Justinian: CODEX

CJ.4.1.0. De rebus creditis et de iureiurando.
CJ.4.2.0. Si certum petatur.
CJ.4.3.0. De suffragio.
CJ.4.4.0. De prohibita sequestratione pecuniae.
CJ.4.5.0. De condictione indebiti.
CJ.4.6.0. De condictione ob causam datorum.
CJ.4.7.0. De condictione ob turpem causam.
CJ.4.8.0. De condictione furtiva.
CJ.4.9.0. De condictione ex lege et sine causa vel iniusta causa.
CJ.4.10.0. De obligationibus et actionibus.
CJ.4.11.0. Ut actiones et ab herede et contra heredem incipiant.
CJ.4.12.0. Ne uxor pro marito vel maritus pro uxore vel mater pro filio conveniatur.
CJ.4.13.0. Ne filius pro patre vel pater pro filio emancipato vel libertus pro patrono conveniatur.
CJ.4.14.0. An servus ex suo facto post manumissionem teneatur.
CJ.4.15.0. Quando fiscus vel privatus debitoris sui debitores exigere potest.
CJ.4.16.0. De actionibus hereditariis.
CJ.4.17.0. Ex delictis defunctorum in quantum heredes conveniantur.
CJ.4.18.0. De constituta pecunia.
CJ.4.19.0. De probationibus.
CJ.4.20.0. De testibus.
CJ.4.21.0. De fide instrumentorum et amissione eorum et antapochis faciendis et de his quae sine scriptura fieri possunt.
CJ.4.22.0. Plus valere quod agitur quam quod simulate concipitur.
CJ.4.23.0. De commodato.
CJ.4.24.0. De actione pigneraticia.
CJ.4.25.0. De exercitoria et institoria actione.
CJ.4.26.0. Quod cum eo qui in aliena est potestate negotium gestum esse dicitur, vel de peculio seu quod iussu aut de in rem verso.
CJ.4.27.0. Per quas personas nobis adquiritur.
CJ.4.28.0. Ad senatus consultum macedonianum.
CJ.4.29.0. Ad senatus consultum velleianum.
CJ.4.30.0. De non numerata pecunia.
CJ.4.31.0. De compensationibus.
CJ.4.32.0. De usuris.
CJ.4.33.0. De nautico fenore.
CJ.4.34.0. Depositi.
CJ.4.35.0. Mandati.
CJ.4.36.0. Si servus se emi mandaverit.
CJ.4.37.0. Pro socio.
CJ.4.38.0. De contrahenda emptione.
CJ.4.39.0. De hereditate vel actione vendita.
CJ.4.40.0. Quae res venire non possunt et qui vendere vel emere vetantur.
CJ.4.41.0. Quae res exportari non debeant.
CJ.4.42.0. De eunuchis.
CJ.4.43.0. De patribus qui filios distraxerunt.
CJ.4.44.0. De rescindenda venditione.
CJ.4.45.0. Quando liceat ab emptione discedere .
CJ.4.46.0. Si propter publicas pensitationes venditio fuerit celebrata.
CJ.4.47.0. Sine censu vel reliquis fundum comparari non posse.
CJ.4.48.0. De periculo et commodo rei venditae.
CJ.4.49.0. De actionibus empti et venditi.
CJ.4.50.0. Si quis alteri vel sibi sub alterius nomine vel aliena pecunia emerit.
CJ.4.51.0. De rebus alienis non alienandis et de prohibita rerum alienatione vel hypotheca.
CJ.4.52.0. De communium rerum alienatione.
CJ.4.53.0. Rem alienam gerentibus non interdici rerum suarum alienatione.
CJ.4.54.0. De pactis inter emptorem et venditorem compositis.
CJ.4.55.0. Si servus exportandus veneat.
CJ.4.56.0. Si mancipium ita venierit, ne prostituatur.
CJ.4.57.0. Si mancipium ita fuerit alienatum, ut manumittatur vel contra.
CJ.4.58.0. De aediliciis actionibus.
CJ.4.59.0. De monopoliis et de conventu negotiatorum illicito vel artificum ergolaborumque nec non balneatorum prohibitis illicitisque pactionibus.
CJ.4.60.0. De nundinis.
CJ.4.61.0. De vectigalibus et commissis.
CJ.4.62.0. Vectigalia nova instituti non posse.
CJ.4.63.0. De commerciis et mercatoribus.
CJ.4.64.0. De rerum permutatione et de praescriptis verbis actione.
CJ.4.65.0. De locato et conducto.
CJ.4.66.0. De emphyteutico iure.

CJ.4.1.0. On matters credited and on the oath.
CJ.4.2.0. If a definite thing be demanded.
CJ.4.3.0. On suffrage.
CJ.4.4.0. On prohibited sequestration of money.
CJ.4.5.0. On the condictio of the not‑owed (undue payment).
CJ.4.6.0. On the condictio for things given on account of a cause.
CJ.4.7.0. On the condictio for a shameful cause.
CJ.4.8.0. On the condictio for theft (furtiva).
CJ.4.9.0. On the condictio ex lege and for no cause or an unjust cause.
CJ.4.10.0. On obligations and actions.
CJ.4.11.0. That actions may be begun both by the heir and against the heir.
CJ.4.12.0. That a wife not be sued for her husband, nor a husband for his wife, nor a mother for her son.
CJ.4.13.0. That a son not be sued for his father, nor a father for an emancipated son, nor a freedman for his patron.
CJ.4.14.0. Whether a slave is held from his own act after manumission.
CJ.4.15.0. When the fisc or a private person can exact the debtors of his debtor.
CJ.4.16.0. On hereditary actions.
CJ.4.17.0. From the delicts of the deceased, to what extent heirs may be sued.
CJ.4.18.0. On constituted money (constitutum).
CJ.4.19.0. On proofs (evidence).
CJ.4.20.0. On witnesses.
CJ.4.21.0. On the credit of instruments and their loss and on antapochai (receipts) to be made, and on those things which can be done without writing.
CJ.4.22.0. That what is transacted has more force than what is simulatedly worded.
CJ.4.23.0. On commodatum (loan for use).
CJ.4.24.0. On the pigneratic action (pledge).
CJ.4.25.0. On the exercitorial and institorial action.
CJ.4.26.0. That business is said to have been transacted with one under another’s power, or on the peculium, or what is by order (quod iussu), or of in rem verso.
CJ.4.27.0. Through what persons acquisition is made for us.
CJ.4.28.0. On the senatus consultum Macedonianum.
CJ.4.29.0. On the senatus consultum Velleianum.
CJ.4.30.0. On money not counted (not paid over).
CJ.4.31.0. On compensations (set‑off).
CJ.4.32.0. On interest (usury).
CJ.4.33.0. On the nautical fenus (maritime loan).
CJ.4.34.0. Of deposit.
CJ.4.35.0. Of mandate.
CJ.4.36.0. If a slave has ordered himself to be bought.
CJ.4.37.0. Pro socio (between partners).
CJ.4.38.0. On contracting a purchase.
CJ.4.39.0. On an inheritance or an action sold.
CJ.4.40.0. What things cannot be sold and who are forbidden to sell or to buy.
CJ.4.41.0. What things ought not to be exported.
CJ.4.42.0. On eunuchs.
CJ.4.43.0. On fathers who have sold their sons.
CJ.4.44.0. On rescinding a sale.
CJ.4.45.0. When it is permitted to withdraw from a purchase.
CJ.4.46.0. If a sale has been concluded on account of public payments.
CJ.4.47.0. That a farm cannot be bought without the census or arrears.
CJ.4.48.0. On the risk and advantage of the thing sold.
CJ.4.49.0. On the actions of buyer and seller.
CJ.4.50.0. If someone has bought for another, or for himself under another’s name, or with another’s money.
CJ.4.51.0. On others’ things not to be alienated, and on prohibited alienation of things or hypothec.
CJ.4.52.0. On alienation of common things.
CJ.4.53.0. That those managing another’s affairs are not to be forbidden the alienation of their own goods.
CJ.4.54.0. On pacts arranged between buyer and seller.
CJ.4.55.0. If a slave be sold to be exported.
CJ.4.56.0. If a slave has been sold thus, that he not be prostituted.
CJ.4.57.0. If a slave has been alienated so that he be manumitted, or the contrary.
CJ.4.58.0. On the aedilician actions.
CJ.4.59.0. On monopolies, and on the illicit assembly of merchants or of craftsmen and laborers, and also on bath‑keepers’ prohibited and illicit pactions.
CJ.4.60.0. On market‑days (fairs).
CJ.4.61.0. On taxes and forfeitures.
CJ.4.62.0. That new taxes cannot be instituted.
CJ.4.63.0. On commerce and merchants.
CJ.4.64.0. On exchange of things and on the action by prescribed words.
CJ.4.65.0. On letting and hiring.
CJ.4.66.0. On emphyteutic right.

CJ.4.1.0. De rebus creditis et de iureiurando.

CJ.4.1.0. On loans and on the sworn oath.

CJ.4.1.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.1.1: Emperor Antoninus

Causa iureiurando ex consensu utriusque partis vel adversario inferente delato et praestito vel remisso decisa nec periurii praetextu retractari potest, nisi specialiter hoc lege excipiatur. * ant. a. herculiano.

A cause decided by oath, by the consent of both parties or upon the adversary introducing it, the oath having been proffered and performed or remitted, cannot be retracted under the pretext of perjury, unless this is specially excepted by law. * Antoninus Augustus to Herculianus.

* <a 213 pp. xv k. iul. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <a 213 on the 15th day before the Kalends of July, when Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.1.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.1.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Iurisiurandi contempta religio satis deum ultorem habet. periculum autem corporis vel maiestatis crimen secundum constituta divorum parentum meorum, etsi per principis venerationem quodam calore fuerit periuratum, inferri non placet. * alex.

The religion of the oath, if contemned, has God as a sufficient avenger. But peril to the body, or a charge of majesty (treason), according to the constitutions of my deified parents, even if through veneration for the prince in a certain heat perjury has been committed, is not approved to be brought. * alex.

a. felici. * <a 223 pp. vi k. april. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

To A. Felix. * <in the year 223, on the 6th day before the Kalends of April, when Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus were consuls.>

CJ.4.1.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

In bonae fidei contractibus nec non etiam in aliis causis inopia probationum per iudicem iureiurando causa cognita res decidi potest. * diocl. et maxim.

In good-faith contracts, and likewise in other causes, when there is a lack of proofs, after the case has been examined, the matter can be decided by an oath administered through the judge. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. severae. * <a 286 pp. x k. sept. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

the emperors to Severa. * <in the year 286, on the 10th day before the Kalends of September, when Maximus 2 and Aquilinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.1.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si ad excludendam tutelae actionem pupillus iusiurandum tutori dedit, postea eandem litem exercere non prohibetur. * diocl. et maxim.

If, in order to exclude an action of guardianship, a ward gave an oath to his guardian, he is not thereafter prohibited from prosecuting the same suit. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. maximae. * <a 290 pp. k. iul. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Maxima. * <in the year 290, on the day before the Kalends of July, when the Augusti themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.1.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum etiam a pupillorum tutoribus velut ab ipsis pupillis relicta fideicommissa videantur, super fideicommisso praeses provinciae cognoscet et, si id tibi relictum esse constiterit, reddi tibi efficiet. idem, si infitietur, ad iusiurandum, ut desideras, tutorem adiget. * diocl.

Since even fideicommissa left by the guardians of wards are regarded as if by the wards themselves, the provincial governor will take cognizance concerning the fideicommissum and, if it is established that it was left to you, will cause it to be restored to you. Likewise, if he denies it, he will, as you desire, compel the guardian to an oath. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. iuliano. * <a 290 pp. iii non.

and Maximian, the Augusti, to Julianus. * <a 290 pp. 3 Nones.

dec. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

Dec., when the emperors themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.1.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum proponas partibus placuisse iurisiurandi religione generis et ingenuitatis quaestionem decidi, praeses provinciae iuxta decretum arbitri ad voluntatis vestrae placitum amitae tuae filiis consulet. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that it has pleased the parties for the question of lineage and freeborn status to be decided by the sanctity of an oath, the governor of the province, in accordance with the decree of the arbiter, will provide for your aunt’s sons in accordance with your agreed will. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. bessio. * <a 291 pp. v id. febr. tiberiano et dione conss.>

The Emperors to Bessius. * <in the year 291, posted on February 9, in the consulship of Tiberianus and Dio.>

CJ.4.1.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.7: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Nec filius nec quisquam alius neque litigando neque paciscendo, sed nec iusiurandum citra voluntatem domini rei deferendo praeiudicium ei facere potest. unde si citra mandatum tuum aliquid erga rem tuam filius tuus gessit nec ratum habuisti, nihil tibi oberit. * diocl.

Neither a son nor anyone else, neither by litigating nor by making a pact, and not even by tendering an oath without the will of the owner of the thing, can prejudice him. Whence, if without your mandate your son transacted anything regarding your property and you did not ratify it, it will not prejudice you. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. eutychianae. * <a 293 s. id. nov.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Eutychiana. * <a 293 on the Ides of November.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.1.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Actori delato vel relato iureiurando, si iuraverit vel ei remissum fuerit sacramentum, ad similitudinem iudicati in factum actio competit. * diocl. et maxim.

To the plaintiff, when an oath has been tendered or referred, if he has sworn or if the oath has been remitted to him, an in factum action lies, analogous to the iudicati. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. alexandro. * <a 294 s. xii k. mai. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Alexander. * <in the year 294, on the 12th day before the Kalends of May, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.1.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.9: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Delata condicione iurisiurandi reus ( si non per actorem, quominus de calumnia iuret, steterit) per iudicem solvere vel iurare, nisi referat iusiurandum, necesse habet. * diocl. et maxim.

When the condition of an oath has been tendered, the defendant (if the plaintiff has not stood in the way to prevent him from swearing concerning calumny) must, before the judge, either discharge or swear, unless he refers the oath back. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. marciano. * <a 294 s. v k. mai. sirmi conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Marcianus. * <in the year 294, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, in the consulship.>

CJ.4.1.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.1.10: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

In actione etiam depositi, quae super rebus quasi sine scriptis datis movetur, iusiurandum ad exemplum ceterorum bonae fidei iudiciorum deferri potest. * diocl. et maxim.

In the action of deposit as well, which is prosecuted concerning matters as if delivered without writings, an oath can be tendered after the example of the other good‑faith actions. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. protogeni. * <a 294 s. v k. dec. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to protogenius. * <received at sirmium, 294, on the 5th day before the kalends of december, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.1.11pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.11pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si quis iusiurandum intulerit et necdum eo praestito postea, utpote sibi adlegationibus abundantibus, hoc revocaverit, sancimus nemini licere penitus iterum ad sacramentum recurrere ( satis enim absurdum est redire ad hoc, cui renuntiandum putavit, et, cum desperavit aliam probationem, tunc denuo ad religionem convolare) et iudices nullo modo eos audire ad tales iniquitates venientes. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d. xv k. oct.

If anyone has brought in an oath and, before it has yet been performed, afterward—inasmuch as he abounds in allegations for himself—has revoked it, we sanction that no one at all is permitted to recur again to the oath (for it is quite absurd to return to that which he thought should be renounced, and, when he has despaired of another probation, then anew to fly to religion), and that judges are in no way to hear those coming to such iniquities. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 529, on the 15th day before the Kalends of October.

chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

at Chalcedon, in the consulship of Decius, a most distinguished man.>

CJ.4.1.11.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.11.1: Emperor Justinian

Si quis autem sacramentum intulerit et hoc revocare maluerit, licere quidem ei hoc facere et alias probationes, si voluerit, praestare, ita tamen, ut huiusmodi licentia usque ad litis tantummodo terminum ei praestetur. <a 529 d. xv k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

If anyone, however, has introduced an oath and has preferred to revoke this, it is indeed permitted to him to do this and to furnish other proofs, if he wishes; provided, however, that a license of this kind be granted to him only up to the terminus of the suit. <a 529 on the 15th day before the Kalends of October, at chalcedon, decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.1.11.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.11.2: Emperor Justinian

Post definitivam autem sententiam, quae provocatione suspensa non sit vel quae, postquam fuerit appellatum, corroborata fuerit, nullo modo revocare iuramentum et iterum ad probationem venire cuidam concedimus, ne repetita lite finis negotii alterius causae fiat exordium. <a 529 d. xv k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

After a definitive sentence, however, which is not suspended by appeal, or which, after an appeal has been taken, has been corroborated, we in no way permit anyone to revoke the oath and to come again to proof, lest, the lawsuit being repeated, the end of one matter become the beginning of another case. <a 529 d. xv k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Generaliter de omnibus iuramentis, quae in litibus offeruntur vel a iudice vel a partibus, definiendum est. cum enim iam increbuit iudices in plenissima definitione sacramentum imponere, evenit, ut provocatione lite suspensa hi quidem, qui iusiurandum praestare iussi sunt, ab hac forte luce subtrahantur, probationes autem rerum cadant, cum multum discrepat iuramentum hereditarium a principali sacramento. necessitate itaque rerum coacti et probationibus pinguius subvenientes ad huiusmodi venimus sanctionem.

Generally, concerning all oaths which are offered in lawsuits, whether by the judge or by the parties, a definition must be set. For since it has now grown frequent that judges, in the most plenary determination, impose the sacrament (oath), it happens that, the suit being suspended by appeal, those who have been ordered to render the sworn-oath are perhaps withdrawn from this light, and the proofs of the matters fall, since the hereditary oath differs greatly from the principal sacrament. Therefore, compelled by the necessity of the matters and more richly assisting the proofs, we have come to a sanction of this kind.

* iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

* Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 529, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November, under Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.1.12.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.1: Emperor Justinian

Omne igitur iuramentum, sive a iudicibus sive a partibus illatum vel in principio litis vel in medio vel in ipsa definitiva sententia, sub ipso iudice detur non expectata vel ultima definitione vel provocationis formidine. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

Therefore, every oath, whether introduced by the judges or by the parties, whether at the beginning of the suit or in the middle or even in the very definitive sentence, shall be administered before the judge himself, without awaiting the ultimate determination nor being deterred by the fear of an appeal. <in the year 529, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November, Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.1.12.1a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.1a: Emperor Justinian

Sed iuramento illato, cum hoc a partibus fuerit factum et a iudice approbatum vel ex auctoritate iudicis cuicumque parti illatum, si quidem is cui imponitur sacramentum nihil ad hoc fuerit reluctatus, et hoc praestetur vel referatur, necessitate imponenda ei cui refertur relationis subire sacramentum, vel, si hoc recusaverit, quasi illato sacramento praestito causa vel capitulum decidatur, nullo loco provocationi relinquendo. quis enim ferendus est ad appellationis veniens auxilium in his, quae ipse facienda procuravit? <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

But when an oath has been tendered—since this has been done by the parties and approved by the judge, or tendered to whichever party by the authority of the judge—if indeed the person upon whom the sacrament (oath) is imposed has in no way resisted this, and it is performed or referred, a necessity is to be imposed on the one to whom it is referred to undergo the oath of reference; or, if he refuses this, let the case or the chapter be decided as though the oath that was tendered had been performed, leaving no place for provocation (appeal). For who is to be tolerated as coming for the aid of an appellation in matters which he himself contrived to have done? <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

decio vc. cons.>

Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.1.12.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.2: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem is, cui sacramentum illatum est vel a parte vel a iudice, hoc subire minime voluerit, licentiam quidem habeat sacramentum recusare, iudex autem, si hoc omnimodo praestandum existimaverit, sic causam dirimat, quasi volente eo sacramentum sit recusatum, et ita cetera sive capitula sive totius negotii summa examinentur et lis suo marte percurrat, nullo ei obstaculo obviante. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

If, however, the one to whom the oath has been tendered, whether by a party or by the judge, is by no means willing to undergo it, let him indeed have license to refuse the oath; however, if the judge considers that this must by all means be exacted, let him decide the case thus, as though the oath had been refused voluntarily by him, and so let the rest, whether the chapters or the sum of the whole business, be examined, and let the suit run its course by its own impetus, with no obstacle meeting it. <a 529 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November, Decius, V.C., being consul.>

CJ.4.1.12.2a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.2a: Emperor Justinian

Ipse autem, qui sacramentum sibi illatum dare recusaverit, vel hoc attestetur vel, si forte non audeat, habeat sibi in ultima provocatione repositum auxilium. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

But he himself who has refused to give the oath imposed upon him, let him either attest this, or, if perhaps he does not dare, let him have aid reserved for himself in the final appeal. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.2b: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.2b: Emperor Justinian

Et si iudex appellationi praesidens bene quidem illatum iusiurandum, non rite autem recusatum pronuntiaverit, res secundum quod iudicatum est permanebit. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

And if the judge presiding over the appeal shall have declared that the oath was indeed properly tendered, but not properly refused, the matter will stand in accordance with what has been adjudged. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.2c: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.2c: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem non rite quidem illatum, recte autem recusatum sacramentum pronuntiaverit, tunc ei licebit emendare sententiam iudicis, quae quasi ex recusato sacramento processit, et nihil penitus nec praeiudicii nec iniusti dispendii cuicumque incurret, sed et causae cursus ab initio usque ad novissimum terminum non impediatur et lis aequa lance trutinabitur. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

But if, however, he shall have declared that the oath was not duly tendered, but rightly refused, then it will be permitted to him to amend the judge’s sentence, which, as it were, proceeded from the refused oath, and no one will incur anything at all either of prejudice or of unjust loss, but also the course of the case from the beginning up to the latest end shall not be impeded, and the suit will be weighed in an equal balance. <a 529 d. 3 k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.3: Emperor Justinian

Sive autem illatum iuramentum fuerit praestitum sive recusatum, ipsi parti quae hoc intulit nullum provocationis remedium in hoc servabitur, cum nimis crudele est parti quae hoc detulit propter hoc ipsum, quod iudex eius petitionem secutus est, superesse provocationem. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

Whether, however, the introduced oath has been performed or refused, for the party who brought it in no remedy of appeal shall be preserved in this, since it is too cruel that to the party who tendered this very thing—because the judge followed his petition—an appeal should remain. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.4: Emperor Justinian

His de praesentibus personis statutis nec absentes nos fugiunt, sed etiam eos huic legi subiugamus. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

With these provisions set regarding present persons, even the absent do not escape us; we also subject them to this law. <a 529 d. 3 k. nov. Decius, most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.1.12.4a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.4a: Emperor Justinian

Et si persona non praesens inveniatur, cui sacramentum illatum est, lite forte per procuratorem ventilata, necesse est vel ipsam principalem personam datis certis indutiis ad iudicem venire, ut ea quae de sacramentis statuta sunt impleat vel, si iudex existimaverit in provincia ubi degit sub actorum testificatione iuramentum ab ea vel dari vel referri vel recusari, hoc procedere, ut singulis casibus eventus iam definitus imponatur. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

And if the person is not found present upon whom the oath has been imposed, the suit perhaps ventilated through a procurator, it is necessary either that the principal person herself, with certain fixed indulgences of time (indutiae) granted, come before the judge so that she may fulfill the matters established regarding oaths; or, if the judge shall consider that in the province where she resides, under the attestation of the acts, the oath may by her either be given, or referred back, or refused, let this proceed, so that in each single case the already defined outcome be imposed. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.4b: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.4b: Emperor Justinian

Licentia concedenda etiam parti alteri vel per se vel per procuratorem super hoc ipsum ordinatum adesse his, quae de iuramento aguntur, vel si neutrum facere maluerit, et ex una parte, sub fide tamen gestorum, iuramentum praestari vel referri vel recusari. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

Leave is to be granted also to the other party, either in person or through a procurator appointed for this very matter, to be present at the proceedings which concern the oath; or, if he should prefer to do neither, then on the part of one side alone, nevertheless under the faith of the records, the oath may be tendered or referred back or refused. <a 529 d. 3 k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.4c: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.4c: Emperor Justinian

Expensis propter huiusmodi causam praestandis officio iudicis trutinandis, an ab utraque parte vel altera oportet eas dependi. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

The expenses to be furnished on account of a case of this kind are to be weighed by the office of the judge, whether they ought to be paid by both parties or by one. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.4d: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.4d: The Emperor Justinian

Nullo tamen ex hoc litibus impedimento generando, sed, donec ea procedunt, aliis vel capitulis vel litis membris a iudice eximinandis et, postquam fuerint ei intimata gesta super iuramento subsecuta, tunc iterum ad hoc capitulum iudice redeunte et eo adimpleto ad cetera perveniente. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

Yet with no impediment thereby being generated for the suits, but, while these proceed, the other chapters or members of the suit are to be separated by the judge; and, after the acts done concerning the subsequent oath have been intimated to him, then the judge returns again to this chapter, and, when it has been fulfilled, proceeds to the rest. <a 529 d. 3 k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.4e: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.4e: Emperor Justinian

Omnibus aliis, quae de praesentibus sancita sunt, et in absentium parte observandis. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

For all other matters which have been sanctioned concerning those present, and which are to be observed also with respect to the absent. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.5: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.5: The Emperor Justinian

In omnibus autem casibus, in quibus sacramenta praestantur, observationem iudicialem permanere censemus secundum personarum qualitatem, sive sub ipso iudice praestari oportet iuramentum sive in domibus, sive sacris scripturis tactis sive in sacrosanctis oratoriis. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

In all cases, however, in which oaths are furnished, we deem the judicial observance to remain according to the quality of the persons, whether the oath ought to be furnished under the judge himself or in houses, whether with the sacred scriptures touched or in sacrosanct oratories. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.1.12.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.12.6: Emperor Justinian

Similique modo in sua firmitate manere, quae de calumniae iureiurando vel relato sacramento legibus cauta sunt vel a nobis vel a retro divis principibus inducta. non enim, ut aliquid derogetur antiquioribus legibus, haec prolata sunt, sed ut, si quid deesse eis videbatur, hoc repleatur. <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

In like manner let remain in their own firmness those things which, concerning the oath of calumny or the referred (transferred) sacrament, are provided by the laws, whether introduced by us or by the former deified princes. For these have not been put forth in order that anything be derogated from the more ancient laws, but so that, if anything seemed to be lacking to them, this may be filled up. <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

decio vc. cons.>

under decius, a most distinguished man, as consul.>

CJ.4.1.13pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.13pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum quis legatum vel fideicommissum utpote sibi relictum exigebat et testamento forte non apparente pro eo sacramentum ei ab herede delatum est et is religionem suam praestavit, adfirmans sibi legatum vel fideicommissum derelictum esse, et ex huiusmodi testamento id quod petebat consecutus est, postea autem manifestum factum est nihil ei penitus fuisse derelictum, apud antiquos quaerebatur, utrum iureiurando standum est, an restituere debet hoc quod accepit: vel, si re vera ei relictum fuerat legatum vel fideicommissum, si demus licentiam heredi falcidiam, si competat, ex hoc retinere. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. xv k. nov.

When someone was demanding a legacy or a fideicommissum as though it had been left to him, and, the testament perchance not being evident, an oath on that point was tendered to him by the heir, and he performed his scruple of conscience, affirming that a legacy or a fideicommissum had been left to him, and from a testament of this sort he obtained what he sought; but afterwards it was made manifest that nothing at all had been left to him, among the ancients it was asked whether one must stand by the oath, or he must restore what he received; or, if in truth a legacy or a fideicommissum had been left to him, we grant the heir license to retain from this the Falcidian portion, if it is applicable. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531, the 15th day before the Kalends of November.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

at constantinople after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.1.13.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.1.13.1: Emperor Justinian

Nobis itaque melius visum est repeti ab eo legatum vel fideicommissum nullumque ex huiusmodi periurio lucrum ei accedere, sed et si verum fuerit inventum, quartae detentionem introduci ( si tamen locum habeat), ne quis ex hoc delicto sibi lucrum impium adferre nostris legibus concedatur. <a 531 d. xv k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

Therefore it has seemed better to us that the legacy or fideicommiss be reclaimed from him, and that no profit from perjury of this kind accrue to him; but also, if the truth shall have been found, that the detention of the quarter be introduced ( if, however, it has a place), lest anyone be allowed by our laws to bring to himself impious profit from this delict. <a A.D. 531, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.2.0. Si certum petatur.

CJ.4.2.0. If a certain thing is demanded.

CJ.4.2.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.2.1: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Neque aequam neque usitatam rem desideras, ut aes alienum patris tui non pro portionibus hereditariis exsolvatis tu et frater coheres tuus, sed pro aestimatione rerum praelegatarum, cum sit explorati iuris hereditaria onera ad scriptos heredes pro portionibus hereditariis, non pro modo emolumenti pertinere. quod nec ipse ignorare videris, cum creditoribus secundum formam iuris pro portione tua caveris. * sev.

Neither a fair nor an usual thing do you desire, that the debt (aes alienum) of your father be discharged by you and your brother, your coheir, not according to the hereditary portions, but according to the valuation of the things prelegated, since it is of settled law that hereditary burdens pertain to the instituted (written) heirs according to the hereditary portions, not according to the measure of the emolument. This you yourself do not seem to be ignorant of, since you have given security to the creditors according to the form of the law for your portion. * sev.

et ant. aa. modestino. * <a 204 d. k. iul.

and Antoninus, the Emperors, to Modestinus. * <a 204 on the Kalends of July.

cilone et libone conss.>

cilo and libo, consuls.>

CJ.4.2.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.2.2: Emperor Antoninus

Quamvis pecuniam tuam asclepiades suo nomine crediderit, stipulando tamen sibi ius obligationis quaesivit. quam pecuniam ut possis petere, mandatis tibi ab eo actionibus consequeris. * ant.

Although asclepiades lent your money in his own name, by stipulating nevertheless he acquired for himself the right of the obligation. As for that money, so that you may be able to demand it, you will obtain it by actions mandated to you by him. * ant.

a. hermogeni. * <a 214 pp. vii k. mai. messala et sabino conss.>

to hermogenes. * <a in the year 214, on the 7th day before the Kalends of May, when messala and sabinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.2.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.2.3: Emperor Gordian

Eos, qui officium administrant, neque per suppositas personas tempore officii sui in provincia fenus agitare posse saepe rescriptum est. * gord. a. sempronio.

It has often been rescripted that those who administer an office cannot, not even through interposed persons, engage in lending at interest in the province during the term of their office. * Gordian Augustus to Sempronius.

* <a 239 pp. viii k. sept. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, on the 8th day before the Kalends of September (August 25), in the consulship of Gordianus Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.4.2.4pr.: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.2.4pr.: The Emperor Philip

Si absentis pecuniam nomine eius fenori dedisti ac reprobato nomine mandatis actionibus experiris, praeses provinciae iurisdictionem suam praebebit. * philipp. a. et philipp.

If you have given money at interest in the name of an absentee, and, the name having been disapproved, you proceed by the actions on mandate, the governor of the province will provide his jurisdiction. * philip, augustus, and philip.

c. maximo. * <a 246 pp. xv k. mart. praesente et albino conss.>

to maximus. * <in the year 246, on the 15th day before the kalends of march, praesens and albinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.2.4.1: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.2.4.1: Emperor Philippus

Idem, si cessare mandatum animadverterit, utilem tibi adversus debitorem eo nomine actionem competere non negabit. <a 246 pp. xv k. mart. praesente et albino conss.>

The same, if he notices the mandate to be in default, will not deny that a “useful” action lies for you against the debtor on that account. <in 246, on the 15th day before the Kalends of March, Praesens and Albinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.2.5pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.5pr.: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si non singuli in solidum accepta mutua quantitate vel stipulanti creditori sponte vos obligastis, licet uni numerata sit pecunia, vel intercessionis nomine hanc pro rea suscepistis obligationem, frustra veremini, ne eius pecuniae nomine vos convenire possit, quam alii mutuo dedit, si intra praestitutum tempus rei gestae quaestionem detulistis. * diocl. et maxim.

If you did not, each for the whole (in solidum), of your own accord bind yourselves either for the amount of the mutuum received or to the stipulating creditor, although the money was counted out to one alone; or if, under the name of intercession, you assumed this obligation for the principal debtor, you fear in vain that you could be proceeded against in the name of that money which he gave by way of mutuum to another, if within the prescribed time you have brought the question concerning the res gestae. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aristodemo et proculo. * <a 293 s. v non. mai.

the augusti and the caesars, under aristodemus and proculus. * <a in the year 293, on the 5th day before the Nones of May.

aa. conss.>

both consuls.>

CJ.4.2.5.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.5.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ac multo magis inanem timorem geritis, si pecunia numerata oleum susceptum instrumento sit collatum, cum, si reddendi stipulatio nulla subiecta est et huius rei est habita sollemnis contestatio, in suo statu remanente eo, quod vere factum intercessit, ex olei accepti scriptura nihil deberi manifestum est. <a 293 s. v non. mai.

And you entertain a much more groundless fear if, with the money paid down, the oil received has been matched in a written instrument; since, if no stipulation for returning has been subjoined and a solemn attestation of this matter has been made, with what truly occurred remaining in its own condition, it is manifest that nothing is owed by reason of the writing acknowledging the oil received. <a 293 on the 5th day before the Nones of May.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.2.6pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.6pr.: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si ex pretio debitae quantitatis facta novatione per stipulationem usuras licitas contra quem supplicas stipulatus es, falsa mutuae datae quantitatis demonstratio praemissa, cum obligationis non defecerat substantia, quominus usque ad modum placitum usurae possint exigi, nihil nocet. * diocl. et maxim.

If, from the consideration of the amount owed, a novation has been made by stipulation and you have stipulated lawful interest against the one whom you petition, the prior putting forward of a false statement of the amount of the loan (mutuum) given—since the substance of the obligation had not failed—does not harm the exaction of interest up to the agreed measure. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. nicandro. * <a 293 s. xv k. dec. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to nicander. * <year 293, on the 15th day before the kalends of december, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.2.6.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.6.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si vero citra vinculum stipulationis tantum mutuam pecuniam datam conscriptum est et eius praestari fenus convenit, simulatis pro infectis habitis huiusmodi placitum nihil de praecedenti mutavit obligatione. <a 293 s. xv k. dec. aa. conss.>

If, however, without the bond of stipulation it has only been put in writing that money on loan (mutuum) was given and that interest is agreed to be rendered for it, the shams being treated as undone, an agreement of this sort has changed nothing of the preceding obligation. <a 293 s. xv k. dec. aa. conss.>

CJ.4.2.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.7: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non unde originem pecunia quae mutuo datur habet, sed qui contraxit si propriam numeravit, in huiusmodi obligationibus requiritur. * diocl. et maxim.

Not from where the money that is given on loan has its origin, but whether the one who contracted counted out his own, is required in obligations of this kind. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. pactumeiae. * <a 293 s. v non. oct.

the augusti and the caesars to pactumeia. * <a 293 s. on the 5th day before the Nones of October.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at sirmium; the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.2.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.8: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si pro mutua pecunia, quam a creditore poscebas, argentum vel iumenta vel alias species utriusque consensu aestimatas accepisti, dato auro pignori, licet ultra unam centesimam usuras stipulanti spopondisti, tamen sors, quae aestimatione partium placito definita est, et usurarum titulo legitima tantum recte petitur. nec quicquam tibi prodesse potest, quod minoris esse pretii pignus quod dedisti proponis, quominus huius quantitatis solutioni pareas. * diocl.

If, for a loan of money (mutuum) which you were demanding from the creditor, you received silver or draft-animals or other kinds appraised by the consent of both parties, with gold given in pledge, although you promised to the stipulating party interest beyond 1 percent, nevertheless the principal, which has been defined by the parties’ agreement through the appraisal, and only the lawful amount under the title of interest, may rightly be sought. Nor can it help you at all that you allege the pledge you gave is of lesser value, so as to avoid complying with payment of this amount. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. proculo. * <a 293 s. xvii k. ian.

and Maximian. the Augusti and the Caesars, to Proculus. * in the year 293, on the seventeenth day before the Kalends of January.

aa. conss.>

the emperors, consuls.>

CJ.4.2.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum te in gallia cum syntropho certum auri pondus itemque numeratam pecuniam mutuo dedisse, ut romae solveretur, precibus adseveras, aditus competens iudex, si duos reos stipulandi vel re pro solido tibi quaesitam actionem sive ab heredibus syntrophi procuratorem te factum animadverterit, totum debitum, alioquin quod dedisti solum restitui tibi iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you aver by petitions that in Gaul, together with your syntroph, you gave by way of mutuum a certain weight of gold and likewise counted cash, to the end that it be paid at Rome, the competent judge, when approached, if he observes that either an action has been procured for you against two defendants, on stipulation or on the thing pro solido, or that you have been made procurator by the heirs of the syntroph, will order the whole debt; otherwise, he will order that only what you gave be restored to you. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. alexandro. * <a 293 s. xv k. ian. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Alexander. * <in the year 293, on the 15th day before the Kalends of January, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.2.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.10: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Eo, quod a multis proprii debiti singulorum obligationis uno tantum instrumento probatio continetur, exactio non interpelletur. nam si pro pecunia quam mutuo dedisti tibi vinum stipulanti qui debuerant spoponderunt, negotii gesti paenitentia contractum habitum recte non constituit irritum. * diocl.

On the ground that the proof of each person’s own debt-obligation is contained for many persons in only one instrument, collection is not to be stayed. For if, for the money which you lent, those who owed promised you wine upon your stipulation of wine, a repentance for the business transacted does not rightly render void the contract that was made. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. egi crispino. * <a 294 s. prid.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars. i have handled it, crispinus. * <in the year 294, the day before.

non. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

on the Nones of February, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.2.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.11: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Incendium aere alieno non exuit debitorem. * diocl. et maxim.

A fire does not discharge a debtor from debt. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. maximiano. * <a 294 s. ii id. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to maximianus. * <in the year 294, on the 2nd day before the ides of february, at sirmium, with the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.2.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.12: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si in rem communem cum ione mutuam sumpsisti pecuniam nec re nec sollemnitate verborum vos obligastis in solidum et post integrum solvisti, de restituenda tibi parte contra ionem experiri, ut debitum posceres, iudice cognoscente potes. * diocl. et maxim.

If, for a common concern, you took money as a mutuum with your partner, and neither by the thing nor by the solemnity of words did you bind yourselves in solidum, and afterwards you paid the whole, you can proceed against the partner, with the judge taking cognizance, for the restitution to you of his share, so that you may demand the debt. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. theophanio. * <a 294 s. xv k. sept. cc. conss.>

the emperors and the caesars to theophanius. * <in the year 294, on the fifteenth day before the kalends of september, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.2.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.13: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Eum, qui mutuam sumpsit pecuniam, licet in res alienas, creditore non contemplatione domini rerum eam fenori dante, principaliter obligatum obnoxium remanere oportet. * diocl. et maxim.

He who has taken money on loan, even for another’s property, the creditor giving it on interest not in contemplation of the owner of the things, ought to remain primarily bound and liable. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. frontoni. * <a 294 s. xvii k. nov. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Fronto. * <in the year 294, on the 17th day before the Kalends of November, at Nicomedia, the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.2.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.14: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Mutuae pecuniae, quam aliis dedit, creditor citra sollemnitatem verborum subscribentem instrumento non habet obligatum. * diocl. et maxim.

The creditor of a loan of money, which he gave to others, does not have the subscriber to the instrument obligated without the solemnity of words. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. hadriano. * <a 293 sine die aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Hadrian. * <in the year 293 without date, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.2.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.2.15: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non adversus te creditores, qui mutuam pecuniam sumpsisti, sed eius, cui hanc credideras, heredes experiri contra iuris evidenter postulas formam. * diocl. et maxim.

Not against your creditors—you who took money on loan—but against the heirs of him to whom you had credited this, you plainly request to proceed, contrary to the form of the law. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. charidemo. * <a 294 s. v k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to charidemos. * <in 294, on the 5th day before the Kalends of December, at nicomedia, the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.2.16: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.2.16: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Quisquis iudici fenebrem pecuniam mutuaverit, si in provincia fuerit versatus quasi emptor legum atque provinciae, vel si quis collectarius honoris pretium dederit ambienti, exilii poena una cum ipso iudice plectetur. * honor. et theodo.

Whoever shall have lent to a judge money at interest, if he has conducted himself in the province as though a buyer of the laws and of the province, or if any collector has given a price of office to one canvassing, shall be punished with the penalty of exile together with the judge himself. * honor. and theodo.

aa. theodoro pp. * <a 408 d. xvii k. nov. basso et philippo conss.>

the emperors to Theodorus, praetorian prefect. * <in 408, on 16 October, in the consulship of Bassus and Philip.>

CJ.4.2.17: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.2.17: Emperor Justinian

Super chirographariis instrumentis haec pro communi utilitate sancienda duximus, ut, si quis pecunias credere supra quinquaginta libras auri voluerit vel super reddito debito securitatem accipere, cum amplius sit memorata quantitate, sciat non aliter debere chirographum a debitore vel creditore percipere, quam si testimonium trium testium probatae opinionis per eorum subscriptiones idem chirographum capiat. nam si citra huiusmodi observationem chirographum pro pecuniis memoratam auri quantitatem excedentibus proferatur, minime hoc admitti ab iudicantibus oportet. quod in futuris creditis vel debitorum solutionibus locum habere oportet.

Concerning chirographic instruments we have deemed these things to be enacted for the common utility, that, if anyone shall wish to lend moneys above fifty pounds of gold, or to receive security upon a rendered/acknowledged debt, when it is beyond the aforesaid quantity, let him know that he ought not otherwise to receive a chirograph from the debtor or the creditor than if he takes the same chirograph with the testimony of three witnesses of approved reputation, by their subscriptions. For if, without such observance, a chirograph be produced for moneys exceeding the aforesaid quantity of gold, this ought by no means to be admitted by the judges. This is to have place in future loans or in payments of debts.

* iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. k. iun. constantinopoli dn. iustiniano pp. a. ii cons.>

* Justinian Augustus to Menas, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 528, on the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, when our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, was consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.4.3.0. De suffragio.

CJ.4.3.0. On suffrage.

CJ.4.3.1pr.: Imperatores Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.3.1pr.: The Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

Si qui desideria sua explicare cupientes ferri sibi a quoquam suffragium postulaverint et ob referendam vicem se sponsione constrinxerint, promissa restituant, cum ea quae optaverint consequantur: si artibus moras nectent, ad solutionem debiti coartandi sunt. * theodos. arcad.

If any, wishing to explicate their desires, have requested that a suffrage (recommendatory support) be borne for them by someone, and have bound themselves by a sponsion for returning the favor, let them restore what was promised when they obtain the things they have wished for: if they weave delays by their arts, they are to be constrained to the payment of the debt. * Theodosius, Arcadius.

et honor. aaa. rufino pp. * <a 394 d. iii non.

and Honorius, the Augusti, to Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 394, given on the 3rd day before the Nones

mart. constantinopoli arcadio iii et honorio ii aa. conss.>

March, at Constantinople, under Arcadius for the 3rd time and Honorius for the 2nd, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.3.1.1: Imperatores Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.3.1.1: The Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

Sed si quid eo nomine in auro vel argento vel ceteris mobilibus datum fuerit, traditio sola sufficiat et contractus habebit perpetuam firmitatem, quoniam collatio rei mobilis inita integra fide hac ratione cumulatur. <a 394 d. iii non. mart.

But if anything under that title has been given in gold or silver or other movables, delivery alone shall suffice and the contract shall have perpetual firmness, since the collation of a movable thing, entered upon with integral good faith, is by this method consummated. <a 394 d. 3 non. mart.

constantinopoli arcadio iii et honorio ii aa. conss.>

at Constantinople, in the consulship of Arcadius 3 and Honorius 2, the Augusti.>

CJ.4.3.1.2: Imperatores Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.3.1.2: The Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

Quod si praedia rustica vel urbana placitum continebit, scriptura, quae ea in alium transferat, emittatur, sequatur traditio corporalis et rem fuisse completam gesta testentur: aliter enim ad novum dominium transire non possunt neque de veteri iure discedere. <a 394 d. iii non. mart.

If an agreement shall contain rural or urban estates, let a writing which transfers them to another be issued; let corporeal delivery follow, and let the records attest that the matter has been completed: for otherwise they cannot pass into new dominium nor depart from the old right. <a 394 d. 3 Nones of March.

constantinopoli arcadio iii et honorio ii aa. conss.>

at constantinople, when arcadius for the 3rd time and honorius for the 2nd were augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.3.1.3: Imperatores Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.3.1.3: Emperors Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius

Quod si quis, dum solo commonitorio suffragio nititur, bona duxerit occupanda, reus temeritatis ac violentiae retinebitur atque in statum pristinum possessio reducetur, eo a petitione excluso, qui non dubitavit invadere, quod petere debuisset. <a 394 d. iii non. mart.

If anyone, while relying on the support of a monitory letter alone, has judged the goods to be seized, he will be held guilty of temerity and violence, and possession will be restored to its pristine state, with him excluded from the petition who did not hesitate to invade what he ought to have sought. <a 394 d. 3 Nones of March.

constantinopoli arcadio iii et honorio ii aa. conss.>

at constantinople, arcadius 3 and honorius 2, the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.4.0. De prohibita sequestratione pecuniae.

CJ.4.4.0. On the prohibited sequestration of money.

CJ.4.4.1: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.4.1: The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius

Quotiens ex quolibet contractu pecunia postulatur, sequestrationis necessitas conquiescat. oportet enim debitorem primo convinci et sic ad solutionem pulsari. quam rem non tantum iuris ratio, sed et ipsa aequitas persuadet, ut probationes secum adferat debitoremque convincat pecuniam petiturus.

Whenever money is demanded from any contract whatsoever, the necessity of sequestration should cease. For it is proper that the debtor be first convicted and thus be pressed to payment. This not only the reason of law, but equity itself persuades: that the one who is about to seek money bring proofs with him and convict the debtor.

* honor. et theodos. aa. iohanni pp. * <a 422 d. v id. iul.

* Honorius and Theodosius, emperors, to John, praetorian prefect. * <a 422 given on the 5th day before the Ides of July

ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

at ravenna, honorius 13 and theodosius 10, augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.0. De condictione indebiti.

CJ.4.5.0. On the condictio indebiti.

CJ.4.5.1pr.: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.5.1pr.: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Pecuniae indebitae per errorem, non ex causa iudicati solutae esse repetitionem iure condictionis non ambigitur. si quid igitur probare potueris patrem tuum, cui heres extitisti, amplius debito creditori suo persolvisse, repetere potes. * sev.

Money not owed, paid by mistake, not on the ground of a judgment, is without doubt subject to repetition by the right of condiction. If therefore you can prove that your father, whose heir you have become, paid his creditor more than was due, you can recover it. * sev.

et ant. aa. muciano. * <a 213 pp. iii k. aug.

and Antoninus, the Emperors, to Mucianus. * <a in the year 213, published on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August.

antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

Antoninus Augustus, in his 4th consulship, and Balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.1.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.5.1.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Usuras autem eius summae praestari tibi frustra desideras: actione enim condictionis ea sola quantitas repetitur, quae indebita soluta est. <a 213 pp. iii k. aug. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

But you desire in vain that interest on that sum be paid to you: for by the action of condiction only that amount is recovered which was paid though not owed. <a 213 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August, when Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.5.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.5.2: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Si citra ullam transactionem pecuniam indebitam alieno creditori promittere delegata es, adversus eam quae te delegavit condictionem habere potes. * sev. et ant.

If, without any transaction, you have been delegated to promise money not owed to another’s creditor, you can have a condiction against her who delegated you. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. secundinae. * <a 213 pp. xiiii k. ian. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

the emperors to Secundina. * <in the year 213, 14 days before the Kalends of January, when Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.5.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum et soluta indebita quantitas ab ignorante repeti possit, multo facilius quantitatis indebitae interpositae scripturae condictio competit vel doli exceptio agenti opponitur. * diocl. et maxim.

Since even an undue amount paid by one in ignorance can be reclaimed, much more easily does the condiction of an interposed writing for an undue amount lie, or an exception of fraud is opposed to the plaintiff. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. pamphilo. * <a 293 s. iii non. april.

the augusti and the caesars to Pamphilus. * accepted in 293, on the 3 Nones of April (April 3).

byzantii aa. conss.>

At Byzantium, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ea, quae per infitiationem in lite crescunt, ab ignorante etiam indebita soluta repeti non posse certissimi iuris est. sed et si cautio indebitae pecuniae ex eadem causa interponatur, condictioni locum non esse constat. * diocl.

Those things which, through denial, grow in the lawsuit are, as a matter of most certain law, not able to be reclaimed, even when what was not owed has been paid by one who was ignorant. But even if a bond for money not owed is interposed from the same cause, it is established that there is no place for the condictio. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. heraclio. * <a 293 s. v id. april.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to heraclius. * <year 293, on april 9.

byzantii aa. conss.>

At Byzantium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.5.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si a patre emancipatus ei non intra tempora praestituta iure honorario successisti, quidquid indebitum postea per errorem utpote patris successor dedisti, eius condictionem tibi competere non est incerti iuris. * diocl. et maxim.

If, having been emancipated from your father, you did not succeed to him within the times prescribed by the honorary law (praetorian law), whatever not‑due amount you later paid by mistake as your father’s successor, it is not a matter of uncertain law that the condictio for it is available to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. attalo. * <a 293 s. xiiii k. mai. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to attalus. * <in the year 293, at S., on April 18, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.5.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.6: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si per ignorantiam facti non debitam solutam quantitatem pro alio solvisti et hoc addito rectore provinciae fuerit probatum, hanc ei cuius nomine soluta est restitui eo agente providebit. * diocl. et maxim.

If through ignorance of the fact you paid, on behalf of another, a sum not owed, and this has been proved upon application to the provincial governor, he will see to it that it be restored to the person in whose name it was paid, that person taking action. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. mnaseae. * <a 293 s. vi id. aug. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to mnaseas. * <in the year 293, on the 6th day before the ides of august, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.5.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.7: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Fideicommissum vel legatum indebitum per errorem facti solutum repeti posse explorati iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is settled law that an undue fideicommissum or legacy, paid through a mistake of fact, can be reclaimed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. dionysiae. * <a 293 s. v id. sept. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars, at dionysias. * <in the year 293, on the 5th day before the ides of september, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.5.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.8: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Creditoris falso procuratori solventi adversus eum indebiti repetitio, non obligationis liberatio competit. * diocl. et maxim.

One who pays to the creditor’s false procurator has against him an action for recovery of the undue payment, not a release from the obligation. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. ziparo. * <a 294 s. xv k. nov. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Ziparus. * <in the year 294, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.5.9pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.9pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Indebitum solutum sciens non repetit. * diocl. et maxim.

One who knowingly has paid what was not owed does not recover it. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. gratianae. * <a 294 s. iiii non. dec.

the augusti and the caesars to Gratiana. * <in the year 294 on the 4th day before the Nones of December.

nicomediae cc. conss.>

at Nicomedia, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.9.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.5.9.1: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Citra mandatum autem ab alio re distracta dominus evicta re vel ob praecedens vitium satis emptori faciens non indebitum praetendere, sed per eiusmodi factum ratum contractum habuisse probans a se debitum ostendit solutum. <a 294 s. iiii non. dec.

Without a mandate, however, if the thing has been alienated by another, the owner—when the thing has been evicted or on account of a pre‑existing vice making satisfaction to the buyer—ought not to plead a non‑debt; rather, by such an act, proving that he has held the contract as ratified, he shows that a debt owed by himself has been paid. <a 294 s. 4 Nones of December.

nicomediae cc. conss.>

at Nicomedia, the consuls.>

CJ.4.5.10pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.5.10pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Si quis servum certi nominis aut quandam solidorum quantitatem vel aliam rem promiserit et, cum licentia ei fuerat unum ex his solvendo liberari, utrumque per ignorantiam dependerit, dubitabatur, cuius rei datur a legibus ei repetitio, utrumne servi an pecuniae, et utrum stipulator an promissor habeat huius rei facultatem. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. k. aug.

If someone should have promised a slave of a certain name or a certain quantity of solidi or some other thing, and, when it was permitted to him to be released by paying one of these, he has, through ignorance, paid both, it was doubted for which thing the laws grant him repetition, whether of the slave or of the money, and whether the stipulator or the promissor has the power in this matter. * justinian augustus to julianus, praetorian prefect. * <a 530 on the day of the Kalends of August.

constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

at constantinople, lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.10.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.5.10.1: Emperor Justinian

Et ulpianus quidem electionem ipsi praestat qui utrumque accepit, ut hoc reddat quod sibi placuerit, et tam Marcellum quam celsum sibi consonantes refert. papinianus autem ipsi qui utrumque persolvit electionem donat, qui et antequam dependat ipse habet electionem quod velit praestare, et huiusmodi sententiae sublimissimum testem adducit salvium iulianum summae auctoritatis hominem et praetorii edicti ordinatorem. <a 530 d. k. aug.

And Ulpian indeed accords the election to the one who has received both, so that he may return whichever he pleases, and he reports both Marcellus and Celsus as in consonance with himself. But Papinian grants the election to the one who has paid both, who also, before he disburses, himself has the election as to what he wishes to render; and for an opinion of this kind he adduces as a most exalted witness Salvius Julianus, a man of supreme authority and the ordainer of the praetor’s edict. <a 530 d. k. aug.

constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

at constantinople, lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.10.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.5.10.2: Emperor Justinian

Nobis haec decidentibus iuliani et papiniani placet sententia, ut ipse habeat electionem recipiendi, qui et dandi habuit. <a 530 d. k. aug. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

As we decide these matters, the opinion of Julian and Papinian pleases us: that he should have the election of receiving, who also had the election of giving. <in the year 530, on the Kalends of August, at Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.11pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.5.11pr.: Emperor Justinian

Pro dubietate eorum, qui mente titubante indebitam solverunt pecuniam, certamen legislatoribus incidit, utrumne id, quod ancipiti animo persolverunt, possint repetere an non. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. k. oct.

Because of the doubt of those who, with a wavering mind, paid money not owed, a controversy befell the lawmakers, whether they can reclaim what they paid out with a divided mind or not. * justinian augustus to julian, praetorian prefect. * <in 530, on the kalends of october

constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

at constantinople, lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.5.11.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.5.11.1: Emperor Justinian

Quod nos decidentes sancimus omnibus, qui incerto animo indebitam dederunt pecuniam vel aliam quandam speciem persolverunt, repetitionem non denegari et praesumptionem transactionis non contra eos induci, nisi hoc specialiter ab altera parte approbetur. <a 530 d. k. oct. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

Which we, in deciding, ordain: that for all who, with an uncertain mind, have given money not owed or have paid some other kind of thing, recovery be not denied, and that the presumption of a settlement not be brought against them, unless this is specifically approved by the other party. <a 530, on the Kalends of October, at Constantinople, when Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, were consuls.>

CJ.4.6.0. De condictione ob causam datorum.

CJ.4.6.0. On the condiction for things given on account of a cause.

CJ.4.6.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.6.1: The Emperor Antoninus

Pecuniam quam te ob dotem accepisse pactumque interpositum ( ut fieri, cum iure matrimonium contrahitur, adsolet) proponis: impediente quocumque modo iuris auctoritate matrimonium constare nullam de dote actionem habet et propterea pecuniam, quam eo nomine accepisti, iure condictionis restituere debes et pactum, quod ita interpositum est, perinde ac si interpositum non esset haberi oportet. * ant. a. callistheni.

The money which you set forth that you received on account of a dowry and that a pact was interposed (as is accustomed to be done when matrimony is contracted according to law): if, with the authority of the law impeding in whatever way, the matrimony cannot stand, there is no action concerning the dowry; and therefore you must restore by right of condiction the money which you received under that name, and the pact which was thus interposed ought to be held just as if it had not been interposed. * antoninus augustus to callisthenes.

* <a 215 pp. vi k. aug. laeto ii et cereale conss.>

* <In 215, published on the 6th day before the Kalends of August, under the consuls Laetus (for the 2nd time) and Cerealis.>

CJ.4.6.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.6.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si, ut proponis, pater tuus ea lege sorori tuae praedia ceterque quorum meministi donavit, ut creditoribus ipsa satisfaceret ac, si placita observata non essent, donatio resolveretur, eaque contra fidem negotii gesti versata est, non est iniquum actionem condictionis ad repetitionem rerum donatarum tibi qui patri successisti decerni. * alex. a. asclepiadi.

if, as you propose, your father by that condition donated to your sister the estates and the other things you have mentioned, namely that she should satisfy the creditors, and that, if the agreements were not observed, the donation should be resolved, and she has conducted herself contrary to the good faith of the transacted business, it is not inequitable that the action of condiction be decreed to you, who have succeeded to your father, for the repetition of the donated things. * alexander augustus to asclepiades.

* <a 227 pp. xiiii k. dec. albino et maximo conss.>

* <a 227 posted on the 14th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Albinus and Maximus, consuls.>

CJ.4.6.3: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.6.3: The Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Ea lege in vos collata donatio, ut neutri alienandae suae portionis facultas ulla competeret, id efficit, ne alteruter eorum dominium prorsus alienaret, vel ut donatori vel heredi eius condictio, si non fuerit condicio servata, quaeratur. * valer. et gallien.

The donation conferred upon you on that condition, namely that to neither of you should any faculty of alienating his own portion belong, brings about this: that neither of them may alienate the dominion outright, or that a condictio be sought by the donor or by his heir, if the condition has not been observed. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. aurelio et alexandro. * <a 257 pp. k. april. valeriano iiii et gallieno iii aa. conss.>

the augusti to aurelius and alexander. * <in the year 257, the day before the kalends of april, when valerian was consul for the 4th time and gallienus for the 3rd, the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.6.4: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.6.4: Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Si, cum exiguam pecuniam re vera susciperes, longe maiorem te accepisse cavisti eo, quod tibi patrocinium adversarius repromitteret, cum dicas fidem promissi non secutam, ut libereris obligatione eius, quod non acceptum propter speratum patrocinium spopondisti, per condictionem consequeris. * valer. et gallien.

If, when in reality you received a small sum of money, you bound yourself as having received a much larger one, because the adversary promised afresh to you patronage; since you say the good faith of the promise did not ensue, in order that you be freed from the obligation of that which, though not received, you promised on account of the hoped-for patronage, you will obtain it by a condiction. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. et valer. c. aemiliae. * <a 259 pp. v k. mai.

the emperors valerian and gallienus, augusti, and valerian, caesar, to aemilia. * <in the year 259, 5 days before the kalends of may.

aemiliano et basso conss.>

Aemilianus and Bassus, consuls.>

CJ.4.6.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.5: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si militem ad negotium tuum procuratorem fecisti, cum hoc legibus interdictum sit, ac propter hoc pecuniam ei numerasti, quidquid ob causam datum est, causa non secuta restitui tibi competens iudex curae habebit. * diocl. et maxim.

If you have made a soldier procurator for your business, since this is interdicted by the laws, and on that account have paid him money, whatever was given for that cause, the cause not ensuing, the competent judge will take care to have restored to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. martiali. * <a 290 pp. x k. oct. ipsis iiii et iii conss.>

the emperors to Martial. * <in the year 290, on the 10th day before the Kalends of October, when they themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.6.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.6: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum ancillam patrem vestrum ei, contra quem supplicastis, dedisse proponatis, interest multum, utrumne donandi animo dedit, an ob manumittendam filiam, quam ancillam existimabat, cum perfecta quidem donatio revocari non possit, causa vero dandi non secuta repetitio competat. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you allege that your father gave the handmaid to him against whom you have petitioned, it matters greatly whether he gave with the intention of donation, or for the purpose of manumitting his daughter, whom he supposed to be a handmaid, since indeed a perfected donation cannot be revoked, but if the cause of giving did not ensue, repetition (recovery) is competent. * Diocl. and Maxim.

aa. et cc. curioni et plotioni. * <a 293 s. ii id. mai. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesares to curio and plotio. * <in the year 293, on the 2nd day before the ides of may, the augusti consuls.>

CJ.4.6.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si repetendi, quod donabas uxori eius, quem ad proficiscendum tecum huiusmodi liberalitate provocare proposueras, nullam addidisti condicionem, remanet integra donatio, cum levitati perfectam donationem revocare cupientium iure occurratur. * diocl. et maxim.

If, for reclaiming what you were gifting to his wife—the man whom you had proposed to provoke to set out with you by liberality of this kind—you added no condition, the donation remains intact, since by law opposition is made to the levity of those wishing to revoke a perfected donation. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. gerontio. * <a 293 s. vii k. sept. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars, to Gerontius. * <in the year 293, on the 7th day before the Kalends of September, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.6.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.8: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Dictam legem donationi, si non impossibilem contineat causam, ab eo qui hanc suscepit non impletam condictioni facere locum iuris dictat disciplina. quapropter si titulo liberalitatis res tuas in sponsam conferendo certam dixisti legem, nec huic illa, cum posset, paruit, successores ipsius de repetendis quae dederas, si hoc tibi placuerit, convenire non prohiberis. * diocl.

The discipline of law dictates that the law (condition) prescribed to a donation, if it does not contain an impossible cause, when not fulfilled by him who accepted it, gives occasion for a condiction. Wherefore, if under the title of liberality, in conferring your property upon your betrothed, you declared a definite condition, and she, though able, did not comply with it, you are not forbidden, if this should please you, to proceed against her successors for the recovery of what you had given. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. flaviano. * <a 294 s. iii id. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Flavianus. * <a 294 s. on the 3rd day before the Ides of February.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.6.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si liber constitutus, ut filiae tuae manumittantur, aliquid dedisti, causa non secuta de hoc tibi restituendo condictio competit. nam si quid servus de peculio domino dederit, contra eum nullam actionem habere potest: sed dominum, qui semel accipere pecuniam pro libertate passus est, aditus rector provinciae hortabitur salva reverentia ( favore scilicet libertatis) placito suo stare. * diocl.

If a free person has been bound, that your daughters be manumitted, and you gave something, the cause not having followed, a condictio lies for you for the restoration of this. For if a slave has given anything from his peculium to his master, he can have no action against him; but, when approached, the governor of the province will exhort the master—who has once allowed money to be accepted in return for liberty—to abide by his agreement, with due reverence preserved ( with favor, of course, for liberty). * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. bibulo. * <a 294 s. iii id. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesares, to Bibulus. * <a 294 at Sirmium, on the 3rd day before the Ides of February.

sirmi cc. conss.>

at sirmium, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.6.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.10: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Pecuniam a te datam, licet causa, pro qua data est, non culpa accipientis, sed fortuito casu secuta non est, minime repeti posse certum est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is certain that money given by you, although the cause for which it was given did not ensue, not by the fault of the recipient but by fortuitous chance, cannot at all be reclaimed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. cononianae. * <a 294 s. iii non. dec.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Cononiana. * in the year 294, at Sirmium, on the 3 Nones of December.

nicomediae cc. conss.>

at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.6.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.6.11: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Advocationis causa datam pecuniam, si per eos qui acceperant, quominus susceptam fidem impleant, stetisse probetur, restituendam esse convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

Money given for the purpose of advocation, if it is proved that, through those who had received it, it stood in the way that they fulfill the assumed pledge, is to be restored. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. stratonicae. * <a 294 s. xvii k. ian. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars at Stratonicea. * <in 294, on the seventeenth day before the Kalends of January, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.7.0. De condictione ob turpem causam.

CJ.4.7.0. On the condictio on account of a shameful (turpid) cause.

CJ.4.7.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.7.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si ex cautione tua conveniri coeperis, nullam te pecuniam accepisse, sed ob turpem causam et quam fieri prohibitum est interpositam ei, qui super ea re cogniturus est, probandum est et eo impleto absolutio sequetur. * ant. a. ingenuo.

If you begin to be proceeded against on your bond, it must be proved before the one who is to take cognizance of that matter that you received no money, but that the stipulation was interposed for a shameful cause and one forbidden to be done; and when that is established, an acquittal will follow. * Antoninus to Ingenuus.

* < sine die et consule.>

* < without date and consul.>

CJ.4.7.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.7.2: Emperor Antoninus

Cum te propter turpem causam contra disciplinam temporum meorum domum adversariae dedisse profitearis, frustra eam restitui tibi desideras, cum in pari causa possessoris melior condicio habeatur. * ant. a. longino.

Since you acknowledge that, for a shameful cause and contrary to the discipline of my times, you gave your house to your adversary, you desire in vain to have it restored to you, since in an equal case the possessor’s condition is better. * Antoninus to Longinus.

* <a 215 pp. xv k. dec. laeto ii et cereale conss.>

* <in the year 215, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Laetus for the 2nd time and Cerealis.>

CJ.4.7.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.7.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quod evitandi tirocinii causa dedisse te apud competentem iudicem ei de quo quereris indubia probationis luce constiterit, instantia eius recipies: qui memor censurae publicae post restitutionem pecuniae etiam concussionis crimen inultum esse non patietur. * diocl. et maxim.

That you gave, for the sake of avoiding the tirocinium (initial service), to him of whom you complain, if it shall have been established before the competent judge by the undoubted light of proof, you will recover by his diligence: and he, mindful of public censure, after the restitution of the money will not allow even the crime of extortion (concussion) to go unavenged. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. dizoni mil. * <a 290 pp. iii k. aug. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the augusti to dizo, a soldier. * <in 290, on the 3rd day before the kalends of august, when the same augusti were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.7.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.7.4: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quotiens accipientis, non etiam dantis turpis invenitur causa, licet haec secuta fuerit, datum condici tantum, non etiam usurae peti possunt. * diocl. et maxim.

Whenever a base cause is found on the part of the recipient, not also on that of the giver, although this may have followed, the thing given can only be reclaimed by condiction, and interest cannot also be sought. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. rufino. * <a 293 s. vii id. ian. sirmi aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesares to Rufinus. * <year 293, January 7, at Sirmium, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.7.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.7.5: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Promercalem te habuisse uxorem proponis: unde intellegis et confessionem lenocinii preces tuas continere et cautae quantitatis ob turpem causam exactioni locum non esse. quamvis enim utriusque turpitudo versatur ac soluta quantitate cessat repetitio, tamen ex huiusmodi stipulatione contra bonos mores interposita denegandas esse actiones iuris auctoritate demonstratur. * diocl.

