Papal Bulls•Inter Gravissimas
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1. Sane eiusdem concilii patres, cum ad reliquas cogitationes breviarii quoque curam adiungerent, tempore tamen exclusi, rem totam ex ipsius concilii decreto ad auctoritatem et iudicium Romani Pontificis retulerunt.
1. Moreover the fathers of that same council, when they added to their remaining deliberations the care of the breviary, though prevented by lack of time, referred the whole matter by the decree of that very council to the authority and judgment of the Roman Pontiff.
2. Duo autem breviario praecipue continentur, quorum unum preces laudesque divinas festis profestisque diebus persolvendas complectitur, alterum pertinet ad annuos Paschae festorumque ex eo pendentium recursus, solis et lunae motu metiendos.
2. Two things, however, are contained especially in the breviary: one of which embraces the divine prayers and Lauds to be performed on feast-days and weekdays, the other pertains to the annual cycles of Easter and of the festivals depending therefrom, to be measured by the motion of the sun and the moon.
3. Atque illud quidem felicis recordationis Pius V, praedecessor noster, absolvendum curavit atque edidit.
3. And that indeed Pius V, of happy memory, our predecessor, took care that it be completed and published.
4. Hoc vero, quod nimirum exigit legitimam kalendarii restitutionem, iamdiu a Romanis Pontificibus praedecessoribus nostris et saepius tentatum est; verum absolvi et ad exitum perduci ad hoc usque tempus non potuit, quod rationes emendandi kalendarii, quae a coelestium motuum peritis proponebantur, propter magnas et fere inextricabiles difficultates, quas huiusmodi emendatio semper habuit, neque perennes erant, neque antiquos ecclesiasticos ritus incolumes (quod in primis hac in re curandum erat) servabant.
4. But this matter, which plainly demands the legitimate restoration of the calendar, has long been attempted by the Roman Pontiffs our predecessors, and oftentimes; yet it could not be completed and brought to an end up to this time, because the methods of correcting the calendar, which were proposed by experts of the celestial motions, on account of the great and almost inextricable difficulties that such a correction has always possessed, were neither permanent, nor did they preserve the ancient ecclesiastical rites intact (which above all in this matter had to be guarded).
5. Dum itaque nos quoque, credita nobis licet indignis, a Deo dispensatione freti, in hac cogitatione curaque versaremur, allatus est nobis liber a dilecto filio Antonio Lilio, artium et medicinae doctore, quem quondam Aloysius eius germanus frater conscripserat, in quo per novum quemdam epactarum cyclum ab eo excogitatum, et ad certam ipsius aurei numeri normam directum, atque ad quamcumque anni solaris magnitudinem accommodatum, omnia quae in kalendario collapsa sunt, constanti ratione et saeculis omnibus duratura, sic restitui posse ostendit ut kalendarium ipsum nulli umquam mutationi in posterum expositum esse videatur. Novam hanc restituendi kalendarii rationem, exiguo volumine comprehensam, ad christianos principes celebrioresque universitates paucos ante annos misimus, ut res quae omnium communis est, communi etiam omnium consilio perficeretur; illi cum, quod maxime optabamus, concordes respondissent, eorum nos omnium consensione adducti, viros ad kalendarii emendationem adhibuimus in alma Urbe harum rerum peritissimos, quos longe ante ex primariis christiani orbis nationibus delegeramus. Ii cum multum temporis et diligentiae ad eam lucubrationem adhibuissent, et cyclos tam veterum quam recentiorum undique conquisitos ac diligentissime perpensos inter se contulissent, suo et doctorum hominum, qui de ea re scripserunt, iudicio, hunc, prae ceteris, elegerunt epactarum cyclum, cui nonnulla etiam adiecerunt, quae ex accurata circumspectione visa sunt ad kalendarii perfectionem maxime pertinere.
