliordi. The ridge itself the Scythotauri hold; they are enclosed on the west by the Nea Cherronesus, on the east by the Scythian Satarci.

in ora a Carcine oppida Taphrae in ipsis angustiis paeninsulae, mox Heraclea Cherronesus, libertate a Romanis donatum; Megarice vocabatur antea, praecipui nitoris, in toto eo tractu custoditis Graeciae moribus,V passuum ambiente muro.

on the coast from Carcine, the towns Taphrae, at the very narrows of the peninsula, then Heraclea Cherronesus, granted freedom by the Romans; it was formerly called Megarice, of exceptional luster, with the customs of Greece maintained throughout that whole tract, with a surrounding wall of 5 miles.

[86] inde Parthenium promunturium, Taurorum civitas Placia, Symbolum portus, promunturium Criu Metopon adverso Carambico Asiae promunturio, per medium Euxinum procurrens CLXX intervallo, quae maxime ratio Scythici arcus formam efficit. ab eo Taurorum portus multi et lacus. oppidum Theodosia a Criu Metopo CXXV p., a Cheroneso vero CLXV.

[86] thence the Parthenium promontory, Placia, a city of the Taurians, Symbolum, a port, the promontory Criu Metopon opposite the Carambic promontory of Asia, running out through the middle of the Euxine with an interval of 170 miles, a configuration which most of all produces the form of the Scythian bow. From it, many ports of the Taurians and lakes. The town Theodosia is 125 miles from Criu Metopon, and 165 from Cherronesus.

ultra fuere oppida Cytae, Zephyrium, Acrae, Nymphaeum, Dia.

beyond were the towns Cytae, Zephyrium, Acrae, Nymphaeum, Dia.

[87] restat longe validissimum in ipso Bospori introitu Panticapaeum Milesiorum, a Theodosia LXXXVII:D p., a Cimmerio vero oppido trans fretum sito MM:D, ut diximus, passuum. haec ibi latitudo Asiam ab Europa separat, eaque ipsa pedibus plerumque pervia glaciato freto. Bospori Cimmerii longitudo XII:D passuum.

[87] there remains, by far the strongest, at the very entrance of the Bosporus, Panticapaeum of the Milesians, from Theodosia 87:D p., and from the Cimmerian town situated across the strait 2000:D, as we have said, paces. this breadth there separates Asia from Europe, and this same strait is for the most part passable on foot when frozen. the length of the Cimmerian Bosporus is 12:D paces.

oppida habet Hermisium, Myrmecium et intus insulam Alopecen. per Maeotim autem ab extremo Isthmo, qui locus Taphrase vocatur, ad os Bospori CCLX longitudo colligit.

it has the towns Hermisium, Myrmecium, and within, the island Alopecen. along the Maeotis, however, from the farthest Isthmus, which place is called Taphrase, to the mouth of the Bosporus, the length amounts to 260.

[88] A Taphris per continentem introrsus tenent Auchetae, apud quos Hypanis oritur, Neuroe, apud quos Borysthenes, Geloni, Thyssagetae, Budini, Basilidae et careuleo capillo Agathyrsi. super eos Nomades, deinde Anthropophagi, a Buce vero super Maeotim Sauromatae et Essedones. at per oram ad Tanain usque ad Maeotae, a quibus lacus nomen accepit, ultimique a tergo eorum Arimaspi.

[88] From Taphris, further inland on the continent, there dwell the Auchetae, among whom the Hypanis arises; the Neuroe, among whom the Borysthenes; the Geloni, Thyssagetae, Budini, Basilidae, and the cerulean‑haired Agathyrsi. Above them, the Nomads, then the Anthropophagi; and from the Buce, above the Maeotis, the Sauromatae and the Essedones. But along the shore up to the Tanais are the Maeotae, from whom the lake received its name; and, furthest to their rear, the Arimaspi.

mox Ripaei montes et adsiduo nivis casu pinnarum similitudine Pterophoros appellata regio, pars mundi damnata a rerum natura et densa mersa caligine neque in alio quam rigoris opere gelidisque Aquilonis conceptaculis.

next the Ripaean mountains and the region called Pterophoros, from the likeness of pinions by the continual fall of snow, a part of the world condemned by the nature of things and submerged in dense caliginous gloom, engaged in nothing other than the work of rigor and the cold receptacles of icy Aquilo.

[89] Pone eos montes ultraque Aquilonem gens felix, si credimus, quos Hyperboreos appellavere, annoso degit aevo, fabulosis celebrata miraculis. ibi creduntur esse cardines mundi extremique siderum ambitus semenstri luce [et una die] solis adversi, non, ut imperiti dixere, ab aequinoctio verno in autmnum: semel in anno solstitio oriuntur iis soles brumaque semel occidunt. regio aprica, felici temperie, omni adflatu noxio carens.

[89] Beyond those mountains and beyond the North Wind, a happy folk—if we believe it—whom they have named the Hyperboreans, lives out its life to a long-aged span, celebrated by fabulous marvels. There are believed to be there the hinges of the world and the outermost circuits of the stars, with a half-year light [and in a single day] of the sun turned toward them, not, as the unskilled have said, from the vernal equinox into autumn: once in the year at the solstice the sun rises for them, and once at midwinter it sets. A sunny region, with a felicitous tempering, lacking any noxious breath.

domus iis nemora lucique, et deorum cutus viritim gregatimque, discordia ignota et aegritudo omnis. mors non nisi satietate vitae epulatis delibutoque senio luxu e quadam rupe in mare salientibus; hoc genus sepulturae beatissimum.