You set forth that you had your wife as promercal (for hire): whence you understand both that your petition contains a confession of lenocinium (pandering) and that there is no place for the exaction of the sum secured for a shameful cause. For although the turpitude of both parties is involved, and once the amount has been paid repetition ceases, nevertheless from a stipulation of this kind, interposed against good morals, it is shown by the authority of the law that actions must be denied. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. bitho. * <a 294 s. vi id. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Bitho. * <a 294 on the 6th day before the ides of May.

cc. conss.>

the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.7.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.7.6: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ob restituenda quae subtraxerat accipientem pecuniam, cum eius tantum interveniat turpitudo, condictione conventum hanc restituere debere convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

For the restoration of the money which the recipient had withheld after receiving it, since only his turpitude intervenes, it is settled that, when sued by condictio, he must restore it. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. eutychiae. * <a 294 s. vi id. mai. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Eutychia. * <in 294, at Sirmium, on May 10, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.7.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.7.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Eum, qui ob restituenda quae abegerat pecora pecuniam accepit, tam hanc quam quae per hoc commissum tenuit restituere debere convenit, licet mortua vel alio fortuito casu perisse dicantur, cum in hoc casu in rem mora fiat. * diocl. et maxim.

He who, for restoring the cattle which he had driven off, received money, it is settled that he ought to restore both this and the things which he held by reason of this offense, even though they are said to have died or to have perished by some other fortuitous casualty, since in this case default attaches to the thing. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. zenonidae. * <a 294 d. v k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Zenonides. * <in the year 294, on 27 November, at Nicomedia, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.8.0. De condictione furtiva.

CJ.4.8.0. On the condictio furtiva.

CJ.4.8.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.8.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Praeses provinciae, sciens furti quidem actione singulos quosque in solidum teneri, condictionis vero nummorum furtim subtractorum electionem esse ac tum demum , si ab uno satisfactum fuerit, ceteros liberari, iure proferre sententiam curabit. * diocl. et maxim.

The governor of the province, knowing that by the action of theft each and every person is held in solidum, but that by the condiction for moneys furtively subtracted there is an election and only then , if satisfaction has been rendered by one, the others are released, shall take care to pronounce sentence according to law. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. hermogeni. * <a 294 s. vi k. mai. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Hermogenes. * <in the year 294, on the 6th day before the Kalends of May, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.8.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.8.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ante oblationem interemptae rei furtivae damnum ad furem pertinere certissimum est. * diocl. et maxim.

Before a tender is made, it is most certain that the damage from a stolen thing that has been destroyed pertains to the thief. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aristaeneto. * <a 294 d. k. mai. cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Aristaenetus. * <in the year 294, on the Kalends of May, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.9.0. De condictione ex lege et sine causa vel iniusta causa.

CJ.4.9.0. On the condiction by law and for no cause or for an unjust cause.

CJ.4.9.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.9.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Licet ante tempus debita exigi non possunt, tamen si te ex primipilo debitorem fisci constitutum ac patrimonium tuum exhaustum praeses provinciae compererit, ut ad solutionis securitatem solum fenebris pecuniae subsidium superesse videatur, commonebit debitorem tuum, si saltem ipse solvendo sit, ut ante definitum tempus debita tibi repraesentet, ut fisco, cuius ob necessitates publicas causam potiorem esse oportet, debita pecunia exsolvatur. * diocl. et maxim.

Licet debts cannot be exacted before the time, nevertheless, if the governor of the province discovers that you, a former primipilus, have been constituted a debtor of the fisc and your patrimony exhausted, so that for the security of payment only the aid of loan-money seems to remain, he will admonish your debtor, if at least he himself is solvent, to render to you the debts before the fixed time, so that the owed money may be paid to the fisc, whose cause ought to be preferred on account of public necessities. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. ulpio. * <a 294 s. xiii k. aug. sirmi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Ulpius. * <in 294, on July 20, at Sirmium, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.9.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.9.2: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Dissolutae quantitatis retentum instrumentum inefficax penes creditorem remanere et ideo per condictionem reddi oportere non est iuris ambigui. * diocl. et maxim.

It is not a matter of doubtful law that, the amount having been discharged, the instrument retained remains ineffective in the creditor’s possession and therefore ought to be returned by condiction. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. scylacio. * <a 293 s. iii non. april.

the Augusti and the Caesars, at Scylacium. * in the year 293, on the 3rd day before the Nones of April.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.9.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.9.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Mala fide possidens de proprietate victus extantibus fructibus vindicatione, consumptis vero condictione conventus horum restitutioni parere compellitur. * diocl. et maxim.

A possessor in bad faith, defeated as to ownership, when sued is compelled to submit to the restitution of the fruits—if they are still extant, by vindication; if consumed, by condiction. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. galatiae. * <a 294 s. vi id. febr. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars, in Galatia. * <in 294, on the 6th day before the Ides of February, the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.9.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.9.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si non est numeratum, quod velut acceptum te sumpsisse mutuo scripsisti, et necdum transisse tempus statutum vel intra hunc diem habitam contestationem monstrando reddi cautionem praesidali notione postulare potes. * diocl. et maxim.

If that which you wrote that you had taken as a mutuum, as if received, has not been counted out, and by showing either that the stipulated time has not yet elapsed or that a contestation was held within this day, you can petition by praesidal notice that the caution (security) be returned. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. alexandro. * <a 294 d. xvii k. ian. cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Alexander. * <in the year 294, on the 17th day before the Kalends of January, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.10.0. De obligationibus et actionibus.

CJ.4.10.0. On obligations and actions.

CJ.4.10.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.10.1: Emperor Gordian

Data certae pecuniae quantitate ei cuius meministi in vicem debiti actiones tibi adversus debitorem, pro quo solvisti, dicis esse mandatas et, antequam eo nomine litem contestareris, sine herede creditorem fati munus implesse proponis. quae si ita sunt, utilis actio tibi competit. * gord.

Having paid a fixed amount of money to the person you mention, you say that the actions in lieu of the debt have been mandated to you against the debtor for whom you paid; and, before you contested suit under that head, you assert that the creditor, without an heir, fulfilled the office of fate (i.e., died). If these things are so, a useful action is available to you. * gord.

a. valeriae. * <a 242 pp. v k. mai. attico et praetextato conss.>

to Valeria. * <in 242, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May, under the consuls Atticus and Praetextatus.>

CJ.4.10.2: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.10.2: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Nominibus in dotem datis, quamvis nec delegatio praecesserit nec litis contestatio subsecuta sit, utilem tamen marito actionem ad similitudinem eius qui nomen emerit dari oportere saepe rescriptum est. * valer. et gallien.

With claims given in dowry, although neither delegation has preceded nor litis contestation has followed, nevertheless it has often been rescripted that a useful action ought to be given to the husband, by analogy to the one who has bought the claim. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. celso. * <a 260 pp. xiiii k. febr. saeculari ii et donato conss.>

the emperors to Celsus. * <in the year 260, pp., 14 Kalends of February, in the consulship of Saecularis 2 and Donatus, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ob causas proprii debiti locatoris conveniri colonos pensionibus ex placito satisfacientes perquam iniuriosum est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is extremely unjust that tenant-farmers who are satisfying the rents in accordance with the pact be sued on account of the lessor’s own debt. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. rusticiano. * <a 286 pp. prid. k. iun.

the emperors to Rusticiano. * <in the year 286, publicly posted, on the day before the Kalends of June.

tiberiade maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

at tiberias, in the consulship of maximus (2) and aquilinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Bonam fidem in contractibus considerari aequum est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is equitable that good faith be considered in contracts. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. liciniae. * <a 290 pp. non. oct.

The Emperors to Licinia. * <a 290, ever august, on the Nones of October.

ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

under the consulship of the same Augusti themselves, for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.10.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.5: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sicut initio libera potestas unicuique est habendi vel non habendi contractus, ita renuntiare semel constitutae obligationi adversario non consentiente minime potest. quapropter intellegere debetis voluntariae obligationi semel vos nexos ab hac non consentiente altera parte, cuius precibus fecistis mentionem, minime posse discedere. * diocl.

Just as at the outset there is free power for each person of having or not having a contract, so one by no means can renounce an obligation once constituted, the adversary not consenting. Wherefore you ought to understand that, once you are bound to a voluntary obligation, you are by no means able to depart from it without the consent of the other party, whose petitions you made mention. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. camerino et marciano. * <a 293 d. non.

and Maximianus, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Camerinus and Marcianus. * <a 293 on the Nones.

april. byzantii aa. conss.>

april. at byzantium the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si in solutum nomen debitoris sui tibi debitor dedit tuus ac te in rem tuam procuratorem fecit, pignora, quae specialiter vel generaliter habes obligata, persequere. quod si ab his, quibus fuerant obligata, cum potiores erant, distracta probentur, ab emptoribus avocari non posse perspicis. * diocl.

If, in solutum, your debtor gave you the claim of his debtor and made you a procurator in your own interest (in rem tuam), pursue the pledges which you hold bound, whether specifically or generally. But if they are proven to have been sold by those to whom they had been pledged, when they had the better right (potiores), you perceive that they cannot be called away from the purchasers. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. maurico. * <a 293 d. viiii k. iul.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Mauricus. * <a 293 on the 9th day before the Kalends of July.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at sirmium, the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.7pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.7pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si a creditore nomen comparasti, ea pignora, quae venditor nomiminis( !) consequi posset, apud praesidem provinciae vindica. nam si debitum ex eius persona res obligatas tenentes non transferant, iure communi pignora distrahere non prohiberis. * diocl.

If you have purchased the claim from a creditor, vindicate before the governor of the province those pledges which the seller of the claim( !) could obtain. For if those holding the encumbered things do not transfer/assume the debt from his person, by the common law you are not forbidden to sell the pledges. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. euelpisto. * <a 293 s. iii k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Euelpistus. * <a 293 at Sirmium, the 3rd day before the Kalends of January.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at sirmium, in the consulship of the augusti.>

CJ.4.10.7.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.7.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sane si creditoribus in ordine pignorum antecedentibus venumdantibus qui possident comparaverunt vel longi temporis praescriptione muniti perhibentur, pignorum distrahendorum te non habere facultatem perspicis. <a 293 s. iii k. ian. sirmi aa. conss.>

Indeed, if those who possess bought from creditors preceding in the order of pledges when they were selling, or are alleged to be fortified by prescription of long time, you perceive that you do not have the faculty of selling the pledges. <a 293 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January, at Sirmium, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.10.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si quidem donationis causa ei, quem adfectione patris te dilexisse proponis, tuam accipere pecuniam permisisti, et hanc tuam liberalitatem remunerans te a procuratore suo aliam pecuniam sumere praecepit, rebusque humanis ante perceptionem fuit exemptus, nec quod dederas recuperare, cum perfectam habuit donationem, nec quod tibi dari mandaverat, necdum tibi traditum petere potes a procuratore. quod si mutuo dedisti nec a delegato dari novandi causa stipulatus es, successores eius solutioni parere compellentur. * diocl.

If indeed for the sake of donation you permitted him, whom you allege you loved with a father’s affection, to receive your money, and he, remunerating this your liberality, ordered that you take another sum of money from his procurator, and was removed from human affairs before the receipt, you can neither recover what you had given, since the donation was perfected, nor can you demand from the procurator what he had ordered to be given to you, not yet delivered to you. But if you gave it as a loan and did not stipulate, for the purpose of novation, that it be given by the delegate, his successors will be compelled to comply with payment. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. crescentioni. * <a 294 s. xiii k. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Crescentio. * <a 294 at Sirmium, on the 13th day before the Kalends of February.

sirmi cc. conss.>

at sirmium, the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.9: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Negantes debitores non oportet armata vi terreri: sed petitore quidem non implente suam intentionem vel exceptione submoto absolvi, convictos autem condemnari ac iuris remediis ad solutionem urgueri convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

Debtors who deny ought not to be terrified by armed force: rather, if the petitioner does not make good his claim, or, an exception having removed it, they should be acquitted; but those who are convicted should be condemned and pressed to payment by the remedies of the law. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. glyconi. * <a 294 d. id. febr. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Glyco. * <in the year 294, given on the Ides of February, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.10.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.10: Emperors Diocletianus, Maximianus

Adversus debitorem electis pignoribus personalis actio non tollitur, sed eo, quod de pretio servari potuit, in debitum computato de residuo manet integra. * diocl. et maxim.

Against the debtor, even when pledges have been selected, the personal action is not abolished; rather, after that which could be saved from the price has been computed into the debt, it remains whole for the residue. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. rufino. * <a 294 d. iii non. april.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Rufinus. * <a 294 on the 3rd day before the Nones of April.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.11: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Nimia credulitate circumventa es, quia, quod colonis in rem suam mutuo dedisti, a domino praedii postulare posse credidisti: nec ad eum obligandum actorum ipsius adiuvat te praesentia. * diocl. et maxim.

You have been overreached by excessive credulity, because you believed that what you gave on loan to the coloni for their own benefit you could demand from the owner of the estate; nor does the presence of his stewards help you to bind him. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. paulae. * <a 294 d. viii k. aug. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Paula. * <in the year 294, on the eighth day before the Kalends of August, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.10.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.12: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ob aes alienum servire liberos creditoribus iura compelli non patiuntur. * diocl. et maxim.

The laws do not allow children to be compelled to serve creditors on account of debt. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. iovino. * <a 294 d. xiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Jovinus. * <in 294, on the 13th day before the Kalends of November (October 20), with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.10.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.13: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Eum, cui mutuam dedisti pecuniam, ad solutionem urguere competenti debes actione. nam adversus negotiatores, quos ex mercibus pecunias abstulisse tuo debitori proponis, nullam habes actionem. * diocl.

You ought to press, by the competent action, him to whom you gave a loan of money, to solution (payment). For against the negotiators (merchants), whom you allege to have taken monies from your debtor out of the merchandise, you have no action. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. barsimio. * <a 294 d. xi k. april.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Barsimius. * <a 294 given on the 11th day before the Kalends of April.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.10.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.10.14: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Est in arbitrio vestro, personali debitoris heredes actione, an eum, qui ab his distracta sibique tradita pignora tenet, in rem serviana, si non longi temporis praescriptione munitus sit, an utrosque conveniatis. * diocl. et maxim.

It is within your discretion whether, by a personal action, to proceed against the debtor’s heirs, or, by the Servian action in rem, against the one who holds the pledges sold by them and delivered to him—if he is not fortified by the prescription of long time—or to proceed against both. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. hermodoto et nicomacho. * <a 294 d. v k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Hermodotus and Nicomachus. * <a in the year 294, on the 5th day before the Kalends of December, at Nicomedia, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.11.0. Ut actiones et ab herede et contra heredem incipiant.

CJ.4.11.0. That actions both by the heir and against the heir may be initiated.

CJ.4.11.1pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.11.1pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Cum et stipulationes et legata et alios contractus post mortem compositos antiquitas quidem respuebat, nos autem pro communi hominum utilitate recepimus, consentaneum erat etiam illam regulam, qua vetustas utebatur, more humano emendare. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. xv k. nov.

Since both stipulations and legacies and other contracts arranged after death antiquity indeed repudiated, but we, for the common utility of humankind, have received, it was consistent also to amend, in a humane manner, that rule which antiquity employed. * Justinian Augustus to John, the praetorian prefect. * <in 531, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November.>

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.4.11.1.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.11.1.1: Emperor Justinian

Ab heredibus enim incipere actiones vel contra heredes veteres non concedebant contemplatione stipulationum ceterarumque causarum post mortem conceptarum. <a 531 d. xv k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

For the ancients did not concede that actions begin from heirs or against heirs, in contemplation of stipulations and other causes conceived after death. <in the year 531, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.11.1.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.11.1.2: Emperor Justinian

Sed nobis necesse est, ne prioris vitii materiam relinquamus, et ipsam regulam e medio tollere, ut liceat et ab heredibus et contra heredes incipere actiones et obligationes, ne propter nimiam subtilitatem verborum latitudo voluntatis contrahentium impediatur. <a 531 d. xv k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

But it is necessary for us, lest we leave material for the prior fault, to remove the rule itself altogether, so that it may be permitted both from heirs and against heirs to commence actions and obligations, lest, on account of an excessive subtlety of words, the breadth of the will of the contracting parties be impeded. <a 531 on the 15th day before the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.12.0. Ne uxor pro marito vel maritus pro uxore vel mater pro filio conveniatur.

CJ.4.12.0. That a wife not be sued in place of her husband, nor a husband in place of his wife, nor a mother in place of her son.

CJ.4.12.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.12.1: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Frustra disputas de contractibus cum marito tuo habitis, utrumne iure steterit an minime, cum tibi sufficiat, si proprio nomine nullum contractum habuisti, quominus pro marito tuo conveniri possis, quod nec, si sponte pro eo intercessisses, quicquam a te propter senatus consultum exigi iure potuisset. * diocl. et maxim.

You argue in vain about the contracts had with your husband, whether they stood in law or not, since it suffices for you—if in your own name you had no contract—to prevent your being sued for your husband; for not even if you had voluntarily interceded for him could anything lawfully have been exacted from you by reason of the senatus consultum. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. asclepiodotae. * <a 287 d. prid. id. april.

the augusti to asclepiodota. * <a 287 dated the day before the ides of april.

diocletiano iii et maximiano aa. conss.>

diocletian, for the 3rd time, and maximian, the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.12.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.12.2: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ob maritorum culpam uxores inquietari leges uetant. proinde rationalis noster, si res quae a fisco occupatae sunt dominii tui esse probaveris, ius publicum sequetur. * diocl.

Ob the fault of husbands the laws forbid wives to be disturbed. Accordingly our rationalis, if you prove that the things which have been seized by the fisc are of your ownership, will follow public law. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. terentiae. * <a 287 d. iii non.

and Maximian, the Augusti, to Terentia. * <a 287 day 3 of the Nones.

sept. diocletiano et maximiano aa. conss.>

sept. diocletian and maximian, augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.12.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.12.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum te possessiones non in dotem pro filia tua dedisse, sed ad sustentandam eam extra dotis causam filiae tuae praedia adsignasse proponas, civilium munerum vel onerum municipalium obtentu ex persona mariti eius, quomodo matres ex persona filiorum interpellari non possunt, cum neque maritum pro uxoris obligatione conveniri posse constat, nisi ipse pro ea se obnoxium fecit. certissimum enim est ex alterius contractu neminem obligari. * diocl.

Since you set forth that you did not give the possessions as a dowry for your daughter, but assigned your daughter’s estates to sustain her outside the cause of dowry, under the pretext of civil duties or municipal burdens by reason of her husband’s person—how can they be impleaded, just as mothers cannot be interfered with by reason of the person of their sons, since it is evident that neither can the husband be convened for the obligation of his wife, unless he himself made himself liable on her behalf. For it is most certain that no one is obligated from another’s contract. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. carpophoro. * <a 293 iii id. sept.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Carpophorus. * <a 293 3 days before the Ides of September.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at Sirmium; the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.12.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.12.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum te ideo ex persona filii tui commemores conveniri, quod pro debitis eius aliquid intulisse videaris, defensionibus tuis uti apud eum, cuius super ea re notio est, minime prohiberis, ut is ad solutionem alieni debiti urgueri te non patiatur. * diocl. et maxim.

Since for that reason you allege that you are being convened in court in the person of your son, because you appear to have paid in something for his debts, you are by no means forbidden to use your defenses before the one who has cognizance over that matter, so that he may not allow you to be compelled to the payment of another’s debt. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa.Et cc. philoterae. * <a 301 d. x k. sept. titiano et nepotiano conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Philotera. * <in the year 301, on the tenth day before the Kalends of September, Titianus and Nepotianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.13.0. Ne filius pro patre vel pater pro filio emancipato vel libertus pro patrono conveniatur.

CJ.4.13.0. That a son not be sued for his father, nor a father for his emancipated son, nor a freedman for his patron.

CJ.4.13.1pr.: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.13.1pr.: Emperor Gordianus

Neque ex eius filii persona, qui, cum sui iuris esset, mutuam pecuniam accepit, pater eius, si non fidem suam obstrinxit, conveniri potest, neque ex eius quem in potestate habet, si sine eius iussu contractum est neque contra senatus consultum macedonianum mutua data est, amplius dumtaxat de peculio actionem sustinere cogitur. * gord. a. candido mil.

Nor, on account of the person of his son who, while he was sui iuris, received money on loan, can his father be proceeded against, if he did not bind his own credit; nor, on account of one whom he has in his power, if it was contracted without his order and the loan was not given contrary to the senatus consultum macedonianum, is he compelled to sustain anything further than a de peculio action only. * gordianus augustus to candidus, soldier.

* <a 238 pp. iii non. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, published on the 3rd day before the Nones of October, in the consulship of Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.4.13.1.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.13.1.1: Emperor Gordian

Quapropter pater quoque tuus, si ei pecunia a creditore fratris tui extorta est, ob quam reddendam non tenebatur, praesidis provinciae auctoritate eam recuperabit. <a 238 pp. iii non. oct.

Wherefore your father also, if money has been extorted from him by your brother’s creditor, for the repayment of which he was not bound, will recover it by the authority of the provincial governor. <year 238 pp. 3 non. oct.

pio et pontiano conss.>

under the consuls Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.4.13.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.13.2: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ne contra iuris auctoritatem ab eo, qui patrem vestrum, a quo emancipatos vos dicitis, ad munus civile devocaverat, inquietemini, praeses provinciae providebit. * diocl. et maxim.

Lest you be disturbed contrary to the authority of the law by the one who had summoned your father—by whom you say you were emancipated—to a civic munus (duty), the governor of the province will see to it. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. neoterio et eutolmio. * <a 286 d. viii k. febr. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

The Emperors to Neoterius and Eutolmius. * <A.D. 286, on the 8th day before the Kalends of February, in the consulship of Maximus (for the 2nd time) and Aquilinus.>

CJ.4.13.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.13.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si filius familias invito patre decurio creatus fuerit, pro eo patrem inquietari non posse iure manifestissimo cautum est. * diocl. et maxim.

If a son of the household has been appointed decurion against his father’s will, it is provided by the most manifest law that the father cannot be troubled on his account. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. theogeni. * <a 294 s. x k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Theogenius. * in the year 294, written on the tenth day before the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.

CJ.4.13.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.13.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Patris nomine superstitis filium nec munerum civilium nec debiti causa personali posse conveniri constat actione. * diocl. et maxim.

In the name of a surviving father, it is established that a son cannot be sued by a personal action either for civil munera or on account of a debt. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. achaeo. * <a 294 s. xii k. mart. sirmi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Achaeus. * <in 294, on the 12th day before the Kalends of March (February 18), at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.13.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.13.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ex patroni vel domini contractu liberti vel servi conveniri non possunt. * diocl. et maxim.

From the contract of the patron or the master, freedmen or slaves cannot be sued. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. lampetio. * <a 294 s. iii id. april. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to lampetius. * <in the year 294, at Sirmium, on the 3rd day before the Ides of April, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.14.0. An servus ex suo facto post manumissionem teneatur.

CJ.4.14.0. Whether a slave is held liable from his own act after manumission.

CJ.4.14.1: Imperator Severus

CJ.4.14.1: Emperor Severus

Quamvis cum statulibero contraxeris, tamen ex ante gesto te non habere cum eo post impletam condicionem libertatis actionem scire debes. * sev. a. ioviano.

Although you have contracted with a conditional freedman (statuliber), nevertheless you must know that you do not have an action with him, after the condition of liberty has been fulfilled, on the basis of what was done before. * Severus Augustus to Jovianus.

* <a 196 pp. iiii id. dec. dextro ii et prisco conss.>

* <year 196, on the 4th day before the Ides of December, when Dexter for the 2nd time and Priscus were consuls.>

CJ.4.14.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.14.2: Emperor Antoninus

Creditoribus tuis, qui tibi in servitute pecuniam crediderunt, nulla adversus te actio competit, maxime cum peculium tibi non esse legatum proponas. * ant. a. baetico.

To your creditors, who lent you money while you were in servitude, no action lies against you, especially since you allege that no peculium was bequeathed to you. * Antoninus Augustus to Baeticus.

* <a 215 pp. iii k. sept. laeto ii et cereale conss.>

* <in the year 215, published on the 3rd day before the Kalends of September, Laetus (2) and Cerealis, consuls.>

CJ.4.14.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.14.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Promissae tibi pecuniae a servo tuo, ut eum manumitteres, si, posteaquam manumisisti, stipulatus ab eo non es, adversus eum petitionem per in factum actionem habes. * alex. a. aurelio herodi.

The money promised to you by your slave, in order that you might manumit him—if, after you manumitted him, you did not stipulate from him—you have a claim against him by means of an action in factum. * alexander augustus to aurelius herodes.

* <a 222 pp. id sept. alexandro a. cons.>

* <a on September 12, 222 (the day before the Ides of September), when Alexander Augustus was consul.>

CJ.4.14.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.14.4: Emperor Gordian

Licet servitutis tempore quae pecuniam matris tuae subripuisse dicitur, ob eiusmodi admissum conveniri non poterat, ad libertatem tamen perducta ( nam caput noxa sequitur) furti actione tenetur. * gord. a. heroni.

Although during the time of servitude she who is said to have surreptitiously taken your mother’s money could not be convened on account of an offense of this sort, yet, when brought to liberty (for the head follows the fault), she is held by the action of theft. * Gordian Augustus to Heron.

* <a 238 pp. id. sept. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the day before the Ides of September, with Pius and Pontianus as consuls.>

CJ.4.14.5: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.14.5: Emperor Gordian

Si, ut adlegas, antequam a domina manumittereris, fundos eius coluisti posteaque adempto peculio libertate donatus es, ob reliqua, si qua pridem contracta sunt, res bonorum, quas postea propriis laboribus quaesisti, inquietari minime possunt. * gord. a. chresto.

If, as you allege, before you were manumitted by your mistress you cultivated her estates, and afterwards, your peculium having been taken away, you were granted liberty, then, for any arrears, if any were contracted previously, the assets which you later acquired by your own labors cannot by any means be disturbed. * gord. a. chresto.

* <a 243 pp. xvi k. dec. arriano et papo conss.>

* <in the year 243, published on the 16th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Arrianus and Papus.>

CJ.4.14.6pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.14.6pr.: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sive servi sunt ii, quorum precibus fecisti mentionem, domi eos conveni, quia inter dominos ac servos iudicium constare nullum potest: sive post delictum manumissi sunt, ex antecedentibus post datam libertatem eos nulla ratio iuris a dominis quondam conveniri patitur. * diocl. et maxim.

Whether they are slaves—those whose petitions you mentioned—proceed against them at home, because between masters and slaves no judgment can be established: or if they were manumitted after the offense, as to what is antecedent, after liberty has been given no principle of law allows them to be proceeded against by their former masters. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. feliciano. * <a 293 d. ii id. april. byzantio aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Felicianus. * <in the year 293, on the 2nd day before the Ides of April, at Byzantium, the Augusti consuls.>

CJ.4.14.6.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.14.6.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sane si post manumissionem quid illicite commiserunt, hoc apud praesidem provinciae argue accepturus ex iure sententiam. <a 293 d. ii id. april. byzantio aa. conss.>

Indeed, if after manumission they have committed anything illicit, bring this before the governor of the province; you will receive a judgment according to law. <a 293, on the 2nd day before the Ides of April, at byzantium, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.15.0. Quando fiscus vel privatus debitoris sui debitores exigere potest.

CJ.4.15.0. When the fisc or a private person can exact from his debtor’s debtors.

CJ.4.15.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.15.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Propter aes alienum pupilli res tutoris, qui nihil ex bonis eius tenet, pignori capi non oportet. * sev. et ant.

Because of the pupil’s debt, the tutor’s property, who holds nothing from his (the pupil’s) goods, ought not to be taken in pledge. * sev. and ant.

aa. valeriano. * <a 197 pp. xi k. iun. laterano et rufino conss.>

the emperors to valerianus. * <in 197, on the 11th day before the kalends of june, under the consulship of lateranus and rufinus.>

CJ.4.15.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.15.2: Emperor Antoninus

Si in causa iudicati valentis, quem tibi condemnatum esse proponis, nihil est, quod sine quaestione pignoris loco capi et distrahi possit, debitores eius conventi ad solutionem auctoritate praesidis provinciae compelluntur. * ant. a. marco.

If, in the case of a judgment-debtor who is solvent—whom you assert to have been condemned—there is nothing which can, without inquiry, be taken in the place of a pledge and sold, his debtors, when sued, are compelled to payment by the authority of the governor of the province. * Antoninus to Marcus.

* <a 205 d. vi non. april. geta cons.>

* <a 205 on March 31, Geta as consul.>

CJ.4.15.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.15.3: Emperor Gordian

Si debitum non infitiantur hi, quos obnoxios debitoribus fisci esse proponis, potest videri non esse iniquum quod desideras, ut ad solutionem per officium procuratoris compellantur. nam si quaestio aliqua refertur, id concedi non oportere et ipse perspicis. * gord.

If those whom you propose to be liable along with the fisc’s debtors do not deny the debt, it can seem not inequitable, what you desire, that they be compelled to payment through the office of the procurator. For if any question is raised, you yourself perceive that this ought not to be granted. * gord.

a. primiano. * <a 240 pp. vi k. febr. sabino ii et venusto conss.>

to Primianus. * <in the year 240, on the 6th day before the Kalends of February, in the consulship of Sabinus (for the 2nd time) and Venustus.>

CJ.4.15.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.15.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non prius ad eos, qui debitoribus fisci nostri sunt obligati, actionem fiscalem extendi oportere, nisi patuerit principales reos idoneos non esse, certissimi iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is most certain law that the fiscal action ought not to be extended to those who are bound to the debtors of our fisc before it is evident that the principal defendants are not adequate. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. zosimo. * <a 293 s. xii k. mai. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to zosimus. * <in 293, on the 12th day before the Kalends of May, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.15.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.15.5: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

In solutum nomine dato non aliter nisi mandatis actionibus ex persona sui debitoris adversus eius debitores creditor experiri potest. suo autem nomine utili actione recte utetur. * diocl.

When a nomen has been given in solutum (in satisfaction), the creditor can proceed only by actions on mandate, in the person of his debtor, against that debtor’s debtors. However, in his own name he will properly employ a useful action. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. nanidiae. * <a 294 d. k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Nanidia. * <at A., 294, on the Kalends of January.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars being consuls>

CJ.4.16.0. De actionibus hereditariis.

CJ.4.16.0. On hereditary actions.

CJ.4.16.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.16.1: Emperor Gordian

Pecuniam, quam tibi a matre debitam fuisse dicis, ab heredibus eius coheredibus tuis pro parte tibi competenti petere debes. sed et res, si quae tibi ob idem debitum obligatae sunt, persequi non prohiberis. * gord.

Money which you say was owed to you by your mother you ought to claim from her heirs, your coheirs, for the share competent to you. But you are not prohibited from also pursuing the things, if any, that have been obligated (pledged) to you on account of the same debt. * gord.

a. hermeroti. * <a 241 pp. xi k. mart. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

to hermerotus. * <in the year 241, published on the 11th day before the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Gordianus, Augustus for the 2nd time, and Pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.16.2: Imperator dec.

CJ.4.16.2: Emperor Decius.

Pro hereditariis partibus heredes onera hereditaria agnoscere etiam in fisci rationibus placuit, nisi intercedat pignus vel hypotheca: tunc enim possessor obligatae rei conveniendus est. * dec. a. telemachae.

For hereditary shares, it has been decreed that the heirs acknowledge the hereditary burdens even in the fisc's accounts, unless a pledge or hypothec intervenes: for then the possessor of the encumbered property must be proceeded against. * Decius Augustus at Telemachae.

* <a 249 pp. xiiii k. nov. aemiliano et aquilino conss.>

* <in the year 249, on the 14th day before the Kalends of November, under the consuls Aemilianus and Aquilinus.>

CJ.4.16.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.16.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Heredem mariti quondam tui de dote reddenda tibi conveni: personalem enim actionem contra debitores hereditarios decerni tibi frustra postulas. * diocl. et maxim.

Proceed against the heir of your former husband for the dowry to be returned to you: for you are vainly asking that a personal action be decreed to you against hereditary debtors. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. maximae. * <a 293 pp. xiiii k. mai. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to maxima. * <in the year 293, on the 14th day before the Kalends of May, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.16.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.16.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Sub praetextu aetatis pupilli debitoris hereditarii creditorum exactionem differri non posse nimis evidens est. unde cum te tutorem proponas, quemadmodum a pupillis creditoribus satisfiat, eniti debes. * diocl.

Under the pretext of the age of a ward who is a hereditary debtor, it is exceedingly evident that the exaction of creditors cannot be deferred. Wherefore, since you put yourself forward as tutor, you ought to strive that satisfaction be made by the wards to the creditors. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. crispo. * <a 293 d. x k. dec.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Crispus. * <a 293 on the 10th day before the Kalends of December.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at sirmium; the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.16.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.16.5: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ut debitum ante de hereditate tibi solvatur ac tunc, si ad te pertineret, quaeri iubeamus, praeposterea petitio est. etenim cum tibi soceri successionem quaesitam patuerit, debiti petitionem per confusionem extingui non ambigitur. * diocl.

That the debt be paid to you first from the inheritance, and then that inquiry be made, if it should pertain to you, that we order—this is a petition put back-to-front. For indeed, since it has been clear that the succession of your father-in-law has been obtained for you, it is not doubted that the petition for the debt is extinguished by confusion (merger). * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. iulio. * <a 294 d. prid.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Julius. * <year 294, the day before.

non. mart. sirmi cc. conss.>

nones of march, at sirmium, under the consulate of the caesars.>

CJ.4.16.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.16.6: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si adulta, cuius curam geris, pro triente patruo suo, quem etiam tutelam eius administrasse proponis, heres extit nec ab eo quicquam exigere prohibita est, debitum a coheredibus pro besse petere non prohibetur, cum ultra eam portionem qua successit petitio non confundatur. nam adversus adultam tuam rescindi postulas testamentum, si quidem coheredes eius adeuntes hereditatem se etiam obligant et, si non solvendo constituti probentur, postulata separatio nullum ei damnum fieri patietur. * diocl.

If the adult woman, whose care you bear, has become heir for a third to her paternal uncle, whom you also allege to have administered her guardianship, and she is not forbidden to exact anything from him, she is not forbidden to seek from the coheirs the debt for the bes (two-thirds), since the claim is not merged beyond that portion in which she succeeded. For you seek to have the testament rescinded as against your adult ward; yet her coheirs, by entering upon the inheritance, also obligate themselves; and, if they should be proved to be not solvent, the separation requested will allow that no harm be done to her. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. domno. * <a 294 d. k. dec.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to the lord. * <in the year 294, on the Kalends of December.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.16.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.16.7: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Creditores hereditarios adversus legatarios non habere personalem convenit actionem, quippe cum evidentissime lex duodecim tabularum heredes huic rei faciat obnoxios. * diocl. et maxim.

Hereditary creditors do not have a personal action against legatees, since the Law of the Twelve Tables most plainly makes the heirs liable in this matter. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. apolausto. * <a 294 d. vi id. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Apolaustus. * <a AD 294, on the 6th day before the Ides of December, at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.17.0. Ex delictis defunctorum in quantum heredes conveniantur.

CJ.4.17.0. On the delicts of the deceased, to what extent the heirs may be sued.

CJ.4.17.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.17.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Post litis contestationem eo qui vim fecit vel concussionem intulit vel aliquid deliquit, defuncto successores eius in solidum, alioquin in quantum ad eos pervenit conveniri iuris absolutissimi est, ne alieno scelere ditentur. * diocl. et maxim.

After the joinder of issue, if the one who committed violence or brought extortion or committed some offense has died, it is the most absolute law that his successors be proceeded against jointly and severally; otherwise, only to the extent that it has come to them, lest they be enriched by another’s crime. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. macedonae. * <a 294 d. v k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Macedona. * <a 294 on the 5th day before the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, the Caesars consuls.>

CJ.4.18.0. De constituta pecunia.

CJ.4.18.0. On money promised by constitutum.

CJ.4.18.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.18.1: The Emperor Gordian

Si pro alieno debito te soluturum constituisti, pecuniae constitutae actio non solum adversus te, sed etiam adversus heredes tuos perpetuo competit. * gord. a. felici.

If you have bound yourself to pay for another’s debt, the action on the constituted money lies perpetually not only against you but also against your heirs. * Gordian Augustus to Felix.

* <a 294 d. vii k. iul. sirmi cc. conss.>

* <in the year 294, on the 7th day before the Kalends of July, at Sirmium, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.18.2pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Recepticia actione cessante, quae sollemnibus verbis composita inusitato recessit vestigio, necessarium nobis visum est magis pecuniae constitutae naturam ampliare. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 531 d. x k. mart.

With the recepticial action ceasing, which—though composed with solemn words—has retreated into an unaccustomed track, it seemed necessary to us rather to enlarge the nature of constituted money. * Justinian Augustus to Julianus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531 d. 10 k. mart.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

at Constantinople after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.18.2.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2.1: Emperor Justinian

Cum igitur praefata actio, id est pecuniae constitutae, in his tantummodo a veteribus conclusa est, ut exigeret res quae in pondere numero mensura sunt, in aliis autem rebus nullam haberet communionem et neque in omnibus casibus longaeva sit constituta, sed in speciebus certis annali spatio concluderetur, et dubitaretur, si pro debito sub condicione vel in diem constituto eam possibile est fieri et si pure constituta pecunia contracta valeret, hac apertissima lege definimus, ut liceat omnibus constituere non solum res quae pondere numero mensura sunt, sed etiam alias omnes sive mobiles sive immobiles sive se moventes sive instrumenta vel alias quascumque res, quas in stipulationem possunt homines deducere: et neque sit in quocumque casu annalis, sed ( sive pro se quis constituat sive pro alio) sit et ipsa in tali vitae mensura, in qua omnes personales sunt actiones, id est in annorum metis triginta: et liceat pro debito puro vel in diem vel condicionali constitui: et non absimilem penitus stipulationi habeat dignitatem, suis tamen naturalibus privilegiis minime defraudata: sed et heredibus et contra heredes competat, ut neque recepticiae actiones neque alio indigeat res publica in huiusmodi casibus adminiculo, sed sit pecuniae constitutae actio per nostram constitutionem sibi in omnia sufficiens, ita tamen, ut hoc ei inhaereat, ut pro debito fiat constitutum ( cum secundum antiquam recepticiam actionem exigebatur et si quid non fuerat debitum), cum satis absurdum et tam nostris temporibus quam iustis legibus contrarium est permittere per actionem recepticiam res indebitas consequi et iterum multas proponere condictiones, quae et pecunias indebitas et promissiones corrumpi et restitui definiunt. <a 531 d. x k. mart. c onstantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

Accordingly, since the aforesaid action, that is, the action of constituted money, was limited by the ancients only to those cases where it exacted things which are in weight, number, measure, but had no commonality in other things, and was not established as long-lived in all cases, but in certain kinds was concluded within an annual span, and it was doubted whether it is possible to make it for a debt constituted under a condition or for a day, and whether, if the money were constituted purely, a contract would be valid, by this most explicit law we define that it is permitted for all to constitute not only things which are in weight, number, measure, but also all other things, whether movables or immovables or self-moving things, or instruments, or any other things whatsoever, which men can bring into stipulation: and let it be annual in no case, but ( sive pro se quis constituat sive pro alio) let it too be within that measure of life in which all personal actions are, that is, within the bounds of 30 years: and let it be permitted to be constituted for a pure debt or for a day or conditional: and let it have a dignity in no way dissimilar to stipulation, yet by no means defrauded of its natural privileges: but let it also lie for heirs and against heirs, so that in cases of this kind the commonwealth may need neither recepticial actions nor any other aid, but let the action of constituted money, by our constitution, be sufficient in all respects for itself; yet with this attached to it, that the constituting be made for a debt ( whereas under the ancient recepticial action it was exacted even if something had not been owed), since it is quite absurd and contrary both to our times and to just laws to allow through the recepticial action the obtaining of things not owed and again to propose many condictions, which determine that both undue monies and promises be vitiated and restored. <a 531 on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at c onstantinople, after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.18.2.1a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2.1a: Emperor Justinian

Ut non erubescat igitur tale legum iurgium, hoc tantummodo constituatur, quod debitum est, et omnia, quae de recepticia in diversis libris legislatorum posita sunt, aboleantur et sit pecunia constituta omnes casus complectens, qui et per stipulationem possint explicari. <a 531 d. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

So that such a juridical wrangling of the laws may not blush, let this only be established, which is owed; and let all the things which concerning the recepticia are set in the diverse books of the legislators be abolished; and let the pecunia constituta be one encompassing all cases which can also be explicated through stipulation. <a 531 on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.18.2.1b: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2.1b: Emperor Justinian

Et neminem moveat, quod sub nomine pecuniae etiam omnes res exigi definimus, cum et in antiquis libris prudentium, licet pecunia constituta nominabatur, tamen non pecuniae tantum per eam exigebantur, sed omnes res quae pondere numero mensura constitutae sunt. <a 531 d. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

And let no one be troubled that under the name of money we also define that all things may be exacted, since even in the ancient books of the jurists, although it was called “pecunia constituta,” nevertheless not money only was demanded by it, but all things which are constituted by weight, number, and measure. <a 531 d. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

CJ.4.18.2.1c: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2.1c: Emperor Justinian

Sed et possibile est omnes res in pecuniam converti. si enim certa domus vel certus ager vel certus homo vel alia res quae expressa est in constituendis rebus ponatur, quid distat a nomine ipsius pecuniae? <a 531 d. x k. mart.

But it is also possible for all things to be converted into money. if indeed a certain house or a certain field or a certain person or another thing which is expressed in the constituting of arrangements is set forth, how does it differ from the very name of money? <a 531 d. x k. mart.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

At Constantinople after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men>

CJ.4.18.2.1d: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2.1d: Emperor Justinian

Sed ut et subtilitati eorum satisfiat, qui non sensum, sed vana nominum vocabula amplecti desiderant, ita omnes res veniant in constitutam, tamquam fuisset ipsa pecunia constituta, cum etiam veteres pecuniae appellatione omnes res significari definiunt et huiusmodi vocabulum et in libris iuris auctorum et in alia antiqua prudentia manifestissime inventum est. <a 531 d. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

But so that the subtlety of those also may be satisfied who desire to embrace not the sense, but the empty vocables of names, let all things thus come under the constitutum, as if the money itself had been constituted, since even the ancients define that by the appellation “money” all things are signified, and such a vocable is found most manifestly both in the books of the authors of law and in other ancient jurisprudence. <in the year 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.18.2.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.2.2: The Emperor Justinian

His videlicet, quae argenti distractores et alii negotiatores indefense constituerint, in sua firmitate secundum morem usque adhuc obtinentem durantibus. <a 531 d. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

These, namely, which the sellers of silver and other merchants shall have established without opposition, shall remain in their own firmness according to the custom hitherto obtaining. <a 531 on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.18.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.18.3: Emperor Justinian

Divi hadriani epistulam, quae de periculo dividendo inter mandatores et fideiussores loquitur, locum habere et in his qui pecunias pro aliis simul constituunt necessarium est: aequitatis enim ratio diversas species actionis excludere nullo modo debet. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. nov.

The letter of the deified Hadrian, which speaks about dividing the risk among mandators and fidejussors, must also have place in the case of those who jointly promise moneys on behalf of others: for the principle of equity ought by no means to exclude different species of action. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531 on the Kalends of November.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

at constantinople, after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most illustrious men>

CJ.4.19.0. De probationibus.

CJ.4.19.0. On proofs.

CJ.4.19.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.19.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Ut creditor, qui pecuniam petit, numeratam implere cogitur, ita rursum debitor, qui solutam adfirmat, eius rei probationem praestare debet. * sev. et ant.

As the creditor, who seeks money, is compelled to make good that it was counted out, so in turn the debtor, who affirms that it has been paid, ought to furnish proof of that matter. * sev. et ant.

aa. faustino. * <a 196 pp. prid. k. iul.

The Emperors to Faustinus. * Given on June 30, 196.

dextro ii et prisco conss.>

in the consulship of dextro 2 and priscus.>

CJ.4.19.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.19.2: Emperor Antoninus

Possessiones, quas ad te pertinere dicis, more iudiciorum persequere. nec enim possessori incumbit necessitas probandi eas ad se pertinere, cum te in probatione cessante dominium apud eum remaneat. * ant.

Possessions, which you say pertain to you, pursue in the manner of judicial proceedings. For the necessity of proving that they pertain to him does not lie upon the possessor, since, you failing in proof, ownership remains with him. * ant.

a. auluzano. * <a 215 pp. xv k. dec. laeto et cereale conss.>

at Auluzanum. * <in the year 215, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, Laetus and Cerealis, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.19.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ex persona collegae avi vestri conveniri non debetis, si eundem collegam tempore depositi officii solvendo fuisse ostenderitis. * alex. a. leaenae et lupo.

From the person of the colleague of your grandfather you ought not to be sued, if you show that the same colleague was solvent at the time the office was laid down. * Alexander the Augustus to Leaena and Lupus.

* <a 231 pp. v k. ian. pompeiano et peligno conss.>

* <in the year 231, on the 5th day before the Kalends of January, under the consulship of pompeianus and pelignus.>

CJ.4.19.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.19.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Proprietatis dominium non tantum instrumento emptionis, sed ex quibuscumque aliis legitimis probationibus ostenditur. * alex. a. avito.

The dominion of property is shown not only by the instrument of purchase, but from whatever other legitimate proofs. * alexander augustus to avitus.

* <a 222 pp. k. nov. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in the year 222, on the day before the Kalends of November, Alexander Augustus being consul.>

CJ.4.19.5: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.19.5: Emperor Philip

Instrumenta domestica seu privata testatio seu adnotatio, si non aliis quoque adminiculis adiuventur, ad probationem sola non sufficiunt. * philipp. a. et philipp.

Domestic instruments or private attestation or annotation, if they are not also aided by other supports, do not suffice by themselves for proof. * philip the augustus and philip.

c. sertorio. * <a 245 pp. vii id. april. philippo a. et titiano conss.>

to Sertorius. * <a 245 pp. on the 7th day before the Ides of April, when Philip the Augustus and Titianus were consuls.>

CJ.4.19.6pr.: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.19.6pr.: Emperor Philip

Rationes defuncti, quae in bonis eius inveniuntur, ad probationem sibi debitae quantitatis solas sufficere non posse saepe rescriptum est. * philipp. a. et c. romulo.

The accounts of the deceased, which are found among his goods, have often been rescripted not to be able by themselves to suffice for the proof of the quantity owed to him. * philip, the augustus and the caesar, to romulus.

* <a 245 pp. id. mai. philippo a. et titiano conss.>

* <in the year 245, the day before the Ides of May, under Philip the Augustus and Titianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.6.1: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.19.6.1: Emperor Philip

Eiusdem iuris est et si in ultima voluntate defunctus certam pecuniae quantitatem aut etiam res certas deberi sibi significaverit. <a 245 pp. id. mai. philippo a. et titiano conss.>

It is of the same law also if, in his last will, the deceased has indicated that a definite sum of money, or even specific things, are owed to him. <a 245 the day before the ides of may, under philip the augustus and titianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.7: Imperator gallien.

CJ.4.19.7: Emperor Gallienus.

Exemplo perniciosum est, ut ei scripturae credatur, qua unusquisque sibi adnotatione propria debitorem constituit. unde neque fiscum neque alium quemlibet ex suis subnotationibus debiti probationem praebere posse oportet. * gallien.

It is pernicious as a precedent that credence be given to a writing by which anyone, by his own proper annotation, constitutes a debtor for himself. Whence neither the fisc nor anyone whatsoever ought to be able to furnish proof of a debt from his own subnotations. * Gallienus.

a. sabino. * <a 262 pp. prid. non.

to Sabinus. * in the year 262, on the day before the Nones.

sept. gallieno a. v et faustino conss.>

sept. in the consulship of Gallienus (5th) and Faustinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.8: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Frustra veremini, ne ab eo qui lite pulsatur probatio exigatur. * diocl. et maxim.

In vain you fear that proof will be exacted from him who is assailed in litigation. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. publicio et optato. * <a 289 pp. xiii k. dec. basso et quintiano conss.>

the augusti to publicius and optatus. * <in 289, on the 13th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of bassus and quintianus.>

CJ.4.19.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.9: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum te minorem quinque et viginti annis esse proponas, adire praesidem provinciae debes et de aetate probare. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that you are under twenty-five years, you must go to the president of the province and prove your age. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. marcianae. * <a 293 d. id. april. aa. conss.>

the emperors and the caesars to marciana. * <in 293, on the day of the Ides of April, when the emperors were consuls.>

CJ.4.19.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.10: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Neque natales tui, licet ingenuum te probare possis, neque honores, quibus te functum esse commemoras, idoneam probationem pro filiae tuae ingenuitate continent, cum nihil prohibeat et te ingenuum et eam ancillam esse. * diocl. et maxim.

Neither your birth, although you can prove yourself freeborn, nor the honors which you mention you have discharged, contain adequate proof for your daughter’s freeborn status, since nothing prevents both you being freeborn and her a handmaid. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. isidoro. * <a 293 d. xviii k. mai. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Isidore. * <a in 293, on the 18th day before the Kalends of May, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.19.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.11: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si scriptum heredem ab amita tua vel testamenti vitio vel quacumque alia ratione non posse obtinere hereditatem probari a te posse confidis, de hac hereditate apud rectorem provinciae agere potes. * diocl. et maxim.

If you are confident that you can prove that the heir named in writing by your aunt, either by a defect of the testament or by any other reason, cannot obtain the inheritance, you can bring suit about this inheritance before the rector of the province. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. antoniae. * <a 293 s. v k. ami. heracliae aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Antonia. * <in the year 293, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May, at Heraclea, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.19.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.12: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum res non instrumentis gerantur, sed in haec gestae rei testimonium conferatur , factam emptionem et in vacuam possessionem inductum patrem tuum pretiumque numeratum quibus potes iure proditis probationibus docere debes. * diocl. et maxim.

Since affairs are not conducted by instruments, but in these matters testimony of the transacted affair is brought forward , you must show, by proofs lawfully produced such as you can, that a purchase was made and that your father was inducted into vacant possession and that the price was paid. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. chroniae. * <a 293 d. v non. oct.

the augusti and the caesars at Chroniae. * <a 293 on the 5th day before the Nones of October.

aa. conss.>

the emperors, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.13pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.13pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Non epistulis necessitudo consanguinitatis, sed natalibus vel adoptionis sollemnitate coniungitur, nec adversus absentem hereditatis dividundae gratia velut contra fratrem pro ancilla petitus arbiter substantiae perimit veritatem. * diocl. et maxim.

Not by epistles is the bond of consanguinity conjoined, but by birth or by the solemnity of adoption; nor, against one who is absent, for the sake of dividing an inheritance, does an arbiter of the estate, sought as though against a brother in a matter concerning a maidservant, annihilate the truth. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. iustino. * <a 293 d. k. dec. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Justinus. * <in the year 293, on the Kalends of December, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.19.13.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.13.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sive itaque quasi ad sororem, quam ancillam te posse probare confidis, epistulam emisisti, sive familiae erciscundae quasi pro coherede petitus arbiter doceatur , fraternitatis quaestio per haec tolli non potuit. <a 293 d. k. dec. aa. conss.>

Therefore whether you sent a letter as if to a sister, whom you are confident you can prove to be a handmaid, or whether it be shown that an arbiter for dividing the family estate was petitioned as if on behalf of a coheir, the question of brotherhood could not be removed by these things. <in the year 293, on the Kalends of December, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.19.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.14: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non nudis adseverationibus nec ementita professione, licet utrique consentiant, sed matrimonio legitimo concepti vel adoptione sollemni filii civili iure patri constituuntur. si itaque hunc contra quem supplicas alienum esse confidis, per te vel per procuratorem adfirmationem eius falsam detege. * diocl.

Not by bare asseverations nor by a feigned profession, even if both consent, but by legitimate marriage or by solemn adoption are sons constituted to a father by civil law. If therefore you are confident that the person against whom you petition is an alien (a stranger), uncover the falsity of his assertion through yourself or through a procurator. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. muciano. * <a 293 d. k. dec.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Mucianus. * dated on the Kalends of December, in the year 293.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.19.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.15: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Vis eius, qui se dominum contendit, ad imponendum onus probationis servo minime prodest. cum igitur aufugisse te de domo severi profitearis, verum nec ab illo iusto initio, sed per violentiam adseveres esse detentum, inquisito prius, an in possessionem libertatis sine dolo malo constitutus sis, tunc etiam, onus probationis qui debeat subire, per huiusmodi eventum declarabitur. * diocl.

The force of him who contends that he is the master is by no means helpful for imposing the burden of proof upon the slave. Since, therefore, you profess that you fled from the house of Severus, but you also aver that you were detained not by him from a just beginning, but through violence, after first inquiring whether you were established in the possession of liberty without fraud or malice, then also it will be declared, by an outcome of this sort, who ought to undergo the burden of proof. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. antonino. * <a 293 d. vi k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Antoninus. * <year 293, on the 6th day before the Kalends of January.

aa. conss.>

the emperors, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.16: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sive possidetis praedia, quae a patre communi sibi fratres emancipati donata contendentes vindicant, ipsis incumbit facti probationis necessitas, sive ipsis ea praedia, quasi a patre vestro sibi donata, tenentibus vos heredes constituti patris petitis, ut intentionem vestram non constitisse detegant, unde domini facti sunt, emergente quaestione docere compelluntur. * diocl. et maxim.

Whether you possess estates which emancipated brothers, asserting that they were donated to themselves by the common father, claim, upon them lies the necessity of proof of the fact; or whether they themselves, holding those estates as if donated to themselves by your father, while you, constituted as the father’s heirs, demand them, they are compelled, with the question arising, to show whence they became owners, so that they may disclose that your claim has not been established. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. philippo et sebastianae. * <a 294 d. x k. febr. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to philip and sebastiana. * <in the year 294, on the 10th day before the kalends of february, with the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.19.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.17: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Matrem tuam consecutam libertatem ac te post editam, ut ingenua probari possis, ostendi convenit. quod enim fratribus tuis nulla movetur quaestio, ad defensionem tuam nihil prodesse potest. * diocl.

It is proper to show that your mother obtained liberty and that you were born thereafter, so that you may be able to be proved a freeborn woman. For the fact that no question is raised concerning your brothers can be of no benefit to your defense. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. paulinae. * <a 294 d. v id. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Paulina. * <in the year 294, on February 9.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.18pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.18pr.: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum precibus tuis significes ignorante te praedium eum cuius meministi sibi velut a te donatum instrumentis inseri fecisse, si vera sunt quae indidisti, nec ad nomen factae donationis fundus iste pervenit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since in your petition you signify that, without your knowledge, the person whom you have mentioned caused the estate to be inserted in the instruments as though donated by you to himself, if the things you have alleged are true, this estate did not pass under the title of the donation that was made. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. violentillae. * <a 294 d. vii id. april. byzantii cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Violentilla. * <in 294, given on April 7 at Byzantium, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.18.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.18.1: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Unde adito iudice competenti probare te oportet contra tuam voluntatem hunc fundum instrumento adversarium tuum sibi adscribi laborasse, ut secundum tenorem rescripti nostri possis consequi sententiam. <a 294 d. vii id. april. byzantii cc. conss.>

Whence, the competent judge having been approached, it behooves you to prove that, against your will, your adversary has endeavored, by an instrument, to have this estate ascribed to himself, so that, according to the tenor of our rescript, you may be able to obtain a sentence. <a 294, day 7 before the Ides of April, at Byzantium, the Caesars consuls.>

CJ.4.19.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.19: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Exceptionem dilatoriam opponi quidem initio, probari vero, postquam actor monstraverit quod adseverat, oportet. * diocl. et maxim.

A dilatory exception may indeed be opposed at the outset, but ought to be proved after the plaintiff has demonstrated what he avers. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. menandro. * <a 294 d. xvi k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Menander. * <a in the year 294, on the 16th day before the Kalends of December, at Nicomedia, the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.19.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.20: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si de possessione servitutis emptionis instrumentis subtractis in libertatem proclamat eutychia, cum petitori probationis onus incumbat, intentione sua defecta his iuvari minime potest. nam si in servitutem petatur, ad emptionis probationem non est indiciis aliis opus, sed instrumentorum furtum monstrare sufficit. * diocl.

If, concerning possession of servitude, with the instruments of purchase subtracted, eutychia proclaims into liberty, since the burden of proof rests upon the petitioner, with her intention failing she can in no way be aided by these. For if she is claimed into servitude, for the proof of the purchase there is no need of other indications, but it suffices to show the theft of the instruments. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. phronimae. * <a 294 iiii non.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Phronima. * <a 294 4 Nones.

dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

Dec., at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.19.21pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.21pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ad probationem uti dominii aliena subtrahentes instrumenta his minime possunt, quippe cum horum lectio non recitantem, sed quem tenor scripturae designat, adiuvat. * diocl. et maxim.

For proof of ownership, those who have subtracted another’s instruments cannot use these, since the reading of these aids not the reciter but the one whom the tenor of the writing designates. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. crispo. * <a 294 s. vi id. dec. singiduni cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to crispus. * <in 294, on the 6th day before the ides of december, at singidunum; the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.19.21.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.21.1: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum itaque nec cetera probationum indicia reprobentur, iure competenti praediorum, quae in quaestionem veniunt, dominium ad te ostendae pertinere. nam res vindicantem ab emptore suos numeratos nummos adseverantem erga probationem laborare non convenit, si quidem huiusmodi, licet probetur, factum intentioni nullum praestet adminiculum. <a 294 s. vi id. dec.

Since, therefore, neither are the other indicia of proof disapproved, by the competent law it pertains to you to show that the dominion of the estates which come into question is yours. For it is not fitting that the one vindicating the thing, asseverating that he counted out his own coins to the buyer, should labor as to proof, since a deed of this sort, even if it be proved, affords no aid to the intention (claim). <a 294, 6 Ides of December.

singiduni cc. conss.>

at Singidunum, most illustrious consuls.>

CJ.4.19.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.22: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ad probationem servitutis glyconis matrem eius ac fratrem servilia fecisse ministeria non sufficit, cum neque ingenuorum coniventia coniunctis necessitudine praeiudicet neque de servis ex eadem matre natis unus libertatem adipisci prohibeatur. * diocl. et maxim.

For the probation of the servitude of glyco, it is not sufficient that his mother and brother performed servile ministries, since neither the connivance of freeborn persons prejudices those who are joined by kinship, nor should a single one of slaves born from the same mother be prohibited from obtaining liberty. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. agathocleae. * <a 294 d. viiii k. ian. ipsis cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Agathoclea. * <a in 294, on 24 December, the Caesars themselves being consuls.>

CJ.4.19.23: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.19.23: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Actor quod adseverat probare se non posse profitendo reum necessitate monstrandi contrarium non adstringit, cum per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio nulla sit. * diocl. et maxim.

By professing that he cannot prove what he asserts, the plaintiff does not bind the defendant with a necessity of demonstrating the contrary, since, by the nature of things, there is no proof for one who denies a fact. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. menelao. * <a 294 d. viii k. ian. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to menelaus. * <in the year 294, given on the 8th day before the kalends of january, under the consulate of the caesars.>

CJ.4.19.24: Imperatores Valens, Gratianus, Valentinianus

CJ.4.19.24: The Emperors Valens, Gratian, Valentinian

Iubemus omnes deinceps, qui scripturas suspectas comminiscuntur, cum quid in iudicio prompserint, nisi ipsi adstruxerint veritatem, ut nefariae scripturae reos et quasi falsarios esse detinendos. * valens grat. et valentin.

We order that all henceforth who devise suspect writings, when they have brought forth anything in court, unless they themselves have adstrued the truth, are to be detained as guilty of nefarious writing and as quasi-forgers. * valens grat. et valentin.

aaa. ad antonium pp. * <a 378 d. prid. id. ian.

The Augusti to Antonius, Praetorian Prefect. * dated in the year 378, on the day before the Ides of January.

treviris valente vi et valentiniano ii aa. conss.>

at Trier, in the consulship of Valens 6 and Valentinian 2, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.19.25: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.4.19.25: Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Sciant cuncti accusatores eam se rem deferre debere in publicam notionem, quae munita sit testibus idoneis vel instructa apertissimis documentis vel indiciis ad probationem indubitatis et luce clarioribus expedita. * grat. valentin.

Let all accusers know that they ought to bring into public cognizance only that matter which is fortified with suitable witnesses, or equipped with the most open documents, or set forth with indicia for proof—undoubted and clearer than light. * gratian, valentin.

et theodos. aaa. floro pp. * <a 382 d. xv k. iun.

and Theodosius, the three Augusti, to Florus, praetorian prefect. * <a 382 given on the 15th day before the Kalends of June.

constantinopoli antonio et syagrio conss.>

at constantinople, antonius and syagrius, consuls.>

CJ.4.20.0. De testibus.

CJ.4.20.0. On witnesses.

CJ.4.20.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.20.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si tibi controversia ingenuitatis fiet, defende causam instrumentis et argumentis, quibus putas: soli etenim testes ad ingenuitatis probationem non sufficiunt. * alex. a. carpo.

If a dispute over your freeborn status arises, defend the case by documents and arguments which you think fit: for witnesses alone do not suffice for the proof of freeborn status. * Alexander Augustus to Carpus.

* <a 223 pp. x k. mai. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <a 223, on the 10th day before the Kalends of May, in the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.20.3: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.20.3: The Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Etiam iure civili domestici testimonii fides improbatur. * valer. et gallien.

Even by the civil law, the credence of domestic testimony is disapproved. * valer. and gallien.

aa. rosae. * <a 255 pp. iii k. sept. valeriano iii et gallieno ii aa. conss.>

the augusti to Rosa. * <in the year 255, posted on the 3rd day before the Kalends of September, when Valerian for the 3rd time and Gallienus for the 2nd, the augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.4.20.4: Imperatores carus, carinus, numer.

CJ.4.20.4: Emperors carus, carinus, numer.

Solam testationem prolatam nec aliis legitimis adminiculis causa approbata nullius esse momenti certum est. * carus carinus et numer. aaa.

It is certain that a sole testation brought forward, the case not having been approved by other legitimate supports, is of no moment. * Carus, Carinus, and Numerian, Augusti.

aurelio. * <a 284 pp. viii k. dec. carino ii et numeriano conss.>

to aurelius. * <in the year 284, on the 8th day before the kalends of december, when carinus for the 2nd time and numerian were consuls.>

CJ.4.20.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.20.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Eos testes ad veritatem iuvandam adhiberi oportet, qui omni gratiae et potentatui fidem religioni iudiciariae debitam possint praeponere. * diocl. et maxim.

Those witnesses ought to be brought in to aid the truth, who can prefer the faith owed to judicial religion over every favor and power. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. candido. * <a 286 pp. v k. mai. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

the emperors to Candidus. * <in the year 286, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May, under Maximus 2 and Aquilinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.20.11pr.: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.20.11pr.: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Quoniam liberi testes ad causas postulantur alienas, si socii et participes criminis non dicantur, sed fides ab his notitiae postuletur, in exhibitione necessariarum personarum, hoc est testium, talis debet esse cautio iudicantis, ut his venturis ad iudicium per accusatorem aut ab his, per quos fuerint postulati, sumptus competentes dari praecipiat. * honor. et theodos.

Since free persons are demanded as witnesses for others’ cases, if they are not said to be associates and participants in the crime, but the credibility of their knowledge is sought from them, in the production of necessary persons, that is, witnesses, such should be the caution of the judge that he order that to these coming to the trial the appropriate expenses be given by the accuser or by those by whom they have been summoned. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. caeciliano pp. * <a 409 d. xii k. febr. ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.>

the emperors to caecilianus, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 409, on the 12th day before the kalends of february, at ravenna, in the consulship of honorius 8 and theodosius 3, the emperors.>

CJ.4.20.11.1: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.20.11.1: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Idem iuris est et si in pecuniaria causa testes ab alterutra parte producendi sunt. <a 409 d. xii k. febr. ravennae honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.>

The same law obtains also if, in a pecuniary cause, witnesses are to be produced by either party. <a 409, on the 12th day before the Kalends of February, at Ravenna, in the consulship of the Augusti Honorius (8) and Theodosius (3), consuls.>

CJ.4.20.12: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.20.12: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Libertorum adversus patronos illicitas atque improbas voces poenae obiectione praecludimus atque ita, ut non modo sponte prodire non audeant, sed nec vocati quidem in iudicium venire cogantur. * honor. et theodos.

We preclude the illicit and improper utterances of freedmen against their patrons by the imposition of a penalty, and in such a way that they not only do not dare to come forward of their own accord, but are not even, when summoned, compelled to come into court. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. * <a 423 d. iiii id. aug. ravennae mariniano et asclepiodoto conss.>

the emperors. * <in the year 423, given on August 10 at Ravenna, in the consulship of Marinianus and Asclepiodotus.>

CJ.4.20.14: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.20.14: Emperor Zeno

Nullum penitus, cum semel ad iudicem quemlibet, licet non suum, dicendi gratia testimonii fuerit ingressus, armatam forte militiam vel quamlibet aliam fori praescriptionem ad evadendum iudicis motum, quem vel testimonii verborum improbitas vel rei qualitas flagitaverit, posse praetendere praecipimus, sed omnes, qui in civili scilicet causa suum praebeant testimonium, separato et tamquam ante iudicium interim deposito exceptionis fori privilegio huiusmodi praesidio denudatos, ita iudicantis intrare secretum, ut, quodcumque aures eius offenderit, non dubitent sibimet formidandum: data cunctis iudicibus absque ullo praescriptionis obstaculo ( sicut saepe dictum est) testes, quorum voces falsitate vel fraude non carere perspexerint, pro qualitate videlicet delicti animadvertendi licentia. * zeno a. arcadio pp. * <a 486 d. xii k. iun. constantinopoli longino cons.>

We decree that no one at all, when once he has entered before any judge, even if not his own, for the sake of speaking testimony, can plead armed military service or any other forum prescription to escape the judge’s action, which either the depravity of the words of the testimony or the quality of the matter shall have demanded; but that all who offer their testimony in a civil case, the privilege of the forum exception being set aside and, as it were, temporarily deposited before judgment, stripped of such a protection, are to enter the judge’s private chamber in such a way that, whatever may offend his ears, they do not hesitate to fear for themselves: with license granted to all judges, without any obstacle of prescription (as has often been said), to punish, according to the quality of the offense, witnesses whose words they have perceived not to be free from falsity or fraud. * zeno augustus to arcadius, praetorian prefect. * <a 486 on the 12th day before the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Longinus.>

CJ.4.20.17pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.17pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si quis testibus usus fuerit idemque testes adversus eum in alia lite producantur, non licebit ei personas eorum excipere, nisi ostenderit inimicitias inter se et illos postea emersas fuisse, ex quibus testes repelli leges praecipiunt: non adimenda scilicet ei licentia ex ipsis depositionibus testimonium eorum arguere. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. k. iun.

