Cato: de Agri Cultura

[PRAEFATIO] Est interdum praestare mercaturis rem quaerere, nisi tam periculosum sit, et item foenerari, si tam honestum. Maiores nostri sic habuerunt et ita in legibus posiverunt: furem dupli condemnari, foeneratorem quadrupli. Quanto peiorem civem existimarint foeneratorem quam furem, hinc licet existimare.

[PREFACE] It is sometimes preferable to seek wealth by commerce, were it not so dangerous, and likewise to practice usury, if it were so honorable. Our ancestors held thus and so set it in the laws: that the thief be condemned to double, the usurer to quadruple. From this one may estimate how much worse a citizen they considered the usurer than the thief.

Et virum bonum quom laudabant, ita laudabant: bonum agricolam bonumque colonum; amplissime laudari existimabatur qui ita laudabatur. Mercatorem autem strenuum studiosumque rei quaerendae existimo, verum, ut supra dixi, periculosum et calamitosum. At ex agricolis et viri fortissimi et milites strenuissimi gignuntur, maximeque pius quaestus stabilissimusque consequitur minimeque invidiosus, minimeque male cogitantes sunt qui in eo studio occupati sunt.

And when they praised a good man, thus they praised him: a good farmer and a good cultivator; he who was thus praised was thought to be most amply praised. As for the merchant, I judge him energetic and studious of the seeking of profit, but, as I said above, dangerous and calamitous. But from farmers there are begotten both the very bravest men and the most strenuous soldiers, and the gain is most pious and most stable, and least liable to envy; and those who are occupied in that pursuit are the least ill-thinking.

Nunc, ut ad rem redeam, quod promisi institutum principium hoc erit.

Now, to return to the matter, this will be the beginning of the instituted plan which I promised.

[1] Praedium quom parare cogitabis, sic in animo habeto: uti ne cupide emas neve opera tua parcas visere et ne satis habeas semel circumire; quotiens ibis, totiens magis placebit quod bonum erit. Vicini quo pacto niteant, id animum advertito: in bona regione bene nitere oportebit. Et uti eo introeas et circumspicias, uti inde exire possis.

[1] When you consider acquiring an estate, keep this in mind: that you
not buy greedily, nor spare your own effort to go and visit, and that you
not think it sufficient to go around once; as often as you go, so often the
more will what is good please you. Take note how the neighbors thrive:
in a good region they ought to be well-kept. And arrange it so that you
have ingress there and can survey it, and that you can have egress from it.

Uti bonum caelum habeat; ne calamitosum siet; solo bono, sua virtute valeat. Si poteris, sub radice montis siet, in meridiem spectet, loco salubri; operariorum copia siet, bonumque aquarium, oppidum validum prope siet; aut mare aut amnis, qua naves ambulant, aut via bona celerisque. Siet in his agris qui non saepe dominum mutant: qui in his agris praedia vendiderint, eos pigeat vendidisse.

That it have good sky (climate)
let it have; let it not be calamitous; with good soil, let it be strong by its own virtue. If you can,
let it be at the foot of a mountain, let it face toward the meridian (south), in a healthful place; let there be an abundance of workmen,
and a good water-supply, let a strong (fortified) town be near; either the sea or
a river, where ships go, or a good and swift road. Let it be in those fields which
do not often change owner: let those who have sold estates in those fields regret
having sold.

Uti bene aedificatum siet. Caveto alienam disciplinam temere contemnas. De domino bono bonoque aedificatore melius emetur.

Let it be well built. Beware lest you rashly scorn another’s discipline. From a good owner and a good builder it will be better bought.

Ad villam cum venies, videto vasa torcula et dolia multane sient: ubi non erunt, scito pro ratione fructum esse. Instrumenti ne magni siet, loco bono siet. Videto quam minimi instrumenti sumptuosusque ager ne siet.

To the villa when you come, see whether the press-gear and the jars are many: where they are not, know that the yield is in proportion. Let there not be much equipment; let it be in good condition. See that there be as little equipment as possible, and that the farm not be costly.

Scito idem agrum quod hominem, quamvis quaestuosus siet, si sumptuosus erit, relinqui non multum. Praedium quod primum siet, si me rogabis, sic dicam: de omnibus agris optimoque loco iugera agri centum, vinea est prima, vel si vino multo est; secundo loco hortus irriguus; tertio salictum; quarto oletum; quinto pratum; sexto campus frumentarius; septimo silva caedua; octavo arbustum; nono glandaria silva.

Know the same about a field as about a man: although it be gainful, if it will be costly, it will leave not much. As to what holding should be first, if you ask me, thus I would say: of all fields and in the best place, for one hundred iugera of land, the vineyard is first, or where there is much wine; in second place an irrigated garden; in third a willow-plantation; in fourth an olive-grove; in fifth a meadow; in sixth a grain-field; in seventh a coppice-wood; in eighth a tree-plantation; in ninth an acorn-bearing wood.