Their homes are groves and sacred groves, and the cult of the gods both man by man and in flocks; discord is unknown, as is every sickness. Death comes only when, sated with life, after banqueting and with old age tasted as a luxury, they leap from a certain cliff into the sea; this kind of sepulture is most blessed.

[90] quidam eos in prima parte Asiae litorum posuere, non in Europa, quia sunt ibi similitudine et situs Attacorum nomine. alii medios fecere eos inter utrumque solem, antipodum occasus exorientemque nostrum, quod fieri nullo modo potest tam vasto mari interveniente. qui alibi quam in semenstri luce constituere eos, serer matutinis, meridie metere, occidente fetus arborum decerpere, noctibus in specus condi tradiderunt.

[90] some placed them on the fore-part of Asia’s shores, not in Europe, because there are there, by similarity and situation, people under the name of the Attaci. others made them midway between the two “suns,” at the antipodes’ setting and at our rising, which can in no way happen with so vast a sea intervening. those who placed them anywhere other than in the half‑year light have reported them to sow in the mornings, to reap at midday, to pluck the fruits of trees at sunset, and by nights to be hidden in caves.

[91] nec licet dubitare de genete ea: tot auctores produnt frugum primitias solitos Delum mittere Apollini, quem praecipue colunt. virgines ferebant eas, hospitiis gentium per annos aliquot venerabiles, donec violata fide in proximis accolarum finibus deponere sacra ea instituere iique ad conterminos deferre atque ita Delum usque. mox et hoc ipsum exolevit.

[91] nor is it permitted to doubt about that people: so many authors report that they were accustomed to send the first-fruits of crops to Delos for Apollo, whom they especially worship. maidens used to carry them, venerable through the hospitalities of the nations for several years, until, faith having been violated, they instituted to deposit those sacred things on the nearest borders of their neighbors, and for those to carry them to the conterminous neighbors, and thus all the way to Delos. soon even this very practice died out.

Sarmatiae, Scythiae, Tauricae omnisque a Borysthene amne tractus longitudo DCCCCLXXX, latitudo DCCXVI a M. Agrippa tradita est. ego incertam in hac terrarum parte mensuram arbitror.,BR> Verum instituto ordine reliqua huius sinus dicantur, et maria quidem eius nuncupavimus.

The length of Sarmatia, Scythia, Taurica, and the whole tract from the river Borysthenes is 980, the breadth 716, as handed down by M. Agrippa. I consider the measurement in this part of the lands uncertain.,BR> But, the instituted order being observed, let the remaining parts of this gulf be spoken of, and we have indeed named its seas.

[92] Hellespontus insulas non habet in Europa dicendas. in Ponto duae, M:D ab Europa,XIIII ab ostio, Cyaneae, ab aliis Symplegades appellatae traditaeque fabulis inter se concucurrisse, quoniam parvo discretae intervallo ex adverso intrantibus geminae cernebantur paulumque deflexa acie coeuntium speciem praebebant. citra Histrum Apolloniatarum una,LXXX p. a Bosporo Thracio, ex qua M. Lucullus Capitolium Apollinem advexit.

[92] The Hellespont has no islands to be counted as in Europe. In the Pontus there are two, 1,500 from Europe, 14 from the mouth, the Cyaneae, called by others the Symplegades and by fables handed down as having run together with each other, since, separated by a small interval, to those entering head-on they were seen as a twin pair, and with the line of sight slightly deflected they offered the appearance of converging. On this side of the Hister, one belongs to the Apolloniatae, 80 miles from the Thracian Bosporus, from which Marcus Lucullus conveyed the Apollo to the Capitol.

inter ostia Histri quae essent diximus.

We have said what there were among the mouths of the Danube.

[93] ante Borysthenen Achillea est supra dicta, eadem Leuce et Macaron appellata. hanc temporum horum demonstratio a Borysthene CXL ponit, a Tyra CXX, a Peuce insula L; cingitur circiter X p. reliquae in Carcinite sinu Cephalonesos, Spodusa, Macra. non est omittenda multorum opinio, priusquam digrediamur a Ponto, qui maria omnia interiora illo capite nasci, non Gaditano freto, existimavere, haut inprobabili argumento, quoniam aestus semper e Ponto profluens numquam reciprocet.

[93] before the Borysthenes is the above‑said Achillea, likewise called Leuce and Macaron. The demonstration of these times places it at 140 from the Borysthenes, 120 from the Tyras, 50 from the island of Peuce; it is girded in circuit about 10 miles. The rest in the Carcinites Gulf are Cephalonesos, Spodusa, Macra. The opinion of many is not to be omitted, before we depart from the Pontus, who judged that all the interior seas are born at that head, not at the Gaditan Strait, with an argument hardly unprovable, since the tide, always flowing out from the Pontus, never reciprocates.

[94] Exeundum deinde est, ut extera Europae dicantur, transgressisque Ripaeos montes litus oceani septentrionalis in laeva, donec perveniatur Gadis, legendum. insulae complures sine nominibus eo situ traduntur, ex quibus ante Scythiam quae appellatur Baunonia unam abesse diei cursu, in quam veris tempore fluctibus electrum eiciatur, Timaeus prodidit. reliqua litora incerta.