If anyone has used witnesses and the same witnesses are produced against him in another suit, it will not be permitted to him to challenge their persons, unless he shows that enmities between himself and them have afterwards arisen, on account of which the laws prescribe that witnesses be repelled: the license, of course, is not to be taken away from him to argue against their testimony from their very depositions. * justinian aug. to mena, praetorian prefect. * <a 528 on the kalends of june

constantinopoli dn. iustiniano pp. a. ii cons.>

at constantinople: our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.4.20.17.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.17.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed et si liquidis probationibus datione vel promissione pecuniarum eos corruptos esse ostenderit, eam etiam adlegationem integram ei servari praecipimus. <a 528 d. k. iun. constantinopoli dn. iustiniano pp. a. ii cons.>

But also, if he shall demonstrate by clear proofs that they were corrupted by the giving or the promise of monies, we prescribe that that allegation likewise be kept intact for him. <a 528 the day before the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, under our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.20.18pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.18pr.: Emperor Justinian

Testium facilitatem, per quos multa veritati contraria perpetrantur, prout possibile est, resecantes omnibus praedicimus, qui in scriptis a se debita rettulerunt, quod non facile audientur, si dicant omnis debiti vel partis solutionem sine scriptis fecisse velintque viles et forsitan redemptos testes super huiusmodi solutione producere, nisi quinque testes idonei et summae atque integrae opinionis praesto fuerint solutioni celebratae hique cum sacramenti religione deposuerint sub praesentia sua debitum esse solutum, ut scientes omnes ita ea statuta esse non aliter debitum vel partem eius persolvant, nisi vel securitatem in scriptis capiant vel observaverint praefatam testium probationem: his scilicet, qui iam sine scriptis debitum vel partem eius solverunt, praesenti sanctione merito excipiendis. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. k. iun.

Curbing, as far as possible, the facility of witnesses, through whom many things contrary to verity are perpetrated, we prescribe to all who have recorded in writings debts due from themselves, that they will not easily be heard if they say they have made payment of the whole debt or a part without writings and wish to produce paltry and perhaps bought witnesses concerning a payment of this kind, unless five witnesses, suitable and of the highest and unimpaired reputation, shall be at hand for the completed payment, and these shall have deposed under the sanctity of an oath that in their presence the debt was paid, so that, all knowing that these things are thus established, they do not otherwise discharge a debt or a part of it, unless either they take security in writing or have observed the aforesaid proof by witnesses: with this present sanction deservedly excepting, namely, those who have already paid the debt or a part of it without writings. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. k. iun.

constantinopoli dn. iusti niano pp. a ii cons.>

at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.20.18.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.18.1: Emperor Justinian

Sin vero facta quidem securitas sit, fortuito vero casu vel incendii vel naufragii vel alterius infortunii perempta, tunc liceat his qui hoc perpessi sunt causam peremptionis probantibus etiam debiti solutionem per testes probare damnumque ex amissione instrumenti effugere. <a 528 d. k. iun. constantinopoli dn. iustiniano pp. a ii cons.>

But if indeed a security has been made, but destroyed by a fortuitous accident—either of fire or of shipwreck or of another misfortune—then let it be permitted to those who have suffered this, upon proving the cause of the peremption, also to prove by witnesses the payment of the debt and to escape the damage from the loss of the instrument. <a 528 on the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.20.19pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.19pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si quando invitos testes in pecuniariis causis ex nostra lege aliquis trahere maluerit, si quidem sua sponte fideiussionem suae personae sine damno praestare velint, hoc fieri, sin autem noluerint, non carcerali custodia detrudi, sed sacramento eos committi censemus. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xii k. april.

If at any time someone should prefer, under our law, to drag unwilling witnesses in pecuniary causes, if indeed they are willing of their own accord to furnish a fideiussion of their person without loss, let this be done; but if they are unwilling, we judge that they are not to be thrust into carceral custody, but to be committed on oath. * Justinian Augustus, to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 530, on the 12th day before the Kalends of April.

constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

at constantinople, lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.20.19.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.19.1: Emperor Justinian

Si enim pro toto litis certamine iuriiurando credendum esse testium putaverunt hi qui eos produxerunt, multo magis praesentiam suam testibus sacramento eorum credere debent. <a 530 d. xii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

If, in fact, those who produced them thought that, for the whole contest of the suit, belief should be given on oath to the witnesses, much more ought they to entrust their own presence to the witnesses on the strength of their oath. <in the year 530, on the 12th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, under Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.20.19.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.19.2: Emperor Justinian

Sed cum oportet minime testes in huiusmodi casibus protelari et pro alienis commodis suas invenire difficultates, disponimus non amplius testes observare iudicies compelli, postquam fuerint admoniti, nisi tantum quindecim dies, intra quos iudices provideant, quatenus cognitionem suscipiant, in qua testes necessarii visi fuerint, ut omnimodo licentia eis concedatur et alterutra parte cessante et minime eos observare volente, si per exsecutores admoniti venire noluerint, testes accipere et alterutra parte praesente, quae eos introducit, testimonia eorum capere. <a 530 d. xii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

But since it is least fitting that witnesses in such cases be prolonged and find their own difficulties for the advantages of others, we dispose that judges be no longer compelled to observe (wait for) witnesses, after they have been admonished, except only for 15 days, within which the judges shall provide to undertake the cognition in which the witnesses shall have seemed necessary, so that in every way license be granted to them; and, with either party failing and not at all willing to observe them, if, though admonished by the executors, they are unwilling to come, to receive the witnesses and, with either party present which introduces them, to take their testimonies. <a 530 d. 12 k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.20.19.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.19.3: Emperor Justinian

His autem diebus effluentibus liceat quidem testibus decedere a iudice nullam habente licentiam eos, postquam afuerint, iterum retrahere: ipsum autem iudicem, si per eum steterit, quominus testimonium praestetur, parti laesae omnem iacturam pro huiusmodi causa illatam ex suis facultatibus resarcire. <a 530 d. xii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

But with these days elapsing, it shall indeed be permitted for the witnesses to depart from the judge, the latter having no license to draw them back again after they have been absent; but the judge himself, if it has stood by him that testimony not be rendered, shall make good to the injured party, out of his own resources, every loss brought upon him on account of a matter of this kind. <a 530 d. xii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.20.20: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.20.20: Emperor Justinian

Cum apud compromissarios iudices testes fuissent producti, variatum erat, utrum deberet eorum depositionibus in iudicio litigator uti, an non esset audiendus. sancimus, si quidem in compromissis aliquid pro huiusmodi causa statutum est, hoc observari: sin autem nihil conventum est, in huiusmodi casibus, si quidem supersint testes, licentiam habere eum, contra quem depositiones eorum proferuntur , si eas recusaverit, concedere testes iterum adduci et non opponi eis, quod iam testimonium suum dederunt, vel, si hoc concedere minime maluerit, depositiones eorum quasi factas accipere, omni iure legitimo quod ei competit adversus eas servato: sin autem omnes ab hac luce subtracti sunt, tunc necessitatem ei imponi fide scripturae approbata, in qua depositiones eorum referuntur, eas quasi factas accipere. sin vero res permixtae fuerint et quidam ex his mortui alii vivent es, tunc in superstitum quidem testimonio eandem electionem servari litigatori, adversus quem testimonia proferuntur, in morientium autem personas depositiones eorum non esse respuendas: omni, secundum quod iam praediximus, adversus eas et testes iure legitimo, quod ei competit adversus quem proferuntur, integro reservato.

When witnesses have been produced before compromise-judges (arbitrators), it has been a matter of dispute whether the litigant ought to make use of their depositions in court, or should not be heard. We ordain: if indeed something has been stipulated in the compromissum for a cause of this kind, let this be observed; but if nothing has been agreed, then in such cases, if the witnesses still survive, the person against whom their depositions are brought forward, if he shall have challenged them, is to have permission that the witnesses be brought again, and no objection be raised to them on the ground that they have already given their testimony; or, if he shall by no means wish to concede this, he is to accept their depositions as though taken, with every lawful right that belongs to him against them preserved. But if all have been withdrawn from this light, then necessity is imposed on him—upon the good faith of the approved writing in which their depositions are recorded—to accept them as though taken. If, however, matters are mixed and some of them are dead while others live, then, with respect to the testimony of the survivors, the same election is to be preserved to the litigant against whom the testimonies are produced; but with respect to the persons of those who have died, their depositions are not to be rejected: with all, according as we have already said, the entire lawful right preserved to him, both against those depositions and against the witnesses, against whom they are produced.

* iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. vi k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

* justinian the augustus to julian, praetorian prefect. * <a 530 on the 6th day before the kalends of april, at constantinople, lampadius and orestes, most illustrious men, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.0. De fide instrumentorum et amissione eorum et antapochis faciendis et de his quae sine scriptura fieri possunt.

CJ.4.21.0. On the faith (trustworthiness) of instruments and their loss, and on making antapochai (receipts), and on those things which can be done without writing.

CJ.4.21.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.21.1: Emperor Antoninus

Debitores tuos quibuscumque rationibus debere tibi pecuniam si probaveris, ad solutionem compellet aditus praeses provinciae : nec oberit tibi amissio instrumentorum, si modo manifestis probationibus eos debitores esse apparuerit. * ant. a. septimiae marciae.

If you prove that your debtors, by whatever accounts, owe money to you, when approached the governor of the province will compel them to payment : nor will the loss of the instruments prejudice you, provided only that by manifest proofs it has appeared that they are debtors. * Antoninus to Septimia Marcia.

* <a 213 pp. v id. sept. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <in the year 213, on 9 September, when Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.21.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.21.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si uteris instrumento, de quo alius accusatus falsi victus est, et paratus es, si ita visum fuerit a quo pecuniam petis, eiusdem criminis te reum facere et discrimen periculi poenae legis corneliae subire, non oberit sententia, a qua nec is contra quem data est appellavit nec tu, qui tunc crimini non eras subiectus, appellare debuisti. * alex. a. maniliano.

If you use an instrument, on account of which another, accused of falsum, has been convicted, and you are prepared—if it shall so seem good to the one from whom you seek money—to make yourself defendant of the same crime and to undergo the peril of the penalty under the Cornelian law, the sentence will not be an obstacle, from which neither he against whom it was given appealed nor ought you to have appealed, you who at that time were not subject to the charge. * alexander augustus to manilianus.

* <a 223 pp. iii k. oct. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of October, under the consuls Maximus II and Aelianus.>

CJ.4.21.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.21.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si adversarius tuus apud acta praesidis provinciae, cum fides instrumenti quod proferebat in dubium revocaretur non se usurum contestatus est, vereri non debes , ne ex ea scriptura, quam non esse veram etiam professione eius constitit, negotium denuo repetatur. * alex. a. aeliano.

If your adversary, in the records of the governor of the province, when the faith of the instrument which he was producing was being called into doubt, declared that he would not make use of it, you ought not to fear , lest from that writing, which has been established not to be true even by his own profession, the matter be taken up again. * alexander augustus to aelianus.

* <a 226 pp. iii non. mai. alexandro a. ii et Marcello conss.>

* <in the year 226, on the 3rd day before the Nones of May, Alexander the Augustus for the 2nd time and Marcellus, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.21.4: Emperor Gordian

Illatae dispensatori pecuniae, si ob amissorum instrumentorum casum probatione defeceris, inspectio rationum fiscalium fidem demonstrabit. * gord. a. marciano.

Monies brought in to the treasurer: if you fail in proof on account of the mishap of lost instruments (documents), an inspection of the fiscal accounts will establish the proof. * Gordian Augustus to Marcianus.

* <a 239 d. ii id. febr. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, on the 2nd day before the Ides of February, with Gordian Augustus and Aviola as consuls.>

CJ.4.21.5: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.21.5: Emperor Gordian

Sicut iniquum est instrumentis vi ignis extinctis debitores quantitatum debitarum renuere solutionem, ita non statim casum conquerentibus facile credendum est. intellegere itaque debetis non existentibus instrumentis vel aliis argumentis probare fidem precibus vestris adesse. * gord.

Just as it is iniquitous, when instruments have been extinguished by the force of fire, for debtors to refuse payment of the owed quantities, so too one should not straightway give easy credence to those complaining of a mishap. Therefore you ought to understand that, with the instruments not existing, you must by other evidence prove that credibility attends your petitions. * gord.

a. aurelio prisco et marco mil. * <a 240 pp. iii k. iul. sabino ii et venusto conss.>

to Aurelius Priscus and Marcus, soldiers. * <in the year 240, pp., on the 3rd day before the Kalends of July, under the consulship of Sabinus for the 2nd time and Venustus>

CJ.4.21.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Statum tuum natali professione perdita mutilatum non esse certi iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is settled law that your status is not impaired by the loss of the birth registration. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. luscidi. * <a 286 d. xiii k. febr. nicomediae maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

the emperors to Luscidus. * <in the year 286, given on the 13th day before the Kalends of February, at Nicomedia, in the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aquilinus.>

CJ.4.21.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.7: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si sollemnibus stipendiis honeste sacramento solutus es, licet super huiusmodi re instrumenta, ut dicis, facta perdita sunt, tamen, si aliis evidentibus probationibus veritas ostendi potest, veteranorum privilegia etiam te usurpare posse dubium non est. * diocl. et maxim.

If, upon the regular stipends, you have been honorably released from the military oath, although the instruments drawn up on a matter of this kind, as you say, have been lost, nevertheless, if the truth can be shown by other evident proofs, there is no doubt that you too can usurp (i.e., exercise) the privileges of veterans. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. zinimae. * <a 286 d. xv k. iun. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

the emperors to Zinima. * <in 286, May 18, under the consulship of Maximus 2 and Aquilinus.>

CJ.4.21.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si constiterit proprietatem possessionis de qua agitur apud vos esse, providebit iudex ex persona fructuarii nullum praeiudicium dominio comparari propter amissionem instrumentorum. * diocl. et maxim.

If it is established that the proprietorship of the possession about which the action is being carried on is with you, the judge will provide that from the person of the usufructuary no prejudice to the dominion be procured on account of the loss of the instruments. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. alexandrae. * <a 287 d. xv k. mart. diocletiano iii et maximiano aa. conss.>

the Augusti, at Alexandria. * <in the year 287, on the 15th day before the Kalends of March, when Diocletian for the 3rd time and Maximian, the Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.4.21.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Instrumentis etiam non intervenientibus semel divisio recte facta non habeatur irrita. * diocl. et maxim.

Even if no instruments intervene, a partition once rightly effected is not to be held void. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aristaeneto. * <a 293 pp. vi k. iul. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesares to aristaenetus. * <in the year 293, on the 6th day before the Kalends of July, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.21.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.10: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum instrumentis etiam non intervenientibus venditio facta rata maneat, consequenter amissis etiam quae intercesserant non tolli substantiam veritatis placuit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since even when instruments have not intervened, a sale once made remains ratified, accordingly, even if those which had intervened are lost, it has been decided that the substance of the truth is not removed. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. victorino. * <a 294 d. viii k. nov. reginassi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Victorinus. * <a 294 on the 8th day before the Kalends of November, under the consuls Reginassus, most illustrious men.>

CJ.4.21.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.11: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Emancipatione facta, etsi actorum tenor non existat, si tamen aliis indubiis probationibus vel ex personis vel ex instrumentorum incorrupta fide factam esse emancipationem probari possit, actorum interitu veritas convelli non solet. * diocl. et maxim.

Emancipation having been effected, even if the tenor of the records does not exist, nevertheless if by other indubitable proofs, either from persons or from the uncorrupted good faith of instruments, it can be proved that the emancipation was effected, the destruction of the records does not usually overturn the truth. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. theageni. * <a 294 d. iii id. nov. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Theagenes. * <in 294, on the 3rd day before the Ides of November, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.21.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.12: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non idcirco minus in vacuam inductus praedii donationis causa possessionem, quod eius facti praetermissum instrumentum adseveratur, hanc obtinere potes. * diocl. et maxim.

You can nevertheless maintain the vacant possession into which you were inducted for the purpose of a donation of the estate, even though it is averred that the instrument of that act was omitted. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc.Dionysiae. * <a 294 d. id. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Dionysia. * <in the year 294, on the day of the Ides of December, at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.21.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.13: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Apud eos, qui rem gestam ignoraverunt, amissorum instrumentorum habita testatio nihil ad probationem veritatis prodesse potest. * diocl. et maxim.

Among those who have been ignorant of the transaction, testimony taken regarding lost instruments can avail nothing for the proof of the truth. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. leontio. * <a 294 d. xvi k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Leontius. * <a 294 on the 16th day before the Kalends of January, at Nicomedia, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.21.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.21.14: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Scripturae diversae et fidem sibi invicem derogantes ab una eademque parte prolatae nihil firmitatis habere potuerunt. * diocl. et maxim.

Various writings, mutually derogating from one another’s credibility, brought forward by one and the same party, could have no validity. * diocletian and maximian.

a. et c. ad severum com. hispaniarum. * <a 333 d. iiii non mai.

the Augustus and the Caesars to Severus, count of the Spains. * <accepted 333, given on the 4th day before the Nones of May.

constantinopoli dalmatio et zenophilo conss.>

at constantinople dalmatius and zenophilus consuls.>

CJ.4.21.15: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.21.15: Emperor Constantine

In exercendis litibus eandem vim obtinent tam fides instrumentorum quam depositiones testium. * constant. a. ad pop.

In the conducting of lawsuits, the faith of instruments and the depositions of witnesses obtain the same force. * Constantine Augustus to the people.

* <a 317 d. romae xii k. aug. gallicano et basso conss.>

* <in the year 317, given at Rome on the 12th day before the Kalends of August, in the consulship of Gallicanus and Bassus.>

CJ.4.21.17pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.17pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Contractus venditionum vel permutationum vel donationum, quas intimari non est necessarium, dationis etiam arrarum vel alterius cuiuscumque causae, illos tamen , quos in scriptis fieri placuit, transactionum etiam, quas instrumento recipi convenit, non aliter vires habere sancimus, nisi instrumenta in mundum recepta subscriptionibusque partium confirmata et, si per tabellionem conscribantur, etiam ab ipso completa et postremo a partibus absoluta sint, ut nulli liceat prius , quam haec ita processerint, vel a scheda conscripta, licet litteras unius partis vel ambarum habeat, vel ab ipso mundo, quod necdum est impletum et absolutum , aliquod ius sibi ex eodem contractu vel transactione vindicare: adeo ut nec i llud in huiusmodi venditionibus liceat dicere, quod pretio statuto necessitas venditori imponitur vel contractum venditionis perficere vel id quod emptoris interest ei persolvere. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. k. iun.

Contracts of sales or exchanges or donations, which it is not necessary to intimate, and likewise the giving of earnest-money (arras) or of any other cause—yet as to those which it has been decided should be made in writings—and also settlements (transactions), which it is fitting to receive by instrument, we ordain to have no force otherwise, unless the instruments, received into the register (mundus), confirmed by the subscriptions of the parties, and, if they are drawn up by a notary (tabellio), also completed by him and, finally, finalized by the parties; so that it is permitted to no one, before these things have thus proceeded, either from a drafted sheet (scheda), although it bears the letters of one party or of both, or from the register itself (mundus), which is not yet fulfilled and completed, to claim any right for himself from the same contract or settlement: to such a degree that not even this may be said in sales of this kind, that, once the price is fixed, a necessity is imposed upon the seller either to perfect the contract of sale or to pay to him what is of the buyer’s interest. * justinian augustus to mena, praetorian prefect. * <a 528 d. kal. june

constantinopoli dn. iustiniano a. ii cons.>

at Constantinople, our lord Justinian Augustus, consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.4.21.17.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.17.1: Emperor Justinian

Quae tam in postea conficiendis instrumentis quam in his, quae iam scripta nondum autem absoluta sunt, locum habere praecipimus, nisi iam super his transactum sit vel iudicatum, quae retractari non possunt: exceptis emptionalibus tantum instrumentis iam vel in scheda vel in mundo conscriptis, ad quae praesentem sanctionem non extendimus, sed prisca iura in his tenere concedimus. <a 528 d. k. iun. constantinopoli dn. iustiniano a. ii cons.>

We order that this have place both in instruments to be completed hereafter and in those which are already written but not yet finished, unless already in regard to these there has been a transaction or a judgment, which cannot be reopened: with only instruments of purchase excepted, already conscribed either in draft or in fair copy, to which we do not extend the present sanction, but we allow the ancient rights to hold in these. <a 528 on the Kalends of June at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, in his 2nd consulship>

CJ.4.21.17.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.17.2: Emperor Justinian

Illud etiam adicientes, ut et in posterum, si quae arrae super facienda emptione cuiuscumque rei datae sunt sive in scriptis sive sine scriptis, licet non sit specialiter adiectum, quid super isdem arris non procedente contractu fieri oporteat, tamen et qui vendere pollicitus est, venditionem recusans in duplum eas reddere cogatur, et qui emere pactus est, ab emptione recedens datis a se arris cadat, repetitione earum deneganda. <a 528 d. k. iun. constantinopoli dn. iustiniano a. ii cons.>

Adding this too, that also for the future, if any arrhae (earnest-money) have been given for a purchase to be made of any thing, whether in writings or without writings, even if it has not been specially added what ought to be done concerning the same arrhae when the contract does not proceed, nevertheless both he who has promised to sell, refusing the vendition, shall be compelled to return them twofold, and he who has agreed to buy, withdrawing from the purchase, shall forfeit the arrhae given by himself, recovery of them being denied. <a 528 on the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, our lord Justinian, Augustus, consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.4.21.18: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.18: Emperor Justinian

Iudices sive in hac inclita urbe sive in provinciis ea quae disposuimus ( ut possint, si hoc perspexerint, occasione testium in aliis locis degentium litigantes vel procuratores eorum ibi destinare, ut depositionibus, sub utriusque partis praesentia factis res ad eos referatur) etiam in illis servare volumus, qui prolatis instrumentis fidem adhibere exiguntur, ut, si poposcerint in aliis locis id eis facere permitti et hoc iuste peti iudex invenerit, similis proferatur sententia, ut, postquam in locis opportunis fides instrumento data vel minus data fuerit, referatur negotium ad priorem iudicem. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 529 d. viii id. april.

We will that judges, whether in this illustrious city or in the provinces, observe the arrangements we have made (so that, if they perceive this to be expedient, on the occasion of witnesses dwelling in other places, litigants or their procurators may be sent there, so that, with depositions made under the presence of both parties, the matter be referred back to them), also in those cases in which, instruments having been produced, they are required to apply credit to them; so that, if they request to be permitted to do this in other places, and the judge finds this to be justly requested, a similar sentence be pronounced; so that, after in suitable places credit has been given—or not given—to the instrument, the business be referred back to the prior judge. * Justinian Augustus, to Mena, Praetorian Prefect. * <April 6, 529.

decio vc. cons.>

decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.21.19pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.19pr.: Emperor Justinian

Plures, apochis vel redituum vel usurarum perceptis, si quando super his fuerit dubitatio exorta, eas habere negando ius agentium faciunt vacillare, cum coloni ad dominum certantes et sibi iniquam forte libertatem vindicantes vel debitores creditoribus suis temporalem praescriptionem opponere cupientes ad easdem infitiationes perveniunt. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d. xii k. oct.

Many, when receipts for revenues or for interest have been received, if ever a doubt has arisen concerning these, by denying that they have them make the right of those bringing suit waver, since tenant-farmers, contending with their lord and perhaps vindicating for themselves an inequitable freedom, or debtors wishing to oppose to their creditors a temporal prescription, resort to these same denials. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 529, on the 12th day before the Kalends of October.

chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

at chalcedon, in the consulship of decius, a most distinguished man.>

CJ.4.21.19.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.19.1: Emperor Justinian

Quod resecantes iubemus, ut in praefatis casibus vel aliis privatis similibus , si voluerit is qui apocham conscripsit vel exemplar cum subscriptione eius qui apocham suscepit ab eo accipere vel antapocham suscipere, omnis ei licentia hoc facere concedatur: necessitate imponenda apochae susceptori antapocham reddere, ita tamen, ut si hoc is qui apocham conscribit facere neglexerit vel non curaverit, nullum ei praeiudicium ex eo, quod antapocham non recepit, generetur, cum hoc, quod pro quibusdam introductum est, inferre eis iacturam minime rationi convenit aequitatis. <a 529 d. xii k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

Cutting this back, we order that, in the aforesaid cases or in other similar private ones, if the person who drafted the receipt (apoche) should wish either to receive from him a copy with the subscription of the one who received the receipt, or to receive a counter‑receipt (antapoche), full license be granted him to do this: a necessity being imposed on the recipient of the receipt to render a counter‑receipt; provided, however, that if the one who drafts the receipt has neglected or has not cared to do this, no prejudice shall be generated to him from the fact that he did not receive the counter‑receipt, since it in no way accords with the reason of equity that what has been introduced for the benefit of certain persons should bring them loss. <a 529, on 20 September, at Chalcedon, when Decius, V.C., was consul.>

CJ.4.21.20pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.20pr.: Emperor Justinian

Comparationes litterarum ex chirographis fieri et aliis instrumentis, quae non sunt publice confecta, satis abundeque occasionem criminis falsitatis dare et in iudiciis et in contractibus manifestum est. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xiiii k. april.

Comparisons of handwriting made from chirographs and other instruments that are not publicly executed are manifest to give more than sufficient occasion for the crime of forgery both in trials and in contracts. * justinian augustus to julian, praetorian prefect. * <a 530 d. 14 k. april.

constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

At Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.20.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.20.1: Emperor Justinian

Ideoque sancimus non licere comparationes litterarum ex chirographis fieri, nisi trium testium habuerint subscriptiones et prius litteris eorum fides imponatur vel ex ipsis hoc deponentibus ( sive cunctis sive omnimodo duobus ex his) sive comparatione litterarum testium procedente, et tunc ex huiusmodi chartula iam probata comparatio fiat. <a 530 d. xiiii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

And therefore we sanction that it is not permitted for comparisons of letters (handwriting comparisons) to be made from chirographs, unless they have the subscriptions of three witnesses and, first, credence is placed upon their letters either by these men themselves deposing this (whether all of them or at any rate two of them) or with a comparison of the witnesses’ letters proceeding; and then let the comparison be made from such a little charter already proven. <a 530 AD, 14 days before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, when Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, were consuls.>

CJ.4.21.20.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.20.2: Emperor Justinian

Aliter etenim fieri comparationem nullo concedimus modo, licet in semet ipsum aliquis chartam conscriptam proferat, sed tantummodo vel ex forensibus vel publicis instrumentis vel ex huiusmodi chirographis quae enumeravimus comparatione trutinanda. <a 530 d. xiiii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

For we permit no comparison to be made in any other way, even if someone should produce a written paper drawn up by himself on his own behalf, but only a comparison to be weighed either from forensic or public instruments, or from such chirographs of the kind we have enumerated. <a 530 d. xiiii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.21.20.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.20.3: The Emperor Justinian

Omnes autem comparationes non aliter fieri concedimus, nisi iuramento antea praestito ab his qui comparationes faciunt fuerit adfirmatum, quod neque lucri causa neque inimicitiis neque gratia tenti huiusmodi faciunt comparationem. <a 530 d. xiiii k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

However, we permit all comparisons to be made in no other way, unless it has been affirmed by an oath previously sworn by those who make the comparisons that they make such a comparison, influenced neither by profit nor by enmities nor by favor. <a 530, on the 14th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, under Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.20.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.20.4: Emperor Justinian

Et hoc observari tam in omnibus sacris scriniis nostris quam in apparitione omnis sublimissimae praefecturae nec non magisteriae potestatis ceterisque omnibus iudiciis, quae in orbe nostro constituta sunt, his omnibus in posterum observandis. comparationes etenim iam antea factas retractari extra periculum minime est. <a 530 d. xiiii k. april.

And let this be observed both in all our sacred scrinia and in the apparitio of every most exalted prefecture, as well as of the magisterial power, and in all the other courts which are established in our realm, all these things to be observed henceforth. For it is by no means without peril that comparisons already previously made be retracted. <a 530 d. xiiii k. april.

constantinopoli lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

at Constantinople, under the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.21pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.21pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum quidam instrumentum protulerit vel aliam chartulam eique fidem imposuerit, postea autem persona, contra quam ista chartula vel instrumentum prolatum est, quasi falsum hoc constitutum redarguere niteretur, ne diutius dubitetur, utrum necessitatem ei qui protulit imponi oporteret repetita vice hoc proferre, an sufficiat ei fides iam pridem approbata, sancimus, si aliquid tali eveniat, eum, qui petit eam chartam iterum proferri, prius sacramentum praestare, quod existimans se posse falsum redarguere quod prolatum est ad huius modi venit petitionem. quid enim, si, cum nosset deperditam esse chartam vel forte concrematam vel alio modo diminutam, hanc requiri adsimulans et ad difficultatem productionis r espiciens huiusmodi facit petitionem? * iust.

When someone has produced an instrument or another little charter and has imposed credence upon it, but afterward the person against whom that charter or instrument has been produced should try to redargue it as false, lest there be longer doubt whether it ought to be enjoined upon the one who produced it to bring this forward again a second time, or whether the credence already long since approved suffices, we decree, if anything of such a kind occurs, that the one who demands that that charter be produced again shall first furnish an oath, because, thinking that he can redargue as false what has been produced, he has come to a petition of this sort. For what, if, when he knew the charter to have been lost or perhaps burned up or diminished in some other way, feigning to require it and having regard to the difficulty of production, he makes a petition of this kind? * JUST.

a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. v k. mart. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

to Julian, praetorian prefect. * <in 530, on the 5th day before the Kalends of March, under Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.21.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.21.1: Emperor Justinian

Et postquam hoc ab actore vel petitore fuerit iuratum et inscriptionum pagina apud competentem iudicem deposita, tunc necessitatem imponi ei, qui protulit chartam de qua quaeritur, iterum eam apud iudicem criminis proferre, quatenus possit apud eum crimen falsitatis ventilari. <a 530 d. v k. mart. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

And after this has been sworn by the actor or petitioner and the page of the inscriptions has been deposited with the competent judge, then an obligation is imposed upon him who produced the charter about which inquiry is made to produce it again before the criminal judge, so that the charge of forgery may be examined before him. <in the year 530, on the fifth day before the Kalends of March, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.21.21.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.21.2: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem dicat non esse sibi possibile eam ostendere, quia per fortuitos casus huiusmodi copia ei abrepta est, tunc subeat sacramentum, quod neque habet eandem chartulam neque alii eam dedit nec apud alium voluntate eius constituta est nec dolo malo fecit, quominus ea appareat, sed re vera ipsa chartula sine omni dolo deperdita est et productio eius sibi impossibilis est: et si tale subeat sacramentum, ab huiusmodi necessitate eum relaxari. <a 530 d. v k. mart. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

But if, however, he says that it is not possible for him to display it, because by fortuitous chances the opportunity of this kind has been snatched from him, then let him undergo an oath, that he neither has that same document nor gave it to another nor is it constituted with another by his will, nor did he do anything with fraudulent malice to prevent its appearing, but that in truth the document itself, without any fraud, has been lost, and its production is impossible for him: and, if he should undergo such an oath, that he be released from a necessity of this kind. <a 530 d. v k. mart. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.21.21.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.21.3: Emperor Justinian

Quod si praedictum iusiurandum subire minime maluerit, tunc quasi falsa chartula nullas habeat vires adversus eum, contra quem prolata est, sed sit penitus vacuata: neque enim ulterius poenam produci contra eos qui non iuraverunt volumus, cum forsitan quidam subtili reverentia tenti nec verum sacramentum praestare patiuntur. <a 530 d. v k. mart. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

But if he has by no means preferred to submit to the aforesaid oath, then, as though it were a false document, let it have no force against him against whom it has been produced, but let it be utterly void: for we do not wish any further penalty to be pressed against those who have not sworn, since perhaps certain persons, seized by a subtle reverence, do not allow themselves to furnish a true oath. <a 530 d. v k. mart. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.21.21.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.21.21.4: Emperor Justinian

Eandem autem copiam ei praestamus, donec causa apud iudicem ventilatur. si enim iam plenissimum finem accepit et neque per appellationem suspensa est neque per solitam retractationem adhuc lis vivere speratur, tunc satis durum est huiusmodi querellae indulgeri, ne in infinitum causae retractentur et sopita iam negotia per huiusmodi viam iterum aperiantur et contrarium aliquid nostro eveniat proposito. <a 530 d. v k. mart.

But we grant him the same opportunity until the case is ventilated before the judge. For if it has already received the most complete termination and is neither suspended by appeal nor is the suit still expected to live by the customary retractation, then it is rather hard that a complaint of this sort be indulged, lest cases be retracted into infinity and matters already lulled be opened again by such a route, and something contrary should befall our purpose. <a 530 d. v k. mart.

lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men, consuls.>

CJ.4.22.0. Plus valere quod agitur quam quod simulate concipitur.

CJ.4.22.0. What is done has greater force than what is conceived in simulation.

CJ.4.22.1: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.22.1: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

In contractibus rei veritas potius quam scriptura prospici debet. * valer. et gallien.

In contracts, the verity of the thing ought rather to be looked to than the writing. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. rufino. * <a 259 pp. iii k. iun. aemiliano et basso conss.>

The Emperors to Rufinus. * <in the year 259, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of June, in the consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus.>

CJ.4.22.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.22.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Acta simulata, velut non ipse, sed eius uxor comparaverit, veritatis substantiam mutare non possunt. quaestio itaque facti per praesidem examinabitur provinciae. * diocl.

Simulated acts, as though not he himself but his wife had procured them, cannot change the substance of truth. Therefore the inquiry into the fact will be examined by the governor of the province. * Diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. soteri. * <a 294 d. x k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Soterus. * <a 294, dated April 22.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.22.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.22.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Emptione pignoris causa facta non quod scriptum, sed quod gestum est inspicitur. * diocl. et maxim.

Emption made for the sake of a pledge is judged not by what was written, but by what was transacted. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. marinae. * <a 294 d. k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Marina. * <a in the year 294, on the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.22.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.22.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si quis gestum a se fecerit alium egisse scribi, plus actum quam scriptum valet. * diocl. et maxim.

If anyone has had it written that another performed the act performed by himself, the act has greater force than the writing. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. decio. * <a 294 d. viii k. dec. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars, to Decius. * <in the year 294, on the eighth day before the Kalends of December, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.22.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.22.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si falsum instrumentum emptionis conscriptum tibi, velut locationis quam fieri mandaveras, subscribere, te non relecto, sed fidem habente, suasit, neutrum contractum in utroque alterutrius consensu deficiente constitisse procul dubio est. * diocl. et maxim.

If a false instrument of purchase, drawn up for you, someone persuaded you to subscribe, as though it were of a lease which you had ordered to be made, you not having re-read it but placing trust, beyond doubt neither contract has been constituted, the consent of the other party being lacking in each. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. victori. * <a 294 d. xiii k. ian. cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Victor. * <in the year 294, on the 13th day before the Kalends of January, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.23.0. De commodato.

CJ.4.23.0. On commodatum.

CJ.4.23.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.23.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ea quidem, quae vi maiore auferuntur, detrimento eorum quibus res commodantur imputari non solent. sed cum is, qui a te commodari sibi bovem postulabat, hostilis incursionis contemplatione periculum amissionis ac fortunam futuri damni in se suscepisse proponatur, praeses provinciae, si probaveris eum indemnitatem tibi promisisse, placitum conventionis implere eum compellet. * diocl.

Indeed, those things which are carried off by force majeure are not wont to be imputed to the detriment of those to whom things are lent for use. But since he who was asking that an ox be lent to him by you is shown, in contemplation of a hostile incursion, to have taken upon himself the risk of loss and the chance of future damage, the provincial governor, if you prove that he promised you indemnity, will compel him to fulfill the stipulated agreement. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. sisolae. * <a 290 vel 293 d. vi k. iun.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Sisola. * <a 290 or 293 on the sixth day before the Kalends of June.

ipsis aa. conss.>

when the emperors themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.23.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.23.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum eum, qui temporalis ministerii causa suscepit ancillam, ad restitutionem eius bona fides urgueat, consequens est socerum tuum huius rei causa tradidisse ancillam adito praeside provinciae probare, ut fidem susceptam is adversus quem supplicas compellatur agnoscere. * diocl. et maxim.

Since good faith urges to the restitution of her the one who, for the sake of a temporary ministry, took on the maidservant, it follows that, having approached the governor of the province, you should prove that your father-in-law delivered the maidservant for this matter, so that he against whom you petition may be compelled to acknowledge the faith undertaken. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. auluzano. * <a 293 s. prid. non.

the augusti and the caesars at Auluzano. * <in the year 293, Sept., the day before the Nones.

nov. ipsis aa. conss.>

November, when the emperors themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.23.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.23.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

De restituendis rebus, quas obligandas pro se dederas, postquam debitum fuerit extenuatum, commodati actionem etiam adversus heredes eius exercere potes. * diocl. et maxim.

Concerning the things to be restored, which you had given to be obligated (as security) on your behalf, after the debt has been attenuated, you can also exercise the action of commodatum against his heirs. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. soterae. * <a 294 d. iii id. april. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Sotera. * <year 294, on the 3rd day before the Ides of April, at Sirmium; the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.23.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.23.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Praetextu debiti restitutio commodati non probabiliter recusatur. * diocl. et maxim.

Under the pretext of a debt, the restitution of the commodatum is not reasonably refused. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. faustinae. * <a 294 d. xii k. dec. ipsis cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Faustina. * <in the year 294, on the 12th day before the Kalends of December, when the Caesars themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.24.0. De actione pigneraticia.

CJ.4.24.0. On the pigneratic action.

CJ.4.24.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quod ex operis ancillae vel ex pensionibus domus, quam pignori detineri dicis, perceptum est, debiti quantitatem relevabit. * alex. a. demetrio.

What has been received from the work of the maidservant or from the rents of the house, which you say is held in pledge, will lighten the quantity of the debt. * Alexander Augustus to Demetrius.

* <a 222 pp. k. oct. antonino iiii et alexandro conss.>

* <in the year 222, the day before the Kalends of october, in the consulship of Antoninus 4 and Alexander.>

CJ.4.24.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Creditor, qui praedium pignori sibi nexum detinuit, fructus quos percepit vel percipere debuit in rationem exonerandi debiti computare necesse habet et, si agrum deteriorem constituit, eo quoque nomine pigneraticia actione obligatur. * alex. a. victori.

The creditor, who has detained a praedium bound to himself as a pledge, must reckon the fruits which he has taken or ought to have taken into the account of discharging the debt; and, if he has made the field worse, he is also bound on that ground by the pignoratitious action. * alexander augustus to victor.

* <a 222 pp. vi id. dec. antonino iiii et alexandro conss.>

* <a year 222, posted on the 6th day before the Ides of December, in the consulship of Antoninus (4) and Alexander.>

CJ.4.24.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Pactum vulgare, quod proposuistis, ut, si intra certum tempus pecunia soluta non fuisset, praedia pignori vel hypothecae data vendere liceret, non adimit debitori adversus creditorem pigneraticiam actionem. * alex. a. hermaeo et maximillae.

The ordinary pact which you have proposed, that, if within a fixed time the money had not been paid, it would be permitted to sell the estates given in pledge or hypothec, does not take away from the debtor, against the creditor, the pigneratician action. * Alexander Augustus to Hermaeus and Maximilla.

* <a 223 pp. xii k. mai. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the 12th day before the Kalends of May, with Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus as consuls.>

CJ.4.24.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si creditor sine vitio suo argentum pignori datum perdidit restituere id non cogitur: sed si culpae reus deprehenditur vel non probat manifestis rationibus se perdidisse, quanti debitoris interest condemnari debet. * alex. a. dioscoridae.

If the creditor, without his own fault, lost the silver given in pledge, he is not compelled to restore it: but if he is detected as guilty of fault, or does not prove by manifest reasons that he himself lost it, he ought to be condemned in as much as it is the debtor’s interest. * Alexander Augustus to Dioscorides.

* <a 224 pp. xiii k. mai. iuliano et crispino conss.>

* <a in the year 224, posted on the 13th day before the Kalends of May (April 19), in the consulship of Julian and Crispinus.>

CJ.4.24.6: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.6: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quae fortuitis casibus accidunt, cum praevideri non potuerant, in quibus etiam adgressura latronum est, nullo bonae fidei iudicio praestantur: et ideo creditor pignora, quae huiusmodi causa interierunt, praestare non compellitur nec a petitione debiti submovetur nisi inter contrahentes placuerit, ut amissio pignorum liberet debitorem. * alex. a. trophimae.

Things that happen by fortuitous accidents, when they could not have been foreseen—among which is even an assault by robbers—are not made good in any good‑faith action; and therefore the creditor is not compelled to make good the pledges that have perished for a cause of this kind, nor is he barred from a demand for the debt, unless it has been agreed between the contracting parties that the loss of the pledges will free the debtor. * alexander augustus to trophimae.

* <a 225 pp. id. april. fusco et dextro conss.>

* <a year 225 the day before the Ides of April, in the consulship of Fuscus and Dexter, consuls.>

CJ.4.24.7pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.7pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Creditor, qui fundos et domos pignori vel hypothecae accepit, damnum in decidendis arboribus domibusque destruendis ab eo datum in rationem deducere cogitur et , si dolo vel culpa rem suppositam deteriorem fecerit, eo quoque nomine pigneraticia actione tenebitur, ut talem restituat, qualis fuerat tempore obligationis. * alex. a. iuliano.

The creditor, who has received estates and houses in pledge or hypothec, is compelled to deduct into the account the damage done by him in cutting down trees and in demolishing houses; and , if by fraud or fault he has made the thing subjected (as security) worse, he will also be held under that head by the pigneratic action, so that he restore it such as it was at the time of the obligation. * Alexander to Julianus.

* <a 241 pp. xiii k. aug. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

* <a 241 pp. the 13th day before the Kalends of August, in the consulship of Gordian, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.24.7.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.24.7.1: The Emperor Alexander Severus

Creditor autem necessarios sumptus, quos circa res pigneraticias fecit, exigere non prohibetur. <a 241 pp. xiii k. aug. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

But the creditor is not prohibited from demanding the necessary expenses which he has incurred concerning the pledged property. <a 241, 13 days before the Kalends of August, in the consulship of Gordian Augustus (2) and Pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.24.8: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.24.8: Emperor Philip

Si nulla culpa seu segnitia creditori imputari potest, pignorum amissorum dispendium ad periculum eius minime pertinet. sane si simulata amissione etiam nunc eadem pignora, ut adseveras, a parte diversa possidentur, adversus eum experiri potes. * philipp.

If no fault or sluggishness can be imputed to the creditor, the loss of the pledges that were lost does not in the least pertain to his risk. Indeed, if, with a simulated loss, even now the same pledges, as you assert, are possessed by the opposite party, you can proceed against him. * philipp.

a. et philipp. c. saturnino. * <a 246 pp. viii k. mart.

a. and Philip to Saturninus. * <in the year 246, 8 days before the Kalends of March.

praesente et albino conss.>

Praesens and Albinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.24.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.24.9: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Pignus in bonis debitoris permanere ideoque ipsi perire in dubium non venit. cum igitur adseveres in horreis pignora deposita, consequens est secundum ius perpetuum, pignoribus debitori pereuntibus, si tamen in horreis, quibus et alii solebant publice uti, res depositae sunt, personalem actionem debiti reposcendi causa integram te habere. * diocl.

Pledge remains among the goods of the debtor, and therefore it does not come into doubt that it perishes to him. Since, therefore, you assert that pledges were deposited in warehouses, it follows, according to the perpetual law—with the pledges perishing to the debtor—if, however, the things were deposited in warehouses which others also were accustomed publicly to use, that you have intact a personal action for the purpose of reclaiming the debt. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. georgio. * <a 293 pp. vi non.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to George. * <a 293 pp. the sixth day before the Nones.

mai. mediolani aa. conss.>

May. at Milan, the Augusti, as consuls.>

CJ.4.24.10pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.24.10pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Nec creditores nec qui his successerunt adversus debitores pignori quondam res nexas petentes, reddita iure debita quantitate vel his non accipientibus oblata et consignata et deposita, longi temporis praescriptione muniri possunt. * diocl. et maxim.

Neither creditors nor those who have succeeded to them, when claiming against debtors things once bound in pledge, can be protected by the prescription of long time, once the sum due by law has been repaid or, if they do not accept it, has been offered, consigned, and deposited. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. apollodorae. * <a 293 d. non. mai.

the Augusti and the Caesars at Apollodora. * <in 293, on the Nones of May (May 7).

ipsis aa. conss.>

when the Emperors themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.24.10.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.24.10.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Unde intellegis, quod, si originem rei probare potes, adversario tenente vindicare dominium debeas. <a 293 d. non. mai.

Whence you understand that, if you can prove the origin of the thing, you ought to vindicate ownership while the adversary holds it. <a 293 d. non. mai.

ipsis aa. conss.>

the Emperors themselves, consuls.>

CJ.4.24.10.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.24.10.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ut autem creditor pignoris defensione se tueri possit, extorquetur ei necessitas probandi debiti vel, si tu teneas, per vindicationem pignoris hoc idem inducitur et tibi non erit difficilis vel solutione vel oblatione atque sollemni depositione pignoris liberatio. <a 293 d. non. mai.

So that the creditor may be able to protect himself by the defense of a pledge, the necessity of proving the debt is exacted from him; or, if you hold it, the same result is brought against you by vindication of the pledge, and release from the pledge will not be difficult for you either by payment or by tender and by solemn deposit. <a 293 d. non. mai.

ipsis aa. conss.>

in the consulship of the emperors themselves.>

CJ.4.24.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.24.11: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Pignoris causa res obligatas soluto debito restitui debere pigneraticiae actionis natura declarat. quo iure, si titulo pignoris obligasti mancipia, per eandem actionem uti potes, nec creditor citra conventionem vel praesidalem iussionem debiti causa res debitoris arbitrio suo auferre potest. * diocl.

The nature of the pigneratic action declares that things obligated for the cause of a pledge must be restored when the debt has been discharged. By which right, if you have obligated slaves under the title of a pledge, you can employ the same action; nor can the creditor, without a convention or a praesidal order, for reason of the debt, remove the debtor’s things at his own discretion. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. ammiano. * <a 294 d. v k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Ammianus. * <a 294 on the 5th day before the Kalends of January.

sirmi ipsis cc. conss.>

at Sirmium, the Caesars themselves being consuls.>

CJ.4.24.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.24.12: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quominus fructuum, quos creditor ex rebus obligatis accepit, habita ratione ac residuo debito soluto, vel si per creditorem factum fuerit. quominus solveretur, pignora quae in eadem causa durant restituat debitori, nullo spatio longi temporis defenditur. * diocl.

No lapse of long time affords a defense against this: that the creditor, after account has been taken of the fruits which he received from the obligated things and the remaining debt has been paid—or if it was by the creditor’s act that it was not paid—restore to the debtor the pledges which endure in the same cause. * DIOCLETIAN.

et maxim. aa. et cc. heraisco. * <a 294 d. xii k. dec.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to heraiscus. * <a 294, on the 12th day before the kalends of december.

nicomediae cc. conss.>

at nicomedia, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.25.0. De exercitoria et institoria actione.

CJ.4.25.0. On the exercitorial and institorial action.

CJ.4.25.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.25.1: Emperor Antoninus

Servus tuus pecuniam mutuam accipiendo ita demum te institoria actione obligavit , si, cum eum officio alicui vel negotiationi exercendae praeponeres, etiam ut id faceret, ei permissum a te probetur. quod si ea actio locum non habet, si quid in rem tuam versum probabitur, actione in eam rem proposita cogeris exsolvere. * ant.

Your slave, by receiving money as a loan, has bound you under the institorial action only if, when you appointed him to some office or to carry on a business, it is also shown that he was permitted by you to do that. but if that action has no place, if anything is proven to have been turned to your estate, you will be compelled to pay by the action proposed for that matter. * ant.

a. hermeti. * <a 212 pp. viii k. sept. duobus aspris conss.>

to Hermes. * <in the year 212, pp., on the 8th day before the Kalends of September, under the consulship of the two Aspri, consuls.>

CJ.4.25.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.25.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ex contractibus servorum quamvis de peculio dumtaxat domini teneantur, de eo tamen, quod in rem eorum versum est vel cum institore ex causa cui praepositus fuit contractum est, in solidum conveniri posse dubium non est. * alex. a. callisto.

From the contracts of slaves, although masters are held only with respect to the peculium, nevertheless, as to that which has been turned into their estate, or when a contract has been made with an institor (manager) for the matter to which he was appointed, it is not doubtful that they can be sued in solidum. * Alexander Augustus to Callistus.

* <a 222 pp. iii k. mai. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in the year 222, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of May, with Alexander Augustus as consul.>

CJ.4.25.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.25.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Institoria tibi adversus eum actio competit, a quo servum mensae praepositum dicis, si eius negotii causa, quod per eum exercebatur, deposita pecunia nec reddita potest probari. * alex. a. marciae.

Institorial action lies for you against him by whom you say a slave was appointed over the bank, if, for the sake of that business which was conducted through him, it can be proved that money was deposited and not returned. * alexander augustus to marcia.

* <a 230 pp. non. mai. agricola et clemente conss.>

* <in the year 230, the day before the Nones of May, under the consulship of Agricola and Clemens.>

CJ.4.25.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.25.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Et si a muliere magister navis praepositus fuerit, ex contractibus eius ea exercitoria actione ad similitudinem institoriae tenetur. * diocl. et maxim.

And if a master of a ship has been appointed by a woman, from his contracts she is held liable by that exercitorial action, in likeness to the institorial. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. antigonae. * <a 293 d. xvi k. nov. sirmi aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Antigona. * <in the year 293, on the 16th day before the Kalends of November, at Sirmium, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.25.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.25.5: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si mutuam pecuniam accipere demetriano domitianus mandavit et hoc posse probare confidis, ad exemplum institoriae eundem domitianum apud competentem iudicem potes convenire. * diocl. et maxim.

If domitianus ordered demetrianus to take a loan of money, and you are confident that you can prove this, on the model of the institorial action you can bring that same domitianus before the competent judge. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. gaio. * <a 294 d. iiii k. nov. ipsis cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to gaius. * <in the year 294, on the 4th day before the Kalends of November, when the caesars themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.25.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.25.6: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Qui secutus domini voluntatem cum servo ipsius habuit contractum, ad instar actionis institoriae recte de solido dominum convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

He who, following the will of the master, had a contract with his slave, rightly sues the master for the whole, on the model of the institorial action. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. onesimae. * <a 294 d. xiiii k. dec. cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Onesima. * <given on the 14th day before the Kalends of December (November 18), in the year 294, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.26.0. Quod cum eo qui in aliena est potestate negotium gestum esse dicitur, vel de peculio seu quod iussu aut de in rem verso.

CJ.4.26.0. When it is said that business has been transacted with one who is in another’s power, whether on the peculium or on what was by order, or on in rem verso.

CJ.4.26.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.26.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Cum filius familias tutor aut curator datur, pater tutelae vel negotiorum gestorum iudicio de peculio et de in rem verso conveniendus est. quod si voluntate eius filius decurio sit creatus et a magistratibus tutor constitutus, pater in solidum satisfacere cogitur, cum id onus exemplo ceterorum munerum civilium inductum intellegatur. * sev.

When a filius familias is appointed tutor or curator, the father must be sued by the action of guardianship or of business managed, de peculio and de in rem verso. But if with his consent the son has been created a decurion and appointed as tutor by the magistrates, the father is compelled to satisfy in solidum, since that burden is understood to have been introduced on the model of the other civil munera. * sev.

et ant. aa. aelio. * <a 196 d. vii id. nov.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Aelius. * given in 196, on the 7th day before the Ides of november.

dextro ii et prisco conss.>

Dexter 2 and Priscus, consuls.>

CJ.4.26.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.26.2: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Eius rei nomine, quae cum filio familias contracta est sive sua voluntate sive eius in cuius potestate fuit, sive in peculium ipsius sive in rem patris ea pecunia redacta est, et si paterna hereditate abstinuit, actionem nisi in id quod facere possit non dari perpetui edicti interpretatione declaratum est. * sev. et ant.

On account of that matter which was contracted with a filius familias, whether by his own will or by that of the one in whose power he was, whether that money was reduced into his peculium or into the father’s property, and if he has abstained from the paternal inheritance, it has been declared by the interpretation of the Perpetual Edict that an action is not given except up to what he can perform. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. annio. * <a 196 pp. viii k. dec. dextro ii et prisco conss.>

the emperors to Annius. * <in the year 196, on the 8th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Dexter (for the 2nd time) and Priscus.>

CJ.4.26.3: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.26.3: The Emperor Antoninus

Etiam si non mandante neque subscribente neque iubente domina pecuniam mutuam servo priscae dedisses, tamen ea quantitas si in rem dominae eius iustis erogationibus versa est, de in rem verso apud suum iudicem eam conveni, consecuturus secundum iuris formam id quod tibi deberi apparuerit. * ant. a. artemoni.

Even if, without the mistress ordering, subscribing, or commanding, you had given a loan of money to the slave of Prisca, nevertheless, if that amount has been turned to the mistress’s benefit by proper disbursements, sue her on the de in rem verso before her proper judge, and you will obtain, according to the form of the law, that which shall have appeared to be owed to you. * Antoninus Augustus to Artemon.

* <a 215 d. iii k. iul. laeto ii et cereale conss.>

* <in the year 215, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of July, in the consulship of Laetus for the 2nd time and Cerealis.>

CJ.4.26.4: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.26.4: Emperor Antoninus

Si ex contractu patris iussu eius pecuniam accepisti teque eius hereditate abstines, frustra vereris, ne a creditoribus eius conveniaris. * ant. a. leontio.

If, from your father’s contract, by his order, you have received money, and you abstain from his inheritance, you fear in vain that you may be sued by his creditors. * Antoninus Augustus to Leontius.

* <a 216 d. v k. ian. sabino et anullino conss.>

* <in the year 216, on the 5th day before the Kalends of January, in the consulship of Sabinus and Anullinus.>

CJ.4.26.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.26.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Nulla res prohibet filios familias, si pro aliis maiores viginti quinque annis fideiusserint, actione adversus eos competenti teneri. sed si dumtaxat de peculio tecum agatur, defensionibus, si quae tibi competunt, uteris. * alex.

Nothing prevents sons of a household, if on behalf of others, being older than twenty-five years, they have stood as sureties, from being held by the action competent against them. But if only about the peculium proceedings are brought against you, you will use the defenses, if any are competent to you. * alex.

a. asclepiadi. * <a 223 pp. vi id. dec. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

to Asclepiades. * <a in 223, posted on the 6th day before the Ides of December, Maximus 2 and Aelianus consuls.>

CJ.4.26.6: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.26.6: Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Si servus tuus sine permissu tuo accepta pecunia mutua in usurarum vicem habitandi facultatem concessit, nullo iure adversarius tuus hospitium ex hac causa sibi vindicat, cum te servi factum non obligaverit: et ingrediens rem tuam contra vim eius auctoritate competentis iudicis protegeris. * valer. et gallien.

If your slave, without your permission, having received money by loan, has granted the faculty of dwelling in lieu of interest, your adversary claims no lodging-right for himself by any law from this cause, since the act of the slave has not bound you: and, entering upon your property, you are protected against his force by the authority of the competent judge. * valer. et gallien.

aa. et valer. nob. c. matronae.

the augusti. and valerian, the most noble caesar. to matrona.

* <a 259 d. xii k. iul. aemiliano et basso conss.>

* <a 259 on the 12th day before the Kalends of July, in the consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus.>

CJ.4.26.7pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.7pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ei, qui servo alieno dat mutuam pecuniam, quamdiu superest servus, item post mortem eius intra annum de peculio contra dominum competere actionem vel, si in rem domini haec versa sit quantitas, post annum etiam esse honorariam non est ambigui iuris. * diocl. et maxim.

To one who gives a mutuum of money to another’s slave, so long as the slave survives, likewise within a year after his death, an action from the peculium lies against the master; or, if this amount has been turned into the master’s patrimony, even after the year there is the honorary (praetorian) action. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. crescenti. * <a 293 d. non. april.

the augusti and the caesars to crescentius. * <a 293 on the nones of april.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at byzantium, in the consulship of the augusti.>

CJ.4.26.7.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.7.1: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quapropter si quidem in rem domini versa pecunia est, heredes eius convenire potes de ea summa, quae in rem ipsius processit. <a 293 d. non. april.

Wherefore, if indeed the money has been converted to the owner’s estate, you can convene his heirs for that sum which has proceeded into his patrimony. <a 293 on the Nones of April.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at Byzantium, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.26.7.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.7.2: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si vero hoc probari non potest, consequens est, ut superstite quidem servo dominum de peculio convenias vel, si iam servus rebus humanis exemptus est vel distractus seu manumissus nec annus excessit, de peculio quondam adversus eum experiri possis. <a 293 d. non. april.

If indeed this cannot be proved, it follows that, with the slave still surviving, you convene the master in court concerning the peculium; or, if already the slave has been removed from human affairs or has been sold or manumitted, and a year has not elapsed, you can try an action against him concerning the former peculium. <a 293 day of the Nones of april.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at byzantium the augusti consuls.>

CJ.4.26.7.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.7.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Alioquin si cum libero rem agente eius, cuius precibus meministi, contractum habuisti et eius personam elegisti, pervides contra dominum nullam te habuisse actionem, nisi vel in rem eius pecunia processit vel hunc contractum ratum habuit. <a 293 d. non. april.

Otherwise, if you had a contract with his free agent—the one at whose entreaties you recall—and you chose his person, you perceive that you had no action against the master, unless either the money went into his property or he ratified this contract. <a 293 on the Nones of april.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at byzantium, with the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.26.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si ex alio contractu, non ex illicita mutui datione debitor extitisti vel quod patrem tuum in fide suscepisti, tam in patris positus potestate iure teneris quam etiam morte genitoris tui iuris effectus: et si quidem patris heres extitisti , in solidum, alioquin in quantum facere potes, secundum edicti formam. sed et si emancipatione tui iuris factus es, similiter conveniri te posse debes intellegere. * diocl.

If from another contract, and not from an illicit giving of a loan (mutuum), you have become a debtor, or because you accepted your father in fide (as surety), you are held by law both while placed under your father’s power and also, upon the death of your father, having become sui iuris: and if indeed you have become your father’s heir , for the whole (in solidum), otherwise to the extent that you are able to perform, according to the form of the edict. But also if by emancipation you have been made sui iuris, you must understand that you likewise can be convened (sued). * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. isidoro. * <a 293 d. vi id. april.

and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Isidore. * in the year 293, on the 6th day before the Ides of april.

byzantii aa. conss.>

At Byzantium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.26.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.9: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si mandator pro filio tuo extitisti vel iussu tuo cum eo quem in potestate tunc habuisti contractum est, intellegis et sorti et usuris te parere oportere, si te his omnibus obligasti, ut res quae pignoris iure detinentur liberari possint. quod si fideiussor creditae pecuniae intercessisti, teneri te ex ea obligatione explorati iuris est. * diocl.

If you have stood forth as mandator for your son, or by your order a contract was made with one whom you then had in your power, you understand that you ought to submit to both the principal and the interest, if you have obligated yourself to all these things, so that the things which are detained by the right of pledge may be freed. But if you have intervened as fideiussor for the money credited (lent), it is settled law that you are bound by that obligation. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. diogenio. * <a 294 d. iii k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Diogenius. * <a 294 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of May.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.26.10pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.10pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si liberam peculii administrationem habentes equas cum fetu de peculio servi venumdederunt, reprobandi contractum dominus nullam habet facultatem. * diocl. et maxim.

If those having free administration of the peculium have sold mares with their offspring from the slave’s peculium, the master has no faculty for disapproving (rescinding) the contract. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. aphrodisio. * <a 294 d. v non. oct.

emperors and caesars to aphrodisius. * <a 294 given on the 5th day before the Nones of October.

sirmi cc. conss.>

at sirmium; the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.26.10.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.10.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quod si non habentes liberam peculii administrationem rem dominicam eo ignorante distraxerunt, neque dominium, quod non habent, in alium transferre possunt neque condicionem eorum servilem scientibus possessionis iustum adferunt initium: unde non immerito nec temporis praescriptionem huiusmodi possessoribus prodesse manifestum est, ideoque res mobiles ementes etiam furti actione tenentur. <a 294 d. v non. oct.

But if, not having free administration of the peculium, they alienated a master’s property with him unaware, they can neither transfer to another the dominion which they do not have, nor do they bring to those aware of their servile condition a just inception of possession: whence, not without reason, it is manifest that not even prescription by time profits possessors of this sort; and therefore purchasers of movable things are also held by an action of theft. <a 294 on the 5th day before the Nones of October.

sirmi cc. conss.>

at sirmium, the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.26.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.11: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum ancilla contrahenti, quam iure non obligari constat, adversus dominum in quantum locupletius eius peculium factum est ea superstite ac post mortem intra utilem annum dandam actionem non ambigitur. * diocl. et maxim.

For one contracting with a maidservant, who is established not to be bound by law, there is no doubt that an action is to be granted against the master, to the extent that his peculium has been made richer, while she survives and, after her death, within the useful year. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. attalo. * <a 294 d. prid. k. dec.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Attalus. * <a 294, given on the day before the Kalends of December (November 30).

sirmi cc. conss.>

at Sirmium; the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.26.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.26.12: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Dominum per servum obligari non posse ac tantum de peculio ( deducto scilicet, quod naturaliter servus domino debet) eius creditoribus dari actionem vel, si quid in rem eius versum probetur, de in rem verso edicto perpetuo declaratur. * diocl. et maxim.

It is declared by the perpetual edict that a master cannot be obligated through a slave, and that only an action de peculio is granted to the slave’s creditors (a deduction being made, namely, of what the slave naturally owes the master), or, if anything is proved to have been turned to the master’s estate, an action de in rem verso. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. victori. * <a 294 d. xiii k. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to victor. * <on 20 january 294, at sirmium, the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.26.13pr.: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.26.13pr.: The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius

Dominos ita constringi manifestum est actione praetoria, quae apellatur quod iussu, si certam numerari praeceperint servo actorive pecuniam. * honor. et theodos.

It is manifest that masters are thus bound by the praetorian action, which is called "quod iussu," if they have ordered a fixed sum of money to be paid by a slave or by a manager. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. iohanni pp. * <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

the emperors to john the pope. * <in the year 422, on the 5th day before the ides of july, at ravenna, when honorius for the 13th time and theodosius for the 10th, augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.4.26.13.1: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.26.13.1: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Igitur in perpetuum edictali lege sancimus, ut, qui servo colono conductori procuratori actorive possessionis pecuniam mutuam det, sciat dominos possessionum cultoresve terrarum obligari non posse. <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

Therefore we sanction by edictal law in perpetuity that whoever gives a loan of money to a slave, a colonus, a lessee, a procurator, or a bailiff of a holding should know that the owners of the holdings or the cultivators of the lands cannot be obligated. <a 422, on the 5th day before the Ides of July, at Ravenna, in the consulship of the Emperors Honorius for the 13th time and Theodosius for the 10th time.>

CJ.4.26.13.2: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.26.13.2: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Neque familiares epistulas, quibus homines plerumque commendant absentem, in id trahere convenit, ut pecuniam, quam non rogatus fuerat, impendisse pro praediis mentiatur, cum, nisi specialiter ut pecuniam praestet a domino fuerit postulatus , idem dominus teneri non possit. <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

Nor is it fitting to drag private letters, by which people for the most part commend an absentee, to this end: that he should lie that he expended money for the estates when he had not been asked; since, unless he has been specifically requested by the owner to furnish money, that same owner cannot be held liable. <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

CJ.4.26.13.3: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.26.13.3: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Creditaque quantitate multari volumus creditores, si huiusmodi personis non iubente domino nec fideiussoribus specialiter acceptis fuerit credita pecunia. <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

And we will that the creditors be penalized by the quantity credited, if money has been credited to persons of this kind without the master ordering it and without fidejussors specifically accepted. <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio 13 et theodosio 10 aa. conss.>

CJ.4.26.13.4: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.26.13.4: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Sane creditori licentiam damus, ut, si liber a rationibus quas gerebat fuerit inventus actor servus procuratorve praediorum, utilis actio pateat de peculio. <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravennae honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

Indeed, we grant licence to the creditor, that, if the steward (actor), a slave, or the procurator of the estates has been found clear from the accounts which he was conducting, a useful action shall lie de peculio. <a 422, on the 5th day before the Ides of July, at Ravenna, Honorius 13 and Theodosius 10, Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.27.0. Per quas personas nobis adquiritur.

CJ.4.27.0. Through which persons it is acquired for us.

CJ.4.27.1pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.27.1pr.: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Excepta possessionis causa per liberam personam, quae alterius iuri non est subdita, nihil adquiri posse indubii iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

Except for the cause of possession, it is indubitable law that nothing can be acquired through a free person who is not subject to another’s authority. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. Marcello. * <a 290 d. k. iul. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Marcellus. * <in the year 290, on the Kalends of July, when the Augusti themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.27.1.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.27.1.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si igitur procurator non sibi, sed ei, cuius negotia administrabat, redintegratae rei vindicationem pactus est idque pactum etiam stipulatio insecuta est, nulla domino obligatio adquisita est. servis autem res traditae dominis adquiruntur. <a 290 d. k. iul.

If therefore a procurator, not for himself but for him whose affairs he was administering, made a pact for the vindication of a restored thing, and a stipulation also followed that pact, no obligation was acquired for the master. But things delivered to slaves are acquired for their masters. <a 290 d. k. iul.

ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

in the consulships of the Augusti themselves, the 4th and the 3rd.>

CJ.4.27.2pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.27.2pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si duo vel plures communem servum habeant et unus ex his iussit, ut nomine suo servus ab aliquo stipuletur decem puta aureos vel aliam rem, ipse autem servus non eius nomine qui iussit, sed alicuius ex dominis suis mentionem fecit et nomine illius stipulatus est, inter antiquam sapientiam quaerebatur, cui adquiritur actio et lucrum, quod ex hac accidit causa, utrumne ei qui iussit an ei cuius servus mentionem fecit an ambobus. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xv k. dec.