[2] Pater familias, ubi ad villam venit, ubi larem familiarem salutavit, fundum eodem die, si potest, circumeat; si non eodem die, at postridie. Ubi cognovit quo modo fundus cultus siet, opera quaeque facta infectaque sient, postridie eius diei vilicum vocet, roget quid operis siet factum, quid restet, satisne temperi opera sient confecta, possitne quae reliqua sient conficere, et quid factum vini, frumenti aliarumque rerum omnium. Ubi ea cognovit, rationem inire oportet operarum, dierum.

[2] The father of the family, when he comes to the villa, when he has greeted the household Lar, let him go around the estate on the same day, if he can; if not on the same day, then
on the next day. When he has learned in what way the estate has been cultivated, what operations have been done and not done, on the day after that let him call the bailiff, ask what work
has been done, what remains, whether the works have been completed in timely fashion, whether he can
complete what remains, and what has been done about the wine, the grain, and all
other things. When he has learned these things, it is proper to enter into an account of the works and the days.

Si ei opus non apparet, dicit vilicus sedulo se fecisse, servos non valuisse, tempestates malas fuisse, servos aufugisse, opus publicum effecisse. Ubi eas aliasque causas multas dixit, ad rationem operum operarumque revoca. Cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, quae opera per imbrem fieri potuerint: dolia lavari, picari, villam purgari, frumentum transferri, stercus foras efferri, stercilinum fieri, semen purgari, funes sarciri, novos fieri, centones, cuculiones familiam oportuisse sibi sarcire; per ferias potuisse fossas veteres tergeri, viam publicam muniri, vepres recidi, hortum fodiri, pratum purgari, virgas vinciri, spinas runcari, expinsi far, munditias fieri; cum servi aegrotarint, cibaria tanta dari non oportuisse.

If the work does not appear, the bailiff says that he has done it sedulously, that the slaves have not been strong, that the weather has been bad, that the slaves have run away, that they have carried out public work. When he has said these and many other causes, recall him to the reckoning of the works and of the workers. When rainy storms have been, what works could have been done through the rain: the vats to be washed, to be pitched, the villa to be cleaned, grain to be transferred, dung to be carried out, a dung-heap to be made, seed to be cleaned, ropes to be mended, new ones to be made, patch-cloaks and hooded-cloaks the household ought to have mended for themselves; on holidays it could have been done that the old ditches be scoured, the public road be maintained, brambles be cut back, the garden be dug, the meadow be cleaned, rods be bound, thorns be weeded, spelt be pounded out, cleanings be done; when the slaves have been sick, such rations ought not to have been given.

Ubi cognita aequo animo sient quae reliqua opera sient, curari uti perficiantur. Rationes putare argentariam, frumentariam, pabuli causa quae parata sunt; rationem vinariam, oleariam, quid venerit, quid exactum siet, quid reliquum siet, quid siet quod veneat; quae satis accipiunda sient, satis accipiantur; reliqua quae sient, uti compareant. Si quid desit in annum, uti paretur; quae supersint, uti veneant; quae opus sient locato, locentur; quae opera fieri velit et quae locari velit, uti imperet et ea scripta relinquat.

When, with equanimity, the remaining works have been ascertained, let care be taken that they be brought to completion. Let the accounts be reckoned: the argentary (money) account, the grain-account, the things prepared for the sake of fodder; the wine-account, the oil-account—what has come in, what has been exacted, what is outstanding, what there is that should be sold; such sureties as ought to be accepted, let sureties be accepted; as for the remaining items, let them be procured. If anything is lacking for the year, let it be prepared; what is surplus, let it be sold; what works ought to be put out on contract, let them be put out; and as to the works he wishes to be done and those he wishes to be contracted out, let him give orders and leave these in writing.

Pecus consideret. Auctionem uti faciat: vendat oleum, si pretium habeat; vinum, frumentum quod supersit, vendat; boves vetulos, armenta delicula, oves deliculas, lanam, pelles, plostrum vetus, ferramenta vetera, servum senem, servum morbosum, et si quid aliud supersit, vendat. Patrem familias vendacem, non emacem esse oportet.

Let him inspect the livestock. Let him hold an auction: sell the oil, if it has a price; sell the wine, the grain that is left over; old oxen, delicate herds of cattle, delicate sheep, wool, hides, the old wagon, old iron-tools, an old slave, a sickly slave, and if anything else is left over, let him sell it. The paterfamilias ought to be a seller, not a buyer.

[3] Prima adulescentia patrem familiae agrum conserere studere oportet. Aedificare diu cogitare oportet, conserere cogitare non oportet, sed facere oportet. Ubi aetas accessit ad annos XXXVI, tum aedificare oportet, si agrum consitum habeas.

[3] In early adolescence the paterfamilias ought to be eager to plant his field it is proper to build only after long deliberation, to plant one ought not to deliberate, but to do. When one’s age has come to 36 years, then one ought to build, if you have the field planted.