[94] We must then go out, that the exterior parts of Europe may be spoken of, and, the Rhipaean mountains having been crossed, the shore of the septentrional (northern) Ocean on the left-hand side is to be coasted until one reaches Gades. Several islands without names are reported in that situation, of which, off Scythia, one called Baunonia is a day’s run distant, into which in springtime amber (electrum) is cast up by the waves, as Timaeus has recorded. The remaining coasts are uncertain.

signata fama septentrionalis oceani. Amalchium eum Hecataeus appellat a Parapaniso amne, qua Scythiam adluit, quod nomen eius gentis lingua significat congelatum.

the report of the septentrional Ocean has been recorded. Hecataeus calls it Amalchium from the Parapanisus river, where it bathes Scythia, and that name in the tongue of that nation signifies “congealed.”

[95] Philemon Morimarusam a Cimbris vocari, hoc est mortuum mare, inde usque ad promunturium Rusbeas, ultra deinde Cronium. Xenophon Lampsacenus a litore Scytharum tridui navigatione insulam esse inmensae magnitudinis Balciam tradit, eandem Pytheas Basiliam nominat. feruntur et Oeonae, in quibus ovis avium et avenis incolae vivant, aliae, in quibus equinis pedibus homines nascantur, Hippopodes appellati, Phanesiorum aliae, in quibus nuda alioqui corpora praegrandes ipsorum aures tota contegant.

[95] Philemon says that it is called Morimarusa by the Cimbri, that is “dead sea,” from there as far as the promontory Rusbeas, and beyond then the Cronian. Xenophon of Lampsacus hands down that at a three-days’ navigation from the Scythians’ shore there is an island of immense magnitude, Balcia; Pytheas names the same Basilia. The Oeonae also are reported, among whom the inhabitants live on birds’ eggs and on oats; others, in which men are born with equine feet, called Hippopodes; others of the Phanesii, in which their otherwise naked bodies are wholly covered by their very large ears.

[96] Incipit deinde clarior aperiri fama ab gente Inguaeonum, quae est prima in Germania. mons Saevo ibi, inmensus nec Ripaeis iugis minor, inmanem ad Cimbrorum usque promunturium efficit sinum, qui Codanus vocatur, refertus insulis, quarum clarissima est Scatinavia, inconpertae magnitudinis, portionem tantum eius, quod notum sit, Hillevionum gente quingentis incolente pagis: quare alterum orbem terrarum eam appellant. nec minor est opinione Aeningia.

[96] Then a clearer account begins to be opened from the nation of the Inguaeones, which is the first in Germany. There Mount Saevo, immense and not smaller than the Riphaean ridges, makes a huge bay as far as the Cimbrian promontory, which is called the Codanus, stuffed with islands, of which the most renowned is Scatinavia, of unascertained magnitude, only a portion of it, so far as is known, being inhabited by the nation of the Hilleviones in five hundred cantons; wherefore they call it another world. Nor is Aeningia less in estimation.

[97] quidam haec habitari ad Vistlam usque fluvium a Sarmatis, Venedis, Sciris, Hirris tradunt, sinum Cylipenum vocari et in ostio eius insulam Latrim, mox alterum sinum Lagnum, conterminum Cimbris. promunturium Cimbrorum excurrens in maria longe paeninsulam efficit, quae Tastris appellatur. XXIII inde insulae Romanis armis cognitae.

[97] some relate that these parts are inhabited as far as the Vistula river by the Sarmatians, Venedi, Sciri, and Hirri; that the bay is called Cylipenus and, at its mouth, the island Latris; then another bay, Lagnum, adjoining the Cimbri. The Promontory of the Cimbri, running far out into the seas, forms a peninsula, which is called Tastris. From there, 23 islands were known to Roman arms.

earum nobilissimae Burcana, Fabaria nostris dicta a frugis multitudine sponte provenientis, item Glaesaria a sucino militiae appellata, barbaris Austeravia, praeterque Actania.

of these the most noble are Burcana, Fabaria, called by our people from the abundance of produce springing up of its own accord, likewise Glaesaria, named by the soldiery from amber, by the barbarians Austeravia, and besides Actania.

[98] Toto autem mari ad Scaldim usque fluvium Germaniae accolunt gentes, haud explicabili mesnura: tam inmodica prodentium discordia est. Graeci et quidam nostri |XXV| oram Germaniae tradiderunt, Agrippa cum Raetia et Norico longitudinem DCXXXVI, latitudinem CCXLVIII,

[98] But along the whole sea right up to the river Scaldis, peoples of Germany dwell, by a measure not explicable: so immoderate is the discord of those reporting. The Greeks and certain of our own |25| have handed down the coast of Germany, Agrippa, together with Raetia and Noricum, a length of 636, a breadth of 248,

[99] si coniectare permittitur, haut multum ora deerit Graecorum opinioni et longitudini ab Agrippa proditae. Germanorum genera quinque: Vandili, quorum pars Burgodiones, Varinnae, Charini, Gutones. alterum genus Inguaeones, quorum pars Cimbri, Teutoni ac Chaucorum gentes.