If two or more have a common slave, and one of them ordered that the slave, in his name, should stipulate from someone for ten—say—gold pieces or some other thing, but the slave himself did not use the name of the one who ordered it, and instead mentioned one of his owners and stipulated in that one’s name, among the ancient jurists it was asked to whom the action and the profit that arises from this matter is acquired: whether to the one who gave the order, or to the one whose name the slave mentioned, or to both. * justinian augustus to julian, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 530, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December.

lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men, consuls.>

CJ.4.27.2.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.27.2.1: Emperor Justinian

Cumque ex omni latere magna pars auctorum multum effudit tractatum, nobis verior eorum sententia videtur, qui domino qui iussit adferunt stipulationem et ei tantummodo adquiri dixerunt, quam aliorum, qui in alias opiniones deferuntur. neque enim malignitati servorum indulgendum est, ut liceat eis domini iussione contempta sua libidine facere stipulationem et ad alium dominum, qui eum forsitan corrupit, alienum lucrum transferre: quod neque ferendum est, si servus impius domino quidem qui iussit minime oboediendum existimaverit, alii autem, qui forsitan ignorat et nescit, repentinum adducit solacium. <a 530 d. xv k. dec.

And since from every side a great part of the authorities has poured out much discussion, the truer opinion seems to us to be that of those who ascribe the stipulation to the master who ordered it and said that it is acquired to him only, rather than that of others who are carried into other views. For the malignity of slaves is not to be indulged, so that it be permitted to them, with the master’s order despised, to make a stipulation at their own lust and transfer alien profit to another master who perhaps has corrupted him: which is not to be borne, if an impious slave has thought that he ought by no means to obey the master who ordered, but for another, who perhaps is unaware and knows nothing, he brings sudden solace. <a 530, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December.

lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.27.2.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.27.2.2: Emperor Justinian

Quod enim saepe apud antiquos dicebatur iussionem domini non esse absimilem nominationi, tunc debet obtinere, cum servus iussus ab uno ex dominis stipulationem facere sine nomine stipulatus est: tunc etenim soli ei adquirit qui iussit: sin autem expresserit alium dominum, soli illi necesse est adquisitionem celebrari: multo etenim amplius oportet valere dominici nominis mentionem quam herilem iussionem. <a 530 d. xv k. dec. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

For what was often said among the ancients—that an owner’s order is not unlike a nomination—ought to obtain when a slave, ordered by one of the owners to make a stipulation, has stipulated without a name: then indeed he acquires only for the one who gave the order; but if he has expressly named another owner, it is necessary that the acquisition be effected for that one alone: for by much more ought the mention of the owner’s name to prevail than the master’s order. <in the year 530, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.27.3pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.27.3pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum per liberam personam, si pecunia alterius nomine fuerit numerata, adquiritur ei cuius nomine pecunia credita est per huiusmodi numerationem condictio, non autem hypotheca vel pignus, quae procuratori data vel supposita sunt, dominis contractus adquiritur, talem differentiam expellentes sancimus et condictionem et hypothecariam actionem vel pignus ipso iure et sine aliqua cessione ad dominum contractus pervenire. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 530 d. k. nov.

Whereas, when through a free person, if money has been counted out in another’s name, the condiction is acquired, by a numeration of this kind, to him in whose name the money has been credited, but not the hypothec or pledge—which, having been given or put up to the procurator, are acquired to the principals of the contract—banishing such a difference we ordain that both the condiction and the hypothecary action or the pledge shall, by operation of law and without any cession, come to the principal of the contract. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 530 d. k. nov.

lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.27.3.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.27.3.1: Emperor Justinian

Si enim procuratori necessitas legibus imposita est domino contractus cedere actionem, quare non ab initio quemadmodum in personali actione cessio supervacua videbatur, non etiam in hypothecis et pignoribus simili modo dominus contractus habeat hypothecariam actionem seu pignoris vinculum vel retentionem sibi adquisitam? <a 530 d. k. nov. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

If indeed a necessity is imposed by the laws upon a procurator to cede the action to the owner of the contract, why should not from the beginning, just as in a personal action the cession seemed superfluous, the owner of the contract likewise in hypothecs and pledges have the hypothecary action or the bond of the pledge, or a retention acquired for himself? <a 530 d. k. nov. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.28.0. Ad senatus consultum macedonianum.

CJ.4.28.0. On the senatus consultum macedonianum.

CJ.4.28.1: Imperator pertinax

CJ.4.28.1: Emperor Pertinax

Si filius, cum in potestate patris esset, mutuam a te pecuniam accepit, cum se patrem familias diceret, eiusque adfirmationi credidisse te iusta ratione edocere potes, exceptio ei denegabitur. * pertinax a. atilio. * <a . 193 pp. x k. april.

If a son, while in the power of his father, received from you money as a mutuum, while saying that he was a paterfamilias, and you can show on just grounds that you believed his assertion, the exceptio will be denied to him. * Pertinax to A. Atilius. * <a . 193 A.D., on the 10th day before the Kalends of April.

falcone et claro conss.>

Falco and Clarus, consuls.>

CJ.4.28.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.28.2: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Zenodorus cum sui iuris esse publico videretur aut patris voluntate contraxit aut in eam rem pecuniam accepit, quae patris oneribus incumberet, vel suae potestatis constitutus novatione facta fidem suam obligavit vel alias agnovit debitum , non esse locum decreto amplissimi ordinis rationis est. * sev. et ant.

Zenodorus, since he appeared by public record to be sui iuris, either contracted by his father’s will, or received money for that matter which would rest upon the father’s obligations, or, having been constituted in his own power, upon a novation made obligated his own credit or otherwise acknowledged a debt , it is the reasoning that there is no place for the decree of the Most Ample Order. * sev. et ant.

aa. sophiae. * <a 198 pp. v k. mart. saturnino et gallo conss.>

the emperors to Sophia. * <in the year 198, publicly posted on the 5th day before the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Saturninus and Gallus.>

CJ.4.28.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.28.3: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Si filius familias aliquid mercatus pretium stipulanti venditori cum usurarum accessione spondeat, non esse locum senatus consulto, quo fenerare filiis familias prohibitum est, nemini dubium est: origo enim potius obligationis quam titulus actionis considerandus est. * sev. et ant.

If a son under paternal power, having purchased something, should promise to the seller, who is stipulating, the price with the accession of interest, it is doubtful to no one that there is no place for the senatus consultum by which lending at interest to sons under paternal power is prohibited: for the origin of the obligation rather than the title of the action must be considered. * Sev. and Ant.

aa. macrino. * <a 198 pp. id. mart. saturnino et gallo conss.>

the emperors to Macrinus. * <in the year 198, on the day before the Ides of March, with Saturninus and Gallus as consuls.>

CJ.4.28.4: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.28.4: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si permittente patre filio familias pecuniam mutuam dedisti, senatus consulti potestas non intervenit, et ideo persecutio pignoris quod in bonis patris fuit non denegabitur, praesertim cum eidem filius heres extiterit, modo si nullus alius iure conventionis ratione temporis et ordinis potior apparuerit. * sev. et ant.

If, with the father permitting, you gave a loan of money (mutuum) to a son in paternal power (filius familias), the authority of the senatus consultum does not intervene; and therefore pursuit of the pledge which was among the father’s goods will not be denied, especially since the son has appeared as heir to the same—provided that no other shall have appeared superior by right of convention, by reason of time and order. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa.Cyrillae. * <a 201 pp. xii k. mai. fabiano et muciano conss.>

The Emperors to Cyrilla. * <in the year 201, posted, on the 12th day before the Kalends of May, under the consuls Fabianus and Mucianus.>

CJ.4.28.5pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.28.5pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Macedoniani senatus consulti auctoritas petitionem eius pecuniae non impedit, quae filio familias studiorum vel legationis causa alibi degenti ad necessarios sumptus, quos patris pietas non recusaret, credita est. * alex. a. septimiae musae.

The authority of the Macedonian senatus consultum does not impede the petition for that money which was lent to a son under paternal power, residing elsewhere for the sake of studies or of a legation, for necessary expenses which a father's pietas would not refuse. * alexander augustus to septimia musa.

* <a 230 pp. prid. k. mart. agricola et clemente conss.>

* <in the year 230, published on the day before the Kalends of March, Agricola and Clement being consuls.>

CJ.4.28.5.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.28.5.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sed ex contractu filii post mortem eius de peculio actio in patrem competere ita demum potest, si anni utilis spatium petitionem non impedit. <a 230 pp. prid. k. mart.

But from the son’s contract, after his death, an action concerning the peculium can lie against the father only then, if the span of the useful year does not impede the petition. <a 230 pp. prid. k. mart.

agricola et clemente conss.>

agricola and clement, consuls.>

CJ.4.28.5.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.28.5.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sane si iussu patris datum mutuum probetur, nec in quos usus versa sit pecunia disquiri necesse est et perpetua in patrem etiam mortuo filio actio est. <a 230 pp. prid. k. mart.

Indeed, if it is proved that a loan was given at the father’s order, it is not necessary to inquire into what uses the money was turned, and a perpetual action lies against the father even after the son has died. <a 230, the day before the Kalends of March.

agricola et clemente conss.>

under the consuls Agricola and Clemens.>

CJ.4.28.6pr.: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.28.6pr.: Emperor Philip

Si filius tuus in potestate tua agens contra senatus consultum macedonianum mutuam sumpsit pecuniam, actio de peculio adversus te eo nomine efficaciter dirigi nequaquam potest. * philipp. a. et philipp.

If your son, acting under your power, contrary to the senatus consultum Macedonianum, has taken money on loan, an action de peculio can by no means be effectively directed against you on that account. * philip, aug., and philip.

c. theopompo. * <a 245 pp. vi non. mart.

to Theopompus. * <a 245 pp. on the sixth day before the Nones of March.

philippo a. et titiano conss.>

in the consulship of philip augustus and titianus.>

CJ.4.28.6.1: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.28.6.1: Emperor Philip

Quod senatus consulti auxilium, licet filii familias meminit, ad nepotes et ad pronepotes porrigitur. <a 245 pp. vi non. mart.

That aid of the senatus consultum, although it makes mention of sons of the household, is extended to grandsons and great-grandsons. <a 245 pp. 6 Nones of March.

philippo a. et titiano conss.>

under the consulship of philip the augustus and titianus.>

CJ.4.28.7pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.28.7pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si filius familias citra patris iussionem vel mandatum vel voluntatem pecunias creditas acceperit, postea autem pater ratum habuerit contractum, veterum ambiguitatem decidentes sancimus, quemadmodum, si ab initio voluntate patris vel mandato filius familias pecuniam creditam accepisset, obnoxius firmiter constituebatur, ita et si postea ratum pater habuerit contractum, validum esse huiusmodi contractum, cum testimonium paternum respuere satis iniquum est. necesse est enim patris ratihabitionem principali patris mandato vel consensui non esse absimilem, cum nostra novella lege et generaliter omnis ratihabitio prorsus trahitur et confirmat ea ab initio quae subsecuta sunt. et haec quidem de privatis hominibus sancienda sunt.

If a filius familias, without the father’s command or mandate or will, has received loaned sums of money, and afterward the father has ratified the contract, resolving the ambiguity of the ancients we sanction that, just as if from the beginning by the father’s will or mandate the filius familias had received money on credit he was firmly established as liable, so also if later the father has ratified the contract, such a contract is valid, since it is quite unjust to reject paternal testimony. For it is necessary that the father’s ratification not be unlike the principal mandate or consent of the father, since by our Novel law and generally every ratification is wholly retroactive and confirms from the beginning the things that have followed. And these matters are to be sanctioned with respect to private persons.

* iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xii k. aug. lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

* Justinian Augustus to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <in 530, on the 12th day before the Kalends of August, under Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.28.7.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.28.7.1: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem miles filius familias pecuniam creditam acceperit, sive sine mandato vel consensu vel voluntate vel ratihabitione patris, stare oportet contractum, nulla differentia introducenda, ob quam causam pecuniae creditae vel ubi consumptae sunt. in pluribus enim iuris articulis filii familias milites non absimiles videntur hominibus qui sui iuris sunt, et ex praesumptione omnis miles non credatur in aliud quicquam pecunias accipere et expendere nisi in causas castrenses. <a 530 d. xii k. aug.

But if, however, a soldier who is a filius familias has received loaned money, whether without the mandate or consent or will or ratihabition of the father, the contract ought to stand, no distinction being introduced as to for what cause the monies were lent or where they were spent. For in many legal articles sons-in-power who are soldiers seem not dissimilar to persons who are sui iuris, and, by presumption, it is not to be believed of any soldier that he receives and expends monies for anything other than military (camp) causes. <a 530 d. xii k. aug.

lampadio et oresta vv. cc. conss.>

under Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.0. Ad senatus consultum velleianum.

CJ.4.29.0. On the Velleian senatorial decree.

CJ.4.29.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.29.1: The Emperor Antoninus

Mulieribus, quae alienam obligationem suscipiunt aut in se transferunt, si id contrahentes non ignorant, senatus consulto subvenitur. sed si pro aliis, cum obligatae non essent, pecuniam exsolvunt, intercessione cessante repetitio nulla est. * ant.

For women who assume another’s obligation or transfer it onto themselves, if the contracting parties are not unaware of this, aid is afforded by the senatorial decree. but if, on behalf of others, when they were not obligated, they pay out money, with the intercession being absent, there is no repetition. * Antoninus

a. lucillae. * <a 212 pp. non. dec.

to Lucilla. * <in the year 212, the day before the Nones of December.

carviti duobus aspris conss.>

At Carviti, in the consulship of the two Aspri.>

CJ.4.29.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.29.2: Emperor Antoninus

Frustra senatus consulti exceptione, quod de intercessionibus feminarum factum est, uti temptasti, quoniam principaliter ipsa debitrix fuisti. eius enim senatus consulti exceptio tunc mulieri datur, cum principaliter ipsa nihil debet, sed pro alio debitore apud creditorem eius intercessit: sin autem pro creditore suo aliis se obligaverunt vel ab eo se vel debitorem suum delegari passae sunt, huiusmodi senatus consulti auxilium non habent. * ant.

In vain you tried to use the exception of the senatorial decree that was made concerning women’s intercessions, since you yourself were principally the debtor. For the exception of that senatorial decree is given to a woman when she herself owes nothing principally, but interceded for another debtor with his creditor; but if, on behalf of her creditor, women have obligated themselves to others, or have allowed either themselves or their own debtor to be assigned by him, they do not have the aid of a senatorial decree of this kind. * Antoninus.

a. nepotianae. * <a 213 pp. iii id. aug. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

a. to nepotiana. * <in the year 213, published on the 3rd day before the Ides of August, under Antoninus Augustus, consul for the 4th time, and Balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.3: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.29.3: Emperor Antoninus

Si, cum ipse mutuam pecuniam acciperes, mater tua contra amplissimi ordinis consultum fidem suam interposuit, exceptione tueri potest. * ant. a. servato.

If, when you yourself were receiving money on loan, your mother, contrary to the consultum of the most august Order, interposed her faith (as surety), she can be protected by an exceptio. * antoninus augustus, to Servatus.

* <a 213 pp. iii id. aug. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <in the year 213, on the 3rd day before the Ides of August, under Antoninus Augustus, consul for the 4th time, and Balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.4pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.29.4pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Senatus consultum locum habet, sive eam obligationem, quae in alterius persona constitit, mulier in se transtulerit vel participaverit sive, cum alius pecuniam acciperet, ipsa se constituit ab initio ream, quod et in rerum earum pro aliis obligationibus admissum est. * alex. a. alexandriae.

A senatorial decree has effect, whether the woman has transferred to herself or has participated in that obligation which was constituted in another’s person, or, when another was receiving money, she herself from the beginning constituted herself a defendant; which also has been admitted in those matters for obligations on behalf of others. * Alexander Augustus at Alexandria.

* <a 223 pp. vi k. ian. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the sixth day before the Kalends of January, under the consuls Maximus II and Aelianus.>

CJ.4.29.4.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.29.4.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sed si praedia tua annis maior viginti quinque vendidisti et pro marito pecuniam solvisti, deficit auxilium senatus consulti. <a 223 pp. vi k. ian. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

But if, being more than twenty-five years of age, you have sold your estates and have paid money on behalf of your husband, the aid of the senatus‑consultum fails. <in the year 223, on the 6th day before the Kalends of January, Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.29.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si sine voluntate tua res tuae a marito tuo pignori datae sunt, non tenentur. quod si consensisti obligationi sciente creditrice, auxilio senatus consulti uti potes. quod si patientiam praestitisti, ut quasi suas res maritus obligaret, decipere voluisti mutuam pecuniam dantem et ideo tibi non succurretur senatus consulto, quo infirmitati, non calliditati mulierum consultum est.

If, without your will, your property has been given in pledge by your husband, they are not binding. But if you consented to the obligation, with the creditor aware, you can make use of the aid of the senatus consultum. But if you have shown forbearance, so that your husband might pledge the things as though they were his own, you intended to deceive the one giving the loaned money, and therefore no help will be given you by the senatus consultum, which was provided for the weakness, not the craftiness, of women.

* alex. a. popiliae. * <a 224 d. xv k. iul.

* alex. augustus to popilia. *

iuliano et crispino conss.>

in the consulship of Julianus and Crispinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.6pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.29.6pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si mater, cum filiorum suorum gereret patrimonium, tutoribus eorum securitatem promiserit et fideiussorem praestiterit vel pignora dederit, quoniam quodammodo suum negotium gessisse videtur, senatus consulti auxilio neque ipsa neque fideiussor ab ea praestitus neque res eius pigneratae adiuvantur. * alex. a. torquato.

If a mother, when she was managing the patrimony of her sons, promised security to their tutors and provided a surety or gave pledges, since she seems in a certain manner to have transacted her own business, by the aid of the senatorial decree neither she herself nor the surety furnished by her nor her pledged property are aided. * alexander augustus to torquatus.

* <a 228 pp. vi id. oct. modesto et probo conss.>

* <in the year 228, published on the sixth day before the Ides of October, with Modestus and Probus as consuls.>

CJ.4.29.6.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.29.6.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sin autem tutore se excusare volente ipsa se interposuit indemnitatem ei repromittens, auxilio senatus consulti uti minime prohibetur. <a 228 pp. vi id. oct. modesto et probo conss.>

But if, however, when her tutor wished to excuse himself, she herself interposed, promising him indemnity, she is by no means prohibited from using the aid of the senatus consultum. <a A.D. 228, 6th day before the Ides of October, Modestus and Probus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.6.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.29.6.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sin vero tutores petiit et sponte periculum suscepit, quominus teneatur, auctoritate iuris tuetur. <a 228 pp. vi id. oct. modesto et probo conss.>

But if indeed she has sought guardians and of her own accord assumed the peril, she is protected by the authority of the law from being held liable. <a 228 pp. vi id. oct. modesto et probo conss.>

CJ.4.29.7: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.29.7: Emperor Gordian

Si sciens creditor a marito propter proprium debitum fundum mulieris, licet ea consentiente, pignori accepit, propter senatus consulti auxilium vendendo eum dominium mulieri auferre nequivit, nec tibi necesse est praestito pretio emptori vindicare, si matri heres extitisti. * gord. a. viviano.

If a creditor, knowingly, received from the husband, on account of his own debt, the woman’s landed estate as a pledge—even with her consenting—then, by selling it, he could not, by the aid of the senatus consultum, take away ownership (dominium) from the woman; nor is it necessary for you, upon the price having been tendered, to vindicate it to the purchaser, if you have become your mother’s heir. * Gordian the Augustus to Vivianus.

* <a 238 pp. xii k. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <a in the year 238, on the 12th day before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.4.29.8pr.: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.29.8pr.: Emperor Gordian

Si paternam obligationem non tantum masculini sexus, verum etiam filiae emancipatae in se receperunt, quamvis filiae virilibus obligationibus eximantur propter exceptionem, quae ex senatus consulto velleiano descendit, tamen filios in id quod se obligaverunt teneri filiarumque subducta persona patrem in id conveniri posse, in quo conveniretur, si filiae non intercessissent, dubium non est. * gord. a. tryphoni.

If not only those of the male sex, but even an emancipated daughter, have taken upon themselves the paternal obligation, although daughters are exempted from virile obligations by the exception which descends from the senatus consultum Velleianum, nonetheless the sons are held to that in which they obligated themselves; and, with the persona of the daughters withdrawn, the father can be sued for that in which he would be sued if the daughters had not interceded—there is no doubt. * gordian augustus to tryphon.

* <a 238 pp. non. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, the day before the Nones of October, Pius and Pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.8.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.29.8.1: Emperor Gordian

Pignora tamen patris, etsi in posteriorem obligationem accepta sunt, sine dubio tenentur: sed et si in priore fuerunt, quatenus ad patrem per restitutoriam actionem redit, hactenus tenebuntur. <a 238 pp. non. oct.

Pledges, however, of the father, even if they have been accepted for a later obligation, are without doubt held; but also if they were for the earlier one, they will be held only insofar as it returns to the father through a restitutory action. <a 238 pp. non. oct.

pio et pontiano conss.>

in the consulship of pio and pontianus.>

CJ.4.29.9: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.29.9: Emperor Gordian

Quamvis pro alio solvere possit mulier, tamen si praecedente obligatione, quam senatus consultum de intercessionibus efficacem esse non sinit, solutionem fecerit eius senatus consulti beneficio munitam se ignorans, locum habet repetitio. * gord. a. proculo.

Although a woman can pay on behalf of another, nevertheless, if—there being a preceding obligation, which the senatus‑consult on intercessions does not allow to be effective—she has made the payment, being ignorant that she is fortified by the benefit of that senatus‑consult, recovery (repetition) has its place. * gordian the augustus to proculus.

* <a 239 pp. non. iul. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, the day before the Nones of July, Gordianus the Augustus and Aviola, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.10: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.29.10: Emperor Philip

Si adversarius tuus non cum marito tuo, sed tecum negotium gessit, reliqua conductionis, quae dicis esse contracta, obtentu eiusmodi obligationum non potes recusare. enimvero si, cum eosdem fundos non tibi, sed marito tuo locaret, personam tuam ut idoneam secutus est, beneficio amplissimi ordinis, quod est factum de intercessionibus feminarum, te tueri potes. * philipp.

If your adversary conducted business not with your husband, but with you, you cannot refuse, under the pretext of obligations of this sort, the remaining portions of the lease, which you say were contracted. But indeed, if, when he was leasing those same estates not to you but to your husband, he relied upon your person as suitable, you can protect yourself by the benefit of the Most August Order, which has been enacted concerning the intercessions of women. * Philip.

a. et philipp. c. tryphaenae. * <a 244 pp. xviii k. sept.

a. and Philip to Tryphaena. * <in the year 244, pp., on the 18th day before the Kalends of September.

peregrino et aemiliano conss.>

in the consulship of Peregrinus and Aemilianus.>

CJ.4.29.11: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.29.11: Emperor Philip

Etiam constante matrimonio ius hypothecarum seu pignorum marito remitti posse exploarati iuris est. * philipp. a. theodorae.

Even with the marriage continuing, it is of ascertained law that the right of hypothecs or pledges can be remitted to the husband. * Philip Aug. to Theodora.

* <a 244 pp. viii k. oct. peregrino et aemiliano conss.>

* <in the year 244, on the 8th day before the Kalends of October, Peregrinus and Aemilianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.12: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.29.12: The Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Si dotare filiam volens genero res tuas obligasti, pertinere ad te beneficium senatus consulti falso putas: hanc enim causam ab eo beneficio esse removendam prudentes viri putaverunt. * valer. et gallien.

If, wishing to dower your daughter, you obligated your property to your son-in-law, you wrongly suppose that the benefit of the senatorial decree pertains to you: for prudent men thought that this case ought to be excluded from that benefit. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. sepiducae. * <a 258 pp. viiii k. mart. tusco et basso conss.>

the emperors to Sepiduca. * <a in 258, posted on the 9th day before the Kalends of March (February 21), under tuscus and bassus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.13: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si fenebris pecunia iuxta fidem veri a creditore tibi data est, sive tota quantitas fenoris sive pars eius in usum mariti processisse proponatur, decreto patrum non adiuvaris, licet creditor causam contractus non ignoraverit. * diocl. et maxim.

If interest-bearing money, in accordance with the faith of the truth, was given to you by the creditor, whether the whole amount of the interest or a part of it is alleged to have gone into the husband’s use, you are not aided by the decree of the fathers, although the creditor was not unaware of the cause of the contract. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. condianae. * <a 290 d. iii k. sept. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the emperors to condiana. * <in the year 290, on the 3rd day before the kalends of september, when the same augusti were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time>

CJ.4.29.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.14: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Mulierem contra senatus consulti velleiani auctoritatem non posse intercedere eademque exceptione fideiussorem eius uti posse iuris auctoritas probat. unde si mater tua marito quondam suo heres non extitit, satis idoneae exceptionis remedio tuta est. * diocl.

A woman cannot intercede contrary to the authority of the Velleian senatorial decree, and the authority of the law proves that her surety may use the same exception. Hence, if your mother did not become heir to her former husband, she is protected by the remedy of a sufficiently apt exception. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. basilissae. * <a 294 pp. viii k. april.

and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Basilissa. * <a in the year 294, on the 8th day before the Kalends of April.

byzantii cc. conss.>

at Byzantium, the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.29.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.15: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si uxor pro marito contra senatus consultum intercessura te rogavit mandatorio nomine pro ea tuam fidem adstringere, initio contractus per exceptionis auxilium obligationi tuae cohaesit securitas, qua conventus defendi potes. * diocl. et maxim.

If a wife, about to intercede for her husband contrary to the senatorial decree, asked you, under the name of a mandatary, to bind your credit for her, at the beginning of the contract there adhered to your obligation, by the aid of an exception, a security by which, when sued, you can be defended. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. agrippino. * <a 294 pp. xviii k. iun. sirmi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Agrippinus. * <in the year 294, on the 18th day before the Kalends of June, at Sirmium, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.29.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.16: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si mulier alienam suscepit obligationem, cum ei per exceptionem velleiani senatus consulti succurratur, creditori contra priores debitores rescissoria actio datur. * diocl. et maxim.

If a woman has assumed another’s obligation, since she is aided by the exception of the Velleian senatus consultum, a rescissory action is given to the creditor against the prior debtors. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. rufino. * <a 294 pp. xvii k. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to rufinus. * <in the year 294, on the 17th day before the Kalends of February, at Sirmium, under the consulship of the Caesars.>

CJ.4.29.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.17: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si, cum pater vester a callistrato mutuam sumpsisset pecuniam, velut hanc eius uxor accepisset, instrumentum conscriptum est, nec ad exceptionis tractatum ex senatus consulto veniente pervenire necesse est, cum eam veritatis substantia, constituta potior quam simulata gesta, tueatur. * diocl. et maxim.

If, when your father had taken money on mutuum from Callistratus, an instrument was drawn up as though his wife had received it, it is not necessary to come to the treatment of the exceptio arising from the senatus consultum, since the substance of truth—established as weightier than simulated acts—protects it. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. alexandro. * <a 294 iii id. mart. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to alexander. * <at antioch, 294, the third day before the ides of march, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.29.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.18: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Feminis alienas novas vel veteres obligationes aliqua ratione suscipientibus subvenitur, nisi creditor aliqua ratione per mulierem deceptus sit: nam tunc replicatione doli senatus consulti exceptionem removeri constitutum est. * diocl. et maxim.

Relief is afforded to women who in some manner undertake others’ obligations, whether new or old, unless the creditor has in some way been deceived through the woman; for then it has been established that, by a replication of fraud, the exception of the senatus consultum is removed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. zotico. * <a 294 s. vi id. nov. antiochiae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Zoticus. * <in 294, on the 6th day before the Ides of November, at Antioch, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.29.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.19: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum ad eas etiam obligationes, quae ex mulieris persona calliditate creditoris sumpserunt primordium, decretum patrum, quod de intercessione feminarum factum est, pertinere edicto perpetuo declaratur, si tamen creditor, qui contrahere cum alio proposuerat, mulieris personam elegit, exceptione contra petitores secundum ea quae adseveras defendi potes. * diocl. et maxim.

Since it is declared by the perpetual edict that the decree of the Fathers, which was made concerning the intercession of women, pertains also to those obligations which took their origin from a woman’s persona by the creditor’s cunning, if, however, the creditor, who had proposed to contract with another, chose the woman’s person, you can be defended by an exception against the claimants in accordance with the things which you aver. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. faustinae. * <a 294 d. xviii k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to faustina. * <a 294 on the 18th day before the Kalends of January, at Nicomedia, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.29.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.29.20: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Heredes quoque mulieris adversus creditores eadem exceptione, quae ex senatus consulto introducta est, uti posse non dubium est. * diocl. et maxim.

The woman’s heirs also can make use, against creditors, of the same exception which was introduced by the senatus consultum; it is not in doubt. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. theodotiano. * <a 294 d. viiii k. ian. ipsis cc. conss.>

the emperors and the caesars to Theodotianus. * <a in the year 294, on the 9th day before the Kalends of January (December 24), with the same Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.29.21: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.4.29.21: Emperor Anastasius

Iubemus licere mulieribus et pro uno contractu vel certis contractibus, seu pro una vel certis personis seu rebus iuri hypothecarum sibi competenti per consensum proprium renuntiare, quodque ita gestum sit, hac auctoritate nostra firmum illibatumque custodiri: ita tamen, ut, si generaliter tali renuntiatione pro uno ut dictum est contractu seu certis contractibus vel ad unam vel certas res seu personas consensum proprium accommodantes usae sunt vel fuerint, eadem renuntiatio ad illos contractus et illas res seu personas quibus consensum proprium accommodaverunt vel accommodaverint coartetur, nec aliis quibusdam contractibus, quibus minime mulieres consenserunt vel consenserint, praetendentibus eam opponendi licentia praebeatur: his scilicet omnibus, quae in praesenti per hanc consultissimam legem statuimus, ad praeteritos nihilo minus contractus pro negotiis et controversiis necdum transactionibus vel definitivis sententiis seu alio legitimo modo sopitis locum habituris. * anastas. a. celeri mag.

We order that it be permitted to women also, for one contract or for certain contracts, or for one or certain persons or things, to renounce, by their own consent, the right of hypothecs competent to them, and that what has been thus transacted be kept firm and inviolate by this our authority: provided, however, that, if in general by such renunciation for one, as said, contract or certain contracts, or, applying their own consent to one or certain things or persons, they have used it or shall have used it, the same renunciation be constrained to those contracts and to those things or persons to which they have applied or shall have applied their own consent, and that no license be afforded to those alleging it to oppose it to certain other contracts to which the women have in no way consented or shall have consented: all these things, namely, which we now establish by this most well‑advised law, shall nonetheless have place also for past contracts, for business and controversies not yet quieted by transactions or definitive sentences or by another legitimate mode. * Anastasius Augustus to Celer, magister.

off. * <a 517 d. k. april. anastasio et agapito conss.>

office. * <in the year 517, on the Kalends of April, Anastasius and Agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.22pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.22pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si mulier perfectae aetatis post intercessionem vel cautionem conscripserit vel pignus aut intercessorem praestiterit, sancimus, antiqua legum varietate cessante, si quidem intra biennale iuge tempus post priorem cautionem numerandum pro eadem causa fecerit cautionem vel pignus aut intercessorem dederit, nihil sibi praeiudicare, quod adhuc ex consequentia suae fragilitatis in secundam iacturam inciderit. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xv k. april.

If a woman of full age, after an intercession or a suretyship, shall have drawn up a bond or furnished a pledge or an intercessor, we enact—with the ancient variety of laws ceasing—that if indeed, within a biennial continuous period, to be counted from the prior suretyship, for the same cause she has made a suretyship or has given a pledge or an intercessor, nothing shall prejudice her, in that she has still, as a consequence of her fragility, fallen into a second loss. * justinian augustus to julian, praetorian prefect. * <a 530 d. 15 kalends of april.

lampadio et oreste conss.>

Lampadius and Orestes, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.22.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.22.1: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem post biennium haec fecerit, sibi imputet, si, quod saepius cogitare poterat et evitare, non fecit, sed ultro firmavit: videtur etenim ex huiusmodi temporis prolixitate non pro aliena obligatione se illigare, sed pro sua causa aliquid agere et tam ex secunda cautione sese obnoxiam facere, in quantum hoc fecit, quam pignus aut intercessorem utiliter dare. <a 530 d. xv k. april. lampadio et oreste conss.>

But if, however, after two years he has done these things, let him impute it to himself, if he did not do what he could more than once consider and avoid, but instead voluntarily confirmed it: for from such prolixity of time he appears not to bind himself for another’s obligation, but to do something for his own cause, and by a second cautio (security) to make himself liable, insofar as he did this, as profitably as to give a pledge or an intercessor. <a 530 d. 15 k. april. lampadio et oreste conss.>

CJ.4.29.23pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23pr.: Emperor Justinian

Antiquae iurisdictionis retia et difficillimos nodos resolventes et supervacuas distinctiones exsulare cupientes sancimus mulierem, si intercesserit, sive ab initio sive postea aliquid accipiens, ut sese interponat, omnimodo teneri et non posse senatus consulti velleiani uti auxilio, sive sine scriptis sive per scripturam sese interposuerit. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 >

Unraveling the nets and the most difficult knots of ancient jurisdiction and desiring superfluous distinctions to be banished, we sanction that a woman, if she has interceded, whether from the beginning or later, receiving something so that she may interpose herself, is in every way bound and cannot use the aid of the Velleian senatus consultum, whether she has interposed herself without writings or by a writing. * Justinian Augustus to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.23.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed si quidem in ipso instrumento intercessionis dixerit sese aliquid accepisse et sic ad intercessionem venisse et hoc instrumentum publice confectum inveniatur et a tribus testibus consignatum, omnimodo esse credendum eam pecuniam vel res accepisse et non esse ei ad senatus consulti velleiani auxilium regressum. <a 530 >

But if indeed, in the very instrument of intercession, she shall have said that she has received something and thus has come to intercede, and if this instrument is found to have been publicly executed and countersigned by three witnesses, it must in every way be believed that she received that money or goods, and that there is for her no recourse to the aid of the senatus consultum Velleianum. <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.23.1a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23.1a: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem sine scriptis intercesserit vel instrumento non sic confecto, tunc, si possit stipulator ostendere eam accepisse pecunias vel res et sic subisse obligationem, repelli eam a senatus consulti iuvamine. <a 530 >

But if, however, she has interceded without writings or with an instrument not thus executed, then, if the stipulator can show that she received sums of money or property and thus assumed the obligation, she is to be repelled from the aid of the senatus consultum. <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.23.1b: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23.1b: Emperor Justinian

Sin vero hoc minime fuerit ab eo approbatum, tunc mulieri superesse auxilium et antiquam actionem adversus eum servari, pro quo mulier intercessit, vel ei actionem parari. <a 530 >

But if this has in no way been approved by him, then there remains to the woman an aid, and the ancient action is preserved against him on whose behalf the woman interceded, or an action is to be prepared for her. <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.23.1c: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23.1c: Emperor Justinian

Sed si minus idoneae mulieri constitutae aliquis pecunias vel res dedit, ut pro eo se obligaret, mulieri quidem, quae re vera haec accepit, nullus pateat aditus ad senatus consulti auctoritatem, creditori autem liceat adversus eam venire et quod potest ab ea exigere et in reliquum debitorem antiquum adgredi, vel in partem, si aliquid a muliere possit accipere, vel in totum, si ea penitus inopia fatigatur. <a 530 >

But if someone has given monies or things to a woman constituted as less suitable, so that she might obligate herself on his behalf, then for the woman who in fact received these, no access is open to the authority of the senatus consultum; but the creditor is permitted to proceed against her and to exact from her what he can, and for the remainder to proceed against the original debtor—either for a part, if he can receive something from the woman, or for the whole, if she is utterly wearied by indigence. <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.23.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23.2: Emperor Justinian

Ne autem mulieres perperam sese pro aliis interponant, sancimus non aliter eas in tali contractu posse se pro aliis obligare, nisi instrumento publice confecto et a tribus testibus subsignato accipiant homines a muliere pro aliis confessionem: tunc etenim tantummodo eas obligari et sic omnia tractari, quae de intercessionibus feminarum vel veteribus legibus cauta vel ab imperiali auctoritate introducta sunt. <a 530 >

Lest, however, women improperly interpose themselves for others, we decree that they are not otherwise able in such a contract to obligate themselves for others, unless, by an instrument publicly executed and countersigned by three witnesses, persons receive from the woman, on behalf of others, a confession: for then, and then only, are they bound, and thus everything is to be handled which, concerning the intercessions of women, has either been provided by the ancient laws or introduced by imperial authority. <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.23.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.23.3: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem extra eandem observationem mulieres susceperint intercedentes, pro nihilo habeatur huiusmodi scriptura vel sine scriptis obligatio tamquam nec confecta nec penitus scripta, nec senatus consulti auxilium imploretur, sed sit libera et absoluta, quasi penitus nullo in eadem causa subsecuto. <a 530 >

If however outside the same observance women shall have undertaken as interceding parties, let such a writing or an obligation without writings be held as nothing, as though neither executed nor at all written, nor let the aid of the senatus consultum be invoked, but let her be free and absolved, as though nothing at all had followed in the same cause. <a 530 >

CJ.4.29.24pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.24pr.: Emperor Justinian

Veterum ambiguitatem decidentes sancimus, si quis, ut servo suo manumissionem imponat, mulierem acceperit obnoxiam sese pro certa quantitate facientem, si in libertatem servum perduxerit, sive principaliter mulier sese obligavit sive pro servo hoc fecit, teneri eam, recte omnimodo senatus consultum velleianum in hoc casu tacere imperantes. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. k. aug.

Cutting off the ambiguity of the ancients, we sanction that, if anyone, in order to impose manumission upon his slave, shall have accepted a woman making herself liable for a fixed amount, if he shall have brought the slave into freedom, whether the woman bound herself as principal or did this on behalf of the slave, she is to be held liable, we rightly in every way ordering the Velleian senatus consultum to be silent in this case. * Justinian Augustus to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 530 on the tenth day before the Kalends of August.

lampadio et oreste conss.>

Lampadius and Orestes, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.24.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.24.1: Emperor Justinian

Satis etenim acerbum est et pietatis rationi contrarium dominum servi, qui credidit mulieri sive soli sive post servi promissionem, et libertatem servo imponere et suum famulum perdere et ea minime accipere, quibus fretus ad huiusmodi venit liberalitatem. <a 530 d. k. aug. lampadio et oreste conss.>

For indeed it is quite bitter and contrary to the rationale of pietas that the master of a slave, who trusted the woman either alone or after the slave’s promise, should both impose liberty upon the slave and lose his own servant and by no means receive those things, relying on which he came to liberality of this sort. <a 530 on the Kalends of August, Lampadius and Orestes, consuls.>

CJ.4.29.25pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.25pr.: Emperor Justinian

Generaliter sancimus, ut, si quis maior viginti quinque annis sive masculus sive femina dotem vel pollicitus sit vel spoponderit pro qualibet muliere, cum qua matrimonium licitum est, omnimodo compellatur suam confessionem adimplere. * iust. a. ad pop.

Generally we decree that, if anyone over twenty-five years of age, whether male or female, has either promised a dowry or has pledged one for any woman with whom marriage is licit, he or she shall in every way be compelled to fulfill his or her own promise. * iust. a. ad pop.

urb. constantinopolit. et universos provinciales.

the city of Constantinople and all provincials.

* <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis.>

* <in the year 531, on the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes.>

CJ.4.29.25.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.25.1: Emperor Justinian

Neque enim ferendum est quasi casu fortuito interveniente mulierem fieri indotatam et sic a viro forsitan repelli et distrahi matrimonium. cum enim scimus favore dotium et antiquos iuris conditores severitatem legis saepius mollire, merito et nos ad huiusmodi venimus sanctionem. <a 531 d. k. nov.

Nor indeed is it to be borne that, as if with a fortuitous chance intervening, a woman become without dowry and thus perhaps be repelled by her husband and the matrimony be drawn apart. For since we know that, out of favor for dowries, the ancient founders of the law very often mollified the severity of the law, deservedly we too have come to a sanction of this kind. <in the year 531, on the day of the Kalends of November.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis.>

at constantinople after the consulship of lampadius and orestes.>

CJ.4.29.25.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.29.25.2: Emperor Justinian

Nam si spontanea voluntate ab initio liberalitatem suam ostendit, necesse est eum vel eam suis promissionibus satisfacere, ut, quod ab initio sponte scriptum aut in pollicitationem deductum est, hoc et ab invitis postea compleatur, omni auctoritate velleiani senatus consulti in hac causa cessante. <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis.>

For if from the beginning he or she has displayed his or her liberality by spontaneous will, it is necessary that he or she satisfy his or her promises, so that what from the beginning was of one’s own accord written down or brought into a pollicitation (formal promise), this also thereafter be completed even by the unwilling, with all authority of the Velleian senatus consultum in this case ceasing. <a 531, on the Kalends of November, at constantinopoli, after the consulship of lampadii and orestis.>

CJ.4.30.0. De non numerata pecunia.

CJ.4.30.0. On money not counted.

CJ.4.30.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.30.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Si pecuniam tibi non esse numeratam atque ideo frustra cautionem emissam adseris et pignus datum probaturus es, in rem experiri potes: nam intentio dati pignoris neque numeratae pecuniae non aliter tenebit, quam si de fide debiti constiterit. eademque ratione veritas servetur, si te possidente pignus adversarius tuus agere coeperit. * sev.

Si you assert that money was not counted out to you and that therefore the bond was issued in vain, and you are going to prove that a pledge was given, you can proceed by an action in rem: for the intentio for a given pledge, as well as for money not counted out, will hold in no other way than if the good faith of the debt has been established. And by the same reasoning let the truth be preserved, if, while you are the possessor, your adversary begins to sue about the pledge. * sev.

et ant. aa. hilaro. * <a 197 pp. k. sept.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Hilarus. * <in the year 197 the day before the Kalends of September.

laterano et rufino conss.>

in the consulship of lateranus and rufinus.>

CJ.4.30.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.30.2: Emperor Antoninus

Minorem pecuniam te accepisse et maioris cautionem interposuisse si apud eum qui super ea re cogniturus est constiterit, nihil ultra quam accepisti cum usuris in stipulatum deductis restituere te iubebit. * ant. a. maturio.

If it is established before the one who is to take cognizance of this matter that you received a lesser sum of money and interposed a cautionary bond for a greater, he will order you to restore nothing beyond what you received, after deducting the interest brought into the stipulation. * Antoninus Augustus to Maturius.

* <a 213 d. id. april. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <in the year 213, on the day of the Ides of April, under the consuls Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus.>

CJ.4.30.3: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.30.3: Emperor Antoninus

Si ex cautione tua, licet hypotheca data, conveniri coeperis, exceptione opposita seu doli seu non numeratae pecuniae compelletur petitor probare pecuniam tibi esse numeratam: quo non impleto absolutio sequetur. * ant. a. demetriae.

If, on your bond, although a hypothec has been given, you begin to be sued, with an exception raised either of dolus (fraud) or of not-counted money, the petitioner will be compelled to prove that the money was counted out to you; if this is not fulfilled, acquittal will follow. * Antoninus Augustus to Demetria.

* <a 215 d. iii k. iul. laeto et cereale conss.>

* <in the year 215, on June 29, Laetus and Cerealis, consuls.>

CJ.4.30.4: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.30.4: Emperor Antoninus

Cum fidem cautionis agnoscens etiam solutionem portionis debiti vel usurarum feceris, intellegis de non numerata pecunia nimium tarde querellam te deferre. * ant. a.Basso.

When, acknowledging the validity of the security, you have even made payment of a portion of the debt or of interest, you understand that you are bringing a complaint about money not counted out far too late. * earlier: by Bassus.

* <>

CJ.4.30.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.30.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Adversus petitiones adversarii si quid iuris habes, uti eo potes. ignorare autem non debes non numeratae pecuniae exceptionem ibi locum habere, ubi quasi credita pecunia petitur, cum autem ex praecedenti causa debiti in chirographum quantitas redigitur, non requiri, an tunc cum cavebatur numerata sit, sed an iusta causa debiti praecesserit. * alex.

Against the petitions of your adversary, if you have any right, you may avail yourself of it. You ought not, however, to be ignorant that the exception of money not counted has its place where money is claimed as if loaned; but when, from a preceding cause of debt, the sum is reduced into a chirograph, it is not required whether at the time when security was being given it was counted, but whether a just cause of the debt preceded. * Alexander.

a. augustiano. * <>

to Augustianus. * <>

CJ.4.30.6: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.30.6: Emperor Alexander Severus

Frustra opinaris exceptione non numeratae pecuniae te esse munitum, quando, ut fateris, in eius vicem qui erat obligatus substitueris te debitorem. * alex. a. iustino.

In vain you suppose that you are fortified by the exception of money not counted, since, as you confess, you have substituted yourself as debtor in the stead of him who was obligated. * alex. a. to iustino.

* <pp.>

CJ.4.30.7: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.30.7: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si quasi accepturi mutuam pecuniam adversario cavistis, quae numerata non est, per condictionem obligationem repetere, etsi actor non petat, vel exceptione non numeratae pecuniae adversus agentem uti potestis. * alex. a. iuliano et ammoniano.

If, as though about to receive money by way of a loan, you furnished security to your adversary, and the money was not counted out, you can recover the obligation by condiction, even if the actor does not bring suit; or you can use the exception of money not counted out against the one suing. * Alexander Augustus to Julianus and Ammonianus.

* <a 223 pp. non. nov. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <at Antioch, 223, on the day before the Nones of November, with Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus as consuls.>

CJ.4.30.8pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.30.8pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si intra legibus definitum tempus qui cautionem euit nulla querimonia usus defunctus est, residuum tempus eius heres habebit tam adversus creditorem quam adversus heredes eius. * alex. a. materno.

If, within the time defined by the laws, he who obtained the security, having made use of no complaint, has died, his heir will have his remaining time both against the creditor and against the creditor’s heirs. * Alexander Augustus to Maternus.

* <a 228 pp. xii k. april. modesto et probo conss.>

* <in the year 228, on the 12th day before the Kalends of April, Modestus and Probus being consuls.>

CJ.4.30.8.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.30.8.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sin autem questus est, exceptio non numeratae pecuniae heredi et adversus heredes perpetuo competit. <a 228 pp. xii k. april. modesto et probo conss.>

But if, however, complaint has been lodged, the exception of uncounted money is available in perpetuity to the heir and against heirs. <in the year 228, on the twelfth day before the Kalends of April, in the consulship of Modestus and Probus.>

CJ.4.30.8.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.30.8.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sin vero legitimum tempus excessit in querimoniam creditore minime deducto, omnimodo heres eius, et si pupillus sit, debitum solvere compelletur. <a 228 pp. xii k. april. modesto et probo conss.>

But if indeed the legitimate time has been exceeded, with no complaint at all having been brought by the creditor, his heir, and even if he be a ward, shall be compelled to pay the debt. <a 228 pp. 12 k. april. modesto et probo conss.>

CJ.4.30.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.30.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum ultra hoc quod accepit re obligari neminem posse constet et stipulatione interposita placita creditor non dederit, in factum dandam exceptionem convenit: si necdum tempus, intra quod huius rei querella deferri debet, transiit vel intra hoc in testando iuri paritum sit, nihil ultra hoc quod accepisti sortis a te nomine praeses provinciae exigi patietur. * diocl. et maxim.

Since it is established that no one can be bound in rem beyond that which he has received, and, a stipulation having been interposed, the creditor has not furnished the agreed terms, it is agreed that an exceptio in factum must be granted: if the time within which the complaint of this matter ought to be brought has not yet passed, or within this period the law has been complied with in making proof, the governor of the province will allow nothing to be exacted from you under the head of principal beyond that which you have received. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. zoilo. * <a 293? d. iii id. dec.

the augusti and caesars to zoilus. * <year 293? day 3 before the ides of december

ipsis.... conss.>

the very .... consuls>

CJ.4.30.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.30.10: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Adseveratio debitum solutum contendentis temporis diuturnitatis non excluditur. nec huic obloquitur, quod exceptio non numeratae pecuniae certa die non delata querella prius evanescat, cum inter eum, qui factum adseverans onus subiit probationis, et negantem numerationem, cuius naturali ratione probatio nulla est, et ob hoc ad petitorem eius rei necessitatem transferentem magna sit differentia. * diocl.

The asseveration of one contending that the debt has been paid is not excluded by the long duration of time. Nor does it gainsay this that the exceptio non numeratae pecuniae would lapse earlier, if the complaint is not brought by a fixed day, since there is a great difference between the one who, asserting the fact, has undertaken the burden of proof, and the one denying the numeration, for which by its natural character there is no proof, and on this account transfers the necessity of that matter to the petitioner. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. mucazano. * <>

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to mucazanus. * <>

CJ.4.30.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.30.11: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si transactionis causa dare palladio pecuniam stipulanti spopondisti, exceptione non numeratae pecuniae defendi non potes. * diocl. et maxim.

If for the sake of a settlement you promised to give money to Palladius, who was stipulating, you cannot be defended by the exception of money not counted out. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. eutychiano. * <d. iiii id. april.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Eutychianus. * <given on the 4th day before the Ides of April.>

CJ.4.30.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.30.12: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Tam mandatori quam fideiussori non numeratae pecuniae exceptio exemplo rei principalis competit. * diocl. et maxim.

Both to the mandator and to the fideiussor the exception of money not paid is available, on the model of the principal debtor. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. severiano. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to severianus. * <>

CJ.4.30.13: Imperator Justinus

CJ.4.30.13: Emperor Justin

Generaliter sancimus, ut, si quid scriptis cautum fuerit pro quibuscumque pecuniis ex antecedente causa descendentibus eamque causam specialiter promissor edixerit, non iam ei licentia sit causae probationes stipulatorem exigere, cum suis adquiescere deceat, nisi certe ipse e contrario per apertissima rerum argumenta scriptis inserta religionem iudicis possit instruere, quod in alium quemquam modum et non in eum quem cautio perhibet negotium subsecutum sit. nimis enim indignum esse iudicamus, ut, quod sua quisque voce dilucide protestatus est, id in eundem casum infirmare testimonioque proprio resistere. * iustinus a. theodoto pu. * <>

Generally we sanction that, if anything has been provided in writings for whatever monies descending from an antecedent cause and the promissor has specially declared that cause, it shall no longer be permitted to him to demand from the stipulator proofs of the cause, since it is fitting that he acquiesce in his own statements, unless indeed he himself, on the contrary, by the most evident arguments of the facts inserted in the writings can inform the conscience of the judge that the transaction followed in some other mode and not in that which the bond attests. for we judge it exceedingly unworthy that what each person has clearly protested with his own voice he should in the same case undermine and resist by his own testimony. * justin the emperor to theodotus, prefect of the city. * <>

CJ.4.30.14pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14pr.: Emperor Justinian

In contractibus, in quibus pecuniae vel aliae res numeratae vel datae esse conscribuntur, non intra quinquennium, quod antea constitutum erat, non numeratae pecuniae exceptionem obicere possit, qui accepisse pecunias vel alias res scriptus sit, vel successor eius, sed intra solum biennium continuum, ut eo lapso nullo modo querella non numeratae pecuniae introduci possit: his scilicet, qui propter aliquas causas specialiter legibus expressas etiam lapso quinquennio in praeteritis temporibus adiuvabantur, etiam in posterum, licet biennium pro quinquennio statutum est, eodem auxilio potituris. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. k. iul.

In contracts in which monies or other things are recorded as having been counted out or delivered, the person who is written as having received the monies or other things, or his successor, cannot raise the exception of money not counted within the five-year period which had previously been established, but only within a single continuous two-year period, so that, once that has elapsed, a complaint of money not counted can in no way be introduced: those, namely, who, on account of certain causes specially expressed by the laws, were aided even after five years in past times, shall also hereafter, although a biennium has been set in place of a quinquennium, enjoy the same assistance. * Justinian Augustus to Mena, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 528 d. k. iul.

constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

at Constantinople, when the same Augustus was consul for the 2nd time>

CJ.4.30.14.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed quoniam securitatibus et instrumentis depositarum rerum vel pecuniarum talem exceptionem opponere litigatores conantur, iustum esse prospicimus huiusmodi potestatem in certis quidem casibus prorsus amputare, in aliis vero brevi tempore concludere. ideoque sancimus instrumento quidem depositionis certarum rerum vel certae pecuniae securitatibusque publicarum functionum, sive in solidum sive ex parte solutae esse conscribantur, illis etiam securitatibus, quae post confectionem dotalium instrumentorum de soluta dote ex parte vel in solidum exponuntur, nullam exceptionem non numeratae pecuniae penitus opponi. <a 528 d. k. iul.

But since litigants try to oppose such an exception to securities and to instruments of deposited things or monies, we perceive it to be just to cut off entirely such a power in certain cases, but in others to confine it within a brief time. And therefore we sanction that, in an instrument of the deposit of certain things or of a certain sum of money, and in the securities of public functions (exactions), whether they are drawn up as having been paid in full or in part, and also in those securities which, after the confection of dotal instruments, are set forth concerning a dowry paid in part or in full, no exception of not-counted money may be opposed at all. <year 528, on the Kalends of July.

constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

at Constantinople, the same Augustus, consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.4.30.14.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14.2: Emperor Justinian

Super ceteris vero securitatibus, quae super privatis debitis a creditore conscribuntur partem debiti sortis vel usurarum nomine solutam esse significantes, vel adhuc feneraticia cautione apud creditorem manente, solidi tamen debiti solutionem factam esse demonstrantes, vel etiam futuram esse redhibitionem instrumenti feneraticii promittentes, vel si qua alterius cuiuscumque contractus gratia, in qua numeratio pecuniarum vel datio certarum specierum scripta est, securitas similiter data sit depensas esse pecunias vel alias res vel partem earum significans, intra triginta tantummodo dies post huiusmodi securitatis eitionem connumerandos exceptionem non numeratae pecuniae posse obici, ut, si hi transac ti fuerint, eadem securitas ab iudicantibus omnibus modis admittatur, nec liceat ei qui securitatem euit post excessum memoratorum dierum non esse sibi solutas vel pecunias vel alias res dicere. <a 528 d. k. iul. constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

Concerning the other securities, which are drawn up by the creditor over private debts, signifying that part of the debt—of the principal or under the name of usury—has been paid, or, although the usury-pledge (feneratician caution) still remains with the creditor, nevertheless showing that payment of the whole debt has been made, or also promising that there will be a future return of the loan instrument (feneratician instrument), or if, for the sake of any other contract whatsoever, in which the numeration of monies or the giving of certain kinds is written, a security has likewise been given signifying that the monies or other things, or a part of them, have been expended, only within thirty days to be counted after the issuance of such a security can the exception of uncounted money be raised; so that, if these have elapsed, the same security shall in every way be admitted by the judges, nor shall it be permitted to the one who issued the security, after the passing of the aforesaid days, to say that either the monies or the other things were not paid to him. <a 528 on July 1, at Constantinople, in the same year, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.30.14.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14.3: Emperor Justinian

Illo videlicet observando, ut, in quibus permittitur exceptionem non numeratae pecuniae opponere vel ab initio vel post taxatum tempus elapsum, in his nec iusiurandum offerri liceat. <a 528 d. k. iul. constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

With this to be observed, namely: that in those cases in which it is permitted to oppose the exception of uncounted money either from the beginning or after the fixed time has elapsed, in these it is not permitted to offer an oath. <a 528, on the Kalends of July, at Constantinople, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.30.14.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14.4: Emperor Justinian

In omni vero tempore, quod memoratae exceptioni taxatum est, licebit ei, cui talis exceptio competit, vel denuntiationibus scripto missis querellam non numeratae pecuniae manifestare ei, qui numerasse eam vel alias res dedisse instrumento scriptus est, vel, si abesse eum his locis in quibus contractus factus est contigerit, in hac quidem alma urbe apud quemlibet ordinarium iudicem, in provinciis vero apud viros clarissimos rectores earum vel defensores locorum eandem querellam manifestare eoque modo perpetuam sibi exceptionem efficere. <a 528 d. k. iul. constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

In any time, indeed, that has been fixed for the aforesaid exception, it shall be permitted to him to whom such an exception is competent either, by denunciations sent in writing, to manifest the complaint of not-counted money to him who is recorded in the instrument as having counted it or given other things, or, if it should happen that he is absent from the places in which the contract was made, then in this venerable city before any ordinary judge, and in the provinces before the Most Illustrious governors thereof or the defenders of the localities, to manifest the same complaint and by that method to make the exception perpetual for himself. <at Constantinople on the Kalends of July, year 528, in his 2nd consulate.>

CJ.4.30.14.5: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14.5: Emperor Justinian

Sed si praesens quidem sit, qui pecunias numerasse vel alias res dedisse scriptus est, aliquam vero administrationem vel in hac alma urbe vel in provinciis gerat, ut difficile esse videatur denuntiationem ei mittere, licentiam damus ei, qui memorata exceptione uti velit, alios iudices adire vel in hac alma urbe vel in provinciis et per eos ei manifestare, cui exceptionem huiusmodi obicit, factam a se super non numerata pecunia querellam esse. <a 528 d. k. iul. constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

But if he is indeed present, who is written as having counted out monies or given other things, yet he holds some administration either in this kindly city or in the provinces, so that it seems difficult to send a denuntiation to him, we grant license to him who wishes to use the aforesaid exception to approach other judges either in this kindly city or in the provinces and through them to make manifest to him, against whom he objects an exception of this kind, that a complaint has been made by himself concerning not-counted money. <a 528 d. k. iul. constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

CJ.4.30.14.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.14.6: Emperor Justinian

Quod si in provinciis vel non sit alius administrator civilis vel militaris, vel per aliquam causam difficile sit ei qui memoratam querellam opponit adire eum et ea quae dicta sunt facere, licentiam ei damus per virum reverentissimum episcopum eandem suam exceptionem creditori manifestare et ita tempus statutum interrumpere. quae etiam in exceptione non numeratae dotis locum habere certum est. <a 528 d. k. iul.

But if in the provinces either there is no other civil or military administrator, or for some cause it is difficult for him who puts forward the aforesaid complaint to approach him and to do the things that have been said, we grant him license, through the most reverend man, the bishop, to make manifest to the creditor that same exception of his and thus to interrupt the statutory time. Which things also are certain to have place in the exception of dowry not counted. <a 528 d. k. iul.

constantinopoli ipso a. ii cons.>

at Constantinople, he himself in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.30.15: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.15: Emperor Justinian

Si cui non numeratae pecuniae competere possit exceptio, etiam eo supersedente tali auxilio uti, vel praesente vel absente, creditores eius possint ( sive ipsi conveniantur utpote res eius detinentes, ab his qui debita eius exigunt, cui competit huiusmodi exceptio vel dotis vel alterius causae nomine, sive contra alios possidentes aliquam actionem ipsi moveant) possint in examinando negotio suis adversariis eandem non numeratae pecuniae exceptionem opponere nec eo prohibeantur, quod principalis debitor ea numquam usus est: ita tamen, ut neque principali debitori neque fideiussori eius aliquid praeiudicium generetur, si is qui eam exceptionem opposuit victus fuit, sed possint illi postea, si conveniantur, intra statuta scilicet tempora eadem se exceptione tueri. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 - 529 >

If to someone the exception of money not counted out might be competent, even with him refraining from it, his creditors may use such an aid, whether he be present or absent (whether they themselves are sued, as holding his property, by those who exact his debts—on whose behalf such an exception is competent under the name either of a dowry or of some other cause—or whether they themselves bring some action against others in possession), and in the examination of the case they may oppose to their adversaries that same exception of money not counted out, nor are they hindered by the fact that the principal debtor never used it: provided, however, that neither to the principal debtor nor to his surety any prejudice is generated, if he who opposed that exception was defeated; but they may afterwards, if they are sued, within the periods, namely, prescribed, protect themselves by the same exception. * Justinian Augustus to Mena, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 528 - 529 >

CJ.4.30.16: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.30.16: Emperor Justinian

Indubitati iuris est non numeratae pecuniae exceptionem locum habere et in talibus nominibus vel feneraticiis vel aliis cautionibus, quae etiam sacramenti habent mentionem. quae enim differentia est in huiusmodi exceptione, sive iusiurandum positum est sive non, tam in feneraticiis cautionibus quam in aliis instrumentis, quae talem exceptionem recipiunt? * iust.

It is of indubitable law that the exception of money not counted has a place, and that it applies in such nomina, whether feneratic or in other cautions, which even make mention of an oath. For what difference is there, in this kind of exception, whether an oath has been set down or not, both in feneratic cautions and in other instruments which receive such an exception? * iust.

a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 - 532 >

a. to Pope John. * <a 531 - 532 >

CJ.4.31.0. De compensationibus.

CJ.4.31.0. On compensations.

CJ.4.31.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.31.1: Emperor Antoninus

Et senatus censuit et saepe rescriptum est compensationi in causa fiscali ita demum locum esse, si eadem statio quid debeat quae petit. hoc iuris propter confusionem diversorum officiorum tenaciter servandum est. si quid autem tibi ex ea statione cuius mentionem fecisti deberi constiterit, quam primum recipies.

And both the senate has decreed and it has often been set forth by rescript that compensation (set‑off) in a fiscal case has a place only if the same station (office) which makes the claim is the one that owes something. This point of law is to be tenaciously observed on account of the confusion of diverse offices. But if it is established that something is owed to you from that station of which you have made mention, you will receive it as soon as possible.

* ant. a. dianensi. * <>

* antoninus augustus to the dianensian. * <>

CJ.4.31.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.31.2: Emperor Antoninus

Ex causa quidem iudicati solutum repeti non potest, eapropter nec compensatio eius admitti potest. eum vero, qui iudicati convenitur, compensationem pecuniae sibi debitae implorare posse nemini dubium est. * ant.

Indeed, what has been paid by reason of a judgment cannot be recovered; for that reason neither can compensation of it be admitted. But as for him who is sued on a judgment, no one doubts that he can implore compensation of money owed to him. * Antoninus

a. claudio et asclepiadi. * <>

to Aulus Claudius and Asclepiades. * <>

CJ.4.31.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.31.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

In ea, quae rei publicae te debere fateris, compensari ea, quae ab eadem tibi debentur, is cuius de ea re notio est iubebit, si neque ex kalendario neque ex vectigalibus neque ex frumenti vel olei publici pecunia neque tributorum neque alimentorum neque eius, quae statutis sumptibus servit, neque fideicommissi civitatis debitor sis. * alex. a. aetrio capitoni.

In those matters which you admit you owe to the Republic, the one who has cognizance of that matter will order to be set off those things which are owed to you by that same Republic, provided that you are neither a debtor from the kalendary, nor from the vectigals, nor of the money of public grain or oil, nor of tributes, nor of alimenta, nor of that which serves statutory expenses, nor of the city’s fideicommissum. * Alexander Augustus to Aetrius Capito.

* <a 223 pp. k. oct. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <a 223 on the day before the Kalends of October, Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.31.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.31.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si constat pecuniam invicem deberi, ipso iure pro soluto compensationem haberi oportet ex eo tempore, ex quo ab utraque parte debetur, utique quoad concurrent quantitates, eiusque solius, quod amplius apud alterum est, usurae debentur, si modo petitio earum subsistit. * alex. a. flavio et luciano.

If it is established that money is owed mutually, by the law itself set-off ought to be held as payment from the time from which it is owed by both sides, certainly insofar as the quantities concur; and interest is owed only on that which is in excess with the other party, provided that a claim for them subsists. * alex. a. to flavius and lucianus.

* <a 229 d. xvii k. oct. alexandro a. iii et dione conss.>

* <in the year 229, on the 17th day before the Kalends of October, Alexander the Augustus for the 3rd time and Dion, consuls.>

CJ.4.31.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.31.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Etiam si fideicommissum tibi ex eius bonis deberi constat, cui debuisse te minorem quantitatem dicis, aequitas compensationis usurarum excludit computationem, petitio autem eius, quod amplius tibi deberi probaveris, sola relinquitur. * alex. a. honoratae.

Even if it is established that a fideicommiss is owed to you from his goods—the one to whom you say you owed a smaller quantity—the equity of set-off excludes the computation of interest; but only the claim for that which you shall have proved to be owed to you in excess is left. * alexander aug. to honorata.

* <a 229 pp.>

* <at 229 pp.>

CJ.4.31.6: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.31.6: Emperor Alexander Severus

Neque scriptura, qua cautum est accepta quae negas tradita, obligare te contra fidem veritatis potuit et compensationis aequitatem iure postulas. non enim prius exsolvi, quod debere te constiterit, aequum est, quam petitioni mutuae responsum fuerit, eo magis, quod ea te persequi dicis, quae a muliere divortii causa amota quereris. * alex.

Nor could the writing, in which it is provided that you received what you deny was delivered, bind you against the credibility of the truth, and you rightly demand the equity of compensation. For it is not equitable that that which it has been established you owe be first paid off, before there has been a response to the mutual claim, all the more because you say that you are pursuing those things which you complain were removed by the woman on account of divorce. * alex.

a. polydeucae. * <a 229 pp. xvi k. dec. alexandro a. iii et dione conss.>

to Polydeuces. * <in the year 229, published on the 16th day before the Kalends of December, when Alexander Augustus for the 3rd time and Dion were consuls.>

CJ.4.31.7: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.31.7: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si ex venditione pretium venditori debetur, compensationis ratio opponitur. adversus fiscum enim solum emptores petitioni pretii compensationem obicere prohibentur. * alex.

If from a sale the price is owed to the seller, the ground of compensation (set-off) is opposed. against the fiscus, indeed, only buyers are prohibited from objecting compensation to a claim for the price. * Alexander.

a. flavio ausonio. * <>

to flavius ausonius. * <>

CJ.4.31.8: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.31.8: Emperor Gordian

Si propter fructus ex possessione tua perceptos vitricus tuus debitor tibi constitutus est, cum id, quod a matre tua legatum est, a te petere coeperit, mutuo debitae quantitatis apud eum qui super ea re iudicaturus est compensationem non immerito obicies. * gord. a. aurelio emerito mil.

If, on account of the fruits perceived from your possession, your stepfather has become your debtor, when he begins to demand from you that which was bequeathed by your mother, you may with good reason object compensation by way of mutual set-off of the quantity owed before him who is going to judge concerning that matter. * Gordian Augustus to Aurelius Emeritus, soldier.

* <>

CJ.4.31.9: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.31.9: Emperor Gordian

Eius, quod non ei debetur qui convenitur, sed alii, compensatio fieri non potest. * gord. a. liciniae euctemonidi.

That which is not owed to the one who is sued, but to another, cannot be effected by compensation. * Gordian Augustus to Licinia Euctemonis.