Ita aedifices, ne villa fundum quaerat nec fundus villam. Patrem familiae villam rusticam bene aedificatam habere expedit, cellam oleariam, vinariam, dolia multa, uti lubeat caritatem exspectare: et rei et virtuti et gloriae erit. Torcularia bona habere oportet, ut opus bene effici possit.

Build in such a way that the villa not seek the farm, nor the farm the villa. It is expedient for the paterfamilias to have a rustic villa well built, an oil-cellar, a wine-cellar, many dolia, so that it may be agreeable to await dearness; and it will be for his estate, for virtue, and for glory. He ought to have good press-rooms, so that the work may be well effected.

Olea ubi lecta siet, oleum fiat continuo, ne corrumpatur. Cogitato quotannis tempestates magnas venire et oleam deicere solere. Si cito sustuleris et vasa parata erunt, damni nihil erit ex tempestate et oleum viridius et melius fiet.

When the olive is gathered, let oil be made immediately, lest it be corrupted. Consider that every year great tempests come and are wont to cast down the olive. If you quickly take it up and the vessels are prepared, there will be no loss from the tempest, and the oil will become greener and better.

Si in terra et tabulato olea nimium diu erit, putescet, oleum fetidum fiet. Ex quavis olea oleum viridius et bonum fieri potest, si temperi facies. In iugera oleti CXX vasa bina esse oportet, si oletum bonum beneque frequens cultumque erit.

If the olive stays too long on the ground and on the boarded floor, it will rot, the oil will become fetid. From any sort of olive, oil greener and good can be made, if you do it in due time. For 120 iugera of olive-grove, there ought to be two vessels per iugerum, if the olive-grove will be good and well and thickly planted and cultivated.

Trapetos bonos privos inpares esse oportet, si orbes contriti sient, ut conmutare possis, funes loreos privos, vectes senos, fibulas duodenas, medipontos privos loreos.

It is proper to have good spare trapeta, unequal, so that, if the discs are worn down, you can interchange them; spare leather ropes, 6 levers, 12 buckles, spare leather breastbands.

Trochileas Graecanicas binis funis sparteis ducunt: orbiculis superioribus octonis, inferioribus senis citius duces; si rotas voles facere, tardius ducetur, sed minore labore.

They run the Greek pulleys with 2 esparto cords: with the upper little wheels 8 in number, the lower 6, you will draw faster; if you wish to make wheels, it will be drawn more slowly, but with less labor.

[4] Bubilia bona, bonas praesepis, faliscas clatratas, clatros inesse oportet pede. Si ita feceris, pabulum boves non eicient. Villam urbanam pro copia aedificato.

[4] Have good ox-stalls, good mangers, Faliscan clathrated ones; the lattice-bars ought to be set a foot apart. If you do so, the oxen will not throw out the fodder. Build the urban villa according to your means.

In bono praedio si bene aedificaveris, bene posiveris, ruri si recte habitaveris, libentius et saepius venies; fundus melis erit, minus peccabitur, fructi plus capies; frons occipitio prior est. Vicinis bonus esto; familiam ne siveris peccare. Si te libenter vicinitas videbit, facilius tua vendes, opera facilius locabis, operarios facilius conduces; si aedificabis, operis, iumentis, materie adiuvabunt; siquid bona salte usus venerit, benigne defendent.

On a good estate, if you have built well, if you have set things well, if you have lived rightly in the countryside, you will come more willingly and more often; the farm will be better, there will be fewer errors, you will take more profit; the front is prior to the occiput. To neighbors be good; do not allow the family to sin. If the vicinity will see you gladly, you will sell your things more easily, you will place out work more easily, you will hire workmen more easily; if you build, they will aid with work, with draft-animals, with material; if anything good, at least, shall have come by usage, they will kindly defend it.

[5] Haec erunt vilici officia. Disciplina bona utatur. Feriae serventur.

[5] These will be the overseer’s duties. Let him employ good discipline. Let holidays
be observed.

Alieno manum abstineat, sua servet diligenter. Litibus familia supersedeat; siquis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono modo vindicet. Familiae male ne sit, ne algeat, ne esuriat; opere bene exerceat, facilius malo et alieno prohibebit.

Let him keep his hand from another’s, and guard his own diligently. Let the household refrain from lawsuits; if anyone has committed any delinquency, let him, for the offense, chastise in a good manner. Let it not go ill with the household—let them not be cold nor hungry; let him exercise them well with work, and he will more easily keep them from evil and from what belongs to another.

Vilicus si nolet male facere, non faciet. Si passus erit, dominus inpune ne sinat esse.

If the bailiff does not wish to do ill, he will not do it. If he has allowed it, let the master not permit it to be with impunity.

Pro beneficio gratiam referat, ut aliis recte facere libeat. Vilicus ne sit ambulator, sobrius siet semper, ad cenam nequo eat. Familiam exerceat, consideret, quae dominus imperaverit fiant.

For a benefit let him render gratitude, so that it may be pleasing to others to do right.
Let the steward not be an ambler, let him be sober always, let him not go out to dinner anywhere. Let him keep the household at work, let him consider, let the things which the master has ordered be done.