[99] if it is permitted to conjecture, the coast will not fall much short of the opinion of the Greeks and of the length published by Agrippa. The kinds of the Germans are five: the Vandals, of whom a part are the Burgodiones, Varinnae, Charini, and Gutones. the second kind, the Inguaeones, of whom a part are the Cimbri, the Teutones, and the tribes of the Chauci.

[100] proximi autem Rheno Istuaeones, quorum ..... mediterranei Hermiones, quorum Suebi, Hermunduri, Chatti, Cherusci. quinta pars Peucini, Basternae, supra dictis contermini Dacis. amnes clari in oceanum defluunt Guthalus, Visculus sive Vistla, Albis, Visurgis, Amisis, Rhenus, Mosa.

[100] the nearest, however, to the Rhine are the Istvaeones, of whom ..... inland are the Hermiones, of whom the Suebi, the Hermunduri, the Chatti, the Cherusci. a fifth division: the Peucini, the Bastarnae, contiguous to the Dacians mentioned above. renowned rivers flow into the ocean: the Guthalus, the Visculus or Vistla, the Albis, the Visurgis, the Amisis, the Rhenus, the Mosa.

introrsus vero nullo inferius nobilitate Hercynium iugum praetenditur.

but inward, indeed, the Hercynian ridge stretches forth, inferior to none in renown.

[101] in Rheno autem ipso, prope C in longitudinem, nobilissima Batavorum insula et Cannenefatium et aliae Frisiorum, Chaucorum, Frisiavonum, Sturiorum, Marsaciorum, quae sternuntur inter Helinium ac Flevum. ita appellantur ostia, in quae effusus Rhenus a septentrione in lacus, ab occidente in amnem Mosam se spargit, medio inter haec ore modicum nomini suo custodiens alveum

[101] in the Rhine itself, nearly 100 in length, lies the most noble island of the Batavians and of the Cannenefates, and the other islands of the Frisians, the Chauci, the Frisiavones, the Sturii, the Marsacii, which are strewn between the Helinium and the Flevum. thus are the mouths called, into which the Rhine, poured out, to the north into lakes, to the west into the river Meuse, scatters itself, while with a mouth between these it preserves a modest channel for its own name.

[102] Ex adverso huius situs Britannia insula, clara Graecis nostrisque monimentis, inter septentrionem et occidentem iacet, Germaniae, Galliae, Hispaniae, multo maximis Europae partibus, magno intervallo adversa. Albion ipsi nomen fuit, cum Britanniae vocarentur omnes de quibus mox paulo dicemus. haec abest a Gesoriaco Morinorum gentis litore proximo traiectu L. circuitu patere |XXXXVIII|:LXXV Pytheas et Isidorus tradunt, XXX prope iam annis notitiam eius Romanis armis non ultra vicinitatem silvae Calidoniae propagantibus.

[102] Over-against this situation lies the island Britain, famous in the monuments of the Greeks and of our own, between the North and the West, facing Germany, Gaul, and Spain—the by far greatest parts of Europe—at a great interval. Its own name was Albion, when all those of which we shall say a little presently were called the Britanniae. It is distant from Gesoriacum, the shore of the nation of the Morini, by the nearest crossing 50. Pytheas and Isidorus hand down that its circuit extends 4,875, while for almost 30 years now, Roman arms have not been extending our knowledge of it beyond the neighborhood of the Caledonian forest.

Agrippa longitudinem DCCC esse, latitudinem CCC credit, eandem Hiberniae, sed longitudinem CC minorem.

Agrippa believes the length to be 800, the breadth 300; the same for Ireland, but the length 200 less.

[103] super eam haec sita abest brevissimo transitu a Silurum gente XXX. reliquarum nulla CXXV amplior circuitu proditur. sunt autem XL Orcades, modicis inter se discretae spatiis, VII Haemodae, XXX Hebudes et inter Hiberniam ac Britanniam Mona, Monapia, Riginia, Vectis, Silumnus, Andros, infra vero Samnis et Axanthos et ab adversa in Germanicum mare sparsae Glaesiae, quas Electridas Graeci recentiores appellavere, quod ibi electrum nasceretur.

[103] above it, this, being situated, is distant by the shortest crossing from the nation of the Silures by 30; of the remaining islands none is reported as greater in circuit than 125. There are, moreover, 40 Orcades, separated from one another by modest spaces, 7 Haemodae, 30 Hebudes, and, between Hibernia and Britannia, Mona, Monapia, Riginia, Vectis, Silumnus, Andros; below indeed, Samnis and Axanthos; and opposite, scattered into the Germanic Sea, the Glaesiae, which the more recent Greeks have called the Electrides, because amber (electrum) was produced there.

[104] ultima omnium quae memorantur Tyle, in qua solstitio nullas esse noctes indicavimus, cancri signum sole transeunte, nullosque contra per brumam dies. hoc quidam senis mensibus continuis fieri arbitrantur. Timaeus historicus a Britannia introrsus sex dierum navigatione abesse dicit insulam Ictim, in qua candidum plumbum proveniat; ad eam Britannos vitilibus navigiis corio circumsutis navigare.

[104] the farthest of all that are mentioned is Tyle, in which at the solstice there are no nights, as we have indicated, when the sun passes through the sign of Cancer, and conversely during midwinter there are no days. Some reckon this to occur for six continuous months. Timaeus the historian says that the island Ictis is distant from Britain inward by six days’ navigation, in which white lead (tin) is produced; to it the Britons sail in wickerwork vessels sewn around with hide.

a Tyle unius diei navigatione mare concretum a nonnullis Cronium appellatur.