5. While therefore we too, relying on a dispensation from God, though entrusted to us unworthily, were occupied with this thought and care, there was brought to us a book by our beloved son Antonio Lilio, doctor of the arts and of medicine, which his brother Aloysius had once compiled, in which, by a certain new cycle of the epacts devised by him, and ordered according to the fixed rule of the very golden number, and adjusted to any magnitude of the solar year, he shews that all that has fallen into disorder in the calendar can be restored by a steady rule and made to endure for all ages, so that the calendar itself may seem never again to be exposed to any change. We sent this new method of restoring the calendar, contained in a small volume, a few years ago to Christian princes and to the more celebrated universities, that a matter common to all might be completed by the common counsel of all; and when those men had answered in concord, which was most to be wished, we, urged by the assent of all of them, employed in the noble City the most expert men of these matters, whom long before we had chosen from the chief nations of the Christian world, to the emendation of the calendar. These, when they had devoted much time and diligence to that labor, and had compared together cycles gathered both from ancient and recent sources and most diligently pondered them, by their own judgment and that of learned men who had written on the subject, preferred this cycle of the epacts above others, to which they even added certain things that seemed by careful circumspection to pertain most to the perfection of the calendar.
6. Considerantes igitur nos, ad rectam paschalis festi celebrationem iuxta sanctorum Patrum ac veterum Romanorum Pontificum, praesertim Pii et Victoris primorum, necnon magni illius oecumenici concilii Nicaeni et aliorum sanctiones, tria necessaria coniungenda et statuenda esse; primum, certam verni aequinoctii sedem; deinde rectam positionem XIV lunae primi mensis, quae vel in ipsum aequinoctii diem incidit, vel ei proxime succedit; postremo primum quemque diem dominicum, qui eamdem XIV lunam sequitur; curavimus non solum aequinoctium vernum in pristinam sedem, a qua iam a concilio Nicaeno decem circiter diebus recessit, restituendum, et XIV paschalem suo in loco, a quo quatuor et eo amplius dies hoc tempore distat, reponendam, sed viam quoque tradendam et rationem, qua cavetur, ut in posterum aequinoctium et XIV luna a propriis sedibus nunquam dimoveantur.
6. Considering therefore that for the right celebration of the paschal feast according to the holy Fathers and the ancient Roman Pontiffs, especially the first Pius and Victor, and likewise the sanctions of that great Oecumenical Council of Nicaea and others, three necessities must be joined and established: first, a fixed seat of the vernal equinox; secondly, the correct placement of the 14th moon of the first month, which either falls on the very day of the equinox or immediately follows it; lastly, the first Lord’s day which follows that same 14th moon; we provided not only that the vernal equinox be restored to its former seat, from which it has now receded about ten days since the Council of Nicaea, and that the paschal 14th be replaced in its place, from which it now at this time is distant four days and more, but also that the method and rule be handed down whereby it is guarded that hereafter the equinox and the 14th moon be never removed from their proper seats.
7. Quo igitur vernum aequinoctium, quod a patribus concilii Nicaeni ad XII kalendas aprilis fuit constitutum, ad eamdem sedem restituatur, praecipimus et mandamus ut de mense octobris anni MDLXXXII decem dies inclusive a tertia nonarum usque ad pridie idus eximantur, et dies, qui festum S. Francisci IV nonas celebrari solitum sequitur, dicatur idus octobris, atque in eo celebretur festum Ss. Dionysii, Rustici et Eleutherii martyrum, cum commemoratione S. Marci Papae et confessoris, et Ss. Sergii, Bacchi, Marcelli et Apulei martyrum; septimodecimo vero kalendas novembris, qui dies proxime sequitur, celebretur festum S. Callisti Papae et martyris; deinde XVI kalendas novembris fiat officium et missa de dominica XVIII post Pentecostem, mutata littera dominicali G in C; quintodecimo denique kalendas novembris dies festus agatur S. Lucae evangelistae, a quo reliqui deinceps agantur festi dies, prout sunt in kalendario descripti.