Ne plus censeat sapere se quam dominum. Amicos domini, eos habeat sibi amicos. Cui iussus siet, auscultet.

Let him not
think himself wiser than the master. Let him have the master’s friends as friends to himself. Let him hearken to whomever he has been ordered.

Rem divinam nisi Conpitalibus in conpito aut in foco ne faciat. Iniussu domini credat nemini: quod dominus crediderit, exigat. Satui semen, cibaria, far, vinum, oleum mutuum dederit nemini.

Let him perform no divine rite except at the Compitalia at the crossroads-shrine or at the hearth.
Without the master’s order let him trust/lend to no one; what the master has trusted/lent, let him exact.
Seed for sowing, rations, far (spelt), wine, oil—let him give on loan to no one.

Duas aut tres familias habeat, unde utenda roget et quibus det, praeterea nemini. Rationem cum domino crebro putet. Operarium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die.

Let him have two or three families, from whom he may ask things for use and to whom he may give, besides that to no one. He should reckon the account with the master frequently. Let him not keep the same workman, hireling, or polisher for longer than a day.

Nequid emisse velit insciente domino, neu quid dominum celavisse velit. Parasitum nequem habeat. Haruspicem, augurem, hariolum, Chaldaeum nequem consuluisse velit.

Let him buy nothing without the master’s knowledge, nor
let him have concealed anything from the master. Let him have no parasite. A haruspex, an augur,
a soothsayer, a Chaldean—let him have consulted none of these.

Segetem ne defrudet: nam id infelix est. Opus rusticum omne curet uti sciat facere, et id faciat saepe, dum ne lassus fiat; si fecerit, scibit in mente familiae quid sit, et illi animo aequiore facient. Si hoc faciet, minus libebit ambulare et valebit rectius et dormibit libentius.

Let him not defraud the crop: for that is unlucky.
Let him take care to know how to do every rustic work, and let him do it
often, provided he not grow weary; if he does, he will know what is in the mind of the household,
and they will do it with a more equable spirit. If he does this, it will be less pleasing to amble about and
he will be in sounder health and will sleep more readily.

Primus cubitu surgat, postremus cubitum eat. Prius villam videat clausa uti siet, et uti suo quisque loco cubet et uti iumenta pabulum habeant. Boves maxima diligentia curatos habeto.

Let him be first to rise from bed, last to go to bed. First let him see that the villa be closed, and that each lies in his own place, and that the draft animals have fodder. Have the oxen cared for with the greatest diligence.

Bubulcis opsequito partim, quo libentius boves curent. Aratra vomeresque facito uti bonos habeas. Terram cariosam cave ne ares, neve plostrum neve pecus inpellas.

Pay some deference to the oxherds, so that they may more willingly tend the oxen. Make sure that you have good plows and plowshares. Beware of plowing carious (rotten) ground, and do not drive a wagon nor livestock onto it.

Si ita non caveris, quo inpuleris, trienni fructum amittes. Pecori et bubus diligenter substernatur, ungulae curentur. Scabiem pecoris et iumentis caveto; id ex fame et si inpluit fieri solet.

If you do not take care thus, wherever you have driven, you will lose the fruit of three years. For the herd and the oxen let bedding be carefully laid beneath; let the hooves be tended. Beware scab/mange of the flock and of the beasts of burden; that is wont to arise from hunger and if it has rained.

opera omnia mature conficias face. Nam res rustica sic est, si unam rem sero feceris, omnia opera sero facies. Stramenta si deerunt, frondem illigneam legito, eam substernito ovibus bubusque.

See that you promptly complete all operations. For the rustic business is thus: if you do one thing late, you will do all operations late. If straw is lacking, gather woody frondage, and strew it beneath the sheep and the oxen.

Stercilinum magnum stude ut habeas. Stercus sedulo conserva; cum exportabis, purgato et conminuito; per autumnum evehito. Circum oleas autumnitate ablaqueato et stercus addito.

Strive to have a large manure-pit. Conserve the manure diligently; when you export it, purge and comminute it; carry it out through autumn. Around the olive trees, at autumn-time, trench around and add manure.

Frondem populneam, ulmeam, querneam caedito per tempus: eam condito non peraridam, pabulum ovibus. Item faenum cordum, sicillimenta de prato, ea arida condito. Post imbrem autumnum rapinam, pabulum lupinumque serito.

Foliage of poplar,
elm, and oak cut at the proper time: store it not over-dry, as fodder
for sheep. Likewise hay of the second growth, sickle-cuttings from the meadow,
store these dry. After the autumn rain sow rape (turnip), fodder, and lupine.

[6] Agrum quibus locis conseras, sic observari oportet. Ubi ager crassus et laetus est sine arboribus, eum agrum frumentarium esse oportet. Idem ager si nebulosus est, rapa, raphanos, milium, panicum, id maxime seri oportet.