* <pp. id. ian.>

* <posted on the Ides of January.>

CJ.4.31.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.31.10: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quoniam liberum fundum distractum proponis, post vero, veluti praecedente emptionem obligatione, certum quid solvisse, si debitum a te apud praesidem provinciae petatur, compensationem eius quod indebite solvisti potes opponere. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that a freehold estate was alienated, but afterwards, as though an obligation had preceded the purchase, you paid a certain sum, if the debt is demanded from you before the governor of the province, you can oppose compensation (set‑off) of that which you paid not owed. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. iulio nicandro. * <>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Julius Nicander. * <>

CJ.4.31.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.31.11: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si tutores pupillis officio magistratus urguente nominastis ac pro his propter onus primipili pecuniam solvistis, superstitiosam geritis sollicitudinem, ne ab ipsis conventi hanc eis imputare minime possitis vel a vobis quicquam amplius exigatur, si tantum, quantum eis tutores debuerunt, vel vos nomine ipsorum maiorem quantitatem dedisse probetur. * diocl. et maxim.

If, with the magistrate’s office urging, you have nominated tutors for wards and, on their behalf, on account of the burden of the primipilate, have paid money, you are bearing an over-scrupulous anxiety that, when sued by them, you may by no means be able to impute this to them, or that anything further be exacted from you—if it is proved that you have paid either only as much as the tutors owed to them, or, in their name, a greater amount. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. claudio iulio et paulo.* <>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Claudius Julius and Paulus.* <>

CJ.4.31.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.31.12: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Invicem debiti compensatione habita, si quid amplius debeas, solvens vel accipere creditore nolente offerens et consignatum deponens de pignoribus agere potes. * diocl. et maxim.

Upon having regard to the mutual compensation of the debt, if you owe anything further, by paying, or, if the creditor is unwilling to receive, by tendering and depositing the consigned amount, you can proceed against the pledges. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. lucio corneliano. * <a 294 pp. xvii k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Lucius Cornelianus. * <a 294 on the 17th day before the Kalends of January, at Nicomedia, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.31.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.31.13: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si velut in id debitum, quod sollemnium publicarum pensitationum debueras nomine , compensaturo tibi nihil petiturum postea muciano scripsisti, redditis quae venerant in compensationem non indebiti soluti repetitio, sed ante debiti competit exactio. * diocl. et maxim.

If, as for that debt which you had owed under the heading of the regular public payments, you wrote to Mucianus that, upon his making compensation to you, you would thereafter demand nothing, then, once the things which had come into set-off have been returned, it is not the repetition of a not‑owed payment that lies, but the exaction of a prior debt is competent. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio basso. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius bassus. * <>

CJ.4.31.14pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.31.14pr.: Emperor Justinian

Compensationes ex omnibus actionibus ipso iure fieri sancimus nulla differentia in rem vel personalibus actionibus inter se observanda. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. nov.

We sanction that compensations from all actions take place by operation of law, with no difference to be observed between actions in rem and personal actions. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. nov.

constantinopoli post cons. lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

at Constantinople after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.31.14.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.31.14.1: Emperor Justinian

Ita tamen compensationes obici iubemus, si causa ex qua compensatur liquida sit et non multis ambagibus innodata, sed possit iudici facilem exitum sui praestare. satis enim miserabile est post multa forte variaque certamina, cum res iam fuerit approbata, tunc ex altera parte, quae iam paene convicta est, opponi compensationem iam certo et indubitato debito et moratoriis ambagibus spem condemnationis excludi. hoc itaque iudices observent et non procliviores in admittendas compensationes existant nec molli animo eas suscipiant, sed iure stricto utentes , si invenerint eas maiorem et ampliorem ecere indaginem, eas quidem alii iudicio reservent, litem autem pristinam iam paene expeditam sententia terminali componant: excepta actione depositi secundum nostram sanctionem, in qua nec com pensationi locum esse disposuimus.

Thus, however, we order that compensations (set-offs) be raised only if the cause on which the compensation is based is clear and not entangled in many circumlocutions, but can offer the judge an easy outcome of itself. For it is quite pitiable that, after many and perhaps varied contests, when the matter has already been proved, then from the other side, which is already almost convicted, a compensation should be opposed on the basis of an already certain and indubitable debt, and by dilatory circumlocutions the expectation of a condemning judgment be excluded. Let judges therefore observe this and not be more inclined to admit compensations nor receive them with a lenient mind, but, using strict law, if they find that they produce a greater and more extensive inquiry, let them reserve them for another trial, but settle the original suit, now almost dispatched, with a terminal sentence: with the action of deposit excepted according to our sanction, in which we have determined that there is no place for compensation.

CJ.4.31.14.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.31.14.2: Emperor Justinian

Possessionem autem alienam perperam occupantibus compensatio non datur. <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post cons.

But to those wrongfully occupying another’s possession, compensation is not given. <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post cons.

lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men>

CJ.4.32.0. De usuris.

CJ.4.32.0. On usury.

CJ.4.32.1: Imperator pius

CJ.4.32.1: The pious emperor

Si interrogatione praecedente promissio usurarum recte facta probetur, licet instrumento conscripta non sit, tamen iure optimo debentur. * p. a. aurelio evocato. * < sine die et conss.>

If, with an interrogation having preceded, the promise of interest is proven to have been properly made, although it is not written in an instrument, nevertheless by the best right they are owed. * p. a. aurelius having been summoned. * < without day and consuls.>

CJ.4.32.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.32.2: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Usuras emptor, cui possessio rei tradita est, si pretium venditori non obtulerit , quamvis pecuniam obsignatam in depositi causa habuerit, aequitatis ratione praestare cogitur. * sev. et ant.

The buyer, to whom possession of the thing has been delivered, if he has not tendered the price to the seller, although he has had the money sealed for the purpose of deposit, is compelled by the principle of equity to pay interest. * sev. and ant.

aa. lucio. * <>

the emperors to Lucius. * <>

CJ.4.32.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.32.3: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Quamvis usurae fenebris pecuniae citra vinculum stipulationis peti non possunt, tamen ex pacti conventione solutae neque ut indebitae repetuntur neque in sortem accepto ferendae sunt. * sev. et ant.

Although interest on a money-loan cannot be demanded without the bond of a stipulation, nevertheless, if paid under a pact-convention, it is neither reclaimed as undue nor carried into the principal as received. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. iuliano serpio. * <a 200 pp. v k. oct. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

the augusti to julianus serpio. * <in the year 200, on the 5th day before the Kalends of October, when severus augustus for the 2nd time and victorinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.32.4pr.: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.32.4pr.: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Per retentionem pignoris usuras servari posse, de quibus praestandis convenit, licet stipulatio interposita non sit, merito constitutum est et rationem habet, cum pignora condicione pacti etiam usuris obstricta sint. * sev. et ant.

By retention of the pledge, interest, for the payment of which it has been agreed, can be preserved, although no stipulation has been interposed; this has rightly been established and has a rationale, since pledges, by the condition of the pact, are bound even for interest. * sev. and ant.

aa. aproniae honoratae. * <>

the emperors to Apronia Honorata. * <>

CJ.4.32.4.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.32.4.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Sed enim in causa de qua agis haec ratio cessat, si quidem tempore contractus de minoribus usuris petendis convenit, postea autem, cum se debitor praestaturum maiores repromisit, non potest videri rata retentio pignoris, quando eo tempore, quo instrumenta emittebantur, non convenerit, ut pignus etiam ad hanc adiectionem teneatur. <>

But indeed, in the case about which you are pleading, this rationale ceases, since at the time of the contract it was agreed for claiming usury at a lesser rate; but afterwards, when the debtor re‑promised that he would provide greater [interest], the retention of the pledge cannot be deemed ratified, since at the time when the instruments were being issued it had not been agreed that the pledge also be held for this addition. <>

CJ.4.32.5: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.32.5: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Adversus creditorem usuras maiores ex stipulatu petentem, si probetur per certos annos minores postea consecutus, utilis est pacti exceptio. secundum quod tueri causam potestis etiam adversus defensores civitatis maiores petentes ex cautione, si probaveritis semper quincunces amitam pupillorum vestrorum, quae maiores caverat, rependisse. * sev.

Against a creditor demanding greater usuries from a stipulation, if it is proven that for certain years he afterwards received lesser ones, the exception of pact is available. According to which you can also defend your case against the defenders of the city who are demanding greater sums under the caution, if you prove that the paternal aunt of your wards, who had given security for greater [usuries], always repaid five-twelfths. * sev.

et ant. aa. ultumio sabino et aliis. * <a 205 d. non.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Ultumius Sabinus and others. * <in the year 205, the day before the Nones.

iul. geta cons.>

Jul. Geta consul.>

CJ.4.32.6: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.32.6: The Emperor Antoninus

Si creditrici, quae ex causa pignoris obligatam sibi rem tenet, pecuniam debitam cum usuris testibus praesentibus obtulisti eaque non accipiente obsignatam eam deposuisti, usuras ex eo tempore quo obtulisti praestare non cogeris. absente vero creditrice praesidem super hoc interpellare debueras. * ant.

If to the creditor, who holds a thing bound to herself by reason of a pledge, you offered the money owed with interest in the presence of witnesses, and she did not accept it, and you deposited it under seal, you are not compelled to pay interest from the time at which you offered it. But if the creditor was absent, you ought to have petitioned the governor on this matter. * ant.

a. antigono mil. * <a 212 pp. iii id. febr. duobus aspris conss.>

to Antigonus, a soldier. * <in the year 212, on the 3rd day before the Ides of February, with the two Aspri as consuls.>

CJ.4.32.7: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.32.7: Emperor Antoninus

Creditor instrumentis suis probare debet quae intendit et usuras se stipulatum, si potest. nec enim, si aliquando ex consensu praestitae sunt, obligationem constituunt. * ant.

The creditor ought to prove by his own instruments what he asserts, and that he stipulated for interest, if he can. For even if at some time interest has been furnished by consent, it does not establish an obligation. * ant.

a. domitio aristaeo. * <a 215 pp. iiii non. oct.

to domitio aristaeo. * <a 215 pp. October 4.

romae laeto et cereale conss.>

at rome, in the consulship of laetus and cerealis, consuls.>

CJ.4.32.8: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.32.8: Emperor Antoninus

Quamvis bassa, cum pecuniam mutuam acciperet, minores usuras menophano spoponderit et, nisi intra certum tempus eas solvisset, ampliores ( licitas tamen) promiserit, si post tempus cautioni praefinitum creditor easdem accepit nec maiores dari sibi postulavit ac per hoc non recessisse a minorum praestatione eum probari potest, eas usuras computari oportet, quarum in exactione creditor perseveravit. * ant. a. claudio doryphoro.

Although bassa, when she received a loan of money, promised by a menophanon lower interest and, if she did not pay them within a fixed time, promised higher ( yet lawful) interest, if after the time defined in the security the creditor accepted the same and did not demand that greater be given to him, and through this it can be proved that he did not depart from payment of the lesser, those interest charges must be computed in the exaction of which the creditor persevered. * Antoninus to Claudius Doryphorus.

* <>

CJ.4.32.9: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.32.9: Emperor Antoninus

Si per te non stetit quominus intra tempora praefinita pecuniam minorum usurarum solveres, sed per tutores filiorum creditoris, qui eam accipere noluerunt, idque apud iudicem datum probaveris, eius temporis, quo per te non stetisse apparuerit, usurae maiores non exigentur. quod si etiam sortem deposuisti, exinde, ex quo id factum apparuerit, in usuras non convenieris. * ant.

If it did not rest with you to prevent your paying within the time prescribed the sum at the lower rate of interest, but with the tutors of the creditor’s sons, who were unwilling to accept it, and you prove before the judge that a tender was made, then for the period during which it appears that it did not rest with you, the higher interest shall not be exacted. But if you also deposited the principal, from then, from the time when it appears that this was done, you shall not be proceeded against for interest. * ant.

a. canio probo. * <>

Antoninus to Canius Probus. * <>

CJ.4.32.10: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.32.10: Emperor Antoninus

Usurae per tempora solutae non proficiunt ad dupli computationem. tunc enim ultra sortis summam usurae non exiguntur, quotiens tempore solutionis summa usurarum excedit eam computationem. * ant.

Interest paid over time does not avail toward the computation of the double. For then, beyond the sum of the principal, interest is not exacted, whenever at the time of payment the sum of the interests exceeds that computation. * Antoninus.

a. crato et donato mil. * <>

to crato and donatus, soldiers. * <>

CJ.4.32.11: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.32.11: Emperor Alexander Severus

Frumenti vel hordei mutuo dati accessio etiam ex nudo pacto praestanda est. * alex. a. aurelio tyranno.

The accession (increase) of grain or barley given as a loan must be rendered even on the basis of a bare pact. * Alexander Augustus to Aurelius Tyrannus.

* <a 223 pp. k. mai. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the day before the Kalends of May, Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.32.12: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.32.12: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ex praedio pignori obligato creditor post oblatam iure sibi pecuniam, quam non suscepit, si fructum accepit, exonerari sortis debitum certum est. * alex. a. popilio.

From an estate obligated in pledge, a creditor—after the money has been lawfully tendered to him, which he did not accept—if he has taken the fruits, it is certain that the debt of the principal is exonerated. * alexander augustus to popilius.

* <>

CJ.4.32.13: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.32.13: Emperor Alexander Severus

In bonae fidei iudiciis, quale est etiam negotiorum gestorum, usurarum rationem haberi certum est. sed si finitum est iudicium sententia, quamvis minoris condemnatio facta est non adiectis usuris, nec provocatio secuta est, finita retractanda non sunt: nec eius temporis, quod post rem iudicatam fluxit, usurae ullo iure postulantur nisi ex causa iudicati. * alex.

In judgments of good faith, of which the action for business transacted (negotiorum gestorum) is also one, it is certain that account is taken of interest. But if the suit has been concluded by a sentence, although a condemnation for a lesser amount was made without interest being added, and no appeal followed, things that have been settled are not to be reopened; nor are interest charges for the time which flowed after the matter was adjudged demanded under any law, except on the basis of the judgment. * Alexander.

a. eustathiae et aliis. * <>

to eustathia and others. * <>

CJ.4.32.14: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.32.14: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si ea pactione uxor tua mutuam pecuniam dedit, ut vice usurarum inhabitaret, pactoque ita ut convenit usa est, non etiam locando domum pensionem redegit, referri quaestionem, quasi plus domus redigeret, si locaretur, quam usurarum legitimarum ratio colligit, minime oportet. licet enim uberiore sorte potuerit contrahi locatio, non ideo tamen illicitum fenus esse contractum, sed vilius conducta habitatio videtur. * alex.

If by that pact your wife gave money as a mutuum loan, so that in place of interest she might inhabit, and she used the pact as it was agreed, and did not also, by letting the house, realize a rent, it is by no means proper that the question be raised, as though the house would yield more, if it were leased, than the reckoning of lawful interest gathers. For although a lease might have been contracted for a richer sum, nevertheless on that account it is not an illicit usury that has been contracted, but rather the habitation appears to have been hired more cheaply. * alex.

a. aurelio arcasiani. * <a 234 d. xi k. mai. maximo et urbano conss.>

To A. Aurelius Arcasianus. * <in 234, on the 11th day before the Kalends of May, under Maximus and Urbanus as consuls.>

CJ.4.32.15: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.32.15: Emperor Gordian

Cum adleges uxorem tuam ea condicione mille aureorum numero quantitatem sumpsisse, ut, si intra diem certum debito satis non fecisset, cum poena quadrupli redderet quod accepit, iuris forma non patitur legem contractus istius ultra poenam legitimarum usurarum posse procedere. * gord. a. claudio portorio.

When you allege that your wife took a sum of 1,000 aurei on the condition that, if within a fixed day she had not satisfied the debt, she would return what she had received with a penalty of quadruple, the form of the law does not allow the stipulation of this contract to proceed beyond the penalty of lawful interest. * Gordian the Augustus to Claudius Portorius.

* <a 242 d. non. m. attico et praetextato conss.>

* <in the year 242, on the day of the nones of the month, in the consulship of atticus and praetextatus.>

CJ.4.32.16: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.32.16: Emperor Gordian

Cum non frumentum, sed pecuniam fenori te accepisse adleges, ut certa modiatio tritici praestaretur, ac, nisi is modus sua die fuisset oblatus, mensurarum additamentis in fraudem usurarum legitimarum gravatum te esse contendis, potes adversus improbam petitionem competente uti defensione. * gord. a. flavio sulpicio.

Since you allege that you received not grain, but money on loan at interest, so that a fixed measure of wheat might be furnished, and that, unless that measure had been tendered on its due day, you were burdened by additions of measures, in fraud of lawful usury, you can employ the appropriate defense against the wicked demand. * gordian augustus to flavius sulpicius.

* <pp.>

CJ.4.32.17: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.32.17: Emperor Philip

Si ea lege possessionem mater tua apud creditorem tuum obligavit, ut fructus in vicem usurarum consequeretur, obtentu maioris percepti emolumenti propter incertum fructuum eventum rescindi placita non possunt. * philipp. a. et philipp.

If under that condition your mother pledged the possession with your creditor, that he should obtain the fruits in place of usury, the agreements cannot be rescinded on the pretext of a greater emolument having been received, because of the uncertain outcome of the fruits. * philip augustus and philip.

c. aurelio euxeno. * <>

To Aurelius Euxenus. * <>

CJ.4.32.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.18: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Indebitas usuras, etiam si ante sortem solutae non fuerint ac propterea minuere eam non potuerint, licet post sortem redditam creditori fuerint datae, exclusa iuris varietate repeti posse pensa ratione firmatum est. * diocl. et maxim.

Undue interest payments, even if they were not paid before the principal and therefore could not diminish it, although they were given to the creditor after the principal had been returned, may be recovered; setting aside conflicting views of the law, it has been established by considered reasoning. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio castori. * <>

the emperors and the caesars to aurelius castor. * <>

CJ.4.32.19pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.19pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Acceptam mutuo sortem cum usuris licitis creditori post testationem offer ac, si non suscipiat, consignatam in publico depone, ut cursus usurarum legitimarum inhibeatur. * diocl. et maxim.

Offer to the creditor, after attestation, the principal received by loan together with lawful interest; and, if he does not accept it, deposit it, sealed, in a public place, so that the running of lawful interest may be checked. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aureliae irenaeae. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelia irenaea. * <>

CJ.4.32.19.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.19.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

In hoc autem casu publicum intellegi oportet vel sacratissimas aedes vel ubi competens iudex super ea re aditus deponi eas disposuerit. <>

In this case, however, “public” ought to be understood as either the most sacred palace, or the place where, the competent judge having been approached concerning that matter, he has directed them to be deposited. <>

CJ.4.32.19.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.19.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quo subsecuto etiam periculo debitor liberabitur et ius pignorum tollitur, cum serviana etiam actio manifeste declarat pignoris inhiberi persecutionem vel solutis pecuniis vel si per creditorem steterit, quominus solvatur. <>

Quo subsecuto, the debtor will also be freed from peril and the right of pledge is removed, since the Servian action likewise clearly declares that the persecution of the pledge is inhibited either when the monies have been paid, or if it has stood by the creditor’s fault that payment be not made. <>

CJ.4.32.19.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.19.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quod etiam in traiecticiis servari oportet. <>

Which also ought to be observed in cases of ferry transport. <>

CJ.4.32.19.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.19.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Creditori scilicet actione utili ad exactionem earum non adversus debitorem, nisi forte eas receperit, sed vel contra depositarium vel ipsas competente pecunias. <>

To the creditor, namely, a utile action for their exaction lies not against the debtor, unless perchance he has received them, but either against the depositary or, competently, against the monies themselves. <>

CJ.4.32.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.20: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Constitutionibus sacris, quae ultra certum modum usuras fenebris exigi pecuniae prohibent, mandatoribus etiam vel fideiussoribus subventum est: quibus quasi mandator vel fideiussor conventus uti potes. * diocl. et maxim.

By sacred constitutions, which prohibit the interest of a money‑loan from being exacted beyond a certain measure, aid has also been afforded to mandators or fidejussors (sureties): of which, as a mandator or fidejussor who has been convened, you can avail yourself. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aelio nicopolitano. * <asub die... >

the augusti and the caesars to aelius the nicopolitan. * <on the day... >

CJ.4.32.21: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.21: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si usuras praestari pignore dato convenerat et in continenti numeratione facta, postea vel ante, propter quod debitum solutionem feceras, non designasti, habuit creditor in usuras tibi accepto ferendae solutae quantitatis facultatem. * diocl. et maxim.

If it had been agreed that interest be paid with a pledge given, and an immediate cash counting was made, if you did not designate, either later or earlier, on account of which debt you made the payment, the creditor had the faculty to credit the amount paid to interest on your account. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. chresimoni. * <>

the Augusti and the Caesars: useful. * <>

CJ.4.32.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.22: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Pignoribus quidem intervenientibus usurae, quae sine stipulatione peti non poterant, pacto retineri possunt. verum hoc iure constituto, cum huiusmodi nullo interposito pacto tantum certae summae poenam praestari convenisse proponas, nec peti nec retineri quicquam amplius et ad pignoris solutionem urgueri te disciplina iuris perspicis. * diocl.

Indeed, with pledges intervening, interest, which without a stipulation could not be demanded, can be retained by agreement. However, with this law established, since, with no such agreement interposed, you allege that it was agreed that only a penalty of a fixed sum be rendered, you perceive by the discipline of the law that neither can anything more be demanded nor retained, and that you are pressed to the discharge of the pledge. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. cominio carino. * <pp. id. iul.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to cominius carinus. * <published on the Ides of July.

ipsis... conss.>

in the consulship of the same... >

CJ.4.32.23: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.23: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Oleo quidem vel quibuscumque fructibus mutuo datis incerti pretii ratio additamenta usurarum eiusdem materiae suasit admitti. * diocl. et maxim.

In the case of oil, indeed, or whatever fruits are given by way of mutuum, the reckoning of an uncertain price has counseled that additions of interest of the same material be admitted. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. iasoni. * <a 294 d. iii k. oct. viminaci cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to jason. * <a 294, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of October, at viminacium, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.32.24: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.32.24: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si mater tua maior annis constituta negotia quae ad te pertinent gesserit, cum omnem diligentiam praestare debeat, usuras pecuniae tuae, quam administrasse fuerit comprobata, praestare compelli potest. * diocl. et maxim.

If your mother, constituted of full years, has conducted the business that pertains to you, since she ought to render all diligence, she can be compelled to pay the interest on your money, which she is proved to have administered. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. culciae. * <a 294 d. xiiii k. dec. ipsis cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Culcia. * <a 294 on the 14th day before the Kalends of December, when the same Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.32.25: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.32.25: Emperor Constantine

Pro auro et argento et veste facto chirographo licitas solvi vel promitti usuras iussimus. * const. a. ad pop.

For gold and silver and clothing, with a chirograph made, we have ordered that lawful interest be paid or promised. * Constantine Augustus to the people.

* <>

CJ.4.32.26pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.26pr.: Emperor Justinian

Eos, qui principali actione per exceptionem triginta vel quadraginta annorum, sive personali sive hypothecaria, ceciderunt, non posse super usuris vel fructibus praeteriti temporis aliquam movere quaestionem dicendo ex his temporibus eas velle sibi persolvi, quae non ad triginta vel quadraginta praeteritos annos referuntur, et adserendo singulis annis earum actiones nasci: principali enim actione non subsistente satis supervacuum est super usuris vel fructibus adhuc iudicem cognoscere. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 528 d. id. dec.

Those who have fallen in the principal action by the exception of thirty or forty years, whether personal or hypothecary, cannot raise any question concerning interest or fruits of past time, by saying that they wish to have them paid to themselves from those periods which are not referred to the thirty or forty past years, and by asserting that actions for them are born each year; for with the principal action not subsisting, it is quite superfluous for the judge still to take cognizance concerning interest or fruits. * justinian to menas, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 528, on the ides of december.

constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

at constantinople, justinian, ever augustus, in his 2nd consulship>

CJ.4.32.26.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.26.1: Emperor Justinian

Super usurarum vero quantitate etiam generalem sanctionem facere necessarium esse duximus, veterem duram et gravissimam earum molem ad mediocritatem deducentes. <a 528 d. id. dec. constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

Concerning the quantity of usury, indeed, we have judged it necessary to make even a general sanction, bringing the old, harsh, and most grave burden of it down to moderation. <a 528 on the Ides of Dec., at Constantinople, Justinian, perpetual Augustus, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.32.26.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.26.2: Emperor Justinian

Ideoque iubemus illustribus quidem personis sive eas praecedentibus minime licere ultra tertiam partem centesimae usurarum in quocumque contractu vili vel maximo stipulari: illos vero, qui ergasteriis praesunt vel aliquam licitam negotiationem gerunt, usque ad bessem centesimae suam stipulationem moderari: in traiecticiis autem contractibus vel specierum fenori dationibus usque ad centesimam tantummodo licere stipulari nec eam excedere, licet veteribus legibus hoc erat concessum: ceteros autem omnes homines dimidiam tantummodo centesimae usurarum posse stipulari et eam quantitatem usurarum etiam in aliis omnibus casibus nullo modo ampliari, in quibus citra stipulationem usurae exigi solent. <a 528 d. id. dec. constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

And therefore we order that to illustrious persons indeed, or to those preceding them, it is in no way permitted, in whatever contract, small or very great, to stipulate beyond the third part of the hundredth (centesima) in usury: but that those who are in charge of workshops (ergasteria) or conduct any licit negotiation moderate their stipulation up to two-thirds of the hundredth: moreover, in maritime (trajectitious) contracts or in lendings at usury of goods in kind, it is permitted to stipulate only up to the hundredth and not to exceed it, although by the older laws this had been conceded: but that all other persons can stipulate only half of the hundredth of interest, and that amount of interest also in all other cases is in no way to be enlarged, in which, without stipulation, usuries are accustomed to be exacted. <a 528 d. id. dec. constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

CJ.4.32.26.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.26.3: Emperor Justinian

Nec liceat iudici memoratam augere taxationem occasione consuetudinis in regione obtinentis. <a 528 d. id. dec. constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

Nor shall it be lawful for the judge to augment the aforementioned taxation on the pretext of a custom prevailing in the region. <a 528 on the ides of dec., at constantinople, justinian, perpetual augustus, 2nd cons.>

CJ.4.32.26.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.26.4: Emperor Justinian

Si quis autem aliquid contra modum huius fecerit constitutionis, nullam penitus de superfluo habeat actionem, sed et si acceperit, in sortem hoc imputare compelletur, interdicta licentia creditoribus ex pecuniis fenori dandis aliquid detrahere vel retinere siliquarum vel sportularum vel alterius cuiuscumque causae gratia. nam si quid huiusmodi factum fuerit, principale debitum ab initio ea quantitate minuetur, ut tam ipsa minuenda pars quam usurae eius exigi prohibeantur. <a 528 d. id. dec.

If, moreover, anyone should do anything contrary to the manner of this constitution, let him have no action at all for the excess; and even if he has received it, he shall be compelled to impute it to the principal, with the license interdicted to creditors, from monies to be given on interest, to subtract or retain anything for the sake of siliquae or sportulae or any other cause whatsoever. For if anything of this sort shall have been done, the principal debt shall from the beginning be diminished by that amount, so that both that portion to be diminished and its interest are prohibited from being exacted. <a 528 d. id. dec.

constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

at Constantinople, in the 2nd consulship of Justinian, perpetual Augustus.>

CJ.4.32.26.5: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.26.5: Emperor Justinian

Machinationes etiam creditorum, qui ex hac lege prohibiti maiores usuras stipulari alios medios subiciunt, quibus hoc non ita interdictum est, resecantes iubemus, si quid tale fuerit attemptatum, ita computari usuras, ut necesse esset, si ipse qui alium interposuit fuisset stipulatus: in quo casu sacramenti etiam illationem locum habere sancimus. <a 528 d. id. dec. constantinopoli iustiniano pp a. ii cons.>

Machinations also of creditors, who, being prohibited by this law from stipulating greater usury, put forward other intermediaries, for whom this is not so interdicted, we order to be cut off; and, if anything of this sort has been attempted, the interest is to be computed as it would be necessary if the very person who interposed another had himself stipulated: in which case we also sanction that even the bringing in of the oath has place. <a 528 on the Ides of Dec., at Constantinople, Justinian, ever Augustus, in his 2nd consulship.>

CJ.4.32.27pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.27pr.: Emperor Justinian

De usuris, quarum modum iam statuimus, pravam quorundam interpretationem penitus removentes iubemus etiam eos, qui ante eandem sanctionem ampliores quam statutae sunt usuras stipulati sunt, ad modum eadem sanctione taxatum ex tempore lationis eius suas moderari actiones, illius scilicet temporis, quod ante eandem fluxit legem, pro tenore stipulationis usuras exacturos. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 529 d. k. april.

Concerning interest, the measure of which we have already established, utterly removing the perverse interpretation of certain persons, we order even those who, before the same sanction, have stipulated for interest greater than that established, to moderate their actions to the measure assessed by the same sanction from the time of its promulgation, while for that time, namely, which elapsed before the same law, they shall exact interest according to the tenor of the stipulation. * Justinian Augustus to Menas, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 529 on the Kalends of April.

constantinopoli decio vc. cons.>

at Constantinople, Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.32.27.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.27.1: Emperor Justinian

Cursum insuper usurarum ultra duplum minime procedere concedimus, nec si pignora quaedam pro debito creditori data sint, quorum occasione quaedam veteres leges et ultra duplum usuras exigi permittebant. <a 529 d. k. april. constantinopoli decio vc. cons.>

We furthermore grant that the course of interest shall by no means proceed beyond the double, not even if certain pledges have been given to the creditor for the debt, on the occasion of which certain old laws permitted interest to be exacted even beyond the double. <in the year 529, on the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Decius, a most distinguished man.>

CJ.4.32.27.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.27.2: Emperor Justinian

Quod et in bonae fidei iudiciis ceterisque omnibus in quibus usurae exiguntur servari censemus. <a 529 d. k. april. constantinopoli decio vc. cons.>

We decree that this also be observed in good‑faith judgments and in all other matters in which usury is exacted. <a year 529 on the kalends of april, at constantinople, decius, most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.32.28pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.28pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Ut nullo modo usurae usurarum a debitoribus exigantur, et veteribus quidem legibus constitutum fuerat, sed non perfectissime cautum. si enim usuras in sortem redigere fuerat concessum et totius summae usuras stipulari, quae differentia erat debitoribus, qui re vera usurarum usuras exigebantur? hoc certe erat non rebus sed verbis tantummodo leges ponere.

That in no way should interest upon interest be exacted from debtors had indeed been constituted by the ancient laws, but it was not most perfectly provided for. For if it was permitted to convert interest into the principal and to stipulate for interest on the whole sum, what difference was there for debtors, who in reality were being compelled to pay interest upon interest? This surely was to set laws not in things but only in words.

* iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 pp. k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

* justinian augustus to demosthenes, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 529, on the day before the Kalends of October, at Chalcedon, when Decius, a most distinguished man, was consul.>

CJ.4.32.28.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.32.28.1: Emperor Justinian

Quapropter hac apertissima lege definimus nullo modo licere cuidam usuras praeteriti vel futuri temporis in sortem redigere et earum iterum usuras stipulari, sed, si hoc fuerit subsecutum, usuras quidem semper usuras manere et nullum aliarum usurarum incrementum sentire, sorti autem antiquae tantummodo incrementum usurarum accedere. <a 529 pp. k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

Wherefore by this most manifest law we define that it is in no way permitted for anyone to reduce interest of past or future time into principal and to stipulate interest upon it again; but if this should have ensued, interest shall always remain interest and shall undergo no increment of other interest, whereas to the former principal only the increment of interest shall accrue. <a 529 pp. k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.33.0. De nautico fenore.

CJ.4.33.0. On maritime interest.

CJ.4.33.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.33.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Traiecticiam pecuniam, quae periculo creditoris datur, tamdiu liberam esse ab observatione communium usurarum, quamdiu navis ad portum appulerit, manifestum est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is manifest that trajectitious money, which is given at the creditor’s peril, is free from the observance of the common rates of interest until the ship has put in at port. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. scribonio honorato. * <a 286 pp. iiii id. mart. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

the augusti to scribonius honoratus. * <in 286, posted on the 4th day before the Ides of March, maximus for the 2nd time and aquilinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.33.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.33.3: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum dicas pecuniam te ea lege dedisse, ut in sacra urbe tibi restitueretur, nec incertum periculum, quod ex navigatione maris metui solet, ad te pertinuisse profitearis, non dubium est pecuniae creditae ultra licitum te usuras exigere non posse. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you say that you gave the money on this condition, that it be restored to you in the sacred city, and you profess that the uncertain peril which is wont to be feared from a voyage by sea did not pertain to you, there is no doubt that you cannot exact interest on the money lent beyond what is lawful. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. aureliae cosmianae. * <a 286 pp. prid. id. mart.

the augusti to aurelia cosmiana. * <a 286 pp., the day before the ides of march.

maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

in the consulship of maximus (2) and aquilinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.33.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.33.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum proponas te nauticum fenus ea condicione dedisse, ut post navigium, quod in africam dirigi debitor adseverabat, in salonitanorum portum nave delata fenebris pecunia tibi redderetur, ita ut navigii dumtaxat quod in africam destinabatur periculum susceperis, perque vitium debitoris, nec loco quidem navigii servato, illicitis comparatis mercibus quae navis continebat fiscum occupasse: amissarum mercium detrimentum, quod non ex marinae tempestatis discrimine, sed ex praecipiti avaritia et incivili debitoris audacia accidisse adseveratur, adscribi tibi iuris publici ratio non permittit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that you gave a maritime loan on this condition: that after the voyage, which the debtor asserted was being directed to Africa, when the ship had been brought into the port of the Salonitani, the interest-bearing money should be repaid to you—on the understanding that you undertook the risk only of the voyage which was destined for Africa—and that, through the debtor’s fault, without even the stipulated destination of the voyage being observed, the fisc seized the goods which the ship contained, illicit wares having been procured: the loss of the goods—which is affirmed to have occurred not from the hazard of a sea-storm, but from the headlong avarice and uncivil audacity of the debtor—the rule of public law does not permit to be charged to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. aureliae iulianae. * <>

the Augusti to Aurelia Juliana. * <>

CJ.4.33.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.33.5: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Traiecticiae quidem pecuniae, quae periculo creditoris mutuo datur, casus, antequam, ad destinatum locum navis perveniat, ad debitorem non pertinet, sine huiusmodi vero conventione infortunio naufragii non liberabitur. * diocl. et maxim.

Trajectitious money, which is given as a mutuum with the peril upon the creditor, does not make the mishap, before the ship reaches the intended place, pertain to the debtor; but without an agreement of this kind he will not be freed by the misfortune of shipwreck. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. pullio iuliano eucharisto. * <a 294 d. viii id. oct. retiariae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Pullius Julianus, to Eucharistus. * <a 294, day 8 before the Ides of October, at Retiariae, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.34.0. Depositi.

CJ.4.34.0. Deposits.

CJ.4.34.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.34.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si incursu latronum vel alio fortuito casu ornamenta deposita apud interfectum perierunt, detrimentum ad heredem eius qui depositum accepit, qui dolum solum et latam culpam, si non aliud specialiter convenit, praestare debuit, non pertinet. quod si praetextu latrocinii commissi vel alterius fortuiti casus res, quae in potestate heredis sunt vel quas dolo desiit possidere, non restituuntur, tam depositi quam ad exhibendum actio, sed etiam in rem vindicatio competit. * alex.

If by an incursion of robbers or by another fortuitous case the ornaments deposited perished with the one slain, the loss does not pertain to the heir of him who received the deposit, who was bound to answer for fraud alone and gross fault, unless something else was specially agreed. But if, under the pretext of a robbery committed or of another fortuitous case, the things which are in the power of the heir or which he has ceased to possess through fraud are not restored, both the action of deposit and the action ad exhibendum, and even an in rem vindication, are competent. * alex.

a. mestrio mil. * <a 234 pp. iiii id. iul. maximo ii et urbano conss.>

to mestrius, soldier. * <in the year 234, publicly posted on July 12, in the consulship of Maximus (2) and Urbanus.>

CJ.4.34.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.34.2: Emperor Gordian

Usurae in depositi actione sicut in ceteris bonae fidei iudiciis ex mora venire solent. * gord. a. celsino mil.

Interest in an action of deposit, just as in the other good‑faith actions, is wont to accrue from delay. * Gordian Augustus to Celsinus, soldier.

* <a 238 d. k. nov. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <a in the year 238, on the Kalends of November, with Pius and Pontianus as consuls.>

CJ.4.34.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.34.3: Emperor Gordian

Si depositi experiris, non immerito etiam usuras tibi restitui flagitabis, cum tibi debeat gratulari, quod furti eum actione non facias obnoxium, si quidem qui rem depositam invito domino sciens prudensque in usus suos converterit, etiam furti delicto succedit. * gord. a. austronio mil.

If you bring the action of deposit, you will quite rightly also demand that interest be restored to you, since he ought to congratulate you that you do not make him liable under an action for theft; for indeed, he who, with the owner unwilling, knowingly and deliberately converts a deposited thing to his own uses, is also liable for the delict of theft. * Gordian Augustus to Austronius, soldier.

* <a 239 d. id. iul. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, on the ides of july, with gordianus the augustus and aviola as consuls.>

CJ.4.34.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.34.4: Emperor Gordian

Si deposita pecunia is qui eam suscepit usus est, non dubium est etiam usuras debere praestare. sed si, cum depositi actione expertus es, tantummodo sortis facta condemnatio est, ultra non potes propter usuras experiri: non enim duae sunt actiones alia sortis alia usurarum, sed una, ex qua condemnatione facta iterata actio rei iudicatae exceptione repellitur. * gord.

If the money deposited has been used by the one who received it, there is no doubt that he must also render interest. But if, when you have proceeded by the action of deposit, condemnation has been made only for the principal, you cannot further proceed on account of interest: for there are not two actions, one for the principal and another for the interest, but one, from which, once condemnation has been made, a repeated action is repelled by the exception of res judicata. * gord.

a. timocrati mil. * <>

to Timocrates, a soldier. * <>

CJ.4.34.5: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.34.5: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Propter instrumenta quidem, quae te deposuisse cum adversario tuo dicis, ut residua pecunia quae ex conductione debebatur dissoluta ea reciperes, si id quod placuerat implesti, sequestrem potes convenire. quamvis autem haec reddita non fuerint, tamen adversus eum a quo fundum conduxeras, si omne quod ex hoc contractu debebatur reddidisti, ipsis solutionibus tutus es. * valer. et gallien.

Because of the instruments (documents) which you say you deposited together with your adversary, in order that, once the residual money which was owed from the lease had been paid, you might recover them, if you have fulfilled what was agreed, you can bring the sequestrator into court. Although, however, these have not been returned, nevertheless, as against him from whom you had leased the land, if you have rendered everything that was owed from this contract, you are safe by the payments themselves. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. et valer. c. claudio. * <a 259 d. id. iul.

the emperors Valerian and Gallienus to Gaius Claudius. * <a 259 on the day of the Ides of July.

aemiliano et basso conss.>

in the consulship of aemilianus and bassus.>

CJ.4.34.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.34.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Is, penes quem utrasque partes transactiones vel alia instrumenta commendasse dicis, legem qua haec suscepit servare necesse habet. * diocl. et maxim.

He, in whose possession you say both parties have entrusted the transactions or other instruments, must observe the law under which he received these. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. antonio alexandro et ulpiano antipatri.* <a 293 >

the augusti and the caesars to Antonius Alexander and Ulpianus Antipater.* <a 293 >

CJ.4.34.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.34.7: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Desiderium tuum cum rationibus iuris non congruit. nam si custodiam pecuniae suscepisti, quam aliis a te datam instrumentum, quo hanc tibi reddi conscriptum profiteris, arguit, solutionem eius competentem improbe recusas. * diocl.

Your desire does not accord with the rationales of law. For if you have undertaken the custody of money, which an instrument—by which you profess in writing that this is to be returned to you—asserts to have been given by you to others, you are improperly refusing the payment of it that is appropriate. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. antiocho attico calpurniano democrati. * <>

and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Antiochus Atticus Calpurnianus Democrates. * <>

CJ.4.34.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.34.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si is, qui depositam a te pecuniam accepit, eam suo nomine vel cuiuslibet alterius mutuo dedit, tam ipsum de implenda suscepta fide quam eius successores teneri tibi certissimum est. adversus eum autem qui accepit nulla actio tibi competit, nisi nummi extant: tunc enim contra possidentem uti vindicatione potes. * diocl.

If the one who received from you money on deposit gave it as a loan either in his own name or in that of any other, it is most certain that both he himself, for the fulfilling of the undertaking assumed, and his successors are held liable to you. But against the one who received it no action is available to you, unless the coins are extant: for then you can employ vindication against the possessor. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio alexandro. * <a 293 d. iiii k. mart.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aurelius Alexander. * <a 293, given on the fourth day before the Kalends of March.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at sirmium; the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.34.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.34.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum hereditas personam dominae sustineat, ab hereditario servo, priusquam patri vestro successeritis, res commendatas secundum bonam fidem ab eius qui susceperat successoribus apud rectorem provinciae petere potestis. * diocl. et maxim.

Since the inheritance bears the person of the mistress, before you have succeeded to your father, you can seek before the governor of the province, according to good faith, the things entrusted from the successors of the one who had received them from the slave of the inheritance. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio menophilo et ceteris. * <a 293 pp. vii id. nov. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius menophilus and the others. * <a 293 pp. the 7th day before the ides of november, at sirmium, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.34.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.34.10: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Qui depositum non restituit, suo nomine conventus et condemnatus ad eius restitutionem cum infamiae periculo urguetur. * diocl. et maxim.

He who does not restore a deposit, convented in his own name and condemned, is pressed to its restitution with the peril of infamy. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. septimiae quadratillae. * <a 294 subscripta pridie idus decembres nicomedia cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Septimia Quadratilla. * <in 294 signed the day before the Ides of December at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.34.11pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.34.11pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si quis vel pecunias vel res quasdam per depositionis accepit titulum, eas volenti ei qui deposuerit reddere ilico modis omnibus compellatur nullamque compensationem vel deductionem vel doli exceptionem opponat, quasi et ipse quasdam contra eum qui deposuit actiones personales vel in rem vel hypothecarias praetendens, cum non sub hoc modo depositum accepit, ut non concessa ei retentio generetur, et contractus qui ex bona fide oritur ad perfidiam retrahatur. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 recitata septimo miliario in novo consistorio palatii iustiniani d. iii k. nov.

If anyone has received either monies or certain things under the title of deposit, he shall be compelled by all means to restore them immediately to him who deposited them, if he wishes, and he shall oppose no compensation or deduction or exception of fraud, as though he himself were asserting against the depositor certain actions—personal, or in rem, or hypothecary—since he did not receive the deposit under this condition, that a retention not granted to him be generated and the contract which arises from good faith be dragged back into perfidy. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 529, recited at the seventh milestone in the new consistorium of the palace of Justinian, on the 3 day before the Kalends of November.>

decio cons.>

in the consulship of Decius.>

CJ.4.34.11.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.34.11.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed et si ex utraque parte aliquid fuerit depositum, nec in hoc casu compensationis praepeditio oriatur, sed depositae quidem res vel pecuniae ab utraque parte quam celerrime sine aliquo obstaculo restituantur, ei videlicet primum, qui primus hoc voluerit, et postea legitimae actiones integrae ei reserventur. <a 529 recitata septimo miliario in novo consistorio palatii iustiniani d. iii k. nov. decio cons.>

But also, if on both sides something has been deposited, not even in this case should a hindrance to set-off arise; rather, the deposited things or monies on both sides should be restored as swiftly as possible without any obstacle—namely, first to the one who shall first have wished this—and thereafter his lawful actions should be reserved to him intact. <a 529 recited at the 7th milestone, in the new consistory of the palace of Justinian, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November, in the consulship of Decius.>

CJ.4.34.11.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.34.11.2: Emperor Justinian

Quod obtinere sicut iam dictum est oportet et si ex una parte depositio celebrata est, ex altera autem compensatio fuerit opposita, ut integra omni legitima ratione servata depositae res vel pecuniae prima fronte restituantur. <a 529 recitata septimo miliario in novo consistorio palatii iustiniani d. iii k. nov. decio cons.>

That, as already said, must be maintained even if on one side a deposit has been effected, but on the other a set‑off has been opposed, so that, with all lawful grounds preserved intact, the deposited goods or monies be restored at once. <a 529 read at the seventh milestone in the new consistorium of the palace of Justinian, on 30 October, with Decius as consul.>

CJ.4.34.11.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.34.11.3: Emperor Justinian

Quod si in scriptis attestatio non per dolum vel fraudem fuerit ei qui depositum suscepit ab alio transmissa, ut minime depositum restituat, hocque per iusiurandum adfirmaverit, liceat ei qui deposuit sub defensionis cautela idonea praestita res depositas quantocius recuperare. <a 529 recitata septimo miliario in novo consistorio palatii iustiniani d. iii k. nov. decio cons.>

If in writings an attestation has been transmitted to the one who received the deposit by another not through deceit or fraud, to the effect that he is by no means to restore the deposit, and he has affirmed this by oath, let it be permitted to the one who deposited, with suitable defensive surety furnished, to recover the deposited things as quickly as possible. <year 529, recited at the seventh milestone in the new consistorium of the Palace of Justinian, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November, in the consulship of Decius.>

CJ.4.34.12: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.34.12: Emperor Justinian

Supervacuam veterum differentiam e medio tollentes, si quis certum pondus auri vel confecti vel in massa constituti deposuerit et plures scripsit heredes et unus ex his contingentem sibi portionem a depositario accepit, alter supersederit vel alias fortuito casu impeditus hoc facere non potuerit, et postea depositarius in adversam inciderit fortunam vel sine dolo depositum perdiderit, sancimus non esse coheredi eius licentiam venire contra coheredem suum et ex eius parte avellere, quod ipse ex sua parte consequi minime potuerit, quasi eo quod coheres accepit communi constituto, cum, ubi certae pecuniae depositae fuerant et suam partem unus ex heredibus accepit, nemini veniret in dubium bene eum accepisse partem suam et non debere aliam partem attingere. nobis etenim non videtur esse homo obnoxius neque in massa neque in specie neque in pecunia numerata qui suam partem suscepit, ne industria poenas desidiae solvat. si enim et alius heres tempora opportuna quemadmodum coheres eius observasset, et suum uterque recipiebat et sequentibus altercationibus minime locus relinquebatur.

Removing the superfluous distinction of the ancients from the midst, if anyone has deposited a fixed weight of gold, either wrought or established in mass, and has instituted several heirs, and one of these has received from the depositary the portion contingent to him, another has forborne, or otherwise by a fortuitous chance has been unable to do this, and thereafter the depositary has fallen into adverse fortune or without fraud has lost the deposit, we sanction that it is not lawful for his coheir to come against his coheir and tear away from his share that which he himself has by no means been able to obtain from his own share, as though on the ground that the coheir received from a thing constituted in common; since, where definite sums of money had been deposited and one of the heirs received his share, it came into doubt for no one that he had rightly received his portion and ought not to touch another portion. For it does not seem to us that a man is liable, whether in mass, or in specie, or in counted money, who has taken up his own share, lest industry pay the penalties of sloth. For if the other heir also had observed the opportune times just as his coheir did, then each would have received what was his own, and no place would be left for subsequent altercations.

* iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 - 532 >

* justinian augustus to john the pope. * <AD 531 - 532 >

CJ.4.35.0. Mandati.

CJ.4.35.0. Of Mandate.

CJ.4.35.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.35.1: Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Adversus eum, cuius negotia gesta sunt, de pecunia, quam de propriis opibus vel ab aliis mutuo acceptam erogasti, mandati actione pro sorte et usuris potes experiri: de salario quod promisit a praeside provinciae cognitio praebebitur. * sev. et ant.

Against him whose business was transacted, concerning the money which you disbursed from your own resources or received on loan from others, you can proceed by the action on mandate for the principal and interest: as to the salary which he promised, a cognition will be provided by the provincial praeses. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. leonidae. * <>

the Augusti to Leonidas. * <>

CJ.4.35.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.35.2: Emperor Antoninus

Cum ex causa fideiussionis pecuniam patrem tuum exsolvisse proponas, habes mandati actionem, qua non solum pecuniam, sed etiam pignora in obligationem eam deducta potes consequi. * ant. a. statio Marcellino.

Since you assert that your father discharged the money by reason of suretyship, you have the action of mandate, by which you can obtain not only the money, but also the pledges that were brought into that obligation. * Antoninus Augustus to Statio Marcellinus.

* <pp. viii >

* <pp. 8 >

CJ.4.35.3: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.35.3: Emperor Antoninus

Si pater tuus tibi sui iuris constituto actionem adversus debitores suos mandavit, potuit ipse praesens adversus eos re integra experiri. si quid itaque ab eo apud iudicem actum est, rescindi nulla ratio patitur. * ant.

If your father, you having been constituted sui iuris, mandated to you an action against his debtors, he himself, being present, could, with the matter still entire (re integra), proceed against them. Therefore, if anything was transacted by him before the judge, no rationale allows it to be rescinded. * Antoninus.

a. germano. * <a 216 pp. vi k. nov. sabino ii et anullino conss.>

to Germanus. * <in 216, on the 6th day before the Kalends of November, in the consulship of Sabinus for the 2nd time and Anullinus.>

CJ.4.35.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.35.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Etiamsi contrariam sententiam reportaverunt, qui te ad exercendas causas appellationis procuratorem constituerunt, si tamen nihil culpa tua factum est, sumptus , quos in lite probabili ratione feceras, contraria mandati actione petere potes. * alex. a. aurelio vulnerato.

Even if those who appointed you procurator for prosecuting causes of appellation have brought back a contrary judgment, yet if nothing was done by your fault, you can seek by the contrary action of mandate the expenses , which you had incurred in the suit with probable reason. * Alexander Augustus to Aurelius Vulneratus.

* <as viii id. ian.>

* <on the 8th day before the Ides of January>

CJ.4.35.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.35.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si maritus sororis tuae tibi procurans petere bonorum possessionem noluit, cum ipso tibi congrediendum est. quam querellam ita cum effectu habes, si mandasse te, ut peteretur bonorum possessio, eumque neglexisse arguas. * alex.

If your sister’s husband, acting for you as procurator, was unwilling to petition for the possession of the goods (bonorum possessio), you must proceed against him. You have such a complaint with effect if you show that you instructed him that the possession of the goods be sought, and that he neglected it. * alex.

a. iuliano. * <>

to Julianus. * <>

CJ.4.35.6: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.35.6: Emperor Gordian

Si fideiussor pro reo patiente fidem suam adstrinxit, mandati cum eo post exsolutam pecuniam vel factam condemnationem potest exercere actionem. * gord. a. aelio sosibio mil.

If a fidejussor (surety) has bound his faith on behalf of a defendant under trial, he can exercise an action of mandate against him after the money has been paid or a condemnation has been made. * Gordian Augustus to Aelius Sosibius, soldier.

* <a 238 pp. iii non. sept. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <a A.D. 238, September 3, Pius and Pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.35.7: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.35.7: Emperor Gordian

Si litteras eius secutus, qui pecuniae auctor fuerat, ei qui tibi litteras tradidit pecunias credidisti, tam adversus eum, qui a te mutuam sumpsit, quam adversus eum, cuius mandatum secutus es, mandati actio tibi competit. * gord. a. aureliano mil.

If, following the letters of the one who had been the author of the money, you lent money to the one who delivered the letters to you, an action on mandate is available to you both against the one who borrowed from you and against the one whose mandate you followed. * gordianus aug. to aurelianus, soldier.

* <>

CJ.4.35.8: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.35.8: Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Si tibi pupillorum pater, ut pecuniam in rem suam servis eius crederes, mandavit et in hanc rem aeque ipso praecipiente pignora sunt obligata, et mandati actione pupillos post mortem patris convenire et exsequi ius obligationis pignorum poteris, si in solutione cessabitur. * valer. et gallien.

If the father of wards instructed you to lend money to his slaves for his own benefit, and for this matter, likewise at his own express order, pledges were obligated, then by the action on mandate you will be able to bring suit against the wards after the father’s death and to execute the right of the pledge obligations, if there is default in payment. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. et valer. nob. c. aurelio lucio.

the augusti and Valerian, most noble Caesar, to Aurelius Lucius.

* <a 259 d. iiii k. ian. aemiliano et basso conss.>

* <a in the year 259, on the 4th day before the Kalends of January (29 December), in the consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus.>

CJ.4.35.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.9: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum per procuratorem causam tuam laesam esse dicas, mandati actio adversus eum tibi competit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you say that your cause has been injured by a procurator, the action on mandate is available to you against him. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. Marcello. * <>

The Emperors to Marcellus. * <>

CJ.4.35.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.10: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si pro ea contra quam supplicas fideiussor seu mandator intercessisti et neque condemnatus es neque bona eam dilapidare postea coepisse comprobare possis, ut iustam metuendi causam praebeat, neque ab initio ita te obligationem suscepisse, ut eam possis et ante solutionem convenire, nulla iuris ratione, antequam satis creditori pro ea feceris, eam ad solutionem urgueri certum est. fideiussorem vero seu mandatorem exceptione munitum et iniuria iudicis damnatum et appellatione contra bonam fidem minime usum non posse mandati agere manifestum est. * diocl.

If, on behalf of the one against whom you supplicate, you interceded as a surety or mandator, and you have neither been condemned nor can you prove that afterward she began to dissipate her goods so as to afford a just cause for fear, nor that from the beginning you assumed the obligation in such a way that you could proceed against her even before payment, then by no principle of law can she be urged to payment before you have furnished satisfaction to the creditor for her. But it is manifest that a surety or mandator, though fortified by an exception, if unjustly condemned by the judge and, contrary to good faith, has by no means made use of an appeal, cannot bring the action of mandate. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio papio. * <a 293 >

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to aurelius papius. * <a 293 >

CJ.4.35.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.11: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Procuratorem non tantum pro his quae gessit, sed etiam pro his quae gerenda suscepit, et tam propter exactam ex mandato pecuniam quam non exactam, tam dolum quam culpam, sumptuum ratione bona fide habita, praestare necesse est. * diocl. et maxim.

The procurator must be liable not only for the things that he has carried out, but also for the things that he has undertaken to be carried out, and both for money collected according to the mandate and for that not collected, both for fraud and for fault, account being taken of expenses in good faith. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio gaio. * <a 293 d.... k. iun. sirmi aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Gaius. * <in the year 293, ... days before the Kalends of June, at Sirmium; the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.35.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.12: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum mandati negotii contractum certam accepisse legem adseveres, eam integram secundum bonam fidem custodiri convenit. unde si contra mandati tenorem procurator tuus ad te pertinentem fundum vendidit nec venditionem postea ratam habuisti, dominium tibi auferre non potuit. * diocl.

Since you assert that the contract of the mandated matter has received a definite stipulation, it ought to be preserved intact according to good faith. Accordingly, if, contrary to the tenor of the mandate, your procurator sold an estate pertaining to you and you did not thereafter hold the vendition ratified, he could not deprive you of ownership. * Diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. firmo. * <a 293 pp. xvii k. iun.

and maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to firmus. * <in the year 293, pp., 17 days before the Kalends of June.

sirmi aa. conss.>

at sirmium, in the consulship of the augusti.>

CJ.4.35.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.13: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

A procuratore dolum et omnem culpam, non etiam improvisum casum praestandum esse iuris auctoritate manifeste declaratur. * diocl. et maxim.

It is clearly declared by the authority of the law that a procurator must be answerable for fraud and all fault, but not also for an unforeseen accident. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. zosimo. * <a 294 d. k. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to zosimus. * <in the year 294, on the Kalends of February, at Sirmium, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.35.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.14: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si secundum mandatum tryphonis ac felicis equos tua pecunia comparatos vel in solutum a proprio debitore tibi traditos uni de his utriusque voluntate dedisti, ad parendum placitis eos mandati iudicio conventos bona fides urguet. * diocl. et maxim.

If, in accordance with the mandate of Tryphon and Felix, you have given to one of them, with the consent of both, horses bought with your money, or handed over to you in satisfaction by your own debtor, good faith compels them, when convened under the action for mandate, to obey the agreed terms. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. hermiano. * <a 294 d. vi k. april. sirmi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Hermianus. * <A.D. 294, on the 6th day before the Kalends of April, at Sirmium; the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.35.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.15: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Mandatum re integra domini morte finitur. * diocl. et maxim.

The mandate, with the matter untouched, is terminated by the death of the principal. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio precario athenaeo. * <a 294 d. xvii k. mai. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius precarius, an athenian. *

CJ.4.35.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.16: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ad comparandas merces data pecunia, qui mandatum suscepit, fide rupta quanti interest mandatoris tenetur. * diocl. et maxim.

When money has been given to procure merchandise, he who has undertaken the mandate, upon a breach of good faith, is liable for as much as it is in the mandator’s interest. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. uzando. * <a 294? iii k. oct.>

aa. and cc. using. * <in the year 294?, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of October>

CJ.4.35.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.17: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Salarium incertae pollicitationis peti non potest. * diocl. et maxim.

The salary of an uncertain promise cannot be claimed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio gorgonio. * <a 294? >

the emperors and the caesars to Aurelius Gorgonius. * <a 294? >

CJ.4.35.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.18: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximianus

Post solutionem a se factam, qui dari mutuo mandavit, ab eo, pro quo intercessit , vel successoribus eius quod solutum est etiam cum usuris post moram recte reddi postulat. * diocl. et maxim.

After making payment himself, he who ordered that it be given as a loan rightly demands from him for whom he interceded , or his successors, that what was paid be repaid even with interest after default. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. tusciano. * <a 294? d. vii k. oct.

The Augusti and the Caesars to Tuscianus. * <a 294? on the 7th day before the Kalends of October.

sirmi... conss.>

Sirmium... consuls.>

CJ.4.35.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.19: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Pretii rerum distractarum, quas venales mandato praecedente acceperas, ultra licitum usuras ex stipulatione vel mora praestare, licet pignora data probentur, compelli non potes. * diocl. et maxim.

As to the price of the goods alienated, which you had received for sale by a preceding mandate, you cannot be compelled to pay usury beyond what is lawful, whether from stipulation or from delay, although the pledges given are proven. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio eugenio. * <a 294? s. xiiii k. nov.

the augusti and the caesars to Aurelius Eugenius. * <a 294? s. 14th day before the Kalends of November.

sirmi ... conss.>

at sirmium ... consuls.>

CJ.4.35.20pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.20pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si contra licitum litis incertum redemisti, interdictae conventionis tibi fidem impleri frustra petis. * diocl. et maxim.

If, contrary to what is licit, you have compounded for the uncertain matter of the suit, you vainly seek to have the pledge of the interdicted convention fulfilled. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio epagatho. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius epagathus. * <>

CJ.4.35.20.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.35.20.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quod si gratuitum mandatum suscepisti, secundum bonam fidem sumptus recte postulas. <>

But if you have undertaken a gratuitous mandate, you rightly demand expenses according to good faith. <>

CJ.4.35.21: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.35.21: Emperor Constantine

In re mandata non pecuniae solum, cuius est certissimum mandati iudicium, verum etiam existimationis periculum est. nam suae quidem quisque rei moderator atque arbiter non omnia negotia, sed pleraque ex proprio animo facit: aliena vero negotia exacto officio geruntur nec quicquam in eorum administratione neglectum ac declinatum culpa vacuum est. * const.

In the matter of a mandate there is danger not only to money, for which the action of mandate is most certain, but also to estimation (reputation). For as to his own affair, each person, being the moderator and arbiter of it, conducts not all business but most things from his own mind: but another’s affairs are carried on with exact duty, and nothing neglected or turned aside in their administration is free from fault. * const.

a. volusiano pp. * <a 313 - 315? >

to volusianus, praetorian prefect. * <AD 313 - 315? >

CJ.4.35.22pr.: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.4.35.22pr.: Emperor Anastasius

Per diversas interpellationes ad nos factas comperimus quosdam alienis rebus fortunisque inhiantes cessiones aliis competentium actionum in semet exponi properare hocque modo diversas personas litigiorum, vexationibus adficere, cum certum sit pro indubitatis obligationibus eos magis, quibus antea suppetebant, sua vindicare quam ad alios ea transferre velle. * anastas. a. eustathio pp. * <a 506 d. x k. aug.

Through diverse interpellations made to us we have learned that certain persons, gaping after others’ goods and fortunes, hasten to have cessions of actions competent to others made over to themselves, and in this way to afflict various persons with the vexations of litigations, whereas it is certain that, for undoubted obligations, those rather to whom they previously sufficed prefer to vindicate their own than to wish to transfer them to others. * Anastasius, Augustus, to Eustathius, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 506 on the 10th day before the Kalends of August.

areovinda et messala conss.>

Areobindus and Messala, consuls.>

CJ.4.35.22.1: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.4.35.22.1: Emperor Anastasius

Per hanc itaque legem iubemus in posterum huiusmodi conamen inhiberi ( nec enim dubium est redemptores litium alienarum videri eos esse, qui tales cessiones in se confici cupiunt), ita tamen, ut, si quis datis pecuniis huiusmodi subierit cessionem, usque ad ipsam tantummodo solutarum pecuniarum quantitatem et usurarum eius actiones exercere permittatur, licet instrumento cessionis venditionis nomen insertum sit: <a 506 d. x k. aug. areovinda et messala conss.>

By this law, therefore, we order that henceforth an attempt of this kind be inhibited (for there is no doubt that those who desire such assignments to be executed to themselves appear to be redeemers of others’ lawsuits), yet with this proviso: if anyone, moneys having been paid, has undertaken such an assignment, he shall be permitted to exercise actions only up to the very amount of the moneys paid and its usuries, although in the instrument of assignment the name of sale has been inserted: <a 506, on the 10th day before the Kalends of August, areobindus and messala, consuls.>

CJ.4.35.22.2: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.4.35.22.2: Emperor Anastasius

Exceptis scilicet cessionibus, quas inter coheredes pro actionibus hereditariis fieri contingit, et his, quascumque vel creditor vel is qui res aliquas possidet pro debito seu rerum apud se constitutarum munimine ac tuitione acceperit, nec non his, quas in legatarios seu fideicommissarios, quibus debita vel actiones seu res aliae relictae sunt, pro his fieri necesse sit: nulla etenim tali ratione intercedente redemptor, sicuti superius declaratum est, magis existit, qui alienas pecuniis praestitis subiit actiones. <a 506 d. x k. aug. areovinda et messala conss.>

Except, namely, the cessions which happen to be made between coheirs for hereditary actions, and those—whatever they may be—which either a creditor or one who possesses certain things shall have received for the debt or for the muniment and protection of the things constituted with him, and likewise those which must be made to legatees or fideicommissaries, to whom debts or actions or other things have been left, for these purposes: for with no such ground intervening, as has been declared above, one is rather a purchaser who has undertaken another’s actions by money furnished. <a 506 d. x k. aug. areovinda et messala conss.>

CJ.4.35.22.3: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.4.35.22.3: Emperor Anastasius

Sin autem per donationem cessio facta est, sciant omnes huiusmodi legi locum non esse, sed antiqua iura esse servanda, ut cessiones tam pro exceptis et specialiter enumeratis quam aliis causis factae seu faciendae secundum actionum, quaecumque cessae sunt vel fuerint, tenorem sine quadam imminutione obtineant. <a 506 d. x k. aug. areovinda et messala conss.>

But if, however, the cession has been made through donation, let all know that a law of this sort has no place, but that ancient rights are to be observed, so that cessions, both for the excepted and specially enumerated [cases] and for other causes, made or to be made, may obtain, according to the tenor of the actions, whatever have been or shall have been ceded, without any diminution. <a 506 d. x k. aug. areovinda et messala conss.>

CJ.4.35.23pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.35.23pr.: Emperor Justinian

Anastasio divae memoriae principi iustissima constitutio conscripta est tam humanitatis quam benivolentiae plena, ut ne quis alienum subeat debitum cessione in eum facta et amplius consequatur a debitore his, quae praestavit cessionis auctori, exceptis quibusdam casibus, qui specialiter illi sanctioni continentur. sed cum hi, qui circa lites morantur, eandem piam dispositionem in sua natura remanere minime concesserunt, invenientes machinationem, ut partem quidem debiti venditionis titulo transferant in alium creditores, reliquam autem partem per coloratam cedant donationem, generaliter anastasiane constitutioni subvenientes sancimus nulli licere partem quidem debiti cedere pecuniis acceptis et venditione actionum habita, partem autem donationis titulo videri transferre, sed, si voluerit, pure totum debitum donare et per donationem actiones transferre, non o cculte nec per artes clandestinas pecunias suscipere, publice autem simulatam donationem celebrare, sed undique puram et non dissimulatam facere donationem: huiusmodi enim cessionibus non adversamur. * iust.