7. Wherefore that the vernal equinox, which by the fathers of the Council of Nicaea was fixed at the XII kalends of April, be restored to that same seat, we enjoin and command that from the month of October of the year 1582 ten days inclusive, from the third of the Nones up to and including the day before the Ides, be taken away; and the day which follows the feast of St. Francis customarily celebrated on the 4th Nones shall be called the Ides of October, and on it the feast of Saints Dionysius, Rusticus, and Eleutherius, martyrs, shall be celebrated, with the commemoration of Pope and confessor St. Marcus, and of Saints Sergius, Bacchus, Marcellus, and Apuleius, martyrs; on the seventeenth day before the Kalends of November, the day next following, the feast of Pope and martyr St. Callistus shall be celebrated; then on the sixteenth day before the Kalends of November there shall be the office and Mass of the Sunday the 18th after Pentecost, the dominical letter changed from G to C; and finally on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of November the feast of St. Luke the evangelist shall be observed, from which the remaining feasts thereafter shall be kept as they are described in the calendar.
8. Ne vero ex hac nostra decem dierum subtractione, alicui, quod ad annuas vel menstruas praestationes pertinet, praeiudicium fiat, partes iudicum erunt in controversis, quae super hoc exortae fuerint, dictae subtractionis rationem habere, addendo alios X dies in fine cuiuslibet praestationis.
8. But lest by this subtraction of our ten days anyone be prejudiced with respect to annual or monthly prestations, the panels of judges, in controversies which have arisen concerning this matter, shall take account of the reason for the said subtraction, adding another 10 days at the end of any prestation.
9. Deinde, ne in posterum a XII kalendas aprilis aequinoctium recedat, statuimus bissextum quarto quoque anno (uti mos est) continuari debere, praeterquam in centesimis annis; qui, quamvis bissextiles antea semper fuerint, qualem etiam esse volumus annum MDC, post eum tamen qui deinceps consequentur centesimi non omnes bissextiles sint, sed in quadringentis quibusque annis primi quique tres centesimi sine bissexto transigantur, quartus vero quisque centesimus bissextilis sit, ita ut annus MDCC, MDCCC, MDCCCC bissextiles non sint. Anno vero MM, more consueto dies bissextus intercaletur, februario dies XXIX continente, idemque ordo intermittendi intercalandique bissextum diem in quadringentis quibusque annis perpetuo conservetur.
9. Then, so that henceforth the equinox does not recede from the 12 Kalends of April, we decree that the bissextile (leap) day ought to continue to occur every fourth year (as is the custom), except in centurial years; which, although they have formerly always been bissextile, as we also wish the year 1600 to be, nevertheless the centurial years that follow shall not all be bissextile, but in each span of 400 years the first three centurial years shall pass without a bissextile, the fourth centurial year shall be bissextile, so that the years 1700, 1800, 1900 shall not be bissextile. In the year 2000, however, the bissextile day shall be intercalated in the customary manner, February containing the 29th day, and the same order of omitting and intercalating the bissextile day in each period of 400 years shall be preserved forever.
10. Quo item XIV paschalis recte inveniatur, itemque dies lunae, iuxta antiquum Ecclesiae morem ex Martyrologio singulis diebus ediscendi, fideli populo vere proponantur, statuimus ut, amoto aureo numero de kalendario, in eius locum substituatur cyclus epactarum; qui ad certam (uti diximus) aurei numeri normam directus, efficit ut novilunium et XIV paschalis vera loca semper retineant. Idque manifeste apparet ex nostri explicatione kalendarii, in quo descriptae sunt etiam tabulae paschales secundum priscum Ecclesiae ritum, quo certius et facilius sacrosanctum Pascha inveniri possit.
10. That the 14th of Paschal be also rightly found, and likewise the day of the moon, according to the ancient custom of the Church to be learned from the Martyrology for each day and truly proposed to the faithful people, we have decreed that, the golden number being removed from the calendar, in its place there be substituted the cycle of epacts; which, directed to the certain rule of the golden number (as we said), causes the new-moon and the 14th of Paschal always to keep their true places. And this clearly appears from our explanation of the calendar, in which are also described the Paschal tables according to the old rite of the Church, by which the most holy Pascha may be found more surely and easily.