[6] As to the places where you sow a field, it ought to be observed thus. Where the field is heavy and fertile without trees, that field ought to be for grain. The same field, if it is foggy, turnips, radishes, millet, panic, that above all ought to be sown.

In agro crasso et caldo oleam conditivam, radium maiorem, Sallentinam, orcitem, poseam, Sergianam, Colminianam, albicerem, quam earum in iis locis optimam dicent esse, eam maxime serito. Hoc genus oleae in XXV aut in XXX pedes conserito. Ager oleto conserundo, qui in ventum favonium spectabit et soli ostentus erit, alius bonus nullus erit.

In a heavy and warm field plant the Conditiva olive, the greater Radium, the Sallentina, the orcites, the posea, the Sergiana, the Colminiana, the albicer, whichever of them in those places they will say is best, that one plant most of all. Set this kind of olive at 25 or at 30 feet. As for a field for planting an olive-grove, the one that will face the Favonian wind and be displayed to the sun—no other will be good.

Qui ager frigidior et macrior erit, ibi oleam Licinianam seri oportet. Si in loco crasso aut calido severis, hostus nequam erit et ferundo arbor peribit et muscus ruber molestus erit. Circum coronas et circum vias ulmos serito et partim populos, uti frondem ovibus et bubus habeas, et materies, siquo opus sit, parata erit.

Which field will be colder
and leaner, there the Licinian olive ought to be planted. If you plant in a heavy or
warm place, the yield will be worthless, and the tree will fail in bearing, and red moss
will be troublesome. Around the headlands and along the roads plant elms and in part poplars,
so that you may have foliage for sheep and oxen, and timber, if there is need anywhere, ready
will be.

Sicubi in iis locis ripae aut locus umectus erit, ibi cacumina populorum serito et harundinetum. Id hoc modo serito: bipalio vortito, ibi oculos harundinis pedes ternos alium ab alio serito. Ibi corrudam serito, unde asparagi fiant.

Wherever in those places the banks or the ground will be moist, there plant the tops of poplars and a reed-bed.
Plant it in this way: turn (the soil) with a two-spade; there plant the eyes of the reed three feet one from another.
There plant corruda, whence asparagus may be produced.

Nam convenit harundinetum cum corruda, eo quia foditur et incenditur et umbram per tempus habet. Salicem Graecam circum harundinetum serito, uti siet qui vineam alliges.

For the reed-bed is compatible with the corruda, because it is dug and burned and has shade for a time.
Plant Greek willow around the reed-bed, so that there is something with which to tie the vines.

Vineam quo in agro seri oporteat, sic observato. Qui locus vino optimus dicetur esse et ostentus soli, Aminnium minusculum et geminum eugeneum, helvolum minusculum conserito. Qui locus crassus erit aut nebulosior, ibi Aminnium maius aut Murgentinum, Apicium, Lucanum serito.

Observe thus in what field it is proper to plant a vineyard. The place which will be said to be best for wine and exposed to the sun, there plant the small Aminnium and the twin eugeneum, the small helvolum. The place which will be thicker (heavier) or more nebulous (misty), there plant the larger Aminnium or the Murgentinum, the Apicium, the Lucanum.

Ceterae vites, miscellae maxime, in quemvis agrum conveniunt.

The remaining vines, especially the mixed ones, are suited to any field.

[7] Fundum suburbanum arbustum maxime convenit habere; et ligna et virgae venire possunt, et domino erito qui utatur. In eodem fundo suum quidquid conseri oportet; vitem compluria genera Aminnium minusculum et maius et Apicium. Uvae in olla in vinaceis conduntur; eadem in sapa, in musto, in lora recte conduntur.

[7] A suburban estate is most suitable to have an arbustum; and
wood and rods can come for sale, and there will be for the owner someone to make use of them. On the same estate
whatever is its own ought to be planted; of vine several kinds, Aminnium the smaller
and the greater, and Apician. Grapes are preserved in a pot in the marc; likewise in sapa,
in must, in lora they are properly preserved.

Quas suspendas duracinas Aminnias maiores, vel ad fabrum ferrarium pro passis eae recte servantur. Poma, mala strutea, cotonea Scantiana, Quiriniana, item alia conditiva, mala mustea et Punica (eo lotium suillum aut stercus ad radicem addere oportet, uti pabulum malorum fiat), pira volaema, Aniciana sementiva (haec conditiva in sapa bona erunt), Tarentina, mustea, cucurbitiva, item alia genera quam plurima serito aut inserito. Oleas orcites, posias; eae optime conduntur vel virides in muria vel in lentisco contusae, vel orcites ubi nigrae erunt et siccae, sale confriato dies V; postea salem excutito, in sole ponito biduum, vel sine sale in defrutum condito.