To Anastasius, emperor of divine memory, a most just constitution was composed, so full of humanity and benevolence, that no one should undergo another’s debt by a cession made to him, and should not recover from the debtor more than he furnished to the author of the cession, except for certain cases which are specifically contained in that sanction. But since those who busy themselves about lawsuits by no means allowed that same pious disposition to remain in its own nature, finding a machination whereby the creditors transfer part of the debt to another under the title of sale, but cede the remaining part by a colored donation, in general support of the Anastasian constitution we sanction that it be permitted to no one to cede part of the debt with monies accepted and a sale of actions effected, and to seem to transfer part under the title of donation; but, if he wishes, to donate the whole debt purely and to transfer the actions through a donation, not o cculte nor by clandestine arts to receive monies, and publicly to celebrate a simulated donation, but on all sides to make a pure and undisguised donation: for we do not oppose cessions of this kind. * iust.

a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 - 532 >

a. to John the Pope. * <a 531 - 532 >

CJ.4.35.23.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.35.23.1: Emperor Justinian

Si quis autem occulte aliud quidem agere conatur et pecunias pro parte accepit et vendidit particulatim actiones, partem autem donare simulat vel ipsi, qui emptionem actionis subiit, vel forsitan alii per suppositam personam ( quia et hoc saepius perpetratum esse didicimus), huiusmodi machinationem penitus amputamus, ut nihil amplius accipiat, quam ipse vero contractu re ipsa persolvit: sed omne , quod superfluum est et per figuratam donationem translatum, inutile esse ex utraque parte censemus, ut neque ei qui cedit actiones neque ei qui eas suscipere curavit aliquid lucri vel fieri vel remanere vel aliquam contra debitorem vel res ad eum pertinentes esse utrique eorum actionem. <a 531 - 532 >

If anyone, however, covertly tries to do something different and has received monies for a share and has sold the actions piecemeal, but then simulates donating a part either to the very person who undertook the purchase of the action, or perhaps to another through a supposititious person ( because we have learned that this too has been perpetrated rather often), we utterly amputate a machination of this sort, so that he shall receive nothing more than what he actually paid in fact by the true contract: but everything , which is superfluous and transferred through a figurated (feigned) donation, we judge to be null on both sides, so that neither to him who cedes the actions nor to him who took care to receive them shall any profit either arise or remain, nor shall there be any action for either of them against the debtor or concerning things pertaining to him. <a 531 - 532 >

CJ.4.35.23.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.35.23.2: Emperor Justinian

Sed et si quis donationem quidem omnis debiti facere adsimulaverit, ut videatur esse tota donatio, aliquid autem occulte susceperit, et in hoc casu hoc tantummodo exactionem sortiri, quod datum esse comprobetur, et si hoc a debitore persolvatur, nulla contra eum vel substantiam eius ex dissimulata donatione oriatur molestia. <a 531 - 532 >

But also, if anyone has feigned to make a donation of the entire debt, so that the whole may seem to be a donation, yet has secretly received something, then in this case let only that incur exaction which is proven to have been given; and if this is paid by the debtor, no molestation against him or his substance (estate) shall arise from the dissimulated donation. <a 531 - 532 >

CJ.4.35.32.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.35.32.3: Emperor Justinian

Et iustum quidem fuerat hoc remedium debitoribus ab anastasianis temporibus impertiri, ex quibus etiam lex lata est, quam homines astute lacerandam esse existimaverunt. sed ne videamur in tanta temporum nostrorum benivolentia aliquid acerbius admittere, in futuris post praesentem legem casibus haec observari censemus, ut omne, quod contra legem anastasianam excogitatum est, hoc in posterum nostro perfruatur remedio.

And indeed it would have been just that this remedy be imparted to debtors from Anastasian times, from which even a law was enacted, which men thought should be cleverly torn to pieces. But lest we seem, amid so great a benevolence of our times, to admit anything harsher, we judge that in future cases after the present law these things are to be observed: that everything which has been contrived against the Anastasian law shall henceforward enjoy this, our remedy.

CJ.4.36.0. Si servus se emi mandaverit.

CJ.4.36.0. If a slave has given a mandate to have himself bought.

CJ.4.36.1pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.36.1pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si extero servus se mandaverit emendum, quamvis nec ex persona servi ( quia hoc liber mandare non potest) nec ex domini ( quoniam qui mandat , ut a se res comparetur, inutiliter mandat) consistere credebatur actio, tamen optima ratione, quia non id agitur, ut ex ipso mandato, sed propter mandatum ex alio contractu nascatur actio, domino quaeri placuit obligationem. * diocl. et maxim.

If a slave has commissioned a stranger to buy him, although it was believed that an action could not be maintained either on the person of the slave ( because a free man cannot mandate this) nor on that of the master ( since he who mandates that a thing be acquired from himself gives a useless mandate), nevertheless, by the best reasoning, because the point is not that an action arises from the mandate itself, but that on account of the mandate an action arises from another contract, it was decided that an obligation be demanded from the master. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. aureliae dionysiae. * <a 293 subdita k. oct. sirmi ipsis aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelia dionysia. * <in the year 293, under the date of the kalends of october, at sirmium, the same augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.36.1.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.36.1.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si itaque domino ignorante emi te mandasti ac te nummos subministrante peculiares soluti sunt, emptori minime liberatio per huiusmodi factum potuit pervenire. nec tamen si tradita nec manumissa es, etiam mandati de ancilla et empti de pretio consequendo tam contrarias actiones ei exercere concedi placuit. <a 293 subdita k. oct.

If therefore, with the master unaware, you mandated that you be bought, and, you supplying the coins, moneys from the peculium were paid, no liberation (discharge) could by a deed of this sort accrue to the buyer. And yet, even if you were neither delivered nor manumitted, it has not been approved to allow him to exercise actions so contrary—both an action on mandate concerning the maidservant and an action on purchase for obtaining the price. <a 293 subdita k. oct.

sirmi ipsis aa. conss.>

at Sirmium, when the Augusti themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.36.1.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.36.1.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Sane in illius arbitrio relictum est, utrumne mancipium an pretium consequi velit, cum ex peculio quod eius fuit solutio celebrata obligationis vinculo emptorem liberare non potuit. <a 293 subdita k. oct. sirmi ipsis aa. conss.>

SURELY it has been left to his discretion whether he wishes to obtain the mancipium (slave) or the price, since a payment effected out of the peculium that was his could not liberate the buyer from the bond of the obligation. <in 293, on the Kalends of October, at Sirmium, with the emperors themselves as consuls.>

CJ.4.37.0. Pro socio.

CJ.4.37.0. For a partner.

CJ.4.37.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.37.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Societatem uno pecuniam conferente alio operam posse contrahi magis obtinuit. * diocl. et maxim.

The view has rather prevailed that a partnership can be contracted, with one contributing money and the other labor. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc aurelio. * <a 293 d. iii non. mai.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius. * <a 293 given on the 3rd day before the Nones of May (May 5).

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.37.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.37.2: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum proponas te praedium coniuncto dominio cum patruo tuo comparasse in possessionemque tam te quam ipsum inductum, iuris ratio efficit, ut dominium fundi ad utrumque pertineat. sane quia pretium a te solo numeratum et sollemnibus pensitationibus cessante socio satisfactum esse dicis, iudicio societatis id quod eo nomine praestari oportuerit consequeris. * diocl.

Since you set forth that you purchased a praedium with joint dominium together with your paternal uncle and that both you and he were inducted into possession, the rationale of law brings it about that the dominium of the fundus pertains to both. Certainly, since you say that the price was paid by you alone and that, your associate failing in the customary installments, satisfaction has been made, by the action of partnership you will obtain whatever ought to be rendered under that head. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. pannonio. * <>

and Maximianus, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Pannonius. * <>

CJ.4.37.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.37.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum in societatis contractibus fides exuberet conveniatque aequitatis rationibus etiam compendia aequaliter inter socios dividi, praeses provinciae, si patrem tuum salinarum societatem participasse et non recepta communis compendii portione rebus humanis exemptum esse reppererit, commodum societatis, quod deberi iuxta fidem veri constiterit, restitui tibi praecipiet. * diocl. et maxim.

When in contracts of partnership good faith abounds and it accords with the reasons of equity that the profits also be divided equally among partners, the provincial governor, if he shall have found that your father participated in the salt-works partnership and, without having received the portion of the common profit, was removed from human affairs, will order that the benefit of the partnership, which it has been established to be owed according to the truth, be restored to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio victorino mil. * <pp. vi k. sept..... conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius victorinus, soldier. * <published on the 6th day before the kalends of september..... in the consulship [of ...].>

CJ.4.37.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.37.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si societatis iure vel transactioni stipulatione subdita bonorum omnium aequis partibus inter te et fabiam divisionem recte fieri placuit, quo minus haec rata serventur, nihil interest, utrumne testatus, qui fuerit obligatus, an intestatus rebus sit humanis exemptus. * diocl. et maxim.

If by the law of partnership or by a stipulation appended to a settlement it was rightly agreed that the division of all the goods into equal parts between you and Fabia be made, there is nothing to prevent these ratified terms from being observed, whether the person who was obligated has departed from human affairs testate or intestate. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio celeri. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius celer. * <>

CJ.4.37.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.37.5: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Tamdiu societas durat, quamdiu consensus partium integer perseverat. proinde si iam tibi pro socio nata est actio, eam inferre apud eum, cuius super ea re notio est, non prohiberis. * diocl.

A partnership lasts as long as the consensus of the parties remains intact. Accordingly, if now the actio pro socio has arisen for you, you are not forbidden to bring it before him who has cognizance over that matter. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio theodoro. * <a 294 d. xii k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aurelius Theodorus. * A.D. 294, given on the 12th day before the Kalends of January.

nicomediae cc conss.>

at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.37.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.37.6: Emperor Justinian

De societate apud veteres dubitatum est, si sub condicione contrahi potest: puta " si ille consul fuerit" societatem esse contractam. sed ne simili modo apud posteritatem sicut apud antiquitatem huiusmodi causa ventiletur, sancimus societatem contrahi posse non solum pure, sed etiam sub condicione: voluntates etenim legitime contrahentium omnimodo conservandae sunt. * iust.

On partnership it was doubted among the ancients whether it can be contracted under a condition: for instance, " if that man shall have been consul" the partnership is contracted. But lest in a similar way among posterity, just as among antiquity, a case of this kind be ventilated, we enact that a partnership can be contracted not only purely, but also under a condition: for the wills of those legitimately contracting are in every way to be conserved. * iust.

a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. prid.>

to john, praetorian prefect. * <a 531 d. prid.>

CJ.4.37.7: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.37.7: Emperor Justinian

Sancimus veterum dubitatione semota licentiam habere furiosi curatorem dissolvere, si maluerit, societatem furiosi, et sociis licere ei renuntiare . et quemadmodum in omnibus aliis contractibus legitimam auctoritatem ei dedimus, ita et in hac parte eum permittimus competenter commodis furiosi providere. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d....... constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis >

We sanction, with the doubt of the ancients removed, that the curator of an insane person have license to dissolve, if he should prefer, the insane person’s partnership, and that it be permitted to him to renounce it to the partners . And just as in all the other contracts we have given him legitimate authority, so also in this part we permit him competently to provide for the interests of the insane person. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <in 531 on the day ....... at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes >

CJ.4.38.0. De contrahenda emptione.

CJ.4.38.0. On contracting a purchase.

CJ.4.38.1: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.38.1: Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Venditiones, etsi in alio loco quam in quo possessiones constitutae sunt fiant, non ideo irritae esse creduntur. * valer. et gallien.

Sales, even if they take place in a different place than that in which the possessions have been constituted, are not on that account deemed void. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. aurelio paulo. * <d. xii k. mai.>

the emperors to aurelius paulus. * <dated on the 12th day before the Kalends of May (April 20).>

CJ.4.38.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Emptionem et venditionem consensum desiderare nec furiosi ullum esse consensum manifestum est. intermissionis autem tempore furiosos maiores viginti quinque annis venditiones et alios quoslibet contractus posse facere non ambigitur. * diocl.

Purchase and sale require consent, and it is manifest that an insane person has no consent. However, during a remission, insane persons over 25 years can make sales and any other contracts, it is not doubted. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. aurelio avito. * <a 286 d. viii id. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti, to Aurelius Avitus. * <a 286 on the 8th day before the Ides of May.

maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

in the consulship of maximus 2 and aquilinus.>

CJ.4.38.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si donationis causa venditionis simulatus contractus est, emptio sui deficit substantia. sane si in possessionem rei sub specie venditionis causa donationis, ut te aleret, induxisti, sicut donatio perfecta facile rescindi non potest, ita legi, quam tuis rebus donans dixisti, parere convenit. * diocl.

If, for the cause of a donation, a contract of sale has been simulated, the purchase fails in its substance. Indeed, if you have put someone into possession of the thing under the appearance of a sale for the cause of a donation, in order that he might support you, just as a perfected donation cannot easily be rescinded, so it is fitting to obey the rule which, when donating your property, you prescribed. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. valeriae viacrae. * <>

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Valeria Viacra. * <>

CJ.4.38.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.4: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum res tibi donatas ab herede donatricis distractas esse proponas, intellegere debueras duplicari tibi titulum possessionis non potuisse, sed ex donatione et traditione dominum factum frustra emisse, cum rei propriae emptio non possit consistere, ac tunc demum tibi profuit, si ex donatione te non fuisse dominum demonstretur. sane quoniam omnia bona tibi ab ea donata et tradita dicis, ad hoc a filio facta venditio rerum maternarum adferre perfecta etiam donatione poterit defensionem, ne vel exemplo inofficiosi testamenti possit haec avocare. * diocl.

Since you propose that the things donated to you were alienated by the heir of the donatrix, you ought to have understood that your title of possession could not be duplicated, but that, having been made owner by donation and delivery, you purchased in vain, since a purchase of one’s own thing cannot stand; and only then did it profit you, if it is demonstrated that from the donation you had not been owner. Indeed, since you say that all the goods were donated and delivered to you by her, for this purpose a sale of the maternal goods made by the son could, even with the donation perfected, furnish a defense, so that he cannot revoke this even on the example of an inofficious testament. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio luciano. * <a 293 pp. iiii k. iun.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aurelius Lucianus. * in the year 293, on the 4th day before the Kalends of June.

aa. conss.>

the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.5: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum ipse tutor nihil ex bonis pupilli quae distrahi possunt comparare palam et bona fide prohibetur, multo magis uxor eius hoc facere potest. * diocl. et maxim.

Since the tutor himself is prohibited from purchasing, openly and in good faith, any of the ward’s goods which can be alienated, much more is his wife forbidden to do this. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. umbigae gratiae. * <a 293 d. viii k. dec. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars: favors for Umbiga. * <in 293, on the 8th day before the Kalends of December, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.38.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.6: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si gaudentius in matrem tuam titulo venditionis sine quadam fraude dominium mancipii transtulit, non idcirco, quod post inter eos matrimonium et divortium secutum dicitur, iuri eius quicquam derogatum est: quod vindicare, te matri tuae successisse probans, minime prohiberis. * diocl. et maxim.

If Gaudentius transferred to your mother, by the title of sale, the dominion of the slave without any fraud whatsoever, not on that account—because afterwards a marriage and a divorce are said to have followed between them—has anything been derogated from her right: which to vindicate, you, proving that you have succeeded to your mother, are in no way prohibited. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio lucretio. * <>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Lucretius. * <>

CJ.4.38.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.7: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si ancillam ex emptione sibi quaesitam mater tua donatione a secundo marito postea se simulavit accepisse, tituli falsi figmentum dominium ei duplicare vel auferre non potuit. * diocl. et maxim.

If your mother pretended that she had later received, by a donation from her second husband, a maidservant that had been procured for herself by purchase, the contrivance of a false title could not either duplicate the ownership or deprive her of it. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio isioni. * <a 294 s. non. mart.

The Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Ision. * given on March 2, 294.

sirmi cc. conss.>

at Sirmium; the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.8: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si non donationis causa, sed vere vineas distraxisti nec pretium numeratum est, actio tibi pretii, non eorum quae dedisti repetitio competit. * diocl. et maxim.

If not for the cause of donation, but truly you sold vineyards and the price was not paid, an action for the price is available to you, not a repetition (recovery) of the things which you gave. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. herodi et diogeni. * <a 294 d. xvii k. april. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to herodes and diogenes. * <year 294, given on the 17th day before the Kalends of April, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.38.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.9: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Empti fides ac venditi sine quantitate nulla est. placito autem pretio non numerato, sed solum tradita possessione istiusmodi contractus non habetur irritus, nec idcirco is qui comparavit minus recte possidet, quod soluta summa quam dari convenerat negatur. sed et donationis gratia praedii facta venditione si traditio sequatur, actione pretii nulla competente perficitur donatio.

The validity of a purchase and a sale is nothing without a fixed amount. However, if the price has been agreed but not counted out, and only possession has been delivered, a contract of this sort is not deemed void, nor therefore does the buyer possess less rightly because it is denied that the sum which it was agreed should be given has been paid. But also, if a sale of an estate has been made for the sake of a donation and delivery follows, the donation is perfected, with no action for the price lying.

* diocl. et maxim. aa. et cc. severo mil.

* Diocletian and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Severus, a soldier.

* <a 294 d. viii k. april. sirmi cc. conss.>

* <in the year 294, on the 8th day before the Kalends of April, at Sirmium, the Augusti and the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.10: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si mater tua velut ex bonis patris praedium suum comparavit, cum rei propriae non consistat emptio et hanc simulatam proponas, huiusmodi placitum mutare substantiam veritatis et ei nocere non potuit. * diocl. et maxim.

If your mother, as though from your father’s goods, purchased her own estate, since a purchase of one’s own thing does not stand, and you propose this as simulated, a placitum of this kind could not change the substance of the truth and could not harm her. * Diocl. and Maxim.

aa. et cc. aureliae gordianae. * <a 294 d. vii id. april. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelia gordiana. * <in 294, on April 7, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.38.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.11: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Invitum comparare vel distrahere postulantis causam iustam non continet desiderium. * diocl. et maxim.

The desire of one petitioning to have an unwilling person buy or sell does not contain just cause. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio paterno. * <a 294 pp. iii non. dec.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Paternus. * <a 294 pp. on the 3rd day before the Nones of December.

cc. conss.>

the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.12pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.12pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Non idcirco minus emptio perfecta est, quod emptor fideiussorem non accepit vel instrumentum testationis vacuae possessionis omissum est: nam secundum consensum auctoris in possessionem ingressus recte possidet. * diocl. et maxim.

Not for that reason is the purchase any less perfected, because the buyer did not receive a surety or the instrument of attestation of vacant possession was omitted: for, having entered into possession in accordance with the seller’s consent, he rightly possesses. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio paciano. * <>

the augusti and the caesares to aurelius pacianus. * <>

CJ.4.38.12.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.12.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Pretium sane, si eo nomine satisfactum non probetur, peti potest: nec enim licet in continenti facta paenitentiae contestatio consensu finita rescindit. <>

Indeed, the price, if it is not proved that satisfaction has been made under that title, may be sought: for a contestation of repentance made on the spot does not rescind what was concluded by consent. <>

CJ.4.38.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.38.13: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

In vendentis vel ementis voluntatem collata condicione comparandi, quia non adstringit necessitate contrahentes, obligatio nulla est. idcirco dominus invitus ex huiusmodi conventione rem propriam vel quilibet alius distrahere non compellitur. * diocl.

In the will of the seller or the buyer a condition of purchasing having been referred, since it does not bind the contracting parties by necessity, there is no obligation. Therefore the owner, if unwilling, is not compelled by an agreement of this kind to sell his own property, nor is any other person compelled to sell. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio decio lolliano. * <>

and maximian, the augusti, and the caesars, to aurelius decius lollianus. * <>

CJ.4.38.14: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.4.38.14: Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Dudum proximis consortibusque concessum erat, ut extraneos ab emptione removerent neque homines suo arbitratu vendenda distraherent. sed quia gravis haec videtur iniuria, quae inani honestatis colore velatur, ut homines de rebus suis facere aliquid cogantur inviti, superiore lege cassata unusquisque suo arbitratu quaerere vel probare possit emptorem, nisi lex specialiter quasdam personas hoc facere prohibuerit. * grat.

Long ago it had been conceded to next‑of‑kin and co‑partners that they might remove outsiders from a purchase and that people should not, at their own discretion, dispose by sale of things to be sold. But since this seems a grave injustice, which is veiled under an empty color of honor, namely that people are compelled, unwilling, to do something with their own property, the earlier law being annulled, let each person be able, at his own discretion, to seek or approve a buyer, unless a law has specially prohibited certain persons from doing this. * grat.

valentin. et theodos. aaa.

valentinian and theodosius, the augusti.

flaviano pp. illyrici. * <a 391 d. vi k. iun. vincentiae tatiano et symmacho conss.>

to Flavianus, Praetorian Prefect of Illyricum. * <in the year 391, given on the 6th day before the Kalends of June, at Vicentia; Tatianus and Symmachus, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.15pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.38.15pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Super rebus venumdandis, si quis ita rem comparavit, ut res vendita esset, quanti titius aestimaverit, magna dubitatio exorta est multis antiquae prudentiae cultoribus. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. k. aug.

Concerning vendible goods, if someone has arranged the matter in such a way that the thing be sold for as much as Titius shall have appraised, a great doubt has arisen among many cultivators of ancient jurisprudence. * justinian augustus to julian, praetorian prefect. *

lampadio et oreste conss.>

Lampadius and Orestes, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.15.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.38.15.1: Emperor Justinian

Quam decidentes censemus, cum huiusmodi conventio super venditione procedat " quanti ille aestimaverit", sub hac condicione stare venditionem, ut, si quidem ipse qui nominatus est pretium definierit, omnimodo secundum eius aestimationem et pretia persolvi et venditionem ad effectum pervenire, sive in scriptis sive sine scriptis contractus celebretur, scilicet si huiusmodi pactum, cum in scriptis fuerit redactum, secundum nostrae legis definitionem per omnia completum et absolutum sit. <a 530 d. k. aug. lampadio et oreste conss.>

In deciding this, we judge that, when such an agreement concerning a sale proceeds on the clause “for as much as he shall have appraised,” the sale stands under this condition: that, if indeed the person who is named shall have defined the price, then in every way both the price is to be paid according to his estimation and the sale is to come to effect, whether the contract is concluded in writing or without writings, namely, if such a pact, when it has been reduced into writings, is in all respects complete and absolute according to the definition of our law. <year 530, on the day of the kalends of august, lampadius and orestes, consuls.>

CJ.4.38.15.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.38.15.2: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem ille vel noluerit vel non potuerit pretium definire, tunc pro nihilo esse venditionem quasi nullo pretio statuto: nulla coniectura, immo magis divinatione in posterum servanda, utrum in personam certam an in viri boni arbitrium respicientes contrahentes ad haec pacta venerunt, quia hoc penitus impossibile esse credentes per huiusmodi sanctionem expellimus. <a 530 d. k. aug. lampadio et oreste conss.>

But if, however, he either was unwilling or was not able to define the price, then the sale is to be as nothing, as though no price had been set: with no conjecture—nay rather no divination—to be observed for the future as to whether the contracting parties came to these pacts having regard to a determinate person or to the arbitration of a good man, since, believing this to be utterly impossible, we expel it by a sanction of this kind. <a 530 d. k. aug. lampadio et oreste conss.>

CJ.4.38.15.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.38.15.3: Emperor Justinian

Quod et in huiusmodi locatione locum habere censemus. <a 530 d. k. aug. lampadio et oreste conss.>

We judge that this also applies in a lease of this kind. <a 530 on the kalends of august, lampadius and orestes consuls.>

CJ.4.39.0. De hereditate vel actione vendita.

CJ.4.39.0. On an inheritance or an action sold.

CJ.4.39.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.39.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Aes alienum hereditate nomine fisci vendita ad onus emptoris bonorum pertinere nec fiscum creditoribus hereditariis respondere certum et absolutum est. * sev. et ant.

It is certain and settled that, in an inheritance sold by the fiscus under the name of the inheritance, the debt pertains to the burden of the purchaser of the goods, and that the fiscus does not answer to the hereditary creditors. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. geminio. * <d. iii non. nov.>

the emperors to geminius. * <given on 3 november>

CJ.4.39.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.39.2: Emperor Antoninus

Ratio iuris postulat, ut creditoribus hereditariis et legatariis seu fideicommissariis te convenire volentibus tu respondeas et cum eo, cui hereditatem venumdedisti, tu experiaris suo ordine. nam ut satis tibi detur, sero desideras, quoniam eo tempore, quo venumdabatur hereditas, hoc non est comprehensum. quamvis enim ea lege emerit, ut creditoribus hereditariis satisfaciat, excipere actiones hereditarias invitus cogi non potest.

The rationale of law demands that you answer the hereditary creditors and the legatees or fideicommissaries who wish to bring an action against you, and that you litigate, in proper order, with the one to whom you sold the inheritance. For that satisfaction be given to you is a desire too late, since at the time when the inheritance was being sold, this was not included. For although he bought under the stipulation that he satisfy the hereditary creditors, he cannot be compelled, against his will, to accept the hereditary actions.

* ant. a. titio floriano. * <>

* Antoninus Augustus to Titius Florianus. * <>

CJ.4.39.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.39.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Nominis venditio et ignorante vel invito eo, adversus quem actiones mandantur, contrahi solet. * alex. a. quintiano et timotheo.

The vendition of a claim is customarily contracted even with the one, against whom the actions are assigned, being ignorant or unwilling. * alexander augustus to quintianus and timotheus.

* <a 223 d. viii id. febr. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <a in 223, on the 8th day before the Ides of February, Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.39.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.39.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Qui nondum certus de quantitate hereditatis, persuadente emptore quasi exiguam quantitatem, eam vendidit, bonae fidei iudicio conveniri, ut res tradat vel actiones mandet, non compellitur suoque iure eorum persecutionem habet. * alex. a. aurelio diogeni mil.

He who, not yet certain about the quantity of the inheritance, sold it, the purchaser having persuaded him as if the quantity were small, is not compelled, under an action of good faith, to deliver the things or to assign the claims, and he retains in his own right the pursuit of them. * Alexander Augustus to Aurelius Diogenes, soldier.

* <a 223 d. xvii k. oct. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the 17th day before the kalends of october, maximus (for the 2nd time) and aelianus being consuls.>

CJ.4.39.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.39.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Emptor hereditatis actionibus mandatis eo iure uti debet, quo is cuius persona fungitur, quamvis utiles etiam adversus debitores hereditarios actiones emptori tribui placuerit. * alex. a. nonario onesimo.

The buyer of an inheritance ought to use the actions entrusted by mandate with that right by which he, whose person he performs, would use them, although it has been decided that useful actions also are granted to the buyer against the hereditary debtors. * alex. a. to the nonarius Onesimus.

* <a 224 pp. k. mart. iuliano et crispino conss.>

* <in the year 224, on the day before the Kalends of March, Julianus and Crispinus consuls.>

CJ.4.39.6: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.39.6: Emperor Alexander Severus

Qui tibi hereditatem vendidit, antequam res hereditarias traderet, dominus earum perseveravit et ideo vendendo eas aliis dominium transferre potuit. sed quoniam contractus fidem fregit, ex empto actione conventus quod tua interest praestare cogitur. * alex.

He who sold you the inheritance, before he delivered the hereditary things, remained their owner and therefore, by selling them to others, could transfer ownership. but since he broke the faith of the contract, when sued by the action ex empto he is compelled to make good what is your interest. * alex.

a. pomponio mil. * <a a. 230 pp. viii k. iul. agricola et clemente conss.>

to a. pomponius, soldier. * <in the year 230, on the 8th day before the kalends of july, in the consulship of agricola and clemens>

CJ.4.39.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.39.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Postquam eo decursum est, ut cautiones quoque debitorum pignori darentur, ordinarium visum est, ut post nominis venditionem utiles emptori, sic ( ut responsum est) vel ipsi creditori postulanti dandas actiones. * diocl. et maxim.

After it has come to this point, that the cautiones of debtors too are given in pledge, it seemed the ordinary rule that, after a sale of the claim (nomen), useful actions be given to the buyer; likewise (as has been answered), actions are to be given to the creditor himself upon petition. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. manaseae. * <>

years of manasseh. * <>

CJ.4.39.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.39.8: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ex nominis emptione dominium rerum obligatarum ad emptorem non transit, sed vel in rem suam procuratori facto vel utilis secundum ea, quae pridem constituta sunt, exemplo creditoris persecutio tribuitur. * diocl. et maxim.

From the purchase of a claim (nominis emptio), dominion over the things under obligation does not pass to the buyer; but the pursuit, on the exemplar of the creditor, is granted either to a procurator constituted in rem suam or by a useful (utilis) action, in accordance with what was established before. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. vigiliano. * <as xv.>

the augusti and the caesars to vigilianus. * <as 15.>

CJ.4.39.9: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.39.9: Emperor Justinian

Certi et indubitati iuris est ad similitudinem eius, qui personalem redemerit actionem et utiliter eam movere suo nomine conceditur, et eum, qui in rem actionem comparaverit, eadem uti posse facultate. cum enim actionis nomen generale est omnium sive in rem siue( !) in personam actionum et apud omnes veteres iuris conditores hoc nomen in omnibus pateat, nihil est tale, quod differentiam in huiusmodi utilibus actionibus possit introducere. * iust.

It is of certain and indubitable law, by analogy to the case of him who has redeemed a personal action and is granted to prosecute it usefully in his own name, that he who has acquired an action in rem may be able to use the same faculty. For since the name “action” is the general designation of all actions, whether in rem or( !) in personam, and among all the ancient founders of law this name is open in all matters, there is nothing of such a kind as could introduce a difference in useful actions of this sort. * Just.

a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

a. to John the Pope. * <a 531 on the Kalends of November at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.40.0. Quae res venire non possunt et qui vendere vel emere vetantur.

CJ.4.40.0. Things which cannot be sold and those who are forbidden to sell or to buy.

CJ.4.40.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Theodosius, Arcadius

CJ.4.40.1: The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, Arcadius

Fucandae atque distrahendae purpurae vel in serico vel in lana, quae blatta vel oxyblatta atque hyacinthina dicitur, facultatem nullus possit habere privatus. sin autem aliquis supra dicti muricis vellus vendiderit, fortunarum se suarum et capitis sciat subiturum esse discrimen. * valentin.

No private person may have the faculty of dyeing and selling off purple, whether in silk or in wool, which is called blatta or oxyblatta and hyacinthine. But if anyone shall have sold the fleece of the aforesaid murex, let him know that he will undergo the peril of his fortunes and of his head. * valentinian.

theodos. et arcad. aaa.

Theodosius and Arcadius, Augusti.

fausto com. sacr. larg.

to faustus, count of the sacred largesses.

* <>

CJ.4.40.2: Imperatores Valentinianus, Theodosius, Arcadius

CJ.4.40.2: Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, Arcadius

Comparandi serici a barbaris facultatem omnibus, sicut iam praeceptum est, praeter comitem commerciorum etiamnunc iubemus auferri. * valentin. theodos.

We now also order that the faculty of purchasing silk from barbarians be taken away from all, as has already been prescribed, except for the Count of Commerce. * valentin. theodos.

et arcad. aaa. cariobaudi duci mesopotamiae.

and arcadius, the augusti, to cariobaudes, duke of mesopotamia.

* <>

CJ.4.40.3: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.40.3: The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Quia nonnunquam in diversis litoribus distrahi publici canonis frumenta dicuntur , vendentes et ementes sciant capitali poenae se esse subdendos et in fraudem publicam commercia contracta damnari. * arcad. et honor.

Because sometimes on diverse shores the grain of the public canon is said to be sold off , let sellers and buyers know that they are to be subjected to capital punishment, and that commercial dealings contracted in fraud of the public are condemned. * Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. ad senatum et pop. * <a 397 d. xvii k. mart. caesario et attico conss.>

the emperors to the senate and people. * <in 397, given on the 17th day before the kalends of march, in the consulate of caesarius and atticus.>

CJ.4.40.4: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.40.4: The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius

Ne frumentum, quod devotissimo exercitui mittitur, in praedam lucrumque vertatur , hac sanctione decernimus, ut, quicumque hoc fuerint forte mercati, honestiores quidem stilum proscriptionis incurrant, inferiores autem vilioresque personae capitali supplicio subiaceant. * honor. et theodos.

Lest the grain, which is sent to the most devoted army, be converted into plunder and lucre , by this sanction we decree that, whoever shall perchance have bought this, the more honorable indeed shall incur the record of proscription, but the inferior and viler persons shall be subject to capital punishment. * honor. and theodos.

aa. faustino pp. * <a 410 vel 413 ? >

the emperors to faustinus, praetorian prefect. * <a 410 or 413 ? >

CJ.4.41.0. Quae res exportari non debeant.

CJ.4.41.0. Which things ought not to be exported.

CJ.4.41.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens, Gratianus

CJ.4.41.1: Emperors Valentinian, Valens, Gratian

Ad barbaricum transferendi vini et olei et liquaminis nullam quisquam habeat facultatem ne gustus quidem causa aut usus commerciorum. * valentin. valens et grat.

To barbarian territory, let no one have any authorization to transfer wine and oil and liquamen, not even for the sake of tasting or for the uses of commerce. * valentinian. valens and gratian.

aaa. ad theodotum mag. mil.

aaa. to theodotus, master of soldiers.

* <a 370 - 375 >

* <AD 370 - 375 >

CJ.4.41.2pr.: Imperator Marcianus

CJ.4.41.2pr.: Emperor Marcian

Nemo alienigenis barbaris cuiuscumque gentis ad hanc urbem sacratissimam sub legationis specie vel sub quocumque alio colore venientibus aut in diversis aliis civitatibus vel locis loricas et scuta et arcus sagittas et spathas et gladios vel alterius cuiuscumque generis arma audeat venumdare, nulla prorsus isdem tela , nihil penitus ferri vel facti iam vel adhuc infecti ab aliquo distrahatur. perniciosum namque romano imperio et proditioni proximum est barbaros, quos indigere convenit, telis eos, ut validiores reddantur, instruere. * marcian.

Let no one dare to vend to foreign barbarians of whatever nation, who come to this most sacred city under the guise of a legation or under whatever other color (pretext), or in various other cities or places, cuirasses and shields and bows, arrows, and spathae and swords, or arms of any other kind whatsoever; let no missiles whatsoever to the same , nothing at all of iron, whether already wrought or as yet unwrought, be sold off by anyone. For it is pernicious to the Roman Empire and next to treason to equip barbarians—whom it is fitting to be in want thereof—with weapons, so that they may be rendered stronger. * marcian.

a. constantino pp. * <a 455 - 457 >

to Constantine, Praetorian Prefect. * <AD 455 - 457>

CJ.4.41.2.1: Imperator Marcianus

CJ.4.41.2.1: Emperor Marcian

Si quis autem aliquid armorum genus quarumcumque nationum barbaris alienigenis contra pietatis nostrae interdicta ubicumque vendiderit, bona eius universa proscribi protinus ac fisco addici, ipsum quoque capitalem poenam subire decernimus. <a 455 - 457 >

If anyone, moreover, shall sell anywhere any kind of arms, of whatever nations, to barbarian foreigners, contrary to the interdicts of our piety, we decree that all his goods are to be immediately proscribed and assigned to the fisc, and that he himself likewise is to undergo capital punishment. <a 455 - 457 >

CJ.4.42.0. De eunuchis.

CJ.4.42.0. On eunuchs.

CJ.4.42.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.42.1: Emperor Constantine

Si quis post hanc sanctionem in orbe romano eunuchos fecerit, capite puniatur: mancipio tali nec non etiam loco, ubi hoc commissum fuerit domino sciente et dissimulante, confiscando. * const. a. ursino duci mesopotamiae.

if anyone after this sanction in the roman world shall have made eunuchs, let him be punished with death: the slave in question, and also the place where this has been committed, with the master knowing and dissembling, to be confiscated. * const. a. to ursinus, duke of mesopotamia.

* <d. vi k. mart.>

* <on the 6th day before the Kalends of March>

CJ.4.42.2pr.: Imperator Leo

CJ.4.42.2pr.: Emperor Leo

Romanae gentis homines sive in barbaro sive in romano solo eunuchos factos nullatenus quolibet modo ad dominium cuiusdam transferri iubemus: poena gravissima statuenda adversus eos, qui hoc perpetrare ausi fuerint, tabellione videlicet, qui huiusmodi emptionis sive cuiuslibet alterius alienationis instrumenta conscripserit, et eo, qui octavam vel aliquod vectigalis causa pro his susceperit, eidem poenae subiciendo. * leo a. viviano pp. * <a 457 - 465 >

We order that men of the Roman nation, whether on barbarian or on Roman soil, having been made eunuchs, are by no means in any manner to be transferred to the dominion of any person: a most grave penalty is to be established against those who should have dared to perpetrate this—namely the notary, who shall have drafted the instruments of such a purchase or of any other alienation whatsoever, and the one who shall have received the “eighth” or any impost of vectigal for their sake—being subjected to the same penalty. * Leo Augustus to Viviano, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 457 - 465 >

CJ.4.42.2.1: Imperator Leo

CJ.4.42.2.1: Emperor Leo

Barbarae autem gentis eunuchos extra loca nostro imperio subiecta factos cunctis negotiatoribus vel quibuscumque aliis emendi in commerciis et vendendi ubi voluerint tribuimus facultatem. <a 457 - 465 >

But as for eunuchs of the barbarian race, made outside the places subject to our empire, we grant to all merchants and to any others whatsoever the faculty of buying them in commerce and of selling them wherever they wish. <a 457 - 465 >

CJ.4.43.0. De patribus qui filios distraxerunt.

CJ.4.43.0. On fathers who have sold their sons.

CJ.4.43.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.43.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Liberos a parentibus neque venditionis neque donationis titulo neque pignoris iure aut quolibet alio modo, nec sub praetextu ignorantiae accipientis in alium transferri posse manifesti iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is manifest law that children cannot be transferred by parents to another—neither under the title of sale nor of donation, nor by the right of pledge, nor in any other way, nor under the pretext of the recipient’s ignorance. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aureliae papinianae. * <a 294 d. xvi k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars, to aurelia papiniana. * <given in 294 on november 16 at nicomedia, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.4.43.2pr.: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.43.2pr.: Emperor Constantine

Si quis propter nimiam paupertatem egestatemque victus causa filium filiamve sanguinolentos vendiderit, venditione in hoc tantummodo casu valente emptor obtinendi eius servitii habeat facultatem. * const. a. provincialibus suis.

If anyone, on account of excessive poverty and destitution, for the sake of sustenance, has sold a son or daughter newborn, the sale being valid in this case only, let the purchaser have the faculty of obtaining their service. * a constitution to his provincials.

* <a 329 d. xv k. sept. serdicae constantino a. viii et constantino c. iiii conss.>

* <year 329, on the 15th day before the Kalends of September, at serdica, constantine augustus 8 and constantine caesar 4, consuls.>

CJ.4.43.2.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.43.2.1: Emperor Constantine

Liceat autem ipsi qui vendidit vel qui alienatus est aut cuilibet alii ad ingenuitatem propriam eum repetere, modo si aut pretium offerat quod potest valere, aut mancipium pro huiusmodi praestet. <a 329 d. xv k. sept. serdicae constantino a. viii et constantino c. iiii conss.>

Let it be permitted, moreover, to the very one who sold, or to the one who was alienated, or to any other person, to reclaim him to his own freeborn status, provided that either he offers the price which he may be worth, or furnishes a slave in lieu of such. <a 329 on the 15th day before the Kalends of September at Serdica, Constantine Augustus 8 and Constantine Caesar 4, consuls.>

CJ.4.44.0. De rescindenda venditione.

CJ.4.44.0. On the rescission of a sale.

CJ.4.44.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.44.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si pater tuus per vim coactus domum vendidit, ratum non habebitur, quod non bona fide gestum est: mala fide enim emptio irrita est. aditus itaque nomine tuo praeses provinciae auctoritatem suam interponet, maxime cum paratum te proponas id quod pretii nomine illatum est emptori refundere. * alex.

If your father, compelled by force, sold the house, what was not conducted in good faith will not be held valid: for a purchase in bad faith is void. Therefore, upon application in your name, the governor of the province will interpose his authority, especially since you present yourself ready to refund to the purchaser that which was paid in under the name of the price. * alex.

a. aurelio maroni mil. * <a 222 d. xi k. mart. antonino et alexandro conss.>

to aurelius maro, soldier. * <in the year 222, on the 11th day before the Kalends of March, Antoninus and Alexander consuls.>

CJ.4.44.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Rem maioris pretii si tu vel pater tuus minoris pretii, distraxit, humanum est, ut vel pretium te restituente emptoribus fundum venditum recipias auctoritate intercedente iudicis, vel, si emptor elegerit, quod deest iusto pretio recipies. minus autem pretium esse videtur, si nec dimidia pars veri pretii soluta sit. * diocl.

If you or your father alienated a thing of greater price for a lesser price, it is equitable that either—upon your restoring the price to the purchasers—you recover the estate sold, with the authority of the judge interceding; or, if the buyer chooses, you will receive what is lacking to a just price. Moreover, a lesser price is considered to be when not even half of the true price has been paid. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. aurelio lupo. * <a 285 pp. v k. nov.

and Maximian, the perpetual Augusti, to Aurelius Lupus. * <a 285, on the 5th day before the Kalends of November.

diocletiano a. ii et aristobulo conss.>

diocletian, augustus, for the 2nd time, and aristobulus, consuls.>

CJ.4.44.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.3: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

De contractu venditionis et emptionis iure perfecto alterutro invito nullo recedi tempore bona fides patitur, nec ex rescripto nostro. quo iure fiscum nostrum uti saepe constitutum est. * diocl.

Concerning the contract of vendition and emption, with the right perfected, good faith allows no withdrawal at any time with either party unwilling, nor even by our rescript. By which law it has often been established that our fisc may make use. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. titiae et marcianae. * <a 293 d. viii id. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Titia and Marciana. * <a in the year 293, given on the 8th day before the Ides of February.

aa. conss.>

the emperors, consuls.>

CJ.4.44.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ad rescindendam venditionem et malae fidei probationem hoc solum non sufficit, quod magno pretio fundum comparatum minoris distractum esse commemoras. * diocl. et maxim.

For rescinding the sale and for the proof of bad faith, this alone does not suffice, that you mention that an estate bought at a great price was sold for a lesser one. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. sempronio eudoxio. * <a 293 d. non. april.

the augusti and the caesars to sempronius eudoxius. * given 293, on the nones of april.

byzantio aa. conss.>

at byzantium, the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.44.5pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.5pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si dolo adversarii deceptum venditionem praedii te fecisse praeses provinciae aditus animadvertit, sciens contrarium esse dolum bonae fidei, quae in huiusmodi maxime contractibus exigitur, rescindi venditionem iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

If, when approached, the provincial governor observes that you, deceived by the adversary’s fraud, have made a sale of the estate, knowing that fraud is contrary to good faith—which is especially required in contracts of this kind—he will order the sale to be rescinded. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. claudio rufo. * <a 293 d. xv k. nov. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to claudius rufus. * <in the year 293, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November (October 18), at Sirmium, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.44.5.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.5.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quod si iure perfecta venditio est a maiore viginti quinque annis, intellegere debes consensu mutuo perfectam venditionem resolvi non posse. <a 293 d. xv k. nov. sirmi aa. conss.>

But if a sale has been perfected in law by one older than twenty-five years, you must understand that a perfected sale cannot be dissolved by mutual consent. <a 293, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November, at Sirmium, with the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.44.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Non est probabilis causa, propter quam rescindi consensu factam venditionem desideras. quamvis enim duplum offeras pretium emptori, tamen invitus ad rescindendam venditionem urgueri non debet. * diocl.

There is not a probable cause on account of which you desire that a sale made by consent be rescinded. Although you offer the buyer double the price, yet he, being unwilling, ought not to be pressed to rescind the sale. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. novisio gaiano veterano. * <a 293 >

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Novisius Gaianus, a veteran. * <a 293 >

CJ.4.44.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.7: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ratas manere semper perfectas iure venditiones vestra etiam interest. nam si oblato pretio rescindere venditionem facile permittatur, eveniet, ut et si quid vos laboribus vestris a fisco nostro vel a privato comparaveritis, eadem lege conveniamini, quam vobis tribui postulatis. * diocl.

It is also in your interest that sales perfected in law remain always ratified. For if, upon the price being tendered, it be easily permitted to rescind a sale, it will come about that, even if you have acquired anything by your own labors from our fisc or from a private person, you will be proceeded against under the same rule which you ask to be granted to you. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. mucatraulo mil. * <a 293 >

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Mucatraulus, a soldier. * <a 293 >

CJ.4.44.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.8: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si voluntate tua fundum tuum filius tuus venumdedit, dolus ex calliditate atque insidiis emptoris argui debet vel metus mortis vel cruciatus corporis imminens detegi, ne habeatur rata venditio. hoc enim solum, quod paulo minori pretio fundum venumdatum significas, ad rescindendam emptionem invalidum est. quod videlicet si contractus emptionis atque venditionis cogitasses substantiam et quod emptor viliori comparandi, venditor cariori distrahendi votum gerentes ad hunc contractum accedant vixque post multas contentiones, paulatim venditore de eo quod petierat detrahente, emptore autem huic quod obtulerat addente, ad certum consentiant pretium, profecto perspiceres neque bonam fidem, quae emptionis atque v enditionis conventionem tuetur, pati neque ullam rationem concedere rescindi propter hoc consensu finitum contractum vel statim vel post pretii quantitatis disceptationem: nisi minus dimidia iusti pretii, quod fuerat tempore venditionis, datum est, electione iam emptori praestita servanda.

If with your will your son sold your estate, fraud arising from the buyer’s callidity and insidious stratagems ought to be alleged, or an imminent fear of death or of bodily torture brought to light, lest the sale be held ratified. For this alone—that you indicate the estate was sold for a somewhat smaller price—is insufficient to rescind the purchase. For if you should consider the substance of the contract of purchase and sale, and that the buyer, bearing the desire of acquiring more cheaply, and the seller, of disposing more dearly, approach this contract, and scarcely, after many contentions, the seller gradually subtracting from what he had asked, the buyer adding to what he had offered, they agree upon a certain price, you would assuredly perceive that neither good faith, which protects the agreement of purchase and sale, allows, nor does any reason concede, that a contract finished by this consent be rescinded either immediately or after a disputation about the amount of the price: unless less than one-half of the just price, which existed at the time of the sale, was given, the option already granted to the buyer being to be observed.

* diocl. et maxim. aa. et cc. aureliae euodiae.

* Diocletian and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Aurelia Euodia.

* <a 293 d. k. dec. aa. conss.>

* <in the year 293, on the Kalends of December, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.44.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.9: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Pretii causa non pecunia numerata, sed pro eo pecoribus in solutum consentienti datis contractus non constituitur irritus. * diocl. et maxim.

The cause of the price being not money counted, but, in its stead, livestock given in satisfaction to one consenting, does not render the contract void. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. domitio civalensi. * <a 293 d. xv k. ian. sirmi aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Domitius Civalensis. * <in the year 293, given on the 15th day before the Kalends of January, at Sirmium, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.44.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.10: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Dolus emptoris qualitate facti, non quantitate pretii aestimatur. quem si fuerit intercessisse probatum, non adversus eum, in quem emptor dominium transtulit, rei vindicatio venditori, sed contra illum cum quo contraxerat in integrum restitutio competit. * diocl.

Fraud of the buyer is assessed by the quality of the act, not by the quantity of the price. And if it is proven that this has intervened, the rei vindicatio does not belong to the seller against the person to whom the buyer transferred ownership, but rather an in integrum restitutio lies against the one with whom he had contracted. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aemilio severo. * <>

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aemilius Severus. * <>

CJ.4.44.11pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.11pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Venditor factum emptoris, quod eum tempore contractus latuit, post arguendo, non qui eo tempore scierit, quo id ageretur, et consensit, de dolo queri potest. * diocl. et maxim.

The vendor can complain of fraud, by bringing an accusation afterwards, about the purchaser’s act which lay hidden from him at the time of the contract; but not he who knew at the time when it was being done and consented. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. aureliae magnae. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelia magna. * <>

CJ.4.44.11.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.11.1: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Igitur cum patrem tuum, ut maius comprehenderetur instrumento pretium, quam rei quae distrahebatur esse convenerat, consensisse profitearis, propter hoc solum de circumscriptione frustra queritur. <>

Therefore, since you profess that your father consented that a greater price be included in the instrument than had been agreed upon for the thing which was being sold, on this ground alone he complains in vain of overreaching. <>

CJ.4.44.11.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.11.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Sane si placitum pretium non probetur solutum vel in quantitatem debiti per errorem facti compensari cautum fuit, hoc reddi recte postulatur. <>

Indeed, if the agreed price is not proven to have been paid, or it was stipulated that it be compensated into the amount of the debt through an error of fact, it is rightly demanded that this be restored. <>

CJ.4.44.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.12: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Non idcirco minus venditio fundi, quod hunc ad munus sumptibus necessariis urguentibus non vilioris pretii vel urguente debito te distraxisse contendis, rata manere debet. illicitis itaque petitionibus abstinendo ac pretium, si non integrum solutum est, petendo facies consultius. * diocl.

Not for that reason should the sale of the estate remain any the less ratified, because you contend that you disposed of this for a munus, the necessary expenses pressing, not at a cheaper price, or with a debt pressing. By abstaining therefore from illicit petitions and by demanding the price, if it has not been paid in full, you will act more advisedly. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. antiocho. * <>

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Antiochus. * <>

CJ.4.44.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.13: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si maior annis viginti quinque fundum distraxisti, propter hoc solum, quod ementi, ne compararet, socer tuus denuntiavit, emptionem a te rescindi bona fides non patitur. * diocl. et maxim.

If, being greater than twenty-five years of age, you sold an estate, for this sole reason—that your father-in-law gave notice to the buyer not to purchase—good faith does not permit the purchase to be rescinded by you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio nicae decaria. * <>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius, of the decuria of Nicaea. * <>

CJ.4.44.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.44.14: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ea condicione distractis praediis, ut quod rei publicae debebatur qui comparavit restitueret, venditor a se celebrata solutione quanti interest experiri potest, non ex eo, quod emptor non satis conventioni fecit, contractus irritus constituitur. * diocl. et maxim.

Under this condition the estates having been alienated, that the purchaser should restore what was owed to the republic, the vendor, payment having been effected by himself, may bring an action for the amount of his interest; the contract is not rendered void on the ground that the buyer did not sufficiently comply with the agreement. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio basilidae mil. * <a 294 s. xv k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius basilides, soldier. * <in the year 294, on the 15th day before the kalends of january, at nicomedia, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.44.15: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.4.44.15: The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Quisquis maior aetate praedia etiam procul posita distraxerit, paulo vilioris pretii nomine repetitionis rei venditae copiam minime consequatur. neque inanibus immorari sinatur obiectis, ut vires sibimet locorum causetur incognitas, qui familiaris rei scire vires vel merita atque emolumenta debuerat. * grat.

Whoever, being of full age, has sold estates even situated far away, let him by no means obtain, under the pretext of a somewhat cheaper price, the facility of repetition of the thing sold. Nor let him be allowed to dwell on empty objections, so as to allege for himself the qualities of the places as unknown—he who ought to have known the strengths or merits and the emoluments of the property familiar to him. * grat.

valentin. et theodos. aaa.

valentinian and theodosius, the augusti.

ad hypatium pp. * <a 383 d. vi non. mai. mediolani merobaude ii et saturnino conss.>

to Hypatius, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 383, on May 2, at Milan, in the consulship of Merobaudes 2 and Saturninus, consuls.>

CJ.4.44.16pr.: Imperatores Valentinianus, Theodosius, Arcadius

CJ.4.44.16pr.: The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, Arcadius

Si quos debitorum mole depressos necessitas publicae rationis adstringat proprias distrahere facultates, rei qualitas et redituum quantitas aestimetur nec sub nomine subhastationis publicae locus fraudibus relinquatur et possessionibus viliore distractis plus exactor ex gratia quam debitor ex pretio consequatur. * valentin. theodos.

If the necessity of the public account should constrain any who are pressed down by the mass of debts to sell off their own resources, let the quality of the thing and the quantity of the revenues be appraised; nor, under the name of public auction, let room be left for frauds, and, with the properties sold off at a cheaper price, let not the collector obtain more by favor than the debtor from the price. * Valentinian, Theodosius.

et arcad. aaa. ad magnillum vic.

and Arcadius, the three Augusti, to Magnillus, the vicarius.

africae.* <a 392 d. xiii k. iul. aquileiae. acc.

to Africa.* <a 392, on the 13th day before the Kalends of July, at Aquileia. received.

id. ian. hadrumeti post consulatum tatiani et symmachi vv. cc.>

ides of january, at hadrumetum, after the consulship of tatianus and symmachus, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.44.16.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Theodosius, Arcadius

CJ.4.44.16.1: Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, Arcadius

Hi postremo sub empti titulo perpetuo dominii iure potiantur, qui tantum adnumeraverint fisco, quantum exegerit utilitas privatorum. etenim periniquum est, ut alienis bonis sub gratiosa auctione distractis parum accedat publico nomini, cum totum pereat debitori. <a 392 d. xiii k. iul.

Let them, finally, under the title of purchase, obtain the right of perpetual dominion, who shall have paid into the fisc as much as the interests of private persons have required. For it is most inequitable that, when another’s goods have been sold under a gracious auction, too little should accrue to the public account, while the debtor loses everything. <a 392 day 13 before the Kalends of July.

aquileiae. acc. id. ian.

at Aquileia. received on the Ides of January.

hadrumeti post consulatum tatiani et symmachi vv. cc.>

at Hadrumetum, after the consulship of Tatianus and Symmachus, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.44.17: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.44.17: Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Hi, qui imposita munera civitatum fuga destituunt et ineundos furtim existimant esse contractus, intellegant sibi nihil haec profutura esse commenta et pretio emptorem fugae conscium multandum esse, quod dederit. * arcad. et honor.

Those who abandon by flight the imposed municipal munera of the cities and think that contracts are to be entered into stealthily, let them understand that these contrivances will profit them nothing, and that the purchaser, conscious of the flight, must be mulcted in the amount of the price which he has given. * Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. messalae pp. * <a 399 d. xii k. sept. theodoro cons.>

the emperors to messala, praetorian prefect. * <a year 399, on the 12th day before the Kalends of September (August 21), theodorus consul.>

CJ.4.44.18: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.44.18: The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius, Theodosius

Vestium et argenti seu mancipiorum coemendorum, si quando a privatis nostris ea contigerit venumdari, palatini sciant sibi copiam denegatam: poena in eos amissionis pretii exercenda. * arcad. honor.

Of garments and silver, or of slaves to be bought up, if ever these should happen to be put up for sale by our private subjects, let the Palatine staff know that leave is denied to them: a penalty against them of forfeiture of the price is to be enforced. * arcad. honor.

et theodos. aaa. nestorio com.

and theodosius, the three augusti, to the count nestor.

rer. privat. * <a a. 402 vel 406 d. iii k. ian.

Res Privata. * <a in the year 402 or 406, given on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January.

r. arcadio.... >

in the reign of Arcadius.... >

CJ.4.45.0. Quando liceat ab emptione discedere .

CJ.4.45.0. When it is permitted to withdraw from a purchase .

CJ.4.45.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.45.1: Emperor Gordian

Re quidem integra ab emptione et venditione utriusque partis consensu recedi potest: etenim quod consensu contractum est, contrariae voluntatis adminiculo dissolvitur. at enim post traditionem interpositam nuda voluntas non resolvit emptionem, si non actus quoque priori similis retro agens venditionem intercesserit. * gord.

Indeed, while the matter is intact, one can withdraw from the purchase and sale by the consent of both parties: for what has been contracted by consent is dissolved by the aid of a contrary will. But after delivery has intervened, bare will does not resolve the purchase, unless an act also, similar to the prior one and retroacting—namely a sale—has intervened. * gord.

a. licinio rufino. * <>

to a. licinius rufinus. * <>

CJ.4.45.2pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.45.2pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Perfectam emptionem atque venditionem re integra tantum pacto et consensu posse dissolvi constat. * diocl. et maxim.

It is established that a perfected purchase and sale can be dissolved, while the matter is still intact, only by pact and consent. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio felici. * <a 293 d. non. april.

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius felix. * <in the year 293 on the nones of april.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at Byzantium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.45.2.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.45.2.1: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ergo si quidem arrae nomine aurum datum sit, potes hoc solum secundum fidem pacti recuperare. <a 293 d. non. april.

Therefore, if indeed gold has been given in the name of arrha (earnest-money), you can recover this alone according to the good faith of the pact. <in the year 293, on the Nones of April.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at Byzantium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.45.2.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.45.2.2: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si vero partem pretii persolvisti, ad ea, quae venditorem oportet ex venditione praestare, magis actionem quam ad pretii quantitatem, quam te dedisse significas , habes. <a 293 d. non. april.

If indeed you have paid a part of the price, you have an action rather for those things which it behooves the seller to furnish from the sale than for the amount of the price, which you signify that you have given , you have. <a 293 on the Nones of april.

byzantii aa. conss.>

at byzantium, the augusti consuls.>

CJ.4.46.0. Si propter publicas pensitationes venditio fuerit celebrata.

CJ.4.46.0. If on account of public taxes (public payments) the sale has been concluded.

CJ.4.46.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.46.1: Emperor Antoninus

Venditionem ob tributorum cessationem factam revocari non oportet neque priore domino pretium offerente neque creditore eius iure hypothecae sive pignoris. potior est enim causa tributorum, quibus priore loco omnia cessantis obligata sunt. * ant.

A sale made on account of the cessation of tributes ought not to be revoked, neither with the former owner offering the price nor with his creditor by the right of hypothec or of pledge. For the cause of tributes is superior, to which, in the first place, all the property of the defaulter has been obligated. * ant.

a. geminio materno. * <>

to Geminius Maternus. * <>

CJ.4.46.2pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.46.2pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si deserta praedia ob cessationem collationum vel reliqua tributorum ex permissu praesidis ab his, quibus periculum exactionis tributorum imminet, distracta sincera fide iusto pretio sollemniter comparasti, venditio ob sollemnes praestationes necessitate facta convelli non debet. * diocl. et maxim.

If, because of the cessation of contributions or the arrears of tributes, you have, with the permission of the governor, solemnly purchased deserted estates from those upon whom the peril of the exaction of tributes is impending, in sincere faith and at a just price, the sale, made by necessity on account of the solemn prestations, ought not to be rescinded. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. atiniae plotianae. * <>

the emperors to atinia plotiana. * <>

CJ.4.46.2.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.46.2.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sin autem venditio nulla iusta auctoritate praesidis praecedente facta est, hanc ratam haberi iura non concedunt, idque quod frustra gestum est revocari oportet , ita ut indemnitati tributorum omnibus modis consulatur. <>

If, however, a sale was made with no just authority of the governor preceding, the laws do not concede that this be held ratified, and that which was transacted in vain must be revoked , so that the indemnity of the tributes be provided for by every means. <>

CJ.4.46.2.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.46.2.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quae omnia tractari convenit praesente eo, quem emptorem extitisse proponis. <>

All these things ought to be handled in the presence of him whom you allege to have become the purchaser. <>

CJ.4.46.3: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.46.3: Emperor Constantine

Si quis fundum vel mancipia aliamve rem ob cessationem tributorum vel etiam ob vestium auri argentique debitum, quae annua exactione solvuntur, occupata convento debitore et apud iudicem interpellatione celebrata, cum solutio cessaverit, sub hasta distracta comparaverit, perpetuam emptionis accipiat firmitatem. sin autem minoris forte persona fuerit inserta, necesse sit legitimae defensionis adesse venditioni personam, nihilque intersit, utrumne officium summae rei procuratoris an certe rectoris provinciae id quod debitum fuerit proposuerit. * constant.

If anyone, on account of cessation of taxes, or even on account of a debt of garments, gold, and silver, which are paid by annual exaction, after seizure has been made, the debtor having been summoned and the interpellation conducted before the judge, with payment having ceased, has purchased an estate, slaves, or any other thing that has been sold under the spear at auction, let him receive perpetual validity of the purchase. But if perchance the person of a minor has been involved, it is necessary that the person of lawful defense be present to the sale; and let it make no difference whether the office of the procurator of the chief revenue or indeed the governor of the province has put up for sale what was owed. * Constantine.

a. ad egnatium faustinum praes. baeticae. * <a 337 d. prid.

a. to Egnatius Faustinus, praeses of Baetica. * <a 337, dated the day before.

id. dec. feliciano et titiano conss.>

on the ides of december, in the consulship of felician and titian.>

CJ.4.47.0. Sine censu vel reliquis fundum comparari non posse.

CJ.4.47.0. That a landed estate cannot be purchased without the census or the arrears being settled.

CJ.4.47.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.47.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ex conventione quidem, qua pactam novercam tuam cum patre tuo dicis, cum fundum in dotem daret, ut tributa ipsa agnosceret, actio tibi adversus eam competere non potest, et si pactum in stipulationem deductum probetur. sed et si fundus aestimatus ita, ut pars instrumenti significat, in dotem datus est, ex vendito actio, ut placitis stetur, non competit. * alex.

Indeed, from the agreement by which you say your stepmother made a pact with your father, when she gave an estate in dowry, that she should acknowledge the tributes themselves, an action does not lie for you against her, even if the pact is proved to have been reduced into a stipulation. But even if the estate, having been appraised as a part of the instrument signifies, was given in dowry, an action ex vendito, so that the agreements may be abided by, does not lie. * alex.

a. capitoni. * <a 229 pp. non. dec.

to Capito. * <a 229 the day before the Nones of Dec.

ipso a. iii et dione ii conss.>

when the same Augustus for the 3rd time and Dio for the 2nd were consuls.>

CJ.4.47.2pr.: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.47.2pr.: Emperor Constantine

Rei annonariae emolumenta tractantes cognovimus hanc esse causam maxime reliquorum, quod nonnulli captantes aliquorum momentarias necessitates sub hac condicione fundos comparant, ut nec reliqua eorum fisco inferant et immunes eos possideant. * const. a. ad antonium Marcellinum praes.

While handling the emoluments of the grain-supply, we have learned that this is the chief cause of the arrears: that some, seizing upon certain persons’ momentary necessities, purchase estates under this condition, that they neither pay those persons’ arrears into the fisc and hold them immune. * a constitution to Antonius Marcellinus, governor.

* <a 319 d. k. iul. agrippinae constantino a. v et licinio c. conss.>

* <in 319, on the kalends of july, at agrippina, constantine augustus for the 5th time and licinius caesar, consuls.>

CJ.4.47.2.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.47.2.1: Emperor Constantine

Ideoque placuit, ut, si quem constiterit huiusmodi habuisse contractum atque hac lege possessionem esse mercatum, tam pro solidis censibus fundi comparati quam pro reliquis universis eiusdem possessionis obnoxius teneatur, cum necesse sit eum qui comparat censum rei comparatae agnoscere, nec licere cuidam rem sine censu comparare vel vendere. <a 319 d. k. iul. agrippinae constantino a. v et licinio c. conss.>

Therefore it has pleased (been decreed) that, if it shall be established that someone has had a contract of this kind and has purchased a possession under this condition, he shall be held liable both for the full censuses (ground-rents) of the purchased estate and for all the remaining dues of the same possession, since it is necessary that the buyer acknowledge the census of the thing bought, nor is it permitted for anyone to buy or sell a thing without the census. <a 319 on the Kalends of July, at Agrippina, Constantine Augustus for the 5th time and Licinius Caesar, consuls.>

CJ.4.47.3: Imperator Julianus

CJ.4.47.3: Emperor Julian

Omnes pro his agris quos possident publicas pensitationes agnoscant nec pactionibus contrariis adiuventur, si venditor aut donator apud se collationis sarcinam pactione illicita voluerit retinere, etsi necdum translata sit professio censualis, sed apud priorem fundi dominum forte permaneat, dissimulantibus ipsis, ut non possidentes pro possidentibus exigantur. * iul. a. ad secundum pp. * <a 363 d. xiiii k. mart.

Let all acknowledge the public assessments for those fields which they possess, nor be aided by contrary pacts, if the seller or donor should wish, by an illicit agreement, to retain upon himself the burden of the contribution, even if the censual profession has not yet been transferred but perhaps remains with the former owner of the estate, they themselves dissembling, so that non‑possessors are exacted in place of possessors. * Julian Augustus to Secundus, Praetorian Prefect. * <in 363, given on the 14th day before the Kalends of March.

antiochiae iuliano a. iiii et sallustio conss.>

at antioch, in the consulship of julian augustus (4) and sallustius, consuls.>

CJ.4.48.0. De periculo et commodo rei venditae.

CJ.4.48.0. On the peril and benefit of the thing sold.

CJ.4.48.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.48.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Post perfectam venditionem omne commodum et incommodum, quod rei venditae contingit, ad emptorem pertinet. auctor enim ex his tantum causis suo ordine tenetur, quae ex praecedente tempore causam evictionis parant, et ita, si ei denuntiatum est, ut causae agendae adesset, et non absente emptore contra eum pronuntiatum est. * alex.

After a completed sale, every advantage and disadvantage that befalls the thing sold pertains to the purchaser. For the warrantor (auctor) is liable, in due order, only on those grounds which from a preceding time prepare a cause of eviction; and thus, if notice was given to him to be present for the pleading of the case, and not, the buyer being absent, was judgment pronounced against him. * alex.

a. iuliae secundinae. * <a 223 d. k. sept. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

to Julia Secundina. * <in 223, on the Kalends of September, Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.48.2pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.48.2pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Cum convenit, ut singulae amphorae vini certo pretio veneant, antequam tradantur , imperfecta etiam tunc venditione periculum vini mutati emptoris, qui moram mensurae faciendae non interposuit, non fuit. * alex. a. gargilio iuliano.

When it is agreed that each amphora of wine is to be sold at a fixed price, before they are delivered , the sale being even then incomplete, the risk of the wine having changed was not the buyer’s, who did not interpose delay in the measuring to be done. * alexander augustus to gargilius julianus.

* <a 223 pp. v k. april. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <a 223, posted on the 5th day before the kalends of April, with Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus as consuls.>

CJ.4.48.2.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.48.2.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Cum autem universum quod in horreis erat postea venisse sine mensura et claves emptoribus traditas adlegas, perfecta venditione quod vino mutato damnum accidit , ad emptorem pertinet. <a 223 pp. v k. april. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

But since you allege that the whole of what was in the storehouses was thereafter sold without measure and that the keys were delivered to the purchasers, once the sale was perfected, the loss that occurred because the wine changed pertains to the buyer. <a 223, five days before the Kalends of April, Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.48.2.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.48.2.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Haec omnia locum habent non solum si vinum, sed etiam si oleum vel frumentum vel his similia venierint et ea aut deteriora aut penitus corrupta fuerint. <a 223 pp. v k. april. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

All this holds good not only if wine has been sold, but also if oil or grain or things similar to these have been sold, and they are either inferior or wholly spoiled. <a 223, five days before the Kalends of April, under the consuls Maximus 2 and Aelianus.>

CJ.4.48.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.48.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Dolum auctoris bona fide emptori non nocere certi iuris est. * alex. a. daphenae.

It is a matter of settled law that the fraud of the seller does not harm the good‑faith buyer. * Alexander Augustus to Daphenas.

* <a 223 pp. iiii k. oct. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in 223, published on the 4th day before the Kalends of October, under the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus.>

CJ.4.48.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.48.4: Emperor Gordian

Cum inter emptorem et venditorem contractu sine scriptis inito de pretio convenit moraque venditoris in traditione non intercessit, periculo emptoris rem distractam esse in dubium non venit. * gord. a. silvestro mil.

When between buyer and seller, by a contract entered without writings, agreement has been reached as to the price, and no delay of the seller has intervened in delivery, it is not brought into doubt that the thing alienated is at the buyer’s risk. * gordian augustus to silvester, soldier.