From Thule, by a one-day voyage, the concreted sea is called by some the Cronian Sea.

[105] Gallia omnis Comata uno nomine appellata in tria populorum genera dividitur, amnibus maxime dinstincta. a Scalde ad Sequanam Belgica, ab eo ad Garunnam Celtica eademque Lugdunensis, inde ad Pyrenaei montis excursum Aquitanica, Aremorica antea dicta. universam oram |XVII|:L Agrippa, Galliarum inter Rhenum et Pyrenaeum atque oceanum ac montes Cebennam et Iures, quibus Narbonensem Galliam excludit, longitudinem CCCCXX, latitudinem CCCXVIII computavit.

[105] All Gaul, called Comata under one name, is divided into three kinds of peoples, most of all distinguished by rivers. From the Scaldis to the Sequana is Belgica; from that to the Garumna, Celtica and the same Lugdunensis; from there to the reach of the Pyrenean mountain, Aquitanica, formerly called Aremorica. The whole coast |17|:50, according to Agrippa; he computed for the Gauls between the Rhine and the Pyrenees and the ocean and the mountains Cebenna and Iura, by which he excludes Narbonensian Gaul, a length of 420 and a breadth of 318.

[106] a Scaldi incolunt [texero] Texuandri pluribus nominibus, dein Menapi, Morini ora Marsacis iuncti pago qui Gesoriacus vocatur, Britanni, Ambiani, Bellovaci, Bassi. introrsus Catoslugi, Atrebates, Nervi liberi, Veromandui, Suaeuconi, Suessiones liberi, Ulmanectes liberi, Tungri, Sunuci, Frisiavones, Baetasi, Leuci liberi, Treveri liberi antea et Lingones foederati, Remi foederati, Mediomatrici, Sequani, Raurici, Helveti, coloniae Equestris et Raurica. Rhenum autem accolentes Germaniae gentium in eadem provincia Nemetes, Triboci, Vangiones, in Ubis colonia Agrippinensis, Guberni, Batavi et quos in insulis diximus Rheni.

[106] from the Scaldis dwell the [texero] Texuandri under several names; then the Menapii, the Morini, the shore joined with the Marsaci by the district which is called Gesoriacus; the Britanni, Ambiani, Bellovaci, Bassi. Further inland, the Catoslugi, Atrebates, the free Nervii, the Veromandui, the Suaeuconi, the free Suessiones, the free Ulmanectes, the Tungri, Sunuci, Frisiavones, Baetasi, the free Leuci, the Treveri formerly free and the federated Lingones, the federated Remi, the Mediomatrici, the Sequani, the Raurici, the Helvetii, the colonies Equestris and Raurica. Moreover, dwelling along the Rhine, of the Germanic peoples in the same province, the Nemetes, Triboci, Vangiones, among the Ubii the colony Agrippinensis, the Guberni, the Batavi, and those whom we mentioned as being in the islands of the Rhine.

[107] Lugdunensis Gallia habet Lexovios, Veliocasses, Caletos, Venetos, Abrincatuos, Ossismos, flumen clarum Ligerem, sed paeninsulam spectatiorem excurrentem in oceanum a fine Ossismorum circuitu DCXXV, cervice in latitudinem CXXV. ultra eum Namnetes, intus autem Aedui foederati, Carnuteni foederati, Boi, Senones, Aulerci qui cognominantur Eburovices et qui Cenomani, Meldi liberi, Parisi, Tricasses, Andecavi, Viducasses, Bodiocasses, Venelli, Coriosvelites, Diablinti, Riedones, Turones, Atesui, Segusiavi liberi, in quorum agro colonia Lugudunum.

[107] Lugdunensian Gaul has the Lexovii, Veliocasses, Caleti, Veneti, Abrincatui, Ossismi, the renowned river Liger; but a more notable peninsula running out into the Ocean from the boundary of the Ossismi, with a circuit of 625, with the neck in width 125. Beyond it, the Namnetes; inland, however, the Aedui, federate, the Carnuteni, federate, the Boii, the Senones, the Aulerci who are surnamed the Eburovices and those who the Cenomani, the Meldi, free, the Parisi, Tricasses, Andecavi, Viducasses, Bodiocasses, Venelli, Coriosvelites, Diablinti, Riedones, Turones, Atesui, the Segusiavi, free, in whose territory is the colony Lugudunum.

[108] Aquitanicae sunt Ambilatri, Anagnutes, Pictones, Santoni liberi, Bituriges liberi cognomine Vivisci, Aquitani, unde nomen provinciae, Sediboviates. mox in oppidum contributi Convenae, Begerri, Tarbelli Quattrosignani, Cocosates Sexsignani, Venami, Onobrisates, Belendi, saltus Pyrenaeus infraque Monesi, Oscidates Montani, Sybillates, Camponi, Bercorcates, Pinpedunni, Lassunni, Vellates, Toruates, Consoranni, Ausci, Elusates, Sottiates, Oscidates Campestres, Succasses, Latusates, Basaboiates, Vassei, Sennates, Cambolectri Agessinates.