11. Postremo, quoniam partim ob decem dies de mense octobris anni MDLXXXII (qui correctionis annus recte dici debet) exemptos, partim ob ternos etiam dies quolibet quadringentorum annorum spatio minime intercalandos, interrumpatur necesse est cyclus litterarum dominicalium XXVIII annorum ad hanc usque diem usitatus in Ecclesia Romana, volumus in eius locum substitui eumdem cyclum XXVIII annorum, ab eodem Lilio, tum ad dictam intercalandi bissexti in centesimis annis rationem, tum ad quamcumque anni solaris magnitudinem, accommodatum; ex quo littera dominicalis beneficio cycli solaris, aeque facile ac prius, ut in proprio canone explicatur, reperiri possit in perpetuum.
11. Finally, since partly because ten days of the month of October of the year 1582 (which rightly ought to be called the year of the correction) were omitted, and partly because three days in each space of four hundred years are not to be intercalated, it is necessary that the cycle of dominical letters of 28 years hitherto used in the Church of Rome be interrupted; we wish in its place to substitute the same cycle of 28 years, by the same Lilio, adapted both to the said rule of intercalating the bissextile in the centennial years and to whatever magnitude the solar year may have; from which the dominical letter, by the benefit of the solar cycle, just as easily as before, as is explained in its proper canon, may be found in perpetuity.
12. Nos igitur, ut quod proprium Pontificis Maximi esse solet exequamur, kalendarium immensa Dei erga Ecclesiam suam benignitate iam correctum atque absolutum hoc nostro decreto probamus, et Romae una cum martyrologio imprimi, impressumque divulgari iussimus.
12. We therefore, that which is wont to be proper to the Pontifex Maximus to execute, approve by this our decree the calendar already corrected and completed by the immense benignity of God toward his Church, and we ordered it to be printed at Rome together with the martyrology, and, once printed, to be promulgated.
13. Ut vero utrumque ubique terrarum incorruptum ac mendis et erroribus purgatum servetur, omnibus in nostro et S. R. E. dominio mediate vel immediate subiecto commorantibus impressoribus, sub amissionis librorum ac centum ducatorum auri Camerae Apostolicae ipso facto applicandorum; aliis vero, in quacumque orbis parte consistentibus, sub excommunicationis latae sententiae ac aliis arbitrii nostri poenis, ne sine nostra licentia kalendarium aut martyrologium, simul vel separatim, imprimere vel proponere, aut recipere ullo modo audeant vel praesumant, prohibemus.
13. And that each of the two everywhere in the lands may be preserved incorrupt and cleansed from faults and errors, we forbid all printers dwelling in our and the S. R. E. dominion, whether subject thereto mediately or immediately, under penalty of loss of books and of one hundred ducats of gold to be applied to the Apostolic Chamber ipso facto; and others, in whatever part of the orb they reside, under sentence of excommunication latae sententiae and other penalties at our arbitrium, that without our licence they dare or presume in any way to print or put forth, together or separately, or to receive the calendar or martyrology, we prohibit.
14. Tollimus autem et abolemus omnino vetus kalendarium, volumusque ut omnes patriarchae, primates, archiepiscopi, episcopi, abbates et ceteri ecclesiarum praesides novum kalendarium (ad quod etiam accomodata est ratio martyrologii), pro divinis officiis recitandis et festis celebrandis, in suas quisque ecclesias, monasteria, conventus, ordines, militias et dioeceses introducant, et eo solo utantur, tam ipsi quam ceteri omnes presbyteri et clerici saeculares et regulares utriusque sexus, necnon milites et omnes christifideles, cuius usus incipiet post decem illos dies ex mense octobri anni MDLXXXII exemptos. Iis vero, qui adeo longinquas incolunt regiones, ut ante praescriptum a nobis tempus harum litterarum notitiam habere non possint, liceat, eodem tamen octobri mense insequentis anni MDLXXXIII vel alterius, cum primum scilicet ad eos hae nostrae litterae pervenerint, modo a nobis paulo ante tradito, eiusmodi mutationem facere, ut copiosius in nostro kalendario anni correctionis explicabitur.