* <a 239 pp. xv k. ian. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, on the 15th day before the Kalends of January, Gordianus Augustus and Aviola, consuls.>

CJ.4.48.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.48.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum speciem venditam per violentiam ignis absumptam dicas, si venditionem nulla condicio suspenderat, amissae rei periculum te non adstringit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you say that the specific thing sold was consumed by the violence of fire, if no condition had suspended the sale, the risk of the lost thing does not bind you. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. aurelio leontio. * <a 285 pp. iii non. nov.

the emperors to Aurelius Leontius. * <a 285, published on the 3rd day before the Nones of November.

atubino diocletiano a. ii et aristobulo conss.>

at Ubino, under Diocletian as Augustus for the 2nd time and Aristobulus, consuls.>

CJ.4.48.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.48.6: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Mortis casus ancillae distractae etiam ante traditionem sine mora venditoris dilatam non ad venditorem, sed ad emptorem pertinet, et hac non ex praeterito vitio rebus humanis exempta solutionem emptor pretii non recte recusat. * diocl. et maxim.

The event of the death of a slave-girl who has been sold, even before delivery, when the delivery has been delayed without delay on the seller’s part, pertains not to the seller but to the buyer; and since she was removed from human affairs not on account of a prior defect, the buyer does not rightly refuse payment of the price. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio cyrillo. * <a 294 s. xv k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Cyrillus. * <in the year 294, on the 15th day before the Kalends of January, at Nicomedia, the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.49.0. De actionibus empti et venditi.

CJ.4.49.0. On the actions of emption and vendition.

CJ.4.49.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.49.1: Emperor Antoninus

Adversus eum, cui agrum vendidisti, venditi iudicio consiste: nec enim tibi in rem actio cum emptore, qui personaliter tibi sit obligatus, competit. * ant. a. aelianae.

Proceed by the action of sale against him to whom you sold the field; for an in rem action does not lie for you against the buyer, who is personally obligated to you. * Antoninus Augustus to Aeliana.

* <a 215 pp. iiii id. iun. laeto iterum et cereale conss.>

* <year 215, on the fourth day before the Ides of June (June 10), in the consulship of Laetus (for the second time) and Cerealis.>

CJ.4.49.2pr.: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.49.2pr.: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Venditi actionem ad recipiendum residuum pretium intendere adversario tuo poteris. * valer. et gallien.

You will be able to bring the action venditi to receive the residual price against your adversary. * valerian and gallienus

aa. et valer. c. flavio domitiano. * <a 259 pp. id. mart.

the Augusti and Valerian the Caesar to Gaius Flavius Domitianus. * <a 259 the day before the Ides of March.

aemiliano et basso conss.>

aemilianus and bassus, consuls.>

CJ.4.49.2.1: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.49.2.1: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Nec quod in compensationem venerit, quasi et tu invicem deberes, id obesse tibi poterit, si in bonae fidei contractu, in quo maiores etiam viginti quinque annis officio iudicis in iis quae dolo commissa sunt adiuvantur, iusto errore te ductum vel fraude adversarii captum, quasi debitum id esset, quod re vera non debebatur, pepigisse monstraveris. <a 259 pp. id. mart. aemiliano et basso conss.>

Nor will that which has come into compensation, as though you in turn owed it, be able to prejudice you, if in a good‑faith contract—in which even those over twenty‑five years are aided by the judge’s office in matters committed by fraud—you show that, led by a just error or caught by the adversary’s fraud, you stipulated, as if it were a debt, for that which in truth was not owed. <in the year 259, after the Ides of March, Aemilianus and Bassus, consuls.>

CJ.4.49.2.2: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.49.2.2: Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Fructus quoque perceptos ante venditionem contractam, quos, cum venditioni non accessissent, eundem emptorem invasisse proponis, eodem iudicio reposces. <a 259 pp. id. mart. aemiliano et basso conss.>

Likewise you will reclaim by the same action the fruits also taken before the sale was contracted, which, since they had not been annexed to the sale, you allege that the same buyer seized. <a 259 pp. id. mart. aemiliano et basso conss.>

CJ.4.49.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ex arrali pacto personalis dumtaxat paciscentibus actio praeparatur. * diocl. et maxim.

From an arrhal pact, only a personal action is prepared for the contracting parties. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. serapodoro. * <a 290 pp. iiii id. iul. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the augusti to serapodorus. * <year 290, posted on the 4th day before the ides of july, when the same augusti were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.49.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si traditio rei venditae iuxta emptionis contractum procacia venditoris non fiat , quanti interesse compleri emptionem fuerit arbitratus praeses provinciae, tantum in condemnationis taxationem deducere curabit. * diocl. et maxim.

If, through the seller’s impudence, the delivery of the thing sold does not take place according to the contract of purchase , the governor of the province shall take care to bring into the assessment of the condemnation as much as he has judged to be the amount of interest that the purchase be completed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. muciano. * <a 290 pp. viii id. sept. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the emperors to Mucianus. * <in the year 290, on the 8th day before the Ides of September, when the emperors themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.49.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Curabit praeses provinciae compellere emptorem, qui nactus possessionem fructus percepit, partem pretii quam penes se habet cum usuris restituere, quas et perceptorum fructuum ratio et minoris aetatis favor, licet nulla mora intercesserit, generavit. * diocl. et maxim.

The governor of the province shall take care to compel the purchaser, who, having obtained possession, has taken the fruits, to restore the part of the price which he has in his keeping with interest, which both the reckoning of the fruits received and the privilege of minority have generated, although no delay has intervened. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. decimo caplusio. * <a 290 pp. xii k. oct. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars, in the tenth chapter. * <a 290 on the 12th day before the Kalends of October, when the same Augusti were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.49.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Venditi actio, si non ab initio aliud convenit, non facile ad rescindendam perfectam venditionem, sed ad pretium exigendum competit. * diocl. et maxim.

The seller’s action, unless something else was agreed from the beginning, does not readily lie to rescind a perfected sale, but lies for exacting the price. * Diocl. and Maxim.

aa. et cc. neratio. * <a 293 s. vi id. april. byzantii aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to neratius. * <year 293, on April 8, at Byzantium, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.49.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.7: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si servos distraxisti ac pretium de peculio eorum, quod ad te pertinebat, nesciens unde solveretur accepisti, consequens est integram te pretii actionem habere , cum proprii venditoris nummi soluti non praestant emptori liberationem. * diocl. et maxim.

If you sold slaves and, not knowing whence it was being paid, accepted the price from their peculium, which pertained to you, it follows that you have the entire action for the price, since monies paid from the seller’s own funds do not afford the purchaser a discharge. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. diodoro. * <a 293 s. xvii k. mai. melanthiade aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to diodorus. * <in 293, on the 17th day before the Kalends of May, at Melanthiada, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.49.8pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.8pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si pater tuus venum portionem suam dedit nec induxit in vacuam possessionem praedii, ius omne penes se eum retinuisse certum est. neque enim velut traditionis factae vectigal exsolutum, si simulatum factum intercessit, veritatem mutare potuit. * diocl.

If your father sold his own portion and did not put [the buyer] into vacant possession of the estate, it is certain that he retained all right with himself. For neither, as though the tax for a delivery made had been paid, if a simulated act intervened, could it change the truth. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio eusebio. * <a 293 s. v k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aurelius Eusebius. * <a 293, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May.

aa. conss.>

under the consulate of the Augusti.>

CJ.4.49.8.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.8.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quapropter aditus praeses provinciae, si animadverterit in vacuam possessionem neque patrem tuum neque successores eius emptorem vel heredes ipsius quocumque loco factos induxisse, non dubitabit nihil esse translatum pronuntiare. et si te ex empto ad inducendum in vacuam possessionem perspexerit conveniri, aestimabit , an pretium sit exsolutum: ac si reppererit non esse satis pretio factum, hoc restitui tibi providebit. <a 293 s. v k. mai.

Wherefore, when approached, the governor of the province, if he observes that into the vacant possession neither your father nor his successors have inducted the buyer or his heirs, wherever constituted, will not hesitate to pronounce that nothing has been transferred. And if he perceives that you are being proceeded against on the basis of the purchase (ex empto) to induct into vacant possession, he will assess , whether the price has been paid out: and if he finds that enough has not been done with respect to the price, he will see to it that this be restored to you. <a 293 s. v k. mai.

aa. conss.>

the emperors, consuls.>

CJ.4.49.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si minor a venditore sive sciente sive ignorante dicebatur capitatio praedii venditi et maior inventa sit, in tantum convenitur, quanto, si scisset emptor ab initio, minus daret pretii. sin vero huiusmodi onus et gravamen functionis cognovisset, nullam adversus venditorem habet actionem. * diocl.

If the capitation (head-tax) of the sold estate was stated by the seller—whether knowing or unknowing—to be less, and a greater is found, he is proceeded against to the extent by which, had the buyer known from the beginning, he would have paid less of the price. But if indeed he had known such a burden and gravamen of the levy (functio), he has no action against the seller. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aureliae zaniae antipatrae. * <a 293 s. xv k. iun.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to aurelia zania antipatra. * a.d. 293, on the 15th day before the kalends of june.

philippopoli aa. conss.>

at Philippopolis, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.49.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.10: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum venditorem carnis fide conventionis rupta tempore placito hanc non exhibuisse proponas, empti actione eum quanti interest tua tunc tibi praestitam fuisse apud praesidem provinciae convenire potes. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you allege that the seller of meat, the faith of the convention having been broken, did not exhibit it at the time agreed, you can bring him, by the action of purchase, for as much as your interest that it then should have been rendered to you, before the governor of the province. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. titio attalo. * <a 293 s. xvii k. ian. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to titius attalus. * <in the year 293, on the 17th day before the Kalends of January (December 16), the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.49.11: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.11: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si ancillam tibi ex causa venditionis traditam venditor manumisit, libertatem alienae factae praestare non potuit. quod si post venditionem ante traditionem manumisit, pleno iure dominus constitutus civem romanam facere non prohibebatur: tibi personali propter ruptam fidem contra venditorem actione competente. * diocl.

If the seller manumitted the maidservant who had been delivered to you by reason of sale, he could not provide the liberty of one who had become another’s. But if he manumitted her after the sale and before delivery, the owner constituted by full right was not prohibited from making her a Roman citizen; a personal action lies for you against the seller on account of broken good faith. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. flaviae eucarpiae. * <a 293 s. x k. ian.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to flavia eucarpia. * <year 293, on the 10th day before the kalends of january.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.49.12: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.12: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sicut periculum vini mutati, quod certum fuerat comparatum, ad emptorem, ita commodum aucti pretii pertinet. utque hoc verum est, sic certae qualitatis ac mensurae distracto vino fidem placitis servandam convenit: quo non restituto non pretii quantitatis, sed quanti interest empti competit actio. * diocl.

As the risk of wine that has altered, which had been purchased as a determinate thing, is the purchaser’s, so too the advantage of an augmented price pertains to him. And as this is true, so, when wine of a fixed quality and measure has been sold, it is fitting that faith be kept to the covenants: if that is not delivered, the action lies not for the amount of the price, but for the amount of the buyer’s interest. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. egi crispino.* <a 294 s. prid. non.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars. I acted before Crispinus.* <a in the year 294, on the day before the Nones.

febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

February, at Sirmium, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.49.13: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.13: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Fructus post perfectum iure contractum emptoris spectare personam convenit, ad quem et functionum gravamen pertinet: venditorque pretium tantum ac, si moram intercessisse probetur, usuras officio iudicis exigere potest. * diocl. et maxim.

The fruits, after a contract has been duly perfected in law, are to accrue to the person of the buyer, upon whom also the burden of public charges pertains; and the seller can exact only the price and, if it is proven that delay has intervened, interest by the authority of the judge. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. flavio alexandro. * <a 294 s. iiii non. dec.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Flavius Alexander. * <in 294, on the 4th day before the Nones of December.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.49.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.14: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Emptor servorum recte de his tradendis et de eorum fuga itemque sanitate erronesque non esse aut noxa solutus repromitti sibi recte postulat. * diocl. et maxim.

The buyer of slaves rightly demands that it be warranted to him concerning their delivery and their escape and likewise their soundness, and that they are not runaways, or that he be released from noxal liability. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio rusoni. * <a 294 s. v k. dec. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Ruson. * <in the year 294, on the 5th day before the Kalends of December, the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.49.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.15: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ultra modum tritici distracti citra pactum in solutione mora non facta nihil emptor exigere potest. * diocl. et maxim.

Beyond the measure of the wheat sold, without a pact, with no delay having been made in performance, the buyer can exact nothing. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio antonino aeliano. * <a 294 s. xv k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius antoninus aelianus. * <a 294 on the 15th day before the kalends of january at nicomedia, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.49.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.16: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Post perfectam venditionem fetus quidem pecorum emptori, venditori vero sumptus, si quos bona fide fecerit, restitui debere notissimum est. * diocl. et maxim.

After the sale has been perfected, it is most well known that the offspring of the livestock are to be restored to the buyer, but that the expenses are to be restored to the seller, if he has incurred any in good faith. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio cyrillo. * <a 294 s. viii k. ian. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius cyrillus. * <in the year 294, on the 8th day before the kalends of january, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.49.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.49.17: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Expulsos vos de fundo per violentiam a nerone, quem habere ius in eo negatis, profitentes nullam vobis adversus eum, ex cuius venditione fundum possidetis, actionem competere probatis. igitur ad instar interdicti seu actionis promissae experiendum esse perspicitis. * diocl.

you, having been expelled from the estate by violence by nero, whom you deny to have a right in it, while professing that no action is competent for you against him from whose sale you possess the estate, you make clear. therefore you perceive that it must be proceeded with on the model of an interdict or of the promised action. * diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. hermiano et hermippo. * <>

and Maximianus, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Hermianus and Hermippus. * <>

CJ.4.50.0. Si quis alteri vel sibi sub alterius nomine vel aliena pecunia emerit.

CJ.4.50.0. If anyone purchases for another, or for himself under another's name, or with another's money.

CJ.4.50.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.50.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si pecunia patris fundus mancipiaque comparata sunt, tamen cum emptiones matris tuae nomine factas esse proponis, ignorare non debes traditione matrem tuam dominam fuisse constitutam. plane si pecuniae petitionem competere tibi propter numerationem pretii existimas, civiliter consiste. * ant.

If a farm and slaves have been acquired with your father’s money, nevertheless, since you assert that the purchases were made in your mother’s name, you ought not to be unaware that by delivery (traditio) your mother was constituted owner. Clearly, if you think a claim for the money is available to you by reason of the counting out of the price, proceed by civil action. * ant.

a. mercatori secundo. * <a 213 pp. iii k. aug. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

a. to the merchant Secundus. * <in 213, pp., on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August, under Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.50.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.50.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si emancipatis vobis fundos, quos nomine vestro, cum in potestate ageretis, pater emerat, tradidit vel in possessione eorum voluntate patris fuistis, dominium adquisistis. * alex. a. septimiae.

If, you being emancipated, the estates which your father had purchased in your name while you were under his power he delivered to you, or you were in possession of them by your father’s will, you have acquired ownership. * Alexander Augustus to Septimia.

* <a 222 d. xiii k. april. antonino et alexandro conss.>

* <in the year 222, on the 13th day before the Kalends of April, Antoninus and Alexander, consuls.>

CJ.4.50.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.50.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Mancipia quorum meministi si, ut proponis, nomine tuo itemque fratris tui cui successisti empta vobis tradita sunt, licet instrumento emptionis matrem tuam pecuniam numerasse contineatur, persequi ea more iudiciorum non prohiberis. * alex. a. fabio paterno.

Slaves which you mention, if, as you set forth, having been bought in your name and likewise in that of your brother, whom you have succeeded, were delivered to you, although the instrument of purchase contains that your mother counted out the money, you are not prohibited from pursuing them by the judicial course. * Alexander Augustus to Fabius Paternus.

* <a 228 d. xv k. iul. modesto et probo conss.>

* <a in the year 228, on the 15th day before the Kalends of July, in the consulship of Modestus and Probus.>

CJ.4.50.4: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.50.4: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Quamvis instrumento emptionis socrus nomen inscripseris, tamen si possessionem tenes, dominus effectus es. ob eam rem frustra calumniam mulieris, quamvis ipsa contractus tabulas habeat, formidas. * valer. et gallien.

Although you have inscribed your mother-in-law’s name on the purchase instrument, nevertheless, if you hold possession, you have become owner. For that reason you vainly fear the woman’s calumny, although she herself has the contract tablets. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. et valer. c. aurelio cyrillo. * <d. iii non.

the augusti and valerian the caesar, to aurelius cyrillus. * < given on the 3rd day before the nones.

mai.>

May.>

CJ.4.50.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum propria pecunia tua te comparante possessionem quondam uxoris tuae nomen tantummodo accommodasse dicas eandemque occasione custodiae suae commissorum instrumentorum contra bonam fidem proprietatem eiusdem fundi usurpasse, rector provinciae, pro sua exercitatione cognitum habens donationem a non domina uxore tua in filiam suam collatam nullum praeiudicium dominio tuo attulisse, docenti tibi veritatem precibus tuis adsistere restituere eandem possessionem habita etiam fructuum taxatione curabit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you say that, with your own money purchasing it yourself, you only accommodated the name of your former wife for the possession, and that the same woman, taking the opportunity of the custody of the instruments entrusted to her, against good faith usurped the ownership of the same estate, the rector of the province, in the exercise of his office, having ascertained that a donation conferred by your wife, who was not the owner, upon her daughter brought no prejudice to your dominium, will, you demonstrating the truth, support your petition and will take care to restore the same possession, an assessment of the fruits also being made. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. vero. * <a 290 d. prid. id. sept.

the augusti, at Verona. * <year 290, given on the day before the Ides of September.

ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

when the same Augusti were consuls for the 4th and the 3rd time.>

CJ.4.50.6pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.6pr.: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Multum interest, utrumne uxore tua comparante pecuniam numerasti eique possessio tradita est, an contractu emptionis a te nomine tuo habito tantum uxoris nomen post instrumentis scribi feceris. * diocl. et maxim.

Much difference it makes, whether you counted out the money with your wife procuring the purchase and possession was delivered to her, or whether, with a contract of purchase held by you in your own name, you only caused your wife’s name to be written afterward in the instruments. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio dionysio. * <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Dionysius. * <a in the year 293, on Aug. 19, at Viminacium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.50.6.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.6.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Nam si quidem uxor tua nomine suo emit eique res traditae sunt nec in te quicquam de his processit, non nisi de pretio adversus eam, in quantum tu pauperior et illa locupletior facta est, habes actionem. <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

For if indeed your wife bought in her own name and the things were delivered to her, and nothing of these proceeded to you, you have an action only for the price against her, to the extent that you were made poorer and she richer. <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

CJ.4.50.6.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.6.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quod si emisti quidem tu et tibi tradita possessio est, tantum autem nomen instrumento uxoris quondam tuae scriptum est, res gesta potior quam scriptura habetur. <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

But if you indeed bought, and possession has been delivered to you, but only the name was written in the instrument of your former wife, the transaction is considered superior to the writing. <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

CJ.4.50.6.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.6.3: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Sin vero ab initio negotium uxoris gerens comparasti nomine ipsius, empti actionem nec illi nec tibi adquisisti, dum tibi non vis nec illi potes: quare in dominii quaestione ille potior habetur, cui possessio tradita est. <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

But if indeed from the beginning, managing your wife’s business, you acquired in her name, you have acquired the action of purchase for neither her nor yourself, since you do not wish it for yourself nor can you for her: wherefore, in the question of dominion, he is held the stronger to whom possession has been delivered. <a 293 d. xiiii k. sept. viminacio aa. conss.>

CJ.4.50.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum per eos qui negotia tua gerebant olei materiam te comparasse contractusque fidem pretio suscepto rupisse venditorem proponas, si quidem ex empto his qui iuri tuo subiecti fuerint contrahentibus tibi quaesita est actio, per te vel cui mandaveris, si vero sui iuris constituti secundum mandatum tuum hunc contractum habuerunt ac sibi empti quaesierunt actionem, per eos vel quibus illi dederint mandatum adi competentem iudicem, qui secundum bonam fidem, quae in huiusmodi contractibus observari solet, satisfieri providebit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you allege that, through those who were managing your affairs, you procured a quantity of oil and that the seller, the price having been received, broke the good faith of the contract: if indeed an action ex empto was acquired for you by those who, being subject to your legal power, contracted, proceed through yourself or through whomever you have mandated; but if persons constituted sui iuris, acting according to your mandate, made this contract and acquired for themselves the action ex empto, then, through them or through those to whom they have given a mandate, approach the competent judge, who, according to bona fides, which is wont to be observed in contracts of this kind, will provide that satisfaction be made. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio gerontio. * <a 293 s. xiiii k. sept. aa. conss.>

the emperors and the caesars to aurelius gerontius. * <in the year 293, on the 14th day before the kalends of september, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.50.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Qui aliena pecunia comparat, non ei cuius nummi fuerunt, sed sibi tam actionem empti quam dominium, si tamen ei fuerit tradita possessio, quaerit. cum itaque de rebus communibus fratrem patruelem tuum quaedam comparasse contendas, de tua pecunia hunc conveniendo facies consultius: nam in rem de rebus ab eo comparatis tibi contra eum petitio non competit. * diocl.

He who purchases with another’s money does not acquire for the one whose coins they were, but for himself, both the action of purchase and ownership—if, however, possession has been delivered to him. Therefore, since you allege that your paternal cousin has acquired certain things from common goods, you will act more advisably by proceeding against him for your money: for an in rem claim concerning the things purchased by him does not lie for you against him. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. maximae valentinae. * <a 294 d. prid.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Maxima Valentina. * <a 294, on the day before.

non. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

on the Nones of February, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.50.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.50.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Nihil prohibet altero pecuniam numerante in alium vel utriusque contrahentis consensu vel certe venditore tantummodo volente dominium transferri: eo etiam manifeste constituto, ut inter absentes per mediam personam vel per nuntium vel per epistulam talis contractus perfici possit. * diocl. et maxim.

Nothing prevents, with the other counting out the money, that dominion be transferred to another, either by the consent of both contracting parties or certainly with the seller alone willing: this also being plainly constituted, that between absentees such a contract can be perfected through an intermediary person or through a messenger or through a letter. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. eminio rufiniano. * <a 294 d. v non..... sirmi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Eminius Rufinianus. * <year 294, on the 5th day before the Nones of ….., at Sirmium; the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.51.0. De rebus alienis non alienandis et de prohibita rerum alienatione vel hypotheca.

CJ.4.51.0. On things belonging to another not to be alienated, and on the prohibited alienation or hypothec of things.

CJ.4.51.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.51.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si praesidi provinciae probatum fuerit iulianum nullo iure munitum servos tuos scientibus vendidisse, restituere tibi emptores servos iubebit. quod si ignoraverint et eorum facti sunt, pretium horum tibi solvere iulianum iubebit. * alex.

If it shall have been proved to the governor of the province that Julian, supported by no right in law, sold your slaves to buyers who knew, he will order the buyers to restore the slaves to you. But if they were ignorant and the slaves have become theirs, he will order Julian to pay you their price. * alex.

a. cattiano mil. * <a 224 d. viiii id. iul. iuliano et crispino conss.>

to Cattianus, a soldier. * <given in 224, on the 9th day before the Ides of July (July 7), under the consulship of Julianus and Crispinus.>

CJ.4.51.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.51.2: Emperor Gordian

Distrahente marito rem iuris tui, si consensum non accommodasti, licet sigillo tuo venditionis instrumentum fraude conquisita signaveris, eiusmodi tamen commentum emptori usucapione non subsecuta vel longi temporis praescriptione non munito nullam praestitisse potest securitatem. * gord. a. grattiae aeliae.

While your husband is alienating a thing of your right, if you did not lend consent, although you signed with your seal an instrument of sale fraudulently procured, nevertheless such a contrivance, usucapion not having followed or the buyer not being fortified by a prescription of long time, can have afforded the buyer no security. * Gordian Augustus to Gratia Aelia.

* <>

CJ.4.51.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.51.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Venditrici succedenti hereditario iure perfectam recte venditionem rescindere ac dominium revocare non licet: sed et si hoc ex persona sua vindicet, vel exceptione te doli mali, si hanc viam elegeris, tueri vel evicta re, etsi defensione monstrata nolueris uti, quanti tua interest poteris experiri. * diocl. et maxim.

To the one succeeding to the vendor by hereditary right it is not permitted to rescind a duly perfected sale and to revoke ownership: but even if she claims this in her own person, you may either protect yourself by the exception of dolus malus, if you choose this path, or, if the thing is evicted, even if, though a defense has been indicated, you were unwilling to use it, you will be able to sue for the amount of your interest. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. aurelio valeriano. * <a 293 s. xvi k. nov. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius valerianus. * <year 293, on the 16th day before the Kalends of November, at Sirmium, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.51.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.51.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Mancipia patris, qui fundum a philippo conduxerat, successione tibi quaesita domino fundi pro debitis in solutum mater tua dando nihil tibi auferre potuit. et ideo si tu maior viginti quinque annis effectus ab ea negotium gestum non fecisti ratum, oblato debito, si non haec locator iure pignoris obligata sibi vendidit, petere poteris. * diocl.

The slaves of your father, who had leased the farm from Philip, after the succession had been acquired for you, your mother, by giving them to the owner of the farm in satisfaction for the debts, could take nothing from you. And therefore, if you, having become over twenty-five years of age, did not ratify the transaction conducted by her, upon tender of the debt, if the lessor did not sell these, bound to him by right of pledge, you will be able to claim them. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. domitio aphobio. * <a 294 d. iii id. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Domitius Aphobius. * <a 294 on the 3rd day before the Ides of February.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.51.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.51.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si fundum tuum pater post emancipationem te non consentiente venumdedit neque ei successisti neque possidens longi temporis praescriptione munitus est, eum tibi agenti rector provinciae reddi efficiet. * diocl. et maxim.

If your father, after your emancipation, sold your farm without your consent, and you have not succeeded to him, nor is the possessor fortified by the prescription of long time, the governor of the province will cause it to be restored to you when you bring suit. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. aurelio aegro. * <a 294 viii id. m. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Aeger. * <in the year 294, on the 8th day before the Ides of May, at Sirmium; the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.4.51.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.51.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Nemo res ad te pertinentes non obligatas sibi nec ex officio vendendi potestatem habens distrahendo quicquam tibi nocere potuit. * diocl. et maxim.

No one, in regard to things pertaining to you, who had them neither obligated to himself nor the authority, ex officio, to sell, could by alienating them do you any harm. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio rufo. * <d. k. nov.>

the augusti and the caesares to aurelius rufus. * <given on the kalends of november>

CJ.4.51.7: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.51.7: Emperor Justinian

Sancimus, sive lex alienationem inhibuerit sive testator hoc fecerit sive pactio contrahentium hoc admiserit, non solum dominii alienationem vel mancipiorum manumissionem esse prohibendam, sed etiam usus fructus dationem vel hypothecam vel pignoris nexum penitus prohiberi: similique modo et servitutes minime imponi nec emphyteuseos contractum, nisi in his tantummodo casibus, in quibus constitutionum auctoritas vel testatoris voluntas vel pactionum tenor qui alienationem interdixit aliquid tale fieri permiserit. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <d. k. nov.

We ordain that, whether a statute has inhibited alienation or a testator has done this or a pact of the contracting parties has permitted this, not only the alienation of dominion (ownership) or the manumission of slaves is to be prohibited, but also the granting of a usufruct or a hypothec or a pledge-bond is to be utterly prohibited: and in like manner that servitudes by no means be imposed, nor the contract of emphyteusis, except only in those cases in which the authority of the constitutions or the will of the testator or the tenor of the pacts which interdicted alienation has permitted something of the sort to be done. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. *

constantinopoli.>

at Constantinople.>

CJ.4.52.0. De communium rerum alienatione.

CJ.4.52.0. On the alienation of things in common.

CJ.4.52.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.52.1: Emperor Gordian

Si nulla usucapionis praerogativa vel diuturni silentii praescriptio emptorem possessionis, quam a coheredibus patrui tui distractam suggeris, pro portione tua munit, in rem actio incolumis perseverat: aut si receptum ius securitatem emptori praestitit, est arbitrium tibi liberum conveniendi eos, qui pro portione satis illicitam venditionem celebraverunt. * gord. a. apollodoro evocato.

If no prerogative of usucapion or prescription of long silence fortifies the buyer of the possession which you suggest was alienated by the coheirs of your paternal uncle, for your share, the action in rem remains unimpaired; or, if the received law has furnished security to the buyer, you have free discretion to proceed against those who, for their share, have consummated a quite illicit sale. * gordian augustus to apollodorus, evocatus.

* <>

CJ.4.52.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.52.2: Emperor Gordian

Multum interest, utrum coheredes tui possessionem communem distraxerunt, an vero fiscus, cum partis dominus esset, soliditatem iuxta proprium privilegium vendidit. etenim si a fisco facta est venditio, fidem eius infringi minime rationis est. si vero coheredes soliditatem vendiderunt, licet emptor ab his delegatus partem pretii fisco solverit alteramque in cautionem deduxit, tamen portioni tuae ea venditio non potest obsistere.

It makes a great difference whether your coheirs alienated the common possession, or whether rather the fisc, being owner of a share, sold the entirety according to its own privilege. For if the sale was made by the fisc, it is in no way reasonable that its faith be infringed. But if the coheirs sold the entirety, although the purchaser, delegated by them, paid part of the price to the fisc and put the other into security, nevertheless that sale cannot prejudice your portion.

* gord. a. herenniano mil. * <>

* Gordian Augustus to Herennianus, a soldier. * <>

CJ.4.52.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.52.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Falso tibi persuasum est communis praedii portionem pro indiviso, antequam communi dividundo iudicium dictetur, tantum socio, non etiam extraneo posse distrahi. * diocl. et maxim.

You have been wrongly persuaded that a portion of a common estate held undivided (pro indiviso), before the action for partition of common property (communi dividundo) is instituted, can be alienated only to a partner and not also to a stranger. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio eusebio. * <pp. id. febr..... conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius eusebius. * <posted on the ides of february..... in the consulship.>

CJ.4.52.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.52.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Portionem quidem tuam militantis alienare frater tuus non potuit. eius autem partem pretio soluto tibi restitui postulare nec militari gravitati convenit. * diocl.

Indeed, your brother could not alienate your portion while you were in military service. But to demand that his share be restored to you upon the price being paid does not accord with military gravity either. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. ulpiano mil. * <>

and Maximian, the Augusti, and the Caesars, to Ulpianus, a soldier. * <>

CJ.4.52.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.52.5: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si maior annis viginti quinque velut propria nesciens communia cum fratribus tuis praedia distraxisti, licet nullum instrumentum intercesserit nec quicquam specialiter convenit, alienae portionis evictione secuta quanti interest emptoris solves. * diocl. et maxim.

If, being over twenty-five years of age, as though unaware that the estates were common with your brothers you alienated the estates as your own, although no instrument intervened and nothing was specifically agreed, once eviction of another’s portion has followed you shall pay as much as the buyer’s interest amounts to. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. olympiano. * <>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Olympianus. * <>

CJ.4.53.0. Rem alienam gerentibus non interdici rerum suarum alienatione.

CJ.4.53.0. To those managing another’s affairs, there is no interdiction on the alienation of their own goods.

CJ.4.53.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.53.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Non est interdictum tutoribus vel curatoribus, etsi ex eo titulo iudicati debitores sunt constituti, cum sua causa res suas alienare. potuit ergo curator tuus fundum suum cum suo onere obligare fisco nostro: nam et privato potuisset. * sev.

It is not interdicted to tutors or curators, even if under that title they have been constituted adjudged debtors, to alienate their own property for their own cause. therefore your curator could obligate his own estate with its own burden to our fisc: for he could also have done so to a private person. * sev.

et ant. aa. publiciae capriolae. * <a a. 205 d. non.

and antoninus, the augusti, to publicia capriola. * <in the year 205, on the nones.

iun. antonino et geta conss.>

June, under the consulship of Antoninus and Geta.>

CJ.4.54.0. De pactis inter emptorem et venditorem compositis.

CJ.4.54.0. On pacts composed between buyer and seller.

CJ.4.54.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.54.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si ea lege praedium vendidisti, ut, nisi intra certum tempus pretium fuisset exsolutum, emptrix arras perderet et dominium ad te pertineret, fides contractus servanda est. * ant. a. claudiae diotinae.

If you sold the estate on this condition, that unless the price had been paid within a fixed time the buyer would lose the arras and dominion would pertain to you, the good faith of the contract must be observed. * Antoninus to Claudia Diotina.

* <a 216 d. v id.... sabino ii et anullino conss.>

* <in the year 216, on the 5th day before the Ides of ...., sabinus 2 and anullinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.54.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.54.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si fundum parentes tui ea lege vendiderunt, ut, sive ipsi sive heredes eorum emptori pretium quandoque vel intra certa tempora obtulissent, restitueretur, teque parato satisfacere condicioni dictae heres emptoris non paret, ut contractus fides servetur, actio praescriptis verbis vel ex vendito tibi dabitur, habita ratione eorum, quae post oblatam ex pacto quantitatem ex eo fundo ad adversarium pervenerunt. * alex. a. charisio mil.

If your parents sold a farm on this condition—that, whether they themselves or their heirs should at some time, or within fixed periods, tender the price to the buyer, it should be restored—and, although you are ready to satisfy the said condition, the heir of the buyer does not comply, then, so that the good faith of the contract may be observed, an action on the prescribed words (praescriptis verbis) or from a sale (ex vendito) will be granted to you, account being taken of those things which, after the amount stipulated by the pact has been tendered, have from that farm come into the adversary’s hands. * alexander augustus to charisius, a soldier.

* <a 222 d. k. sept. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in the year 222, on the Kalends of September, Alexander Augustus, consul.>

CJ.4.54.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.54.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Qui ea lege praedium vendidit, ut, nisi reliquum pretium intra certum tempus restitutum esset, ad se reverteretur, si non precariam possessionem tradidit, rei vindicationem non habet, sed actionem ex venditio. * alex. a. felici mil.

He who sold a praedium (estate) on this condition, that, unless the remaining price were restored within a fixed time, it would revert to himself—if he did not deliver a precarious possession—does not have the action of rei vindicatio, but an action ex vendito. * alex. a. felici mil.

* <d. iii id. iul.>

* <dated on the 3rd day before the Ides of July.>

CJ.4.54.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.54.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Commissoriae venditionis legem exercere non potest, qui post praestitutum pretii solvendi diem non vindicationem rei eligere, sed usurarum pretii petitionem sequi maluit. * alex. a. claudio iuliano et proculiano.

He cannot exercise the commissory clause of a sale who, after the day appointed for paying the price, chose not the vindication of the thing, but preferred to pursue a claim for usuries (interest) on the price. * Alexander Augustus to Claudius Julianus and Proculianus.

* <>

CJ.4.54.5: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.54.5: Emperor Gordian

Initio venditionis si pactus es, ut is cui vendidisti possessionem pretii tardius exsoluti tibi usuras pensitaret, non immerito existimas etiam eas tibi adito praeside ab emptore praestari debere. nam si initio contractus non es pactus, si coeperis experiri, ex mora dumtaxat usuras tam ab ipso debitore quam ab eo, qui in omnem causam empti suam fidem adstrinxit, de iure postulabis. * gord.

At the beginning of the sale, if you have stipulated that the one to whom you sold the possession should pay you interest for the price paid late, you not without reason think that these too ought to be furnished to you by the buyer upon application to the governor. For if at the beginning of the contract you did not stipulate, if you begin to bring suit, you will demand by law interest solely from delay, both from the debtor himself and from the one who bound his credit as surety for every matter of the purchase. * gord.

a. aurelio longino evocato. * <>

to aurelius longinus, evocatus. * <>

CJ.4.54.6: Imperatores carus, carinus, numer.

CJ.4.54.6: Emperors carus, carinus, numerian.

Cum te fundum tuum certae rei contemplatione inter vos habita exiguo pretio in alium transtulisse commemoras, poterit ea res tibi non esse fraudi, quando non impleta promissi fide dominii tui ius in suam causam reverti conveniat. et ideo aditus competens iudex fundum cuius mentionem facis restitui tibi cum fructibus suis sine ulla ludificatione sua autoritate perficiet, praecipue cum diversa pars receptis nummis suis nullam passa videri possit iniuriam. * carus carinus et numer.

Since you recall that you transferred your farm to another for a small price, in contemplation of a certain matter had between you, that matter need not be to your prejudice, since, the faith of the promise not having been fulfilled, it is fitting that the right of your dominion revert to its proper ground. And therefore the competent judge, when approached, will by his own authority effect that the farm of which you make mention be restored to you, with its fruits, without any trifling, especially since the opposing party, having received his moneys, can appear to have suffered no injury. * Carus, Carinus, and Numerian.

aaa. olybrio romulo. * <>

aaa. to olybrius romulus. * <>

CJ.4.54.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.54.7: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si a te comparavit is cuius meministi et convenit, ut, si intra certum tempus soluta fuerit data quantitas, sit res inempta, remitti hanc conventionem rescripto nostro non iure petis. sed si se subtrahat, ut iure dominii eandem rem retineat, denuntiationis et obsignationis depositionisque remedio contra fraudem potes iuri tuo consulere. * diocl.

If the person whom you mention purchased from you, and it was agreed that, if within a certain time the amount given were paid, the thing should be unbought, you do not rightly seek by our rescript to have this agreement remitted. But if he withdraws himself so as to retain that same thing by the right of ownership, you can safeguard your right against fraud by the remedy of denuntiation and sealing and deposit. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. fabiano musco. * <>

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Fabianus Muscus. * <>

CJ.4.54.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.54.8: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Tempore contractus inter emptorem et venditorem habitam conventionem integram servari, si ab ea posteriore non recedatur pacto, certum est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is certain that the convention held between purchaser and vendor at the time of the contract is to be preserved entire, unless it is departed from by a later pact. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. auxanoni. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to auxanonus. * <>

CJ.4.54.9pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.54.9pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Si quis ita paciscatur in venditionis vel alienationis contractu, ut novo domino nullo modo liceat in loco vendito vel alio modo sibi concesso monumentum extruere vel alio modo humani iuris eum eximere, sancimus, licet hoc apud veteres dubitabatur, tale pactum ex nostra lege esse fovendum et immutilatum permanere. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. xv k. nov.

If anyone should so stipulate in a contract of sale or alienation, that it shall in no way be permitted to the new owner to erect a monument in the place sold or otherwise granted to him, or in any other way to remove it from human law, we ordain—although among the ancients this was doubted—that such a pact is to be supported by our law and to remain unimpaired. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 531, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

at constantinople, after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.4.54.9.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.54.9.1: Emperor Justinian

Forsitan enim multum eius intererat, ne ei vicinus non solum quem nollet adgregetur, sed et pro quo specialiter interdictum est. cum etenim venditor vel aliter alienator non alia lege suum ius transferre passus est nisi tali fretus conventione, quomodo ferendum est aliquam captionem ex varia pati eum interpretatione? <a 531 d. xv k. nov.

For perhaps it greatly concerned him that there not be adjoined to him as a neighbor not only one whom he would not wish, but even one on whose account a special interdict has been issued. For since indeed the vendor or otherwise alienator allowed his right to be transferred under no other law, save relying on such a convention, how is it to be borne that he should suffer any taking from a variable interpretation? <a 531, on the 15th day before the Kalends of November.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.4.55.0. Si servus exportandus veneat.

CJ.4.55.0. If a slave to be exported is sold.

CJ.4.55.1pr.: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.55.1pr.: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Lege venditionis exportata mancipia sub denuntiatione manus iniciendae libertatem ab emptore, vel qui successit in locum eius, antequam fides rumpatur, accipere possunt. * sev. et ant.

By the law of the sale, exported slaves, under a notice of laying-on of the hand, can receive liberty from the buyer, or from the one who has succeeded to his place, before good faith is broken. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. petroniae flavillae. * <a 200 pp. xv k. oct. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

The Emperors to Petronia Flavilla. * <in the year 200, on the 15th day before the Kalends of October, when Severus, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Victorinus were consuls.>

CJ.4.55.1.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.55.1.1: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Quae tamen fisco post manumissionem vindicantur et in perpetuam servitutem eadem lege veneunt, cum in his civitatibus conversantur, quas contrahentes exceperant. <a 200 pp. xv k. oct. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

Yet those who are claimed by the fisc after manumission are sold into perpetual servitude by the same law, when they reside in those cities which the contracting parties had excepted. <a 200 on the 15th day before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Severus (for the 2nd time) and Victorinus.>

CJ.4.55.1.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.55.1.2: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Ante manumissionem iniciendae manus facultas non denegatur atque ideo non petuntur in publicum. <a 200 pp. xv k. oct. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

Before manumission, the faculty for laying-on of the hand (manus iniectio) is not denied, and therefore they are not demanded for the public fisc. <a 200 pp. xv k. oct. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

CJ.4.55.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.55.2: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Si, ut manus iniectionem haberes, cavisti tibi, iure tuo uti potes. quod si hoc omisisti et poenam stipulatus es, homo quidem fisco commissus est, tu vero nactus ex stipulatu actionem. in omnibus tamen quaeritur, an domini voluntate in locum prohibitum venerit.

If you secured for yourself, so that you might have manus-injection, you can exercise your right. But if you omitted this and stipulated a penalty, the person has indeed been forfeited to the fisc, while you have obtained an action ex stipulatu. In all cases, however, the question is whether he came into the prohibited place with the master’s will.

* sev. et ant. aa. sezo nedymo.

* Severus and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Sezo Nedymo.

* <a 200 pp. vii k. nov. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

* <a in the year 200; on the 7th day before the Kalends of November; in the consulship of severus, augustus, for the 2nd time, and victorinus.>

CJ.4.55.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.55.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ancilla, quae exportanda venit nec exportata est, sed ab emptore in eadem civitate morante empta et manumissa est, adversus legem venditionis libera fieri non potuit: et ideo aditus a te procurator meus partibus suis fungetur. * alex. a. novio liberto.

A handmaid, who came to be exported and was not exported, but was bought and manumitted by the purchaser while he was staying in the same city, could not become free contrary to the law of the sale: and therefore, when approached by you, my procurator will discharge his functions. * alex. a. to novius, a freedman.

* <a 223 pp. iiii id. mart. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the 4th day before the Ides of March; Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.55.4pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.55.4pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Moveor, quod te a servis tuis dominum eorum venisse adfirmas sub ea lege, ne in patria moreris, et ab eo, cui te prior emptor vendiderat, manumissum esse dicis. * alex. a. aureliopapiae.

I am moved that you affirm you have come, from your slaves, as their master under this condition, that you do not remain in your fatherland, and you say that you were manumitted by the one to whom the prior buyer had sold you. * Alexander Augustus to Aurelius Papias.

* <a 224 pp. xi k. iul. iuliano et crispino conss.>

* <in the year 224, on the 11th day before the Kalends of July, under Julianus and Crispinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.55.4.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.55.4.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quare competens iudex adversus eum, quem praesentem esse dicis, cognitionem suam praebebit et, si veritas accusationi aderit, exsecrabile delictum in exemplum capitali poena vindicabit. <a 224 pp. xi k. iul. iuliano et crispino conss.>

Wherefore the competent judge will afford his inquiry against him whom you say is present, and, if truth attends the accusation, he will punish the execrable delict with a capital penalty, as an example. <a 224, on the 11th day before the Kalends of July, under the consuls Julianus and Crispinus.>

CJ.4.55.4.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.55.4.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sed quoad usque probaveris quae intendis, status tuus esse videtur, qui in te post manumissionem deprehenditur. <a 224 pp. xi k. iul. iuliano et crispino conss.>

But until you have proved what you allege, your status is deemed to be that which is discovered in you after manumission. <a 224 pp. 11 k. iul. iuliano et crispino conss.>

CJ.4.55.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.55.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Qui exportandus a domino de civitate sua venit, nec in urbe roma morari debet: qui autem de provincia certa, nec in italia. si itaque contra legem constitutam factum probare potes, utere iure, quod propterea tibi competit. * alex.

He who is to be exported by his master from his own city has come, ought not to remain in the city of Rome: but one from a certain province, neither in Italy. If therefore you can prove that the deed was done against the constituted law, use the right which on that account is competent to you. * Alex.

a. sextiano serapioni. * <a 225 pp. vii k. febr. fusco ii et dextro conss.>

to Sextianus Serapio. * <a 225, on the 7th day before the Kalends of Feb., Fuscus (2) and Dexter, consuls.>

CJ.4.56.0. Si mancipium ita venierit, ne prostituatur.

CJ.4.56.0. If a slave has been sold on this condition, that they not be prostituted.

CJ.4.56.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.56.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Praefectus urbis amicus noster eam, quae ita venit, ut, si prostituta fuisset, abducendi potestas esset ei, cui secundum constitutionem divi hadriani id competit, abducendi faciet facultatem : quod si eum patientiam accommodasse contra legem quam ipse dixerat, ut in turpi quaestu mulier haberetur, animadverterit, libertate competente secundum interpretationem eiusdem principis perduci eam ad praetorem, cuius de liberali causa iurisdictio est, ut lis ordinetur, iubebit. nec enim tenor legis, quam semel comprehendit, intermittitur, quod dominium per plures emptorum personas ad primum qui prostituit sine lege simili pervenit. * alex.

The prefect of the city, our friend, will make available the faculty of removing her who was sold on such terms that, if she had been prostituted, there would be a power of abduction, to him to whom, according to the constitution of the deified Hadrian, that belongs, of removing her : but if he shall have observed that that man has lent his tolerance contrary to the law which he himself had declared, so that the woman was kept in disgraceful gain, he will order, with the claim to freedom competent according to the interpretation of the same princeps, that she be brought before the praetor whose jurisdiction is over the cause of liberty, so that the suit may be arranged. For the tenor of the law, which once it has encompassed, is not discontinued, because the ownership, through several persons of purchasers, has come to the first who prostituted her without a similar law. * alex.

a. socrati. * <a 223 pp. iii k. nov. maximo ii etaeliano conss.>

to socrates. * <year 223, publicly posted, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of november (october 30), in the consulship of maximus 2 and aelianus.>

CJ.4.56.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.56.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Mulierem, quam ita venisse adlegas, ne prostitueretur aut, si prostituta fuerit, libera esset, per officium militare exhiberi apud tribunale oportet, ut, si controversia referatur pacto ( quod tamen si verum est, libertas mulieri existente condicione competit), agatur causa apud eum cuius de ea re notio est. haec autem lex et nisi in tabulas venditionis inserta sit, quamvis epistula vel sine scriptis facta ostenditur, valet. * alex.

The woman whom you allege to have been sold on this condition, that she not be prostituted, or, if she should be prostituted, she would be free, ought to be produced through the military office at the tribunal, so that, if a controversy is referred regarding the pact (which, however, if it is true, confers freedom upon the woman, the condition existing), the case may be conducted before him who has jurisdiction of that matter. And this law, even if it has not been inserted into the tablets of sale, is valid, since it is shown to have been made by epistle or even without writings. * alex.

a. severo. * <a 223 pp. k. dec. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

to Severus. * <in 223, on the day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.56.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.56.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Eam, quae ita venit, ne corpore quaestum faceret, nec in caupona sub specie ministrandi prostitui, ne fraus legi dictae fiat, oportet. * alex. a. aurelio aelio.

She who has thus come must neither make gain by her body, nor be prostituted in an inn under the pretext of serving, lest a fraud be done to the said law. * alexander the augustus to aurelius aelius.

* <a 225 pp. id. ian. fusco ii et dextro conss.>

* <a 225 the day before the Ides of January, Fuscus (2) and Dexter, consuls.>

CJ.4.57.0. Si mancipium ita fuerit alienatum, ut manumittatur vel contra.

CJ.4.57.0. If a slave has been alienated in such a way that he be manumitted, or contrariwise.

CJ.4.57.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.57.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si patroclius, posteaquam te hermiae donationis causa dedit lege dicta, ut, si quindecim annis continuis servisses, ad libertatem perducereris ita, ut civis romanus esses, tempore peracto, si modo patroclius non contrariae voluntatis fuerit aut si iam decesserit, ad libertatem pervenisti, quoniam placuit non solum ad venditos, sed etiam ad donatos eam legem, ut manumitterentur, pertinere, nec te potuit semel translato dominio in hermiam postea alii patroclius vendere : et ideo non de praestanda tibi libertate, quam ex constitutione iam fueras adeptus , litigare debuisti, sed libertatem quam obtinueras defendere. * alex. a. patri censi.

If Patroclius, after he gave you to Hermias by way of a donation with the stipulation stated that, if you had served for fifteen consecutive years, you would be brought to liberty in such a way that you would be a Roman citizen, with the time completed—provided that Patroclius is not of a contrary intention, or if he has already died—you have attained liberty, since it has been decided that that law, that they be manumitted, pertains not only to those sold but also to those given; nor could Patroclius, once ownership had been transferred to Hermias, thereafter sell you to another: and therefore you ought not to have litigated about liberty being granted to you, which by the constitution you had already acquired, but to defend the liberty which you had obtained. * Alexander the Augustus to Patricensis.

* <a 222 pp. vi id. nov. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in 222, publicly posted on the 6th day before the Ides of November, with Alexander Augustus as consul.>

CJ.4.57.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.57.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si ea lege chreste servum, sed naturalem filium venumdedit, ut emptor eum manumitteret, quamvis non est manumissus, ex constitutione divorum marci et commodi ad aufidium victorinum liber est. * alex. a. eutychiano.

If, under that condition, Chreste sold as a slave—but in fact his natural son—that the buyer should manumit him, although he has not been manumitted, by the constitution of the deified Marcus and Commodus to Aufidius Victorinus he is free. * Alexander Augustus to Eutychianus.

* <a 222 pp. non. dec. alexandro a. cons.>

* <a 222 the day before the Nones of December, with Alexander Augustus as consul.>

CJ.4.57.3pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.57.3pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si iusta saturnino puellam nomine firmam agentem tunc annos septem hac lege vendiderit, ut, cum haberet annos viginti quinque, libera esset, quamvis factum ab emptore praestandae libertatis pacto non sit insertum, sed ut libera esset expressum, tamen constitutioni divorum marci et commodi locus est. * alex. a. fulcinio maximo.

If someone has lawfully sold to Saturninus a girl by the name Firma, then seven years of age, under this condition, that, when she should have twenty-five years, she would be free, although the act by the buyer for the providing of liberty has not been inserted in the pact, but it was expressed that she be free, nevertheless there is place for the constitution of the deified Marcus and Commodus. * Alexander Augustus to Fulcinius Maximus.

* <a 224 pp. x k. febr. iuliano et crispino conss.>

* <in the year 224, publicly posted on the 10th day before the Kalends of February, in the consulship of Julianus and Crispinus.>

CJ.4.57.3.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.57.3.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ideoque impleto vicensimo quinto anno firma libera facta est nec obest ei, quod vicensimo septimo anno manumissa est, quae iam ex constitutione libera erat : et is, quem post vicensimum quintum annum ex te conceptum enixa est, ingenuus est. <a 224 pp. x k. febr. iuliano et crispino conss.>

Therefore, with the twenty-fifth year completed, she was made firmly free, nor does it harm her that she was manumitted in the twenty-seventh year, since she was already free by the constitution : and he whom, after the twenty-fifth year, she brought forth, conceived from you, is freeborn. <a A.D. 224, on the 10th day before the Kalends of February, in the consulship of Julianus and Crispinus.>

CJ.4.57.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.57.4: Emperor Gordian

Si is, qui pretium pro te acceperat, ut statuto tempore te libertate donaret, moram repromissae libertati praestitit, ex eo te liberam esse factam manifestum est, ex quo, cum posset dari libertas, non est praestita. et ideo ex te natos ingenuos videri procreatos non est incertae opinionis. * gord.

If he who had received the price on your behalf, in order to grant you liberty at the appointed time, caused delay to the promised liberty, it is manifest that you were made free from the point at which, although liberty could be given, it was not furnished. and therefore it is not a matter of uncertain opinion that those born from you are to be considered as procreated freeborn. * gord.

a. corneliae iucundae. * <a 240 pp. vi k. mai. sabino et venusto conss.>

to Cornelia Iucunda. * <in the year 240, on the 6th day before the Kalends of May, with Sabinus and Venustus as consuls.>

CJ.4.57.5pr.: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.57.5pr.: Emperor Gordian

Ea quidem mancipia, quorum venditio eam legem accepit, ne ad libertatem perducantur, etiamsi manumittantur, nancisci libertatem non possunt. neque enim condicio, quae personae eius cohaesit, immutari facto eius qui ea lege comparavit potest. * gord.

Those slaves (mancipia) whose sale received this term, that they are not to be brought to liberty, even if they are manumitted, cannot obtain liberty. For the condition which has adhered to his person cannot be altered by the act of him who acquired under that term. * gord.

a. aurelio marino. * <a 240 pp. xvi k. sept. sabino et venusto conss.>

to Aurelius Marinus. * <in the year 240, pp., on the 16th day before the Kalends of September, in the consulship of Sabinus and Venustus.>

CJ.4.57.5.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.57.5.1: Emperor Gordian

Nec tamen, poenae exactio si qua addita est condicioni non servatae, iustam exigendi tribuit causam. <a 240 pp. xvi k. sept. sabino et venusto conss.>

Nor yet does the exaction of the penalty, if any has been added to a condition not observed, confer a just cause for exacting. <a 240, on the 16th day before the Kalends of September, Sabinus and Venustus consuls.>

CJ.4.57.5.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.57.5.2: Emperor Gordian

Qua igitur ratione te poterit vocare ad officium procuratoris, qui eam legem venditioni dedit, perspici non potest, cum nec in privatorum contractibus fiscus se interponere debeat et litterae ad te missae personae factum, si non ipse manumiseris, non contineant. <a 240 pp. xvi k. sept. sabino et venusto conss.>

By what reasoning, then, he who imposed that condition upon the sale could call you to the office of procurator cannot be perceived, since the fisc ought not to interpose itself in the contracts of private persons, and letters sent to you do not contain the act of the person, if you yourself have not manumitted. <a 240 pp. xvi k. sept. sabino et venusto conss.>

CJ.4.57.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.57.6: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si puellam ea lege vendidisti, ut manumitteretur et, si manumissa non esset, centum aurei praestarentur, non servata fide nihilo minus eam raptam e vestigio servitutis ad libertatem, quae praestari potuit, constitit, nec pecunia quasi rupta fide suscepta recte petetur, cum non mutata venditoris voluntate condicionis potestate post manumittentis factum repraesentari optima ratione placuit. * diocl. et maxim.

If you sold a girl on this term, that she be manumitted, and that, if she were not manumitted, 100 aurei be paid, although good faith was not observed, nonetheless it is established that she was on the spot snatched from the track of servitude into the liberty that could be furnished; nor will the money, as if undertaken on account of broken faith, be rightly sought, since, the seller’s will not having been changed, it has on the best reasoning been approved that the power of the condition can be made present (fulfilled) after the act of the manumitter. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. helvidiae rufinae. * <a 293 s. xvi k. iun. ipsis aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Helvidia Rufina. * <in the year 293, on the 16th day before the Kalends of June, when the Augusti themselves were consuls.>

CJ.4.58.0. De aediliciis actionibus.

CJ.4.58.0. On aedilician actions.

CJ.4.58.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.58.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si non simpliciter, sed consilio fraudis servum tibi nescienti fugitivum vel alio modo vitiosum quis vendidit isque fugitivus abest, non solum in pretium servi venditorem conveniri, sed etiam damnum quod per eum tibi accidit competens iudex, ut iam pridem placuit, praestari iubebit. * ant. a. decentio veromilio.

If not simply, but with a design of fraud, someone sold you, unaware, a slave who was a fugitive or in some other way defective, and that fugitive is absent, not only may the seller be sued for the price of the slave, but also the competent judge, as has long since been decided, will order the damage which has befallen you through him to be made good. * antoninus to decentius veromilius.

* <a 214 pp. iiii k. iun. messala et sabino conss.>

* <in the year 214, 4 days before the Kalends of June, in the consulship of messala and sabinus.>

CJ.4.58.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.58.2: Emperor Gordian

Cum proponas servum, quem pridem comparasti, post anni tempus fugisse, qua ratione eo nomine cum venditore eiusdem congredi quaeras, non possum animadvertere : etenim redhibitoriam actionem sex mensum temporibus vel quanto minoris anno concludi manifesti iuris est. * gord. a. petilio maximo.

Since you set forth that a slave, whom you purchased long ago, has fled after the space of a year, and you ask by what method on that account you may proceed against the seller of the same, I cannot determine : for indeed it is manifest law that the redhibitory action is concluded within six months’ time, or the action “for how much less” within a year. * gordian augustus to petilius maximus.

* <a 239 pp. k. dec. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <a 239 on the day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Gordian the Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.4.58.3pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.58.3pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si apud priorem dominum fugisse mancipium non doceatur, fuga post venditionem interveniens ad damnum emptoris pertinet. * diocl. et maxim.

If it is not shown that the slave fled while with the former master, a flight intervening after the sale pertains to the purchaser’s loss. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. aurelio muciano. * <a 286 pp. xv k. mai. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

The Emperors to Aurelius Mucianus. * <in 286, published on the 15th day before the Kalends of May, in the consulship of Maximus 2 and Aquilinus.>

CJ.4.58.3.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.58.3.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sin autem venditor non vitiosum etiam in posterum fieri servum temere promiserit , quamvis hoc impossibile esse videtur, secundum fidem tamen antecedentis vel in continenti secuti pacti experiri posse non ambigitur : posteriores enim casus non venditoris, sed emptoris periculum spectant. <a 286 pp. xv k. mai. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

But if the seller has rashly promised that the slave will not become defective even in the future , although this seems impossible, nevertheless it is not doubted that suit can be brought according to the good faith of the prior agreement or of a pact immediately following: for subsequent contingencies regard the risk not of the seller but of the buyer. <a 286, 15 days before the Kalends of May, in the consulship of maximus 2 and aquilinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.58.3.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.58.3.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Verum cum servum quem comparaveras ad eum qui distraxerat redisse contendis, iudex competens perspectis omnibus pro repertae rei qualitate proferre curabit sententiam. <a 286 pp. xv k. mai. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

But when you contend that the slave whom you had purchased has returned to the one who had sold him, the competent judge, with all things examined, will take care to pronounce a sentence according to the quality of the matter as found. <a 286, on the 15th day before the Kalends of May, under the consuls Maximus 2 and Aquilinus.>

CJ.4.58.4pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.58.4pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si praedium quis sub ea lege comparaverit, ut, si displicuerit, inemptum erit, id utpote sub condicione venditum resolvi et redhibitoriam adversus venditorem competere palam est. * diocl. et maxim.

If someone has purchased an estate under that stipulation, that, if it should displease, it shall be as not bought, it is clear that, as having been sold under a condition, it is to be rescinded, and that a redhibitory action is competent against the seller. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. * <a . k. mart.>

the emperors. * <before the Kalends of March>

CJ.4.58.4.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.58.4.1: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Idem observatur et si pestibilis fundus, id est pestibulas vel herbas letiferas habens, ignorante emptore distractus sit : nam in hoc etiam casu per eandem actionem eum quoque redhibendum esse. <a . k. mart.>

The same is observed also if a pestiferous estate, that is, one having pestibulae or lethal herbs, has been sold with the buyer unaware: for in this case also, through the same action, it too is to be redhibited. <a . k. mart.>

CJ.4.58.5: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.4.58.5: Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Habito semel bonae fidei contractu mancipioque suscepto et pretio soluto ita demum repetendi pretii potestas est ei qui mancipium comparaverit largienda, si illud quod dixerit fugitivum, poterit exhibere. hoc enim non solum in barbaris, sed etiam in provincialibus servis iure praescriptum est. * grat.

Once a good‑faith contract has been entered, the mancipium received, and the price paid, only then is the power of repeating (reclaiming) the price to be granted to him who has purchased the mancipium, provided he can produce the one whom he has said to be a fugitive. For this has been prescribed by law not only in the case of barbarian slaves, but also of provincial slaves. * grat.

valentin. et theodos. aaa.

valentinian and theodosius, the augusti.

nebridio pu. * <a 386 d. iii k. iul. constantinopoli honorio np. et euodio conss.>

to Nebridius, the Urban Prefect. * <in the year 386, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of July, at Constantinople, when Honorius, N.P., and Euodius were consuls.>

CJ.4.59.0. De monopoliis et de conventu negotiatorum illicito vel artificum ergolaborumque nec non balneatorum prohibitis illicitisque pactionibus.

CJ.4.59.0. On monopolies and on the illicit assembly of merchants or of artisans and contractors, and likewise of bath-keepers, and on prohibited and unlawful pacts.

CJ.4.59.2pr.: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.59.2pr.: Emperor Zeno

Iubemus, ne quis cuiuscumque vestis aut piscis vel pectinum forte aut echini vel cuiuslibet alterius ad uictum vel ad quemcumque usum pertinentis speciei vel cuiuslibet materiae pro sua auctoritate, vel sacro iam elicito aut in posterum eliciendo rescripto aut pragmatica sanctione vel sacra nostrae pietatis adnotatione, monopolium audeat exercere, neve quis illicitis habitis conventionibus coniuraret aut pacisceretur, ut species diversorum corporum negotiationis non minoris, quam inter se statuerint, venumdentur. * zeno a. constantino pu. * <a 483 d. xvii k. ian. post consulatum trocondae.>

We order that no one—of whatever garment or fish or perhaps scallops or sea-urchins, or of any other species pertaining to sustenance or to any use whatsoever, or of any material—by his own authority, or by a sacred rescript already elicited or to be elicited hereafter, or by a pragmatic sanction, or by a sacred annotation of our piety, dare to exercise a monopoly; and that no one, having illicit conventions, should conspire or make a pact that the kinds of various wares of commerce be sold for not less than what they have fixed among themselves. * zeno aug. at constantinople. * <a 483, the 17th day before the Kalends of January, after the consulship of Troconda.>

CJ.4.59.2.1: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.59.2.1: Emperor Zeno

Aedificiorum quoque artifices vel ergolabi aliorumque diversorum operum professores et balneatores penitus arceantur pacta inter se componere, ut ne quis quod alteri commissum sit opus impleat aut iniunctam alteri sollicitudinem alter intercapiat : data licentia unicuique ab altero inchoatum et derelictum opus per alterum sine aliquo timore dispendii implere omnique huiusmodi facinora denuntiandi sine ulla formidine et sine iudiciariis sumptibus. <a 483 d. xvii k. ian. post consulatum trocondae.>

Architects of buildings as well as contractors, and practitioners of other diverse works and bathkeepers, are to be utterly restrained from composing pacts among themselves, so that no one may complete work that has been entrusted to another, or that one person may not intercept a responsibility enjoined upon another: with license granted that anyone may, without any fear of loss, complete by another’s agency work begun and abandoned by someone else, and to denounce all misdeeds of this kind without any trepidation and without judicial expenses. <a 483, on the 17th day before the Kalends of January, after the consulship of Troconda.>

CJ.4.59.2.2: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.59.2.2: Emperor Zeno

Si quis autem monopolium ausus fuerit exercere, bonis propriis spoliatus perpetuitate damnetur exilii. <a 483 d. xvii k. ian. post consulatum trocondae.>

If anyone, moreover, should dare to exercise a monopoly, let him, despoiled of his own property, be condemned to perpetual exile. <a 483 d. xvii k. ian. post consulatum trocondae.>

CJ.4.59.2.3: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.59.2.3: Emperor Zeno

Ceterarum praeterea professionum primates si in posterum aut super taxandis rerum pretiis aut super quibuslibet illicitis placitis ausi fuerint convenientes huiusmodi sese pactis constringere, quinquaginta librarum auri solutione percelli decernimus : officio tuae sedis quadraginta librarum auri condemnatione multando, si in prohibitis monopoliis et interdictis corporum pactionibus commissas forte, si hoc evenerit, saluberrimae nostrae dispositionis condemnationes venalitate interdum aut dissimulatione vel quolibet vitio minus fuerit exsecutum. <a 483 d. xvii k. ian. post consulatum trocondae.>

Moreover, the primates of the other professions, if in future they should dare either concerning the assessing of the prices of goods or concerning any illicit placits, when convening, to bind themselves by pacts of this sort, we decree to be struck with the payment of fifty pounds of gold: punishing the office of your seat with a condemnation of forty pounds of gold, if, in prohibited monopolies and in interdicted pactions of the corporations, the condemnations of our most healthful disposition, in cases that perchance occur, should have been less executed through venality at times or through dissimulation or through any defect. <a 483 d. xvii k. ian. post consulatum trocondae.>

CJ.4.60.0. De nundinis.

CJ.4.60.0. On market-days.

CJ.4.60.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.4.60.1: The Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Qui exercendorum mercatuum aut nundinarum licentiam vel veterum indulto vel nostra auctoritate meruerunt, ita beneficio rescripti potiantur, ut nullum in mercatibus atque nundinis ex negotiatorum mercibus conveniant, vel in venaliciis aut locorum temporali quaestu et commodo privata exactione sectentur, vel sub praetextu privati debiti aliquam ibidem concurrentibus molestiam possint inferre. * valentin. et valens aa. ad probum pp. * <>

Those who have merited the license for the exercising of markets or fairs, whether by an ancient indult or by our authority, shall enjoy the benefit of the rescript in such a way that they neither summon anyone in the markets and fairs on account of the merchants’ wares, nor, by private exaction, pursue gain in the sale-stalls or from the temporary profit and convenience of the places, nor under the pretext of a private debt be able to inflict any vexation there upon those who gather. * valentinian and valens, augusti, to probus, praetorian prefect. * <>

CJ.4.61.0. De vectigalibus et commissis.

CJ.4.61.0. On taxes and forfeitures.

CJ.4.61.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.61.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si iure manumissus es ante quaestionem commissi motam, statum tuum vectigalis nomine convelli non est aequum. * sev. et ant.

If you were lawfully manumitted before the inquiry into the offense was set in motion, it is not equitable that your status be disturbed under the pretext of tax. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. victorino. * <>

the emperors to victorinus. * <>

CJ.4.61.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.61.2: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Neque commissum, quod ante quinquennium factum dicitur, si lis anticipata non est, vindicari potest, neque pro re, quae in commissi causam cecidit, si ipsa non extat nec dolo supprimatur, pretium peti potest. * sev. et ant.

Nor can a forfeiture, which is said to have been committed five years earlier, be enforced if the suit was not brought beforehand, nor can the price be sought for the thing which fell into the cause of the forfeiture, if the thing itself does not exist and is not suppressed by fraud. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. iunio. * <>

in June. * <>

CJ.4.61.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.61.3: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Omnibus militibus nostris prospeximus, ne ob omissas professiones poena commissi tenerentur. proinde deposito hoc metu, si qua portoria debere te apparuerit, exsolve. * sev.