[108] In Aquitania are the Ambilatri, Anagnutes, Pictones, the free Santones, the free Bituriges by the surname Vivisci, the Aquitani, whence the province takes its name, the Sediboviates. Next, gathered into a town, the Convenae, Begerri, Tarbelli Quattrosignani, Cocosates Sexsignani, Venami, Onobrisates, Belendi, the Pyrenean pass and, below, the Monesi, Oscidates Montani, Sybillates, Camponi, Bercorcates, Pinpedunni, Lassunni, Vellates, Toruates, Consoranni, Ausci, Elusates, Sottiates, Oscidates Campestres, Succasses, Latusates, Basaboiates, Vassei, Sennates, Cambolectri Agessinates.

[109] Pictonibus iuncti autem Bituriges liberi qui Cubi appellantur, dein Lemovices, Arverni liberi, Vellavi liberi, Gabales. rursus Narbonensi provinciae contermini Ruteni, Cadurci, Nitiobriges Tarneque amne discreti a Tolosanis Petrocori.

[109] Joined to the Pictones are the free Bituriges who are called the Cubi, then the Lemovices, the free Arverni, the free Vellavi, the Gabales. again contiguous to the province of Narbonensis are the Ruteni, the Cadurci, the Nitiobriges, and the Petrocorii, separated from the Tolosates by the river Tarn.

[110] A Pyrenaei promunturio Hispania incipit, angustior non Gallia modo, verum etiam semet ipsa, ut diximus, inmesnum quantum hinc oceano, illinc Hiberico mari comprimentibus. ipsa Pyrenaei iuga ab exortu aequinoctiali in occasum brumalem breviores quam latere meridiano Hispanias faciunt. proxima ora citerioris est eiusdemque Tarraconensis situs.

[110] From the promontory of the Pyrenees Spain begins, narrower not only than Gaul but even than itself, as we have said, by an immense degree, the Ocean on this side and the Iberian Sea on that compressing it. The ridges of the Pyrenees themselves, from the equinoctial rising to the brumal setting, make the Spains shorter than in their meridian breadth. The nearest coast is that of the Citerior, and the situation is of this same Tarraconensis.

a Pyrenaeo per oceanum Vasconum saltus, Olarso, Vardulorum oppida, Morogi, Menosca, Vesperies, Amanum portus, ubi nunc Flaviobrica colonia.

from the Pyrenees along the ocean, the pass of the Vascones, Olarso, the towns of the Varduli, Morogi, Menosca, Vesperies, the port of Amanum, where now there is the colony Flaviobrica.

[111] civitatium novem regio Cantabrorum. flumen Sauga. portus Victoriae Iuliobrigensium; ab eo loco fontes Hiberi XL p. portus Blendium.

[111] nine communities in the region of the Cantabri. the river Sauga. the Port of Victoria of the Iuliobrigenses; from that place the sources of the Hiberus 40 miles. the port Blendium.

Orgenomesci e Cantabris; portus eorum Veseiasueca. regio Asturum, Noega oppidum. in paeninsula Paesici et deinde conventus Lucensis a flumine Navia Albiones, Cibarci, Egi, Varri cognomine Namarini, Adovi, Arroni, Arrotrebae.

Orgenomesci from among the Cantabri; their port Veseiasueca. The region of the Asturi, the town Noega. On the peninsula the Paesici, and then the Lucensis conventus from the river Navia: the Albiones, the Cibarci, the Egi, the Namarini by the cognomen Varri, the Adovi, the Arroni, the Arrotrebae.

promunturium Celticum, amnes Florius, Nelo. Celtici cognomine Neri et super Tamarci, quorum in paeninsula tres area Sestianae Augusto dicatae, Copori, oppidum Noeta, Celtici cognomine Praestamarci, Cileni. ex insulis nominandae Corticata et Aunios.

the Celtic promontory, the rivers Florius and Nelo. The Celtici, surnamed the Neri, and further, the Tamarci, among whom, in the peninsula, three Sestian altars dedicated to Augustus; the Copori; the town Noeta; the Celtici, surnamed the Praestamarci; the Cileni. Of the islands, to be named are Corticata and Aunios.

[112] a Cilenis conventus Bracarum Helleni, Grovi, castellum Tyde, Graecorum subolis omnia. iae Siccae, oppidum Abobrica. Minius amnis,IIII ore spatiosus, Leuni, Surbi, Bracarum oppidum Augusta, quos super Gallaecis flumen Limia, Durius amnis e maximis Hispaniae, ortus in Pelendonibus et iuxta Numantiam lapsus, dein per Arevacos Vaccaeosque, disterminatis ab Asturia Vettonibus, a Lusitania Gallaecis, ibi quoque Turdulos a Bracaris arcens.

[112] from the Cileni, the Bracarum district: the Helleni, the Grovi, the fort Tyde—all of Greek offspring. the Siccae islands, the town Abobrica. the river Minius, spacious at its mouth to 4, the Leuni, the Surbi, the Bracarum town Augusta; above whom, among the Gallaeci, the river Limia; the river Durius, one of the greatest of Hispania, rising among the Pelendones and flowing near Numantia, then through the Arevaci and the Vaccaei, separating the Vettones from Asturia, the Gallaeci from Lusitania, there too keeping the Turduli apart from the Bracari.

omnis, quae dicta regio a Pyrenaeo, metallis referta auri, argenti, ferri, plumbi nigri albique.

the whole region, as described, from the Pyrenees, is replete with metals—of gold, of silver, of iron, of black and of white lead.