14. We therefore entirely remove and abolish the old kalendarium, and we wish that all patriarchs, primates, archbishops, bishops, abbots and the other rulers of churches introduce the new kalendarium (to which the martyrology has likewise been accommodated), for reciting the divine offices and celebrating feasts, into their several churches, monasteries, convents, orders, military orders and dioceses, and use it alone, both themselves and all other priests and clerics, secular and regular of both sexes, as well as knights and all the faithful, whose use shall begin after those ten days of October of the year 1582 which are excepted. But for those who dwell in regions so remote that they cannot have knowledge of the time prescribed above in these our letters, it shall be permitted, nevertheless, in the same month of October of the following year 1583 or of another, as soon as these our letters shall first have reached them — provided they act in the manner a little previously delivered by us — to make such a change, as will be explained more fully in our kalendarium of the year of correction.
15. Pro data autem nobis a Domino auctoritate hortamur et rogamus carissimum in Christo filium nostrum Rodulphum Romanorum regem illustrem, in imperatorem electum, ceterosque reges, principes ac respublicas, iisdemque mandamus ut quo studio illi a nobis contenderunt, ut hoc tam praeclarum opus perficeremus, eodem, immo etiam maiore, ad conservandam in celebrandis festivitatibus inter christianas nationes concordiam, nostrum hoc kalendarium et ipsi suscipiant, et a cunctis sibi subiectis populis religiose suscipiendum inviolateque observandum curent.
15. By the authority granted to us by the Lord we exhort and beseech our most dear son in Christ Rodulphus, illustrious king of the Romans, elected to the imperial dignity, and the other kings, princes and republics, and we command them likewise that with the same zeal with which they strove with us to bring this so splendid a work to completion, and with that same, indeed even greater, zeal for preserving concord among Christian nations in the celebrating of festivals, they themselves receive our calendar, and see to it that it be religiously received and inviolate observed by all peoples subject to them.
16. Verum, quia difficile foret praesentes litteras ad universa christiani orbis loca deferri, illas ad basilicae Principis Apostolorum et Cancellariae Apostolicae valvas, et in acie Campi Florae publicari et affigi; et earumdem litterarum exemplis, etiam impressis, et voluminibus kalendarii et martyrologii insertis et praepositis, sive manu tabellionis publici subscriptis, necnon sigillo personae in dignitate ecclesiastica constitutae obsignatis, eamdem prorsus indubitatam fidem ubique gentium et locorum haberi praecipimus, quae originalibus litteris exhibitis omnino haberetur.
16. But because it would be difficult for the present letters to be carried to all places of the Christian world, we order that they be published and affixed to the doors of the basilica of the Prince of the Apostles and of the Apostolic Chancery, and displayed on the front of the Field of Flora; and by means of copies of the same letters, even printed, and of volumes of the calendar and martyrology inserted and prefixed, whether subscribed by the hand of a public notary and sealed with the seal of a person placed in ecclesiastical dignity, we strictly command that the same undoubted faith everywhere of peoples and places be held which would be had upon exhibition of the original letters.
17. Nulli ergo omnino hominum liceat hanc paginam nostrorum praeceptorum, mandatorum, statutorum, voluntatis, probationis, prohibitionis, sublationis, abolitionis, hortationis et rogationis infringere, vel ei auso temerario contraire. Si quis autem hoc attentare praesumpserit, indignationem omnipotentis Dei ac beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum eius se noverit incursurum.
17. Let no man at all be permitted to infringe this page of our precepts, mandates, statutes, will, probation, prohibitions, removal, abolition, exhortation and petition, or to contrarily oppose it by temerarious daring. But if any one shall presume to attempt this, let him know that he will incur the indignation of Almighty God and of his blessed apostles Peter and Paul.