Those larger, long-keeping Aminnian grapes which you hang up, or else at the blacksmith’s, are properly kept for raisins. Fruits—apples, Strutean apples, Scantian quinces, Quirinian, likewise other preservable kinds, must-apples and Punic apples (to this it is proper to add swine urine or dung at the root, so that nourishment for the apples be made), pears Volaema, Anician seedling (these, being for preserving, will be good in sapa), Tarentine, must-apples, gourd-shaped, likewise plant or graft as many other kinds as possible. Olives, Orcites, Posias; these are best preserved either green in brine, or bruised with mastic, or the Orcites, when they are black and dry, having been rubbed with salt for 5 days; afterward shake off the salt, set them in the sun for 2 days, or, without salt, preserve in defrutum.

Sorba in sapa condere vel siccare; arida facias. Item pira facias.

Preserve sorb-apples in sapa or dry them; make them dry. Likewise do the pears.

[8] Ficos Marsicas in loco cretoso et aperto serito; Africanas et herculaneas, Sacontinas, hibernas, Tellanas atras pediculo longo, eas in loco crassiore aut stercorato serito. Pratum si inrigivum habebis, si non erit siccum, ne faenum desiet, summitto. Sub urbe hortum omne genus, coronamenta omne genus, bulbos Megaricos, murtum coniugulum et album et nigrum, loream Delphicam et Cypriam et silvaticam, nuces calvas, Abellanas, Praenestinas, Graecas, haec facito uti serantur.

[8] Plant Marsic figs in a chalky and open place; African
and Herculanean, Sacontine, winter(-bearing), Tellan black with a long little stalk—plant those
in a richer or manured place. If you will have a meadow fit for irrigation, if it
will not be dry, so that hay may not cease, I recommend. Near the city a garden of every kind,
garlands of every kind, Megarian bulbs, myrtle conjugal and white and
black, laurel Delphic and Cyprian and wild, bald nuts, Abellan,
Praenestine, Greek—see that these be planted.

Fundum suburbanum, et qui eum fundum solum habebit, ita paret itaque conserat, uti quam sollertissimum habeat.

A suburban farm, and whoever will have that farm alone, let him so prepare it and so plant it, that he may have it as skillful as possible.

[9] Salicta locis aquosis, umectis, umbrosis, propter amnes ibi seri oportet; et id videto uti aut domino opus siet aut ut vendere possit. Prata inrigiva, si aquam habebis, id potissimum facito; si aquam non habebis, sicca quam plurima facito. Hoc est praedium quod ubi vis expedit facere.

[9] Willow-plantations in watery, moist, shady places, near rivers—there they ought to be planted; and see to it that either the master has use for it or that he can sell it. Irrigable meadows, if you have water, make that chiefly; if you will not have water, make as many dry ones as possible. This is an estate-improvement which it is expedient to make wherever you wish.

[10] Quo modo oletum agri iugera CCXL instruere oporteat. Vilicum, vilicam, operarios quinque, bubulcos III, asinarium I, subulcum I, opilionem I, summa homines XIII; boves trinos, asinos ornatos clitellarios qui stercus vectent tris, asinum molarium I, oves C; vasa olearia instructa iuga V, ahenum quod capiat Q. XXX, operculum aheni, uncos ferreos III, urceos aquarios III, infidibula II, ahenum quod capiat Q. V, operculum aheni, uncos III, labellum pollulum I, amphoras olearias II, urnam quinquagenariam unam, trullas tris, situlum aquarium I, pelvim I, matellionem I, trullium I, scutriscum I, matellam I, nassiternam I, trullam I, candelabrum I, sextarium I; plostra maiora III, aratra cum vomeribus VI, iuga cum loris ornata III, ornamenta bubus VI; irpicem I, crates stercerarias IIII, sirpeas stercerarias III, semuncias III, instrata asinis III; ferramenta: ferreas VIII, sarcula VIII, palas IIII, rutra V, rastros quadridentes II, falces faenarias VIII, stramentarias V, arborarias V, securis III, cuneos III, fistulam ferrariam I, forcipis II, rutabulum I, foculos II; dolia olearia C, labra XII, dolia quo vinacios condat X, amurcaria X, vinaria X, frumentaria XX, labrum lupinarium I, serias X, labrum eluacrum I, solium I, labra aquaria II, opercula doliis seriis priva; molas asinarias unas et trusatilis unas, Hispaniensis unas, molilia III, abacum I, orbes aheneos II, mensas II, scamna magna III, scamnum in cubiculo I, lectos loris subtentos IIII et lectos III; pilam ligneam I, fullonicam I, telam togalem I, pilas II, pilum fabrarium I, farrearium I, seminarium I, qui nucleos succernat I, modium I, semodium I; culcitas VIII, instragula VIII, pulvinos XVI, operimenta X, mappas III, centones pueris VI.