[113] A Durio Lusitania incipit. Turduli veteres, Paesuri, flumen Vagia, oppidum Talabrica, oppidum et flumen Aeminium, oppida Conimbriga, Collippo, Eburobrittium. excurrit deinde in altum vasto cornu promunturium, quod aliqui Artabrum appellavere, alii Magnum, multi Olisiponense ab oppido, terras, maria, caelum discriminans.

[113] From the Durius, Lusitania begins. The Old Turduli, the Paesuri, the river Vagia, the town Talabrica, the town and river Aeminium, the towns Conimbriga, Collippo, Eburobrittium. Then a promontory runs out into the deep with a vast horn, which some have called Artabrum, others the Great, many the Olisiponian from the town, discriminating lands, seas, and sky.

illo finitur Hispaniae latus et a circuitu eius incipit frons.

there the side of Spain is finished, and from its circuit the front begins.

[114] septentrio hinc oceanusque Gallicus, occasus illinc, oceanus Atlanticus. promunturi excursum LX prodidere, alii XC, ad Pyrenaeum inde non pauci |XII|:L, et ibi gentem Artabrum, quae numquam fuit, manifesto errore. Arrotrebas enim, quod ante Celticum diximus promunturium, hoc in loco posuere litteris permutatis.

[114] on the north here the Gallic Ocean, on the west there the Atlantic Ocean. They have handed down the promontory’s projection as 60, others 90; from there to the Pyrenees not a few |12|:L; and there the nation “Artabri,” which never existed, in manifest error. For they placed here the Arrotrebae, with the letters permuted, which earlier we said was the Celtican promontory.

[115] erratum et in amnibus inclutis. ab Minio, quem supra diximus,CC, ut auctor est Varro, abest Aeminius, quem alibi quidam intellegunt et Limaeam vocant, Oblivionis antiquis dictus multumque fabulosus, ab Durio Tagus CC interveniente Munda. Tagus auriferis harenis celebratur.

[115] a mistake also in illustrious rivers. from the Minius, which we said above,200, as Varro is the authority, the Aeminius is distant, which some elsewhere understand and call the Limaea, called by the ancients “Oblivion” and much fabulous, from the Durius the Tagus 200, with the Munda intervening. The Tagus is celebrated for its auriferous sands.

ab eo CLX promunturium Sacrum e media prope Hispaniae fronte prosilit. |XIIII| inde ad Pyrenaeum medium colligi Varro tradit, ad Anam vero, quo Lusitaniam a Baetica discrevimus,CXXVI, a Gadibus CII additis.

from that point 160 the Sacred Promontory projects from nearly the middle of the front of Spain. |14| thence to the Pyrenees’ midpoint is reckoned, Varro reports; to the Anas indeed, by which we have separated Lusitania from Baetica,126, with 102 added from Gades.

[116] gentes Celtici Turduli et circa Tagum Vettones, ab Ana ad Sacrum Lusitani. oppida a Tago memorabilia in ora Olisipo, equarum e favonio vento conceptu nobile, Salacia cognominata Urbs Imperatoria, Merobrica. promunturium Sacrum et alterum Cuneus.

[116] the peoples: the Celtici, the Turduli, and around the Tagus the Vettones; from the Ana to the Sacred [Promontory], the Lusitanians. towns from the Tagus memorable on the coast: Olisipo, notable for mares conceiving from the Favonian wind; Salacia, surnamed the Imperial City; Merobrica. the Sacred Promontory and another, the Wedge.

oppida Ossonoba, Balsa, Myrtilis.

towns Ossonoba, Balsa, Myrtilis.

[117] Universa provincia dividitur in conventus tres, Emeritensem, Pacensem, Scalabitanum, tota populorum XLV, in quibus coloniae sunt quinque, municipium civium Romanorum, Latii antiqui III, stipendiaria XXXVI. coloniae Augusta Emerita, Anae fluvio adposita, Metellinensis, Pacensis, Norbensis Caesarina cognomine; contributa sunt in eam Castra Servilia, Castra Caecilia. qunita est Scalabis quae Praesidium Iulium vocatur.

[117] The whole province is divided into three conventus, the Emeritensian, the Pacensian, the Scalabitanian, in all 45 peoples; among which there are five colonies, one municipium of Roman citizens, of the ancient Latium 3, and 36 stipendiary communities. The colonies are Augusta Emerita, set beside the river Anas, Metellinensis, Pacensis, Norbensis with the cognomen Caesarina; to it have been assigned Castra Servilia and Castra Caecilia. The fifth is Scalabis, which is called Praesidium Iulium.

municipium civium Romanorum Olisipo, Felicitas Iulia cognominatum. oppida veteris Latii Ebora, quod item Liberalitas Iulia, et Myrtilis ac Salacia, quae dixmu.

the municipium of Roman citizens Olisipo, cognominated Felicitas Julia. towns of the ancient Latium: Ebora, which likewise (is) Liberalitas Julia, and Myrtilis and Salacia, which we have said.