We have provided for all our soldiers, lest they be held by the penalty of a committed offense on account of omitted professions. accordingly, with this fear laid aside, if it shall have appeared that you owe any customs-duties, discharge them. * sev.

et ant. aa. ingenuo mil. * <>

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to a freeborn soldier. * <>

CJ.4.61.4: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.61.4: Emperor Constantine

Penes illum vectigalia manere oportet, qui superior in licitatione extiterit, ita ut non minus quam triennii fine locatio concludatur nec ullo modo interrumpatur tempus exigendis vectigalibus praestitutum. quo peracto tempore licitationum iura conductionumque recreari oportet ac simili modo aliis collocari. * const.

It is proper that the vectigalia remain with him who has emerged superior in the licitation, such that the letting be concluded for not less than the end of a three-year term, and that the time appointed for exacting the vectigalia be in no way interrupted. When that time has been completed, the rights of the licitations and of the leases must be renewed and in a similar way be allotted to others. * const.

a. ad iunium rufum. * <a 321 d. k. iul. crispo c. ii et constantino c. ii conss.>

a. to Junius Rufus. * <in the year 321, on the Kalends of July; Crispus, Caesar, for the 2nd time, and Constantine, Caesar, for the 2nd time, consuls.>

CJ.4.61.5: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.61.5: Emperor Constantine

Universi provinciales pro his rebus, quas ad usum proprium vel ad fiscum inferunt vel exercendi ruris gratia revehunt, nullum vectigal a stationariis exigantur. ea vero, quae extra praedictas causas vel negotiationis gratia portantur, solitae praestationi subiugamus: capitali poena proposita stationariis et urbanis militibus et ceteris personis, quorum avaritia id temptari firmatur. * const.

All provincials, for those goods which they bring in either for their own use or to the fisc, or which they carry back for the sake of cultivating the countryside, shall have no customs duty exacted by the stationaries. But those things which, outside the aforesaid causes, or for the sake of trade, are carried, we subject to the customary exaction: with capital punishment set forth against the stationaries and the urban soldiers and other persons, whose greed is found to be attempting this. * Constantine.

a. menandro. * <a 321 d. iii id. iul. crispo ii et constantino ii conss.>

to Menander. * <in the year 321, on the 3rd day before the Ides of July; Crispus for the 2nd time and Constantine for the 2nd time, consuls.>

CJ.4.61.6pr.: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.4.61.6pr.: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Omnium rerum ac personarum, quae privatam degunt vitam, in publicis functionibus aequa debet esse inspectio. * valentinianus et valens aa. ad florentium com. sacr.

Of all things and persons who lead a private life, there ought to be equal inspection in public functions. * valentinian and valens the emperors to florentius, count of the sacred.

larg. * <a 365 d. x k. mart. mediolani valentiniano et valente aa. conss.>

larg. * <in the year 365, on the tenth day before the Kalends of March, at Milan, when Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.4.61.6.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.4.61.6.1: The Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Hoc ideo dicimus, quia nonnulli privatorum elicitas suffragio proferunt sanctiones, quibus vectigalia vel cetera eiusmodi, quae inferri fisco moris est, sibi adserant esse concessa. <a 365 d. x k. mart. mediolani valentiniano et valente aa. conss.>

We say this for this reason, because some private persons bring forward sanctions elicited by suffrage, by which they assert that vectigalia (tax revenues), or other things of that sort which it is the custom to pay into the fisc, have been conceded to themselves. <a 365 on the 10th day before the kalends of march, at milan, valentinian and valens emperors consuls.>

CJ.4.61.6.2: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.4.61.6.2: Emperors Valentinian, Valens

Si quis ergo privatorum eiusmodi rescriptione nitatur, cassa eadem sit. vectigalium enim non parva functio est, quae debet ab omnibus, qui negotiationis seu transferendarum mercium habent curam, aequa ratione dependi: exceptis naviculariis, cum sibi rem gerere probabuntur. <a 365 d. x k. mart.

Therefore, if any of the private persons relies upon a rescript of such a kind, let the same be void. for the exaction of the customs-duties is no small function, which ought to be paid by all who have the care of commerce or of the transferring of wares, on an equal basis: excepting the shipowners (navicularii), when they shall be proven to be conducting the business for themselves. <a 365 d. x k. mart.

mediolani valentiniano et valente aa. conss.>

at Milan, Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.61.7: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens, Gratianus

CJ.4.61.7: Emperors Valentinian, Valens, Gratian

Ex praestatione vectigalium nullius omnino nomine quicquam minuatur, quin octavas more solito constitutas omne hominum genus, quod commerciis voluerit interesse, dependat, nulla super hoc militarium personarum exceptione facienda. * valentin. valens et grat.

From the prestation of the public imposts let nothing at all be diminished on anyone’s account, but the eighths, constituted in the customary manner, every kind of person who will have wished to take part in commerce shall pay, no exception being made in this matter for military persons. * Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian.

aaa. ad archelaum com. orientis.

aaa. to archelaus, count of the east.

* <a 366 ? pp. beryto iiii k. febr. post consulatum valentiniani et valentis aa.>

* <year 366? published at Berytus, on the 4th day before the Kalends of February, after the consulship of Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti.>

CJ.4.61.8: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.4.61.8: The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

A legatis gentium devotarum ex his tantum speciebus, quas de locis propriis, unde conveniunt, huc deportant, octavarii vectigal accipiant : quas vero ex romano solo, quae sunt tamen lege concessae, ad propria deferunt, has habeant a praestatione immunes ac liberas. * grat. valentin.

From the envoys of devoted nations let them take the octaval tax only on those sorts of goods which they bring here from their own places whence they come; but those which from Roman soil, though granted by law, they carry to their own homes, let them have free and immune from exaction. * grat. valentin.

et theodos. aaa. palladio com.

and theodosius, the three augusti, to palladius, the count.

sacr. larg. * <a 381 d. prid.

sacred largesses. * <a 381 the day before.

non. iul. constantinopoli.

nones of july at constantinople.

acc. xii k. aug. syagrio et eucherio conss.>

received 12 days before the Kalends of August, Syagrius and Eucherius consuls.>

CJ.4.61.9: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.4.61.9: The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Usurpationem totius licentiae submovemus circa vectigal alabarchiae per aegyptum atque augustamnicam constitutum, nihilque super transductione animalium, quae sine praebitione solita minime permittenda est, temeritate per licentiam vindicari concedimus. * grat. valentin.

We remove the usurpation of all license concerning the tax of the alabarchy established throughout Egypt and Augustamnica, and we allow nothing regarding the transfer of animals—which, without the customary provisioning, is by no means to be permitted—to be claimed by rashness under the pretext of license. * Gratian, Valentinian.

et theodos. aaa. palladio com.

and theodosius, the augusti, to palladius, the count.

sacr. larg. * <>

sacred largesses. * <>

CJ.4.61.10: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ 4.61.10: The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius

Vectigalia, quaecumque quaelibet civitates sibi ac suis curiis ad angustiarum suarum solacia quaesierunt, sive illa functionibus curialium ordinum profutura sunt seu quibuscumque aliis earundem civitatum usibus designantur, firma his atque ad habendum perpetua manere praecipimus neque ullam contrariam supplicantium super his molestiam formidari. * arcad. et honor.

Taxes, whatever imposts any cities have sought for themselves and for their own curiae as consolations for their straits, whether those are going to be of use to the functions of the curial orders or are assigned to whatever other uses of those same cities, we command to remain firm for them and perpetual to hold; and let no contrary harassment of the petitioners in these matters be feared. * Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. anthemio pp. * <>

the Augusti to Anthemius, Praetorian Prefect. * <>

CJ.4.61.11: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.4.61.11: The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Si quis sine persona mancipum, id est salinarum conductorum, sales emerit vendereve temptaverit, sive propria audacia sive nostro munitus oraculo, sales ipsi una cum eorum pretio mancipibus addicantur. * arcad. et honor.

If anyone, without the person of the contractors, that is, of the lessees of the saltworks, should buy salt or attempt to sell it, whether by his own audacity or fortified by our oracle, let the salt itself, together with its price, be adjudged to the contractors. * Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. lampadio pp. * <>

the emperors to Lampadius, praetorian prefect. * <>

CJ.4.61.12: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.61.12: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Quidquid contra vectigales largitionalium titulorum vel pragmaticis sacris vel adnotationibus fuerit elicitum, effectu et viribus carere censemus. * honor. et theodos.

Whatever has been elicited against the tax revenues of the largitional titles, whether by sacred pragmatics or by annotations, we judge to lack effect and force. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. gaisoni com. sacr. larg.

The Augusti to Gaiso, Count of the Sacred Largesses.

* <a 408-412 d. viiii k. oct. ravennae.>

CJ.4.61.13pr.: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.4.61.13pr.: The Emperors Theodosius, Valentinianus

Exceptis his vectigalibus, quae ad sacrum patrimonium nostrum quocumque tempore pervenerunt, cetera rei publicae civitatum atque ordinum aestimatis dispendiis, quae pro publicis necessitatibus tolerare non desinunt, reserventur, cum duas portione aerario nostro conferri prisca institutio disposuerat : atque hanc tertiam iubemus adeo in dicione urbium municipumque consistere, ut proprii compendii curam non in alieno potius quam in suo arbitrio noverint constitutam. * theodos. et valentin.

Except for those taxes which at whatever time have come to our sacred patrimony, let the rest be reserved to the republic of the cities and of the orders, the expenditures having been assessed, which they do not cease to bear for public necessities, since an ancient institution had arranged that two portions be contributed to our aerarium (treasury): and we order that this third so remain under the dominion of the cities and the municipalities that they may know the care of their own profit has been established not at another’s discretion rather than at their own. * theodosius and valentinian.

aa. flaviano pp. * <>

the emperors to flavianus, praetorian prefect. * <>

CJ.4.61.13.1: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.4.61.13.1: The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian

Designatae igitur consortium portionis eatenus iuri ordinum civitatumque obnoxium maneat, ut etiam locandi quanti sua interest licentiam sibi noverint contributam. <>

Therefore let the consortium of the designated share remain, to that extent, subject to the law of the orders and of the cities, so that they may also know that the license of leasing, to the amount of their own interest, has been conferred upon them. <>

CJ.4.62.0. Vectigalia nova instituti non posse.

CJ.4.62.0. That new taxes cannot be instituted.

CJ.4.62.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.62.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Non quidem temere permittenda est novorum vectigalium exactio : sed si adeo tenuis est patria tua, ut extraordinario auxilio iuvari debeat, adlega praesidi proviciae quae in libellum contulisti : qui re diligenter inspecta utilitatem communem intuitus scribet nobis quae compererit, et an habenda sit ratio vestri et quatenus, aestimabimus. * sev. et ant.

Not indeed is the exaction of new taxes to be rashly permitted : but if your homeland is so needy that it ought to be helped by extraordinary aid, submit to the provincial governor what you have set forth in your petition : who, the matter carefully inspected and having regard to the common utility, will write to us what he has ascertained, and we will assess whether consideration should be had of you and to what extent. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. gavio victorino. * <pp. xii k. aug.>

the emperors to gavius victorinus. * <published on the 12th day before the Kalends of August>

CJ.4.62.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.4.62.2: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Vectigalia nova nec decreto civitatum institui possunt. * sev. et ant.

New imposts cannot be instituted, not even by decree of the cities. * sev. and ant.

aa. ventilio callistiano. * <>

the emperors to ventilius callistianus. * <>

CJ.4.62.3: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.62.3: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Non solent nova vectigalia inconsultis princibus institui. ergo et exigi aliquid , quod illicite poscatur, competens iudex vetabit et id quod exactum videtur, si contra rationem iuris extortum est, restitui iubebit. * valer.

It is not customary for new imposts to be instituted without the princes having been consulted. Therefore a competent judge will forbid that anything , which is unlawfully demanded, be exacted; and he will order that what appears to have been exacted, if it has been extorted contrary to the rationale of the law, be restored. * Valerian.

et gallien. aa. aurelio tusco et aliis. * <>

and Valerian and Gallienus, the Augusti, to Aurelius Tuscus and others. * <>

CJ.4.62.4: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.4.62.4: Emperor Constantine

Si provincialium nostrorum querella de conductorum aviditate extiterit et probatum fuerit ultra vetustam consuetudinem et nostrae terminos iussionis aliquid eos profligasse, rei tanti criminis perpetuo exilio puniantur. sub conspectibus autem tuis vel eorum, qui tuae gravitati succedunt, licitationis cura servetur. * const.

If a complaint of our provincials about the avidity of the contractors shall have arisen, and it shall have been proved that they have exacted something beyond ancient custom and the bounds of our command, let the persons guilty of so great a crime be punished with perpetual exile. Under your eyes, moreover, or those of such as succeed to your authority, let the oversight of the auction be maintained. * const.

a. ad felicem pp. * <a 333-336 pp. vii id. mart. carthagine.>

a. to Felix, praetorian prefect. * <a 333-336 pp. on the 7th day before the Ides of March, at Carthage.>

CJ.4.63.0. De commerciis et mercatoribus.

CJ.4.63.0. On commerce and merchants.

CJ.4.63.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.4.63.1: The Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Negotiatores, si qui ad domum nostram pertinent, potiorum quoque homines necessitatem debitam pensionum, ut honestas postulat, agnoscere moneantur, ut per cunctos, qui emolumenta negotiationibus captant, tolerabiles fiant agnoscendae devotionis effectus. * valentin. et valens aa. ad iulianum com.

Let merchants, if any pertain to our household, and likewise the men of their betters, be admonished to acknowledge the due necessity of the pensions (payments), as propriety demands, so that among all who capture emoluments from commerce the effects of the devotion that must be acknowledged may be made tolerable. * valentinian and valens, augusti, to julianus, count.

orientis. * <a 364 d. xv k. mai. constantinopoli divo ioviano et varroniano conss.>

of the East. * <a 364, on the 15th day before the Kalends of May (April 17), at Constantinople, in the consulship of the deified Jovian and Varronianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.63.2: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.4.63.2: The Emperors Valentinian, Valens

Non solum aurum barbaris minime praebeatur, sed etiam si apud eos inventum fuerit, subtili auferatur ingenio. si ulterius aurum pro mancipiis vel quibuscumque speciebus ad barbaricum fuerit translatum a mercatoribus, non iam damnis, sed suppliciis subiugentur, et si id iudex repertum non vindicat, tegere ut conscius criminosa festinat. * valentin.

Not only let gold not at all be furnished to the barbarians, but also, if it is found among them, let it be taken away by subtle ingenuity. if further gold has been transferred by merchants to the barbarian land in exchange for slaves or whatever kinds of goods, let them be subjected not now to damages, but to punishments; and if the judge does not vindicate that when discovered, he hastens to cover the criminal matters as being privy. * valentin.

et valens aa. et grat. a. tatiano com. sacr.

and Valens, the Augusti, and Gratian, Augustus, to Tatianus, count of the Sacred Palace.

larg. * <a 374 ? >

largesses. * <a 374 ? >

CJ.4.63.3: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.3: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Nobiliores natalibus et honorum luce conspicuos et patrimonio ditiores perniciosum urbibus mercimonium exercere prohibemus, ut inter plebeium et negotiatorem facilius sit emendi vendendique commercium. d. * honor. et theodos.

We forbid those nobler by birth, conspicuous in the light of honors, and richer in patrimony from engaging in mercantile activity pernicious to the cities, so that between the plebeian and the merchant the commerce of buying and selling may be easier. d. * honorius and theodosius.

aa. theodoro pp. * <a 408 vel 409 >

the Augusti to Theodorus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 408 or 409 >

CJ.4.63.4pr.: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.4 pref.: The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius

Mercatores tam imperio nostro quam persarum regi subiectos ultra ea loca, in quibus foederis tempore cum memorata natione nobis convenit, nundinas exercere minime oportet, ne alieni regni, quod non convenit, scrutentur arcana. * honor. et theodos.

Merchants subject both to our empire and to the king of the Persians ought by no means to conduct fairs beyond those places in which, at the time of the treaty, it was agreed with the aforementioned nation, lest they scrutinize the arcana of a foreign kingdom, which is not fitting. * honor. and theodosius.

aa. anthemio pp. * <a 408 vel 409 >

the Augusti to Anthemius, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 408 or 409 >

CJ.4.63.4.1: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.4.1: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Nullus igitur posthac imperio nostro subiectus ultra nisibin callinicum et artaxata emendi sive vendendi species causa proficisci audeat nec praeter memoratas civitates cum persa merces existimet commutandas: sciente utroque qui contrahit et species, quae praeter haec loca fuerint venumdatae vel comparatae, sacro aerario nostro vindicandas et praeter earum ac pretii amissionem, quod fuerit numeratum vel commutatum, exilii se poenae sempiternae subdendum. <a 408 vel 409 >

No one therefore hereafter, being subject to our empire, shall dare to set out beyond Nisibis, Callinicum, and Artaxata for the purpose of buying or selling wares, nor shall he deem that goods are to be exchanged with the Persian outside the aforementioned cities: with both contracting parties knowing that the wares which outside these places shall have been sold or purchased are to be claimed for our sacred treasury; and, in addition to the loss of them and of the price—whatever has been paid or exchanged—he shall subject himself to the penalty of perpetual exile. <a 408 or 409 >

CJ.4.63.4.2: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.4.2: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Non defutura contra iudices eorumque apparitiones per singulos contractus, qui extra memorata loca fuerint agitati, triginta librarum auri condemnatione, per quorum limitem ad inhibita loca mercandi gratia romanus vel persa commeaverit. <a 408 vel 409 >

Nor shall there be lacking against the judges and their apparitors, for each contract which shall have been conducted outside the aforementioned places, a condemnation of thirty pounds of gold, within whose boundary a Roman or a Persian shall have traveled to the prohibited places for the sake of trading. <a 408 vel 409 >

CJ.4.63.4.3: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.4.3: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Exceptis videlicet his, qui legatorum persarum quolibet tempore ad nostram clementiam mittendorum iter comitati merces duxerint commutandas, quibus humanitatis et legationis intuitu extra praefinita etiam loca mercandi copiam non negamus, nisi sub specie legationis diutius in qualibet provincia residentes nec legati reditum ad propria comitentur. hos enim mercaturae insistentes non immerito una cum his, cum quibus contraxerint, cum resederint, poena huius sanctionis persequetur. <a 408 vel 409 >

With the exception, namely, of those who, having accompanied the journey of the Persian legates to be sent at whatever time to our clemency, have judged that goods should be exchanged; to these, in view of humanity and of the embassy, we do not deny the opportunity to trade even outside the places also predefined, unless, under the guise of legation, they remain for a longer time in any province and do not accompany the legate’s return to his own. For these, persisting in commerce, not undeservedly the penalty of this sanction will pursue, together with those with whom they have contracted, wherever they shall have settled. <a 408 vel 409 >

CJ.4.63.5: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.5: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Cessante omni ambitione, omni licentia quingentorum sexaginta trium collegiatorum numerus maneat nullique his addendi mutandive vel in defuncti locum substituendi pateat copia, ita ut iudicio tuae sedis sub ipsorum praesentia corporatorum in eorum locum, quos humani subtraxerint casus, ex eodem quo illi fuerant corpore subrogentur: nulli alii corporatorum praeter praedictum numerum per patrocinia immunitate concessa. * honor. et theodos.

With all ambition ceasing, all license ceasing, let the number of five hundred sixty‑three college‑members remain, and let there be no opportunity to add to them or to change them or to substitute someone in the place of one deceased; in such a way that, by the judgment of your see, under the presence of the corporators themselves, in the place of those whom human contingencies have withdrawn, there be subrogated from the same body in which they had been: let no immunity be granted, through patronages, to any others of the corporators beyond the aforesaid number. * honor. and theodos.

aa. aetio pu. * <a 409 d. xii k. sept. eudoxiopoli honorio viii et theodosio iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Aetius, Urban Prefect. * <in 409, on the twelfth day before the Kalends of September (August 21), at Eudoxiopolis, when Honorius 8 and Theodosius 3, Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.4.63.6pr.: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.6pr.: The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius

Si qui inditas nominatim vetustis legibus civitates transgredientes ipsi vel peregrinos negotiatores sine comite commerciorum suscipientes fuerint deprehensi, nec proscriptionem bonorum nec poenam perennis exilii ulterius evadent. * honor. et theodos.

If any persons who, in defiance of the provisions expressly laid down by the ancient laws, are found either transgressing their municipalities themselves or receiving foreign merchants without the Count of Commerce as companion, they shall no longer evade either proscription of their goods or the penalty of perpetual exile. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. maximino com. sacr. larg.

The Emperors to Maximinus, count of the sacred largesses.

* <>

CJ.4.63.6.1: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.4.63.6.1: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Ergo omnes pariter, sive privati seu cuiuspiam dignitatis sive in militia constituti, sciant sibi aut ab huiusmodi temeritate penitus abstinendum aut supra dicta supplicia subeunda. <>

Therefore let all alike, whether private persons or of any dignity, or constituted in the military, know that they must either abstain utterly from such temerity, or undergo the above-said punishments. <>

CJ.4.64.0. De rerum permutatione et de praescriptis verbis actione.

CJ.4.64.0. On the permutation (exchange) of things and on the action by prescribed words.

CJ.4.64.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.64.1: Emperor Gordian

Si, cum patruus tuus venalem possessionem haberet, pater tuus pretii nomine, licet non taxata quantitate, aliam possessionem dedit, idque quod comparavit non iniuria iudicis nec patris tui culpa evictum est, ad exemplum ex empto actionis non immerito id quod tua interest, si in patris iura successisti, consequi desideras. at enim si, cum venalis possessio non esset, permutatio facta est idque, quod ab adversario praestitum est, evictum est, quod datum est ( si hoc elegeris) cum ratione restitui postulabis. * gord.

If, when your paternal uncle had a saleable possession, your father, by way of price, although the quantity was not assessed, gave another possession, and that which he acquired was evicted not by any wrong of the judge nor by any fault of your father, on the model of the action ex empto you not undeservedly desire to obtain the amount that is your interest, if you have succeeded to your father’s rights. But indeed, if, when the possession was not for sale, an exchange was made, and that which was furnished by the other party has been evicted, you will demand that what was given ( si hoc elegeris) be restored with an accounting. * gord.

a. thraseae mil. * <a 238 d. viii id. nov. pio et pontiano conss.>

to thrasea, a soldier. * <in the year 238, on the 8th day before the ides of november, pius and pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.4.64.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Permutationem re ipsa utpote bonae fidei constitutam, sicut commemoras, vicem emptionis obtinere non incogniti iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is no unknown point of law that exchange, in reality—as you mention—being constituted as a good‑faith arrangement, holds the place of a purchase. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. primitivae. * <>

aa. originals. * <>

CJ.4.64.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.3: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ex placito permutationis re nulla secuta constat nemini actionem competere, nisi stipulatio subiecta ex verborum obligatione quaesierit partibus actionem. * diocl. et maxim.

From an agreement of exchange, if no thing has ensued, it is established that no action is competent to anyone, unless a stipulation subjoined, from a verbal obligation, has procured an action for the parties. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. barcio leontio. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to Barcio Leontius. * <>

CJ.4.64.4pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.4pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum precibus tuis expresseris placitum inter te et alium permutationis intercessisse eumque fundum a te datum vendidisse, contra emptorem quidem te nullam habere actionem perspicis, cum ab eo susceperit dominium, cui te tradidisse titulo permutationis non negasti. * diocl. et maxim.

When by your petitions you have set forth that an agreement of permutation (exchange) has intervened between you and another, and that he sold the estate given by you, you perceive that you have no action against the purchaser, since he has taken dominion (ownership) from the one to whom you do not deny that you delivered it under the title of permutation. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. leontio. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to leontius. * <>

CJ.4.64.4.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.4.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Secundum fidem autem placiti, si stipulatio subsecuta est, successores eius, cum quo contractum habuisti, convenire non prohiberis: si vero nulla stipulatio intercessit, praescriptis verbis actione, ut vel fides placiti servetur tibi vel, quod alterius accipiendi fundi gratia dedisti, causa non secuta restituatur. <>

According to the faith of the pact, however, if a stipulation has followed, you are not forbidden to proceed against the successors of him with whom you had the contract: but if in fact no stipulation intervened, [use] the action with prescribed words, so that either the faith of the pact be kept for you, or what you gave for the sake of receiving another’s estate be restored, the cause not having ensued. <>

CJ.4.64.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.5: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quoniam adseris patrem tuum ei contra quem preces fundis ea condictione dedisse fundum, ut invicem domum certam acciperet, aditus praeses provinciae placitis eum parere vel, si causam, propter quam fundus datus est, sequi non perspexerit, condictionis ratione datum restituere, sicut postulas, iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you assert that your father gave the estate to the person against whom you are pouring forth petitions on this condition, that he should in return receive a specified house, when approached the provincial governor will order him to obey the compacts or, if he does not perceive that the cause on account of which the estate was given has ensued, to restore what was given by way of condictio, as you request. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. theodolanae. * <>

the augusti and the caesars, theodolanae. * <>

CJ.4.64.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.6: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Rebus certa lege traditis, si huic non pareatur, praescriptis verbis incertam civilem dandam actionem iuris auctoritas demonstrat. * diocl. et maxim.

With things delivered by a fixed law, if this be not obeyed, the authority of the law demonstrates that an indeterminate civil action, in prescribed words, is to be granted. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. protogeni. * <>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Protogenius. * <>

CJ.4.64.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Emptionem rebus fieri non posse pridem placuit. igitur cum frumenti certam modiationem callimacho et acamato te dedisse, ut tibi repraesentent olei designatum pondus adseveres, si placitis citra stipulationis sollemnitatem non exhibeant fidem, quantum dedisti, causa non secuta condicere pro desiderio tuo potes. * diocl.

It has long been settled that a purchase cannot be effected by things. therefore, since you assert that you gave to callimachus and acamas a definite measure of grain so that they might render to you the designated weight of oil, if, the agreements lacking the solemnity of a stipulation, they do not make good their pledge, you can bring a condictio for as much as you gave, the consideration having failed, in accordance with your desire. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. timotheo. * <a 294 s. xiii k. nov.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Timotheus. * <a 294 on the 13th day before the Kalends of November.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.64.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.64.8: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ea lege rebus donatis candido, ut quod placuerat menstruum seu annuum tibi praestaret, cum huiusmodi conventio non nudi pacti nomine censeatur, sed rebus propriis dictae legis substantia muniatur, ad implendum placitum, sicut postulas, praescriptis verbis tibi competit actio. * diocl. et maxim.

On that condition the things were donated to Candidus, namely that what had been agreed should be furnished to you monthly or yearly; since an agreement of this sort is not considered under the name of a nude pact, but is fortified, in respect of its own proper subject-matter, by the substance of the said law, for the fulfilling of the agreement, as you request, an action with prescribed words is available to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. paulinae. * <a 294 s. non. dec.

the augusti and the caesars to paulina. * <a year 294, the sixth day before the nones of december

nicomediae cc. conss.>

at Nicomedia, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.0. De locato et conducto.

CJ.4.65.0. On lease and hire.

CJ.4.65.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.65.1: Emperor Antoninus

Dominus horreorum periculum vis maioris vel effracturam latronum conductori praestare non cogitur. his cessantibus si quid extrinsecus ex depositis rebus inlaesis horreis perierit, damnum depositarum rerum sarciri debet. * ant.

The owner of storehouses is not compelled to warrant to the lessee the risk of vis maior or a thieves’ break‑in. These being absent, if anything from the goods deposited should perish from an external cause, the storehouses being unharmed, the loss of the deposited things must be made good. * Antoninus.

a. iulio agrippino. * <a 213 pp. prid. non.

to Aulus Julius Agrippinus. * <a 213 pp. the day before the Nones.

ian. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

jan. under antoninus, augustus for the 4th time, and balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.65.2: Emperor Antoninus

Adversus eos, a quibus extruenda aedificia conduxisti, ex conducto actione consistens eo iudicio quod est bonae fidei debitum cum usuris solitis consequeris. * ant. a. epidio epicteto.

Against those from whom you have hired the erection of buildings, relying on the action ex conducto, by that judgment, which is of good faith, you will recover the debt with the customary interest. * antoninus augustus to epidius epictetus.

* <a 213 pp. k. iul. romae antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <in the year 213, on the day before the Kalends of July, at rome, under the consuls antoninus augustus (for the 4th time) and balbinus.>

CJ.4.65.3: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.4.65.3: Emperor Antoninus

Diaetae, quam te conductam habere dicis, si pensionem domino insulae solvis, invitum te expelli non oportet, nisi propriis usibus dominus esse necessariam eam probaverit aut corrigere domum maluerit aut tu male in re locata versatus es. * ant. a. flavio callimorpho. * <a 214 pp. viii id. ian.

Of the apartment which you say you have on lease, if you pay the rent to the owner of the tenement, you ought not to be expelled against your will, unless the owner has proved it to be necessary for his own uses, or has preferred to repair the building, or you have conducted yourself badly in the leased matter. * by Antoninus Augustus to Flavius Callimorphus. * <in the year 214, pp., 8 days before the Ides of January.

messala et sabino conss.>

messala and sabinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.4pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.4pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Et divi pii et antonini litteris certa forma est, ut domini horreorum effractorum eiusmodi querellas deferentibus custodes exhibere necesse habeant nec ultra periculo subiecti sint. * alex. a. arrio sabino.

And in the letters of the deified Pius and Antoninus there is a fixed form, that the owners of warehouses broken open must exhibit the custodians to those bringing complaints of this kind, and are not thereafter subjected to peril beyond this. * alexander augustus to arrius sabinus.

* <a 222 pp. k. dec. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in the year 222, on the day before the Kalends of December, Alexander Augustus consul>

CJ.4.65.4.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.4.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quod vos quoque adito praeside provinciae impetrabitis. qui si maiorem animadversionem exigere rem deprehenderit, ad domitium ulpianum praefectum praetorio et parentem meum reos remittere curabit. <a 222 pp. k. dec.

Which you too will obtain upon approaching the provincial governor. Who, if he discovers that the matter demands a greater animadversion, will take care to remit the defendants to Domitius Ulpianus, the praetorian prefect and my parent. <a 222 pp. k. dec.

alexandro a. cons.>

in the consulship of Alexander Augustus>

CJ.4.65.4.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.4.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sed qui domini horreorum nominatim etiam custodiam repromiserunt, fidem exhibere debent. <a 222 pp. k. dec. alexandro a. cons.>

But those who, as owners of storehouses, have expressly promised custody as well, must exhibit good faith. <a 222 on the day before the Kalends of December, Alexander, consul.>

CJ.4.65.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Certi iuris est ea, quae voluntate dominorum coloni in fundum conductum induxerint, pignoris iure dominis praediorum teneri. quando autem domus locatur, non est necessaria in rebus inductis vel illatis scientia domini: nam ea quoque pignoris iure tenentur. * alex.

It is settled law that the things which the coloni, with the owners’ consent, have brought onto a leased estate are held, by the right of pledge, to the owners of the lands. But when a house is leased, the owner’s knowledge is not necessary with respect to things brought in or carried in; for these too are held by the right of pledge. * alex.

a. aurelio petronio. * <a 223 pp. k. mart. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

to aurelius petronius. * <in 223, on the day before the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus.>

CJ.4.65.6: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.6: Emperor Alexander Severus

Nemo prohibetur rem quam conduxit fruendam alii locare, si nihil aliud convenit. * alex. a. lucilio victorino.

No one is prohibited from subletting to another, for enjoyment, the thing which he has leased, if nothing else has been agreed. * alexander augustus to lucilius victorinus.

* <a 224 pp. v k. mart. iuliano et crispino conss.>

* <in the year 224, on the 5th day before the Kalends of March, under Julianus and Crispinus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.7: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.7: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si, cum hermes vectigal octavarum in quinquennium conduceret, fidem tuam obligasti posteaque spatio eius temporis expleto, cum idem hermes in conductionem ut idoneus detinerentur, non consensisti, sed cautionem tibi reddi postulasti, non oportere te posterioris temporis periculo adstringi competens iudex non ignorabit. * alex. a. septimio terentiano mil.

If, when hermes was farming the tax-revenue of the eighths (octavae) for a five-year term (quinquennium), you obligated your good faith, and afterwards, with the span of that time completed, when the same hermes was being held as suitable for the lease, you did not consent but demanded that the security (cautio) be returned to you, the competent judge will not be unaware that you ought not to be bound by the peril of the later time. * alexander the augustus to septimius terentianus, soldier.

* <a 227 pp. v id. ian. albino et maximo conss.>

* <a 227 published on the 5th day before the ides of january, albinus and maximus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.8: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.8: Emperor Alexander Severus

Licet certis annuis quantitatibus fundum conduxeris, si tamen expressum non est in locatione aut mos regionis postulat, ut, si qua labe tempestatis vel alio caeli vitio damna accidissent, ad onus tuum pertinerent, et quae evenerunt sterilitates ubertate aliorum annorum repensatae non probabuntur, rationem tui iuxta bonam fidem haberi recte postulabis, eamque formam qui ex appellatione cognoscet sequetur. * alex. a. sabiniano hygino.

Although you have leased the estate for fixed annual quantities, if nevertheless it is not expressly set forth in the lease, nor does the custom of the region require, that, if any losses should occur through the blight of storm or some other defect of the sky, they are to pertain to your burden, and that scarcities that occurred be compensated by the abundance of other years will not be approved; you will rightly demand that consideration of you be had according to good faith, and the one who will take cognizance on appeal will follow this form. * Alexander Augustus to Sabinianus Hyginus.

* <a 231 pp. k. aug. pompeiano et peligno conss.>

* <in the year 231, the day before the Kalends of August, Pompeianus and Pelignus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.9: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.4.65.9: Emperor Alexander Severus

Emptori quidem fundi necesse non est stare colonum, cui prior dominus locavit, nisi ea lege emit. verum si probetur aliquo pacto consensisse, ut in eadem conductione maneat, quamvis sine scripto, bonae fidei iudicio ei quod placuit parere cogitur. * alex.

Indeed, the purchaser of the estate (fundus) is not required to keep the colonus (tenant) to whom the prior owner leased, unless he bought on that condition. But if it is proved that by some pact he consented that he remain under the same lease, although without writing, by a good‑faith judgment he is compelled to comply with what was agreed. * alex.

a. aurelio fusco mil. * <a 234 pp. vii id. sept. maximo ii et urbano conss.>

to aurelius fuscus, soldier. * <in 234, on the 7th day before the ides of september, in the consulship of maximus (2) and urbanus.>

CJ.4.65.10: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.4.65.10: Emperor Gordian

Viam veritatis ignoras in conductionibus non succedere heredes conductoris existimans, cum, sive perpetua conductio est, etiam ad heredes transmittatur, sive temporalis, intra tempora locationis heredi quoque onus contractus incumbat. * gord. a. pomponio sabino.

You are ignorant of the way of truth, supposing that in leases the heirs of the lessee do not succeed, since, whether the lease is perpetual, it is transmitted also to the heirs, or, if temporary, within the term of the letting the burden of the contract likewise rests upon the heir. * Gordian Augustus to Pomponius Sabinus.

* <a 239 d. viii k. mart. gordiano et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, on the 8th day before the Kalends of March, with Gordianus and Aviola as consuls.>

CJ.4.65.11: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.65.11: Emperor Philip

Invitos conductores seu heredes eorum post tempora locationis impleta non esse retinendos saepe rescriptum est. * philipp. a. aurelio theodoro.

Unwilling lessees or their heirs, after the terms of the lease have been completed, are not to be retained; it has often been decreed by rescript. * philip augustus to aurelius theodorus.

* <a 244 pp. vi id. aug. peregrino et aemiliano conss.>

* <in the year 244, published on the 6th day before the Ides of August, when Peregrinus and Aemilianus were consuls.>

CJ.4.65.12: Imperator Philippus

CJ.4.65.12: Emperor Philip

Damnum, quod per adgressuram latronum in possessionibus locatis rei tuae illatum esse proponis, a domina earundem possessionum, quam nullius criminis ream facere te dicis, sarciri nulla ratione desideras. * philipp. a. et philipp.

The damage which you propose was inflicted upon your property by the assault of robbers in the leased possessions, you desire, without any ground, to be made good by the lady of those same possessions, whom you say you do not make defendant of any crime. * philip, aug., and philip.

c. aurelio nicae. * <a 245 pp. iiii k. nov. philippo a. et titiano conss.>

to C. Aurelius Nicae. * <in the year 245, on the 4th day before the Kalends of November, when Philip Augustus and Titianus were consuls.>

CJ.4.65.13pr.: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.65.13pr.: Emperors valer., gallien.

Si divisa conductio fuit et in singulis pro partibus facta, alieno nomine conveniri vos non oportet. si autem omnes qui conducebant in solidum locatori sunt obligati, ius ei competens conveniendi quem velit non debeat auferri. * valer.

If the lease was divided and made with each for their respective parts, you ought not to be sued in another’s name. But if all who leased are obligated to the lessor in solidum (jointly and severally), the right competent to him of suing whom he wishes ought not to be taken away. * valer.

et gallien. aa. et valer. c. aurelio heraclidae.

and the Augusti Gallienus, and Valerian, Caesar, to Aurelius Heraclidas.

* <a 259 pp. viii id. mart. aemiliano et basso conss.>

* <year 259, pp., the 8th day before the Ides of March, Aemilianus and Bassus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.13.1: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.65.13.1: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Habetis sane vos facultatem locatori offerendi debitum et, ut transferantur in vos ea, quae ob hanc conductionem ab his quorum nomine inquietamini obligata sunt, postulandi. <a 259 pp. viii id. mart. aemiliano et basso conss.>

You certainly have the faculty of offering the debt to the lessor and of demanding that there be transferred to you those things which, on account of this lease, have been obligated by those in whose name you are being disquieted. <in the year 259, on the eighth day before the Ides of March, in the consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus.>

CJ.4.65.14: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.65.14: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Si hi, qui a vobis redemerant frumentum et hordeum annonae inferendum, accepta pecunia fidem fefellerunt, ex locato agere cum his potestis. * valer. et gallien.

If those who had purchased from you wheat and barley to be brought in for the annona, after receiving the money, have broken faith, you can sue them by an action ex locato. * valerian and gallienus.

aa. et c. aurelio iulio. * <a 259 pp. viii k. ian. aemiliano et basso conss.>

the augusti and the caesar to aurelius julius. * <year 259, on the 8th day before the Kalends of January, in the consulship of aemilianus and bassus.>

CJ.4.65.15: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.65.15: The Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Si fundo a locatore expulsa es, agere ex conducto potes poenamque, quam praestari rupta conventionis fide placuit, exigere ac retinere potes. * valer. et gallien.

If you have been expelled from the estate by the lessor, you can bring an action ex conducto, and you can exact and retain the penalty which, with the faith of the convention broken, it was agreed should be rendered. * valerian and gallienus.

aa. et c. aureliae euphrosynae. * <a 259 pp. id. aug. aemiliano et basso conss.>

the augusti and the caesar to aurelia euphrosyne. * <in the year 259, on the day before the ides of august, when aemilianus and bassus were consuls.>

CJ.4.65.16: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.4.65.16: The Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Legem quidem conductionis servari oportet nec pensionum nomine amplius quam convenit reposci. sin autem tempus, in quo locatus fundus fuerat, sit exactum et in eadem locatione conductor permanserit, tacito consensu eandem locationem una cum vinculo pignoris renovare videtur. * valer.

Indeed, the law of the lease ought to be observed, and under the name of rents no more than was agreed is to be exacted. But if the term for which the estate had been leased has elapsed, and the lessee has remained in the same letting, by tacit consent the same lease is deemed to be renewed together with the bond of the pledge. * valer.

et gallien. aa. et c. aurelio timotheo. * <a 260 pp. iiii k. aug.

and Gallienus, the Augusti, and to C. Aurelius Timotheus. * <a in the year 260, pp., on the 4th day before the Kalends of August.

saeculare ii et donato conss.>

saecularis 2 and donatus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.17: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Praeses provinciae ea quae ex locatione debentur exsolvi sine mora curabit, non ignarus ex locato et conducto actionem, cum sit bonae fidei, post moram usuras legitimas admittere. * diocl. et maxim.

The governor of the province shall see that the things owed from a lease are paid without delay, not unaware that the action on letting and hiring (ex locato et ex conducto), since it is a good‑faith action, after default admits lawful interest. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. hostilio hectario. * <a 290 pp. xv k. april. diocletiano iiii et maximiano iii aa. conss.>

the augusti to Hostilius Hectarius. * <in the year 290, on the 15th day before the Kalends of April. under Diocletian, 4, and Maximian, 3, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.18: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Excepto tempore, quo edaci lucustarum pernicie sterilitatis vitium incessit, sequentis temporis fructus, quos tibi iuxta praeteritam consuetudinem deberi constiterit, reddi tibi praeses provinciae iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

Except for the time during which, by the ravenous destruction of locusts, the blight of sterility set in, the fruits of the subsequent time, which it shall have been established are owed to you according to past custom, the governor of the province will order to be restored to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. annio ursino. * <a 290 pp. xi k. oct. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the emperors to annius ursinus. * <year 290, on the 11th day before the Kalends of October, in the very year when the Emperors were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.4.65.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.19: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Circa locationes atque conductiones maxime fides contractus servanda est, si nihil specialiter exprimatur contra consuetudinem regionis. quod si alii remiserunt contra legem contractus atque regionis consuetudinem pensiones, hoc aliis praeiudicium non possit adferre. * diocl.

Concerning lettings and hirings, the good faith of the contract must above all be observed, if nothing is specifically expressed contrary to the custom of the region. But if others have remitted rents contrary to the law of the contract and the custom of the region, this cannot bring prejudice to others. * Diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. iulio valentino. * <a 293 s. v k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Julius Valentinus. * A.D. 293, at Sirmium, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May.

heracleae aa. conss. >

At Heraclea, the Augusti, consuls. >

CJ.4.65.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.20: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Qui rem propriam conduxit existimans alienam, dominium non transfert, sed inefficacem conductionis contractum facit. * diocl. et maxim.

He who has taken on lease his own property, supposing it another’s, does not transfer dominion, but makes the contract of lease inefficacious. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio carpophoro. * <a 293 s. iii k. mart. heracleae aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Carpophorus. * <in the year 293, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of March, at Heraclea, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.4.65.21: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.21: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si olei certa ponderatione fructus anni locasti, de contractu bonae fidei habito propter hoc solum, quod alter maiorem obtulit ponderationem, recedi non oportet. * diocl. et maxim.

If you have leased the year’s fruits of oil by a fixed weighing, one ought not to withdraw from the bona fide contract entered into for this reason alone, that another has offered a greater weight. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. antoniae. * <a 293 d. viii id. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to antonia. * <in 293, on october 8, at sirmium, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.4.65.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.22: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si hi, contra quos supplicas, facta locatione temporis certi suas tibi locaverint operas, quatenus bona fides patitur, causa cognita competens iudex conventionem servari iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

If those, against whom you petition, after a letting for a fixed term has been made, have leased their services to you, insofar as good faith permits, once the case has been examined the competent judge will order the agreement to be kept. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. papiniano. * <a 293 >

the Augusti and the Caesars to Papinianus. * <a 293 >

CJ.4.65.23: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.23: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ad probationem rei propriae sive defensionem non sufficit locatio ei facta, qui post de dominio coeperit contendere, cum nescientia dominii proprii et errantis nullum habeat consensum : sed ex eventu, si victus fuerit, contractus locationis non constitisse magis declaratur. nemo enim sibi iure possessionem mutare potest. * diocl.

For the proof (probation) of one’s own property or for a defense it does not suffice that a locatio (lease) was made to him who afterward began to contend about dominion, since ignorance of one’s own dominion and error carry no consent : but from the outcome, if he is defeated, it is rather declared that the lease contract did not come into being. For no one can by law change possession to himself. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio prisco. * <a 293 >

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aurelius Priscus. * <a 293 >

CJ.4.65.24: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.24: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Contractus locationis conductionisque non intervenientibus etiam instrumentis ratus habeatur : secundum quod heredes conductoris, etsi non intervenerint instrumenta, non uxorem convenire debes. sane de posteriore tempore, quo conductricem ipsam proponis fuisse, adesse fidem precibus tuis probans pensiones integras ab ea pete. * diocl.

Let the contract of letting and hiring be held valid even without instruments intervening: accordingly you ought to sue the heirs of the lessee, even if no instruments intervened, and not the wife. Indeed, as to the later time, during which you assert that she herself was the lessee, proving that credence attends your petition, demand the full rents from her. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio antonino. * <a 293 pp. viii k. ian aa. conss.>

and maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to aurelius antoninus. * <year 293, on the eighth day before the Kalends of January, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.65.25: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.25: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si quis conductionis titulo agrum vel aliam quamcumque rem accepit ; possessionem debet prius restituere et tunc de proprietate litigare. * diocl. et maxim.

If anyone has received a field or any other thing whatsoever under the title of lease ; he ought first to restore possession and then litigate about proprietorship. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio epagatho. * <a 293 iii k. ian. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Aurelius Epagathus. * <in the year 293, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January, at Sirmium, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.4.65.26: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.26: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si conductionis implestis fidem, eius rei gratia factum instrumentum evanuit. quod si quid vestrum in fundo fuit vel vi direptum est, hoc restitui vobis praeses provinciae iubebit. * diocl.

If you have kept faith with the lease, the instrument made for the sake of that matter has lapsed. But if anything of yours was on the estate or was carried off by force, the governor of the province will order this to be restored to you. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. aurelio opilioni et hermio. * <a 294 d. iii k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Aurelius Opilio and Hermius. * in the year 294, given on the 3rd day before the Kalends of May.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.27: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.27: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si tibi quae pro colonis conducti praedii prorogasti dominus fundi stipulanti dare spopondit, competens iudex reddi tibi iubebit. nam si conventio placiti fine stetit, ex nudo pacto perspicis actionem iure nostro nasci non potuisse. * diocl.

If the owner of the estate, upon your stipulation, promised to give you what you extended on behalf of the coloni of the leased estate, the competent judge will order it to be repaid to you. For if the agreement stood at the limit of a pact, you perceive that under our law an action could not have arisen from a nude pact. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. maximiano agopodi. * <a 294 >

and the Augusti and the Caesars, to Maximianus Agopodus. * <a 294 >

CJ.4.65.28: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.28: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

In iudicio tam locati quam conducti dolum et custodiam, non etiam casum, cui resisti non potest, venire constat. * diocl. et maxim.

In the action both of the locator and of the conductor (lessor and lessee), fraud and custody are at issue, but not also accident, which cannot be resisted. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. tusciano neoni. * <a 294 d. xv k. oct. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to tuscianus and neon. * <a 294 on the 15th day before the Kalends of October, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.4.65.29: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.4.65.29: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum conductorem aedificia, quae suscepit integra, destruxisse proponas, haec heredes etiam eius praeses provinciae instaurare aedificiorum inter vos habita ratione iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you allege that the lessee destroyed the buildings which he took on intact, the governor of the province will order even his heirs to restore these, after an accounting concerning the buildings has been held between you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio iuliano. * <>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius julianus. * <>

CJ.4.65.30: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.4.65.30: The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian

Curialis neque procurator neque conductor alienarum rerum nec fideiussor aut mandator conductoris existat. alioquin nullam obligationem neque locatori neque conductori ex huiusmodi contractu competere sancimus. * theodos.

Let no Curial be either procurator or conductor of others’ affairs, nor a fideiussor or mandator for a conductor. Otherwise, we sanction that no obligation accrues either to the locator or to the conductor from a contract of this kind. * Theodosius.

et valentin. aa. florentio pp. * <a 439 d. vii id. april. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>

and valentinian, the augusti, to florentius, praetorian prefect. * <a 439 on April 7, at Constantinople, in the 17th consulship of Theodosius, Augustus, and of Festus, consuls.>

CJ.4.65.31: Imperator Leo

CJ.4.65.31: Emperor Leo

Milites nostros alienarum rerum conductores seu procuratores aut fideiussores vel mandatores conductorum fieri prohibemus, ne omisso armorum usu ad opus rurestre se conferant et vicinis graves praesumptione cinguli militaris existant. armis autem, non privatis negotiis occupentur, ut numeris et signis suis iugiter inhaerentes rem publicam, a qua aluntur, ab omni bellorum necessitate defendant. * leo a. aspari mag.

We forbid our soldiers to become contractors of other people’s property or procurators or sureties, or mandators of lessees, lest, with the practice of arms neglected, they betake themselves to rural work and become burdensome to their neighbors by the presumption of the military belt. rather let them be occupied with arms, not with private businesses, so that, adhering continually to their units and standards, they may defend the republic, by which they are nourished, from every necessity of wars. * leo a. aspari mag.

mil. * <a 458 d. prid. non.

to the soldiers. * in the year 458, on the day before the Nones.

iul. constantinopoli leone a. cons.>

July, at Constantinople, with Leo Augustus consul.>

CJ.4.65.32pr.: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.65.32pr.: Emperor Zeno

Ne cui liceat, qui aliquam domum alienam vel locum aut ergasterium nomine conductionis accepit, alteri, qui post eum domini voluntate ad eandem conductionem accessit, litem inferre, quasi rem illicitam aut agenti damnosam temptaverit, sed patere facultatem dominis domos suas vel ergasteria vel loca cui voluerint locandi, ipsis nihilo minus qui conduxerint ab omni super hoc molestia liberis conservandis : nisi forte pacta per scripturam specialiter inita cum dominis vel cum his qui postea conduxerunt, legibus videlicet cognita, agentis intentionibus suffragantur. * zeno a. adamantio pu. * <>

Let it not be permitted to anyone who has received some other’s house or a place or an ergasterium under the name of a lease (conduction) to bring suit against another who, after him, with the owner’s will, acceded to the same lease, as though he had attempted something illicit or harmful to the actor; but let the faculty be open to owners to lease their houses or ergasteria or places to whom they will, with those who have leased being preserved none the less free from every annoyance on this point : unless perhaps agreements specifically entered by writing with the owners or with those who later leased—recognized, namely, by the laws—support the intentions of the actor. * zeno a. adamantio pu. * <>

CJ.4.65.32.1: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.65.32.1: Emperor Zeno

Quod si quis huiusmodi controversiam sacris iussionibus interdictam crediderit commovendam, si privatus est, acriter caesus exilii subeat poenam, si militat, decem librarum auri dispendio feriatur. <>

But if anyone believes that a controversy of this kind, interdicted by sacred injunctions, should be stirred up, if he is a private person, let him, after a sharp beating, undergo the penalty of exile; if he is in military service, let him be struck with a loss of ten pounds of gold. <>

CJ.4.65.33: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.65.33: Emperor Zeno

Conductores rerum alienarum seu alienam cuiuslibet rei possessionem precario detinentes seu heredes eorum, si non eam dominis recuperare volentibus restituerint, sed litem usque ad definitivam sententiam expectaverint, non solum rem locatam, sed etiam aestimationem eius victrici parti ad similitudinem invasoris alienae possessionis praebere compellantur. * zeno a. sebastiano pp. * <a 484 d. v k. april. constantinopoli theoderico cons.>

Lessees of others’ things, or those detaining by favor the possession of anyone else’s thing, or their heirs, if they do not restore it to the owners wishing to recover it, but await the suit up to a definitive sentence, shall be compelled to furnish not only the leased thing, but also its valuation to the victorious party, in the likeness of an invader of another’s possession. * zeno augustus to sebastian, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 484, on the 5th day before the kalends of april, at constantinople, theoderic, consul.>

CJ.4.65.35pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.65.35pr.: Emperor Justinian

Licet retro principes multa de militibus, qui alienas possessiones vel domus conductionis titulo procurandas suscipiunt, sanxisse manifestum est, tamen quia res sic est contempta, ut neque interminationis sacratissimae constitutionis milites memores ad huiusmodi sordida audeant venire ministeria et relictis studiis publicis signisque victricibus ad conductiones alienarum rerum prosilire et armorum atrocitatem non in hostes ostendere, sed contra vicinos et forsitan adversus ipsos miseros colonos, quos procurandos susceperunt, convertere, necessarium duximus ad hanc sacratissimam venire constitutionem altius et plenius huiusmodi causam corrigentes. * iust. a. ad senatum.

Although it is manifest that princes in times past have sanctioned many things concerning soldiers who undertake to have others’ possessions or houses administered under the title of lease, nevertheless, because the matter has been so despised that soldiers, mindful of the most sacred constitution’s threat, do not dare to come to services of this sort, so sordid, and, abandoning public pursuits and victorious standards, leap forth into the leases of others’ property, and display the atrocity of arms not against enemies, but against neighbors and perhaps against the very wretched coloni themselves, whom they have undertaken to manage, turning it against them—we have judged it necessary to come to this most sacred constitution, correcting this kind of case more deeply and more fully. * justinian augustus to the senate.

* <>

CJ.4.65.35.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.65.35.1: Emperor Justinian

Iubemus itaque omnes omnino, qui sub armis militant, sive maiores sive minores ( milites autem appellamus eos, qui tam sub excelsis magistris militum tolerare noscuntur militiam quam in undecim devotissimis scholis taxati sunt, nec non eos , qui sub diversis optionibus foederatorum nomine sunt decorati) saltem in posterum ab omni conductione alienarum rerum temperare scituros, quod ex ipso contractus initio sine aliquo facto vel aliqua sententia cadant militia et non sit regressus eis ad pristinum gradum neque a beneficio imperiali neque a consensu vel permissu iudicis, sub quo tolerandam sortiti sunt militiam : ne, dum alienas res conductionis titulo esse gubernandas existimant, suas militias suamque opinionem amittant, ex militibus pagani, ex decoratis infames constituti: et quod p ost huiusmodi conductionem, quam penitus interdiximus, a publico susceperint, et hoc sine aliqua mora vel procrastinatione reddere compellantur. <>

We therefore command absolutely all who serve under arms, whether seniors or juniors ( however we call soldiers those who are known to endure soldiering both under the exalted Masters of Soldiers and those who have been rated in the eleven most devoted Scholae, and also those , who under various optiones have been decorated with the name of Foederati) at least henceforth to restrain themselves from every leasing of others’ property, knowing that from the very beginning of the contract, without any act or any sentence, they fall from the military service and there is no return for them to their former rank, neither by imperial beneficium nor by the consent or permission of the judge, under whom they have drawn to have to endure the service : lest, while they suppose that other men’s things are to be governed under the title of a lease, they lose their soldierings and their reputation, constituted from soldiers as pagani, from decorated men as infamous: and that whatever p ost such a leasing, which we have utterly forbidden, they have received from the public, they also be compelled to render this without any delay or procrastination. <>

CJ.4.65.35.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.65.35.2: Emperor Justinian

Scituris et ipsis, qui suas facultates post hanc legem eis ad conductionem permiserint nostra lege eorum conamine violata, quod nulla eis exactio contra eos concedatur, ut, qui alieni appetens constitutos militem procuratorem elegerit, et suis cadat reditibus. <>

Let it be known also to those themselves who, after this law, have allowed their estates to be leased to them, that, with our law violated by their endeavor, no exaction against those men shall be granted to them; so that whoever, coveting what is another’s, shall have chosen a soldier, one of those constituted, as procurator, shall also forfeit his own revenues. <>

CJ.4.65.35.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.65.35.3: Emperor Justinian

Pateat autem omnibus huiusmodi copia apud competentes iudices accusationis, ut, qui in hac causa delator existat, laudandus magis quam vituperandus intellegatur : poena, quam contra milites nostrorum praeceptorum contemptores et ipsos, qui eis conductionem rerum ad se pertinentium permiserint, statuimus, in futuris causis obtinente. <>

Let it be open, moreover, to all to have a resource of this kind for accusation before the competent judges, so that whoever is a delator in this matter be understood to be more to be praised than to be vituperated : the penalty which we have established against the soldiers, contemners of our precepts, and those who have permitted to them the conduction (leasing) of things pertaining to themselves, obtaining in future cases. <>

CJ.4.66.0. De emphyteutico iure.

CJ.4.66.0. On the emphyteutic right.

CJ.4.66.1: Imperator Zeno

CJ.4.66.1: Emperor Zeno

Ius emphyteuticarium neque conductionis neque alienationis esse titulis addicendum, sed hoc ius tertium sit constitutum ab utriusque memoratorum contractuum societate seu similitudine separatum, conceptionem definitionemque habere propriam et iustum esse validumque contractum, in quo cuncta, quae inter utrasque contrahentium partes super omnibus vel etiam fortuitis casibus pactionibus scriptura interveniente habitis placuerint, firma illibataque perpetua stabilitate modis omnibus debeant custodiri : ita ut, si interdum ea, quae fortuitis casibus sicut eveniunt, pactorum non fuerint conventione concepta, si quidem tanta emerserit clades, quae prorsus ipsius etiam rei quae per emphyteusin data est facit interitum, hoc non emphyteuticario, cui nihil reliquum mansit, sed rei domino, qui, quod fatalitate ingruebat, etiam nullo intercedente contractu habiturus fuerat, imputetur : sin vero particulare vel aliud leve damnum contigerit, ex quo non ipsa rei penitus laedatur substantia, hoc emphyteuticarius suis partibus non dubitet adscribendum. * zeno a. sebastiano pp. * <a 476 - 484 >

The emphyteutic right is not to be assigned under the titles of conduction (lease) or of alienation, but this third right has been constituted, separated from the fellowship or similarity of each of the aforesaid contracts, having its own conception and definition; and it is a just and valid contract, in which all things that between both contracting parties concerning all matters, or even fortuitous cases, have been agreed by pactions with a writing intervening, ought by all means to be preserved with firm, inviolate, and perpetual stability: such that, if at times those things which, as they happen by fortuitous cases, were not encompassed by an agreement of the pacts—if indeed so great a calamity has arisen as utterly to bring about the destruction even of the very thing that was given by emphyteusis—this is to be imputed not to the emphyteuticary, to whom nothing remained, but to the owner of the thing, who would have had what was impending by fate even with no contract intervening. But if a particular or other slight damage should occur, from which the substance of the thing itself is not completely injured, this the emphyteuticary should not hesitate to ascribe to his own part. * Zeno Augustus to Sebastianus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 476 - 484 >

CJ.4.66.2pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.2pr.: Emperor Justinian

In emphyteuticariis contractibus sancimus, si quidem aliae pactiones in emphyteuticis instrumentis fuerint conscriptae, easdem et in aliis omnibus capitulis observari et de reiectione eius, qui emphyteusin suscepit, si solitam pensionem vel publicarum functionum apochas non praestiterit. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d. xv k. oct.

In emphyteuticary contracts we sanction that, if indeed other pactions have been written in the emphyteutic instruments, these same are to be observed also in all the other capitula, and that there be ejection of the one who has undertaken the emphyteusis, if he has not provided the customary pension or the receipts for the public functions. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, praetorian prefect. * <a 529 d. 15 k. Oct.

chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

at Chalcedon, in the consulship of Decius, a most distinguished man.>

CJ.4.66.2.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.2.1: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem nihil super hoc capitulo fuerit pactum, sed per totum triennium neque pecunias solverit neque apochas domino tributorum reddiderit, volenti ei licere eum a praediis emphyteuticariis repellere : nulla ei adlegatione nomine meliorationis vel eorum quae emponemata dicuntur vel poenae opponenda, sed omnimodo eo, si dominus voluerit, repellendo neque praetendente, quod non est super hac causa inquietatus, cum neminem oportet conventionem vel admonitionem expectare, sed ultro sese offerre et debitum spontanea voluntate persolvere, secundum quod et anteriore lege nostri numinis generaliter cautum est. <a 529 d. xv k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

But if nothing has been agreed concerning this chapter, and through the whole three-year period he has neither paid monies nor returned apochas (receipts) to the lord of the tributes, it shall be lawful for him, if he wishes, to repel him from the emphyteutic estates : with no allegation to be opposed by him under the name of melioration or of those things which are called emponemata or of penalty, but in every way he is to be repelled, if the lord shall wish, nor alleging that he has not been disturbed about this cause, since no one ought to expect a summons or admonition, but of his own accord to offer himself and to pay the debt by spontaneous will, according as also by a prior law of our divinity it has been generally provided. <a 529 d. 15 k. oct. chalcedon, decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.4.66.2.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.2.2: Emperor Justinian

Ne autem ex hac causa dominis facultas oriatur emphyteutas suos repellere et reditum minime velle suscipere, ut ex huiusmodi machinatione triennio elapso suo iure is qui emphyteusin suscepit cadat, licentiam ei concedimus attestatione praemissa pecunias offere hisque obsignatis et secundum legem depositis minime deiectionis timere periculum. <a 529 d. xv k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

Lest from this cause there arise for owners a faculty to repel their emphyteutae and to be in no way willing to receive the revenue, so that by such a machination, when three years have elapsed, he who has undertaken the emphyteusis should forfeit his right, we grant him leave, with attestation premised, to offer the monies, and, these being sealed and deposited according to law, to fear in no way the danger of ejection. <a 529 d. 15 k. oct. chalcedone decio vc. cons.>

CJ.4.66.3pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum dubitabatur, utrum emphyteuta debeat cum domini voluntate suas meliorationes , quae graeco vocabulo emponemata dicuntur, alienare vel ius emphyteuticum in alium transferre, an eius expectare consensum, sancimus, si quidem emphyteuticum instrumentum super hoc casu aliquas pactiones habeat, eas observari : sin autem nullo modo huiusmodi pactio posita est vel forte instrumentum emphyteuseos perditum est, minime licere emphyteutae sine consensu domini suas meliorationes aliis vendere vel ius emphyteuticum transferre. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xv k. april.

When it was in doubt whether the emphyteuta ought, with the lord’s will, to alienate his ameliorations , which by the Greek vocable are called emponemata, or to transfer the emphyteutic right to another, or to await his consent, we decree: if indeed the emphyteutic instrument has, concerning this case, any pactions, let them be observed : but if in no way such a pact has been set down, or perhaps the instrument of emphyteusis has been lost, it is by no means permitted for the emphyteuta, without the consent of the lord, to sell his ameliorations to others or to transfer the emphyteutic right. * Justinian Augustus to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 530, on the 15th day before the Kalends of April.

constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

at constantinople lampadius and orestes most illustrious men consuls.>

CJ.4.66.3.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed ne hac occasione accepta domini minime concedant emphyteutas suos accipere pretia meliorationum quae invenerint, sed eos deludant et ex hoc commodum emphyteutae depereat, disponimus attestationem domino transmitti et praedicere, quantum pretium ab alio re vera accipit. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

But lest, with this occasion taken, lords should in no way allow their emphyteutae to receive the prices of the ameliorations which they have found, but should trick them, and from this the advantage of the emphyteuta should perish, we decree that an attestation be transmitted to the lord and that it be declared how much price he truly receives from another. <a 530 on the 15th day before the Kalends of April. at Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.66.3.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3.2: Emperor Justinian

Et si quidem dominus hoc dare maluerit et tantam praestare quantitatem, quantam ipsa veritate emphyteuta ab alio accipere potest, ipsum dominum omnimodo haec comparare : <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

And if indeed the lord should prefer to give this and to furnish such an amount as in very truth the emphyteuta can receive from another, the lord himself is by all means to purchase these: <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.66.3.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3.3: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem duorum mensuum spatium fuerit emensum et dominus hoc facere noluerit, licentia emphyteutae detur, ubi voluerit, et sine consensu domini suas meliorationes vendere, his tamen personis, quae non solent in emphyteuticis contractibus vetari ad huiusmodi venire emptionem : necessitatem autem habere dominos, si aliis melioratio secundum praefatum modum vendita sit, accipere emphyteutam vel, ius emphyteuticum ad personas non prohibitas sed concessas et idoneas ad solvendum emphyteuticum canonem transponere si emphyteuta maluerit, non contradicere, sed novum emphyteutam in possessionem suscipere, non per conductorem nec per procuratorem, sed ipsos dominos per se vel per litteras suas vel, si hoc non potu erint vel noluerint, per depositionem in hac quidem civitate apud virum clarissimum magistrum censuum vel praesentibus tabulariis per attestationem, in provinciis autem per praesides vel defensores celebrandam. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

But if a span of two months shall have elapsed and the owner is unwilling to do this, let license be given to the emphyteuta, wherever he wishes, to sell his meliorations without the consent of the owner, yet to those persons who are not wont in emphyteutic contracts to be forbidden to come to such a purchase : moreover, the owners are under a necessity, if the melioration has been sold to others according to the aforesaid manner, to accept the emphyteuta, or, if the emphyteuta should prefer, to transfer the emphyteutic right to persons not prohibited but permitted and fit to pay the emphyteutic canon, not to gainsay, but to receive the new emphyteuta into possession, not through a lessee nor through a procurator, but the owners themselves in person or by their letters, or, if they shall not have been able or have been unwilling to do this, by a deposit in this city indeed with the most illustrious Master of the Revenues, or with the notaries present by attestation, but in the provinces to be celebrated through the governors or the defensores. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

CJ.4.66.3.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3.4: Emperor Justinian

Et ne avaritia tenti domini magnam molem pecuniarum propter hoc efflagitent, quod usque ad praesens tempus perpetrari cognovimus, non amplius eis liceat pro subscriptione vel depositione nisi quinquagesimam partem pretii vel aestimationis loci, qui ad aliam personam transfertur, accipere. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

And lest owners, tempted by avarice, demand a great mass of monies on this account—a thing we have learned has been perpetrated up to the present time—it shall no longer be permitted to them, for the subscription or the deposition, to receive more than the fiftieth part of the price or the appraisal of the holding which is transferred to another person. <a 530, on the 15th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men, consuls.>

CJ.4.66.3.5: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3.5: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem novum emphyteutam vel emptorem meliorationis suscipere minime dominus maluerit et attestatione facta intra duos menses hoc facere supersederit, licere emphyteutae et non consentientibus dominis ad alios ius suum vel emponemata transferre. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

But if the lord should by no means have preferred to accept a new emphyteuta or a purchaser of the improvement, and, an attestation having been made, should have refrained from doing this within two months, it shall be permitted to the emphyteuta, even the lords not consenting, to transfer his right or the emponemata to others. <a 530, on the 15th day before the Kalends of April (March 18), at Constantinople, under Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.4.66.3.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.4.66.3.6: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem aliter fuerit versatus, quam nostra constitutio disposuit, iure emphyteutico cadat. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

But if, however, he has conducted himself otherwise than our constitution has disposed, let him fall from the emphyteutic right. <a 530 d. xv k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>