[10] In what way it is proper to equip an olive‑grove of 240 iugera of land. A bailiff, a bailiff’s wife, five laborers, 3 ox‑drivers, 1 donkey‑man, 1 swineherd, 1 shepherd, total 13 persons; three yokes of oxen, three pack‑asses fitted with pack‑saddles to carry dung, 1 mill‑ass, 100 sheep; olive‑press gear, fitted press‑beams 5, a cauldron that holds 30 Quadrantal, a lid for the cauldron, 3 iron hooks, 3 water‑pitchers, 2 funnels, a cauldron that holds 5 Quadrantal, a lid for the cauldron, 3 hooks, 1 very small basin, 2 oil amphorae, one fifty‑unit urn, three ladles, 1 water‑bucket, 1 basin, 1 chamber‑pot, 1 small ladle, 1 small dish, 1 chamber‑pot, 1 oil‑jar with spout, 1 ladle, 1 candelabrum, 1 sextarius‑measure; 3 larger wagons, 6 ploughs with shares, 3 yokes furnished with straps, 6 sets of gear for the oxen; 1 harrow, 4 dung‑hurdles, 3 dung‑baskets, 3 half‑ounce weights, 3 saddle‑pads for asses; tools: 8 iron fittings, 8 mattocks, 4 spades, 5 shovels, 2 four‑toothed rakes, 8 hay‑sickles, 5 straw‑sickles, 5 tree‑pruning sickles, 3 axes, 3 wedges, 1 iron tube, 2 tongs, 1 hearth‑scraper, 2 small braziers; 100 oil‑casks, 12 vats, 10 casks in which he may store the wine‑pressings, 10 for amurca, 10 wine‑casks, 20 grain‑casks, 1 lupin‑soaking vat, 10 large jars, 1 washing vat, 1 vat, 2 water‑vats, lids for the casks, for the jars separately; one donkey‑mill and one pounding‑mill, one Spanish (mill), 3 small millstones, 1 counting‑board, 2 bronze disks, 2 tables, 3 large benches, 1 bench in the bedroom, 4 couches slung with straps and 3 beds; 1 wooden pestle, 1 fuller’s apparatus, 1 loom for togas, 2 mortars, 1 smith’s pestle, 1 grain‑pestle, 1 seed‑sieve, 1 device to sift kernels, 1 modius‑measure, 1 half‑modius; 8 mattresses, 8 bed‑covers, 16 bolsters, 10 coverings, 3 napkins, 6 patchwork coverlets for the boys.

[11] Quo modo vineae iugera C instruere oporteat. Vilicum, vilicam, operarios X, bubulcum I, asinarium I, salictarium I, subulcum I, summa homines XVI; boves II, asinos plostrarios II, asinum molarium I; vasa torcula instructa III, dolia ubi quinque vindemiae esse possint culeum DCCC, dolia ubi vinaceos condat XX, frumentaria XX, opercula doliorum et tectaria priva, urnas sparteas VI, amphoras sparteas IIII, infidibula II, cola vitilia III, colia qui florem demat III, urceos mustarios X; plostra II, aratra II, iugum plostrarium I, iugum vinarium I, iugum asinarium I, orbem aheneum I, molile I; ahenum quod capiat culleum I, operculum aheni I, uncos ferreos III, ahenum coculum quod capiat culleum I, urceos aquarios II, nassiternam I, pelvim I, matellionem I, trulleum I, situlum aquarium I, scutriscum I, trullam I, candelabrum I, matellam I, lectos IIII, scamnum I, mensas II, abacum I, arcam vestiariam I, armarium promptarium I, scamna longa VI, rotam aquariam I, modium praeferratum I, semodium I, labrum eluacrum I, solium I, labrum lupinarium I, serias X; ornamenta bubus II, ornamenta asinis instrata III, semuncias III, sportas faecarias III, molas asinarias III, molas trusatilis unas; ferramenta: falces sirpiculas V, falces silvaticas VI, arborarias III, secures V, cuneos IIII, vomeres II, ferreas X, palas VI, rutra IV, rastros quadridentes II, crates stercorarias IV, sirpiam stercorariam I, falculas viniaticas XL, falculas rustarias X, foculos II, forcipes II, rutabulum I, corbulas Amerinas XX, quala sataria vel alveos XL, palas ligneas XL, luntris II, culcitas IIII, instragula IIII, pulvinos VI, operimenta VI, mappas III, centones pueris VI.