[118] stipendiariorum quos nominare non pigeat, praeter iam dictos in Baeticae cognominibus, Augustobrigenses, Aeminienses, Aranditani, Arabricenses, Balsenses, Caesarobrigenses, Caperenses, Caurienses, Colarni, Cibilitani, Cocnordienses, Elbocori, Interannienses, Lancienses, Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur, Medubrigenses qui Plumbari, Ocelenses, Turduli qui Bardili et Tapori. Lusitaniam cum Asturia et Gallaecia patere longitudine DXL, latitudine DXXXVI, Agrippa prodidit. omnes autem Hispaniae a duobus Pyrenaei promunturiis per maria totius orae circuitu |XXVIIII|:XXIIII colligere existimantur, ab aliis |XXVI|.

[118] of the tributaries whom it is not irksome to name, besides those already mentioned under the cognomina of Baetica, the Augustobrigenses, Aeminienses, Aranditani, Arabricenses, Balsenses, Caesarobrigenses, Caperenses, Caurienses, Colarni, Cibilitani, Cocnordienses, Elbocori, Interannienses, Lancienses, the Mirobrigenses who are surnamed Celtici, the Medubrigenses who are the Plumbari, the Ocelenses, the Turduli who are the Bardili and the Tapori. Agrippa reported that Lusitania together with Asturia and Gallaecia extends 540 in length, 536 in breadth. moreover, all the Spains, from the two promontories of the Pyrenees, along the seas by the circuit of the whole shore, are estimated to amount to |29|:24; by others, |26|.

[119] Ex adverso Celtiberiae conplures sunt iae, Cassiterides dictae Graecis a fertilitate plumbi, et e regione Arrotrebarum promunturi Deorum VI, quas aliqui Fortunatas appellavere. in ipso vero capite Baeticae ab ostio freti p.XXV Gadis, longa, ut Polybius scribit,XII, lata III. abest a continente proxima parte minus pedes DCC, reliqua plus VII.

[119] Over against Celtiberia there are several islands, called the Cassiterides by the Greeks from the fertility of lead; and opposite the Promontory of the Arrotrebae, the Promontory of the Gods, 6, which some have named the Fortunate Islands. At the very head of Baetica, from the mouth of the strait 25 miles, lies Gades, 12 in length, as Polybius writes, and 3 in breadth. It is distant from the mainland at its nearest part by less than 700 feet, elsewhere by more than 7.

ipsius spatium XV est. habet oppidum civium Romanorum, qui appellantur Augustani Urbe Iulia Gaditana.

its extent is 15. It has a town of Roman citizens, who are called the Augustani of the Julian City of Gades.

[120] ab eo latere, quo Hispaniam spectat, passibus fere C altera ia est, longa M passus, M lata, in qua prius oppidum Gadium fuit. vocatur ab Ephoro et Philistide Erythea, a Timaeo et Sileno Aphrodisias, ab indigenis Iunonis. maiorem Timaeus Cotinusam aput eos vocitatam ait; nostri Tarteson appellant, Poeni Gadir, ita Punica lingua saepem significante.

[120] from that side on which it looks toward Spain, it is at a distance of about 100 paces, 1,000 paces long, 1,000 wide, in which formerly was the town of Gades. It is called by Ephorus and Philistus Erythea, by Timaeus and Silenus Aphrodisias, by the natives “of Juno.” Timaeus says the larger one was commonly called Cotinusa among them; our people call it Tarteson, the Phoenicians Gadir, thus in the Punic tongue signifying a fence.

Erythea dicta est, quoniam Tyri aborigines earum orti ab Erythro mari ferebantur. in hac Geryones habitasse a quibusdam existimatur, cuius armenta Hercules abduxerit. sunt qui aliam esse eam et ctra Lusitaniam arbitrentur, eodemque nomine quandam ibi appellant.

It was called Erythea, since the Tyrian aborigines of these were said to have originated from the Erythraean Sea. In this, Geryon is thought by some to have dwelt, whose herds Hercules carried off. There are those who think it is another, over against Lusitania, and they call a certain place there by the same name.

[121] Peracto ambitu Europae reddenda consummatio est, ne quid non in expedito sit noscere volentibus. longitudinem eius Artemidorus atque Isidorus a Tanai Gades |LXXXVII|:XIIII prodiderunt. Polybius latitudinem Europae ab Italia ad oceanum scripsit |XII|:L esse, etiam tum incomperta magnitudine.

[121] With the circuit of Europe completed, the consummation must be rendered, lest anything be not ready to hand for those wishing to learn. Artemidorus and Isidorus reported its length from the Tanais to Gades as |87|:14. Polybius wrote the breadth of Europe from Italy to the Ocean as |12|:50, its magnitude even then unascertained.

[122] est autem ipsius Italiae, ut diximus, |X|:XX ad Alpes, unde Lugdunum et ad portum Morinorum Britannicum, qua videtur mensuram agere Polybius, |XI|:LXVIIII. sed certior mensura ac longior ad occasum solis aestivi ostiumque Rheni per castra legionum Germaniae ab iisdem Alpibus derigitur, |XII|:XLIII. Hinc deinde Africa atque Asia dicentur.

[122] Now, of Italy itself, as we have said, |10|:20 to the Alps, whence to Lugdunum and to the British port of the Morini, where Polybius seems to conduct the measurement, |11|:69. But a more certain and longer measure is drawn to the setting of the summer sun and the mouth of the Rhine through the camps of the legions of Germany from these same Alps, |12|:43. From here then Africa and Asia will be spoken of.