Cupientes, pro pastoralis officii nobis divinitus iniuncti sollicitudine, kalendarium, nuper cura et iussu nostro correctum atque editum, ubique locorum ab omnibus qui illud, propter diversa impedimenta, statuto die mensis octobris proxime praeteriti observare non coeperunt, quamprimum in usum recipi, et, prout maxime expediens est, diligenter et exacte servari. Idcirco, ne subsequens mensis octobris, quod quidem nimis longum esset, expectetur, volentes, vigilantiae nostrae providentia, opportuna remedia hisce difficultatibus celeriter adhibere.
Desiring, on account of the solicitude of the pastoral office divinely enjoined upon us, that the calendar, recently corrected and published by our care and command, be received into use everywhere and be, as soon as possible, diligently and exactly observed by all those who, because of diverse impediments, did not begin to observe it on the fixed day of the month of October last past, and insofar as this is most expedient. Therefore, lest the following October be awaited—which indeed would be far too long—we, wishing by the providence of our vigilance to provide timely remedies, quickly apply suitable remedies to these difficulties.
1. Motu proprio et ex certa scientia maturaque deliberatione nostra ac de apostolicae potestatis plenitudine, hac nostra perpetuo valitura sanctione statuimus, praecipimus et mandamus ut quicumque, in quibusvis regnis, provinciis, civitatibus et locis constituti, kalendarium emendatum praedictum hactenus nondum observare coeperunt; illud modo et formula infrascripta, semotis cunctis excusationibus et impedimentis, omnino servent, videlicet: cum perventum fuerit ad diem decimam februarii anni millesimi quingentesimi octuagesimi tertii, in quam cadit dominica quinquagesimae secundum antiquum kalendarium, transitus statim fiat ad diem XXI eiusdem mensis februarii, omissis decem diebus inter diem decimam et diem XXI februarii huiusmodi interpositis, quae erit feria secunda post dominicam quinquagesimae (mutata littera dominicali F in B), in qua dicatur officium et missa de S. Valentino presbytero et martyre, cum commemoratione Ss. Faustini et Iovitae martyrum et Sancti Simeonis episcopi et martyris; et feria tertia, de Cathedra; proxima autem feria quarta erit dies Cinerum; atque hoc pacto nulla amplius erit discrepantia in festorum tam mobilium quam fixorum celebratione.
1. By our own motion and from certain knowledge and mature deliberation, and by the fullness of apostolic power, by this our sanction to hold in perpetuity we establish, command and enjoin that whoever, in any kingdoms, provinces, cities and places constituted, have not yet begun to observe the aforesaid corrected calendar lately revised and published by our care and order; they shall observe that manner and the formula written below, all excuses and impediments being removed, namely: when it shall have come to the day 10 of February of the year 1583, on which falls Quinquagesima Sunday according to the ancient calendar, an immediate transfer shall be made to the day 21 of the same month of February, ten days being omitted between the day 10 and the day 21 of February thus interposed, which will be the feria secunda after Quinquagesima Sunday (the dominical letter changed from F to B), on which the office and Mass of St. Valentine, priest and martyr, shall be said, with the commemoration of Ss. Faustinus and Jovita, martyrs, and of Saint Simeon, bishop and martyr; and on feria tertia, of the Chair; and the next feria quarta shall be Ash Wednesday; and in this manner there shall henceforth be no further discrepancy in the celebration of feasts, whether movable or fixed.
2. Verum, quia difficile foret praesentes litteras ad universa christiani orbis loca deferri, volumus quod illarum transumptis, etiam impressis, manu notarii publici subscriptis, et sigillo personae in dignitate ecclesiastica constitutae obsignatis, eadem prorsus indubitata fides ubivis gentium et locorum habeatur, quae originalibus litteris adhiberetur, si forent exhibitae vel ostensae.
2. But, because it would be difficult for these present letters to be carried to all places of the Christian world, we wish that their transcripts, even printed, signed by the hand of a public notary and sealed with the seal of a person constituted in ecclesiastical dignity, be everywhere among nations and places held to have the very same undoubted faith which would be applied to the original letters, if they were exhibited or shown.