[11] In what way it is proper to equip 100 iugera of vineyard. A bailiff, a bailiff’s wife, 10 laborers, 1 ox-driver, 1 donkey-man, 1 willow-worker, 1 swineherd, in sum 16 people; 2 oxen, 2 wagon-donkeys, 1 mill-donkey; press-gear equipped 3, jars in which there can be five vintages, of 800 cullei, jars in which he may store the pomace 20, grain-jars 20, covers for the jars and separate protective lids, esparto urns 6, esparto amphoras 4, funnels 2, osier strainers 3, strainers to skim off the “flower” 3, must-pitchers 10; wagons 2, plows 2, a wagon-yoke 1, a wine-cart yoke 1, a donkey-yoke 1, a bronze platter 1, a small hand-millstone 1; a bronze cauldron that can hold 1 culleus, a lid for the cauldron 1, iron hooks 3, a cooking cauldron that can hold 1 culleus, water-jars 2, a watering-can 1, a basin 1, a chamber pot 1, a scoop 1, a water-bucket 1, a little dish 1, a small ladle 1, a lampstand 1, a basin 1, beds 4, a bench 1, tables 2, a sideboard 1, a clothes-chest 1, a pantry-cupboard 1, long benches 6, a water-wheel 1, an iron-banded modius 1, a half-modius 1, a washing-tub 1, a vat 1, a lupine-soaking tub 1, large jars 10; gear for oxen 2, pack-gear fitted for donkeys 3, half-ounce weights 3, dregs-baskets 3, donkey-mills 3, one pounding-mill; tools: small pruning-sickles 5, woodland sickles 6, tree-pruning sickles 3, axes 5, wedges 4, plowshares 2, iron tools 10, spades 6, shovels 4, four-toothed rakes 2, dung-hurdles 4, a dung wicker-basket 1, little vineyard pruning-knives 40, rustic little pruning-knives 10, small braziers 2, tongs 2, a fire-rake 1, Amerine little baskets 20, winnowing-baskets or trays 40, wooden shovels 40, boat-troughs 2, mattresses 4, underlays 4, cushions 6, coverings 6, napkins 3, patchwork blankets for the boys 6.

[12] In torcularium quae opus sunt. Vasis quinis prela temperata V, supervacanea III, suculas V, supervacaneam I, funes loreos V, subductarios V, melipontos V, trochileas X, capistra V, assercula ubi prela sita sinet V, serias III, vectes XL, fibulas XL, constibilis ligneas, qui arbores conprimat, si dishiascent, et cuneos VI, trapetos V, cupas minusculas X, alveos X, palas ligneas X, rutra ferrea V.

[12] In the press‑house the things which are needed: five tempered press‑beams for five vessels, three spares, five screws, one spare, five rawhide ropes, five hauling‑ropes, five windlasses, ten pulleys, five halters, five little cross‑beams where the press‑beams will be set, three earthenware jars, 40 levers, 40 clamps, wooden tie‑pieces, to compress the posts if they split apart, and six wedges, five trapeta (olive‑mills), ten small casks, ten troughs, ten wooden shovels, five iron shovels.

[13] In torcularium in usu quod opus est. Urceum unum, ahenum quod capiat Q. V, uncos ferreos III, orbem aheneum I, molas, cribrum I, incerniculum I, securim I, scamnum I, seriam vinariam unam, clavem torculari I, lectum stratum ubi duo custodes liberi cubent (tertius servus una cum factoribus uti cubet), fiscinas novas, veteres, epidromum I, pulvinum I, lucernas, corium I, craticulas duas, carnarium I, scalas unas.

[13] In the press-house, what is needed for use. 1 pitcher, a bronze cauldron which holds 5 quadrantal, 3 iron hooks, 1 bronze disk, millstones, 1 sieve, 1 sifter, 1 axe, 1 bench, 1 wine-jar, 1 key for the press, a made-up bed where two free watchmen may lie (let a third, a slave, lie together with the workers), new wicker-baskets, old ones, 1 run-off (epidromum), 1 cushion, lamps, 1 hide, two grates, 1 meat-safe, 1 ladder.

In cellam oleariam haec opus sunt. Dolia olearia, opercula, labra olearia XIIII, concas maioris II et minoris II, trullas aheneas tris, amphoras olearias II, urceum aquarium unum, urnam quinquagenariam I, sextarium olearium I, labellum I, infidibula II, spongeas II, urceos fictiles II, urnales II, trullas ligneas II, claves cum clostris in cellas II, trutinam I, centumpondium I, et pondera cetera.

In the olive-oil cellar these things are needed. Oil casks, lids, oil basins 14, larger tubs 2 and smaller 2, three bronze ladles, oil amphoras 2, one water pitcher, one fifty-measure urn, one oil sextarius, one small basin, funnels 2, sponges 2, earthenware pitchers 2, urn-stands 2, wooden ladles 2, keys with bolts for the rooms 2, a balance-scale 1, a hundredweight 1, and the other weights.

[14] Villam aedificandam si locabis novam ab solo, faber haec faciat oportet. Parietes omnes, uti iussitur, calce et caementis, pilas ex lapide angulari, tigna omnia, quae opus sunt, limina, postes, iugumenta, asseres, fulmentas, praesepis bubus hibernas aestivas faliscas, equile, cellas familiae, carnaria III, orbem, ahenea II, haras X, focum, ianuam maximam et alternam quam volet dominus, fenestras, clatros in fenestras maioris bipedis X, luminaria VI, scamna III, sellas V, telas togalis II, paullulam pilam ubi triticum pinsat I, fulloniam I, antepagmenta, vasa torcula II. Hae rei materiem et quae opus sunt dominus praebebit et ad opus dabit, serram I, lineam I (materiem dumtaxat succidet, dolabit, secabit facietque conductor), lapidem, calcem, harenam, aquam, paleas, terram unde lutum fiat. Si de caelo villa tacta siet, de ea re verba uti fiant.

[14] If you contract out a villa to be built new from the ground, the craftsman ought to make these: all the walls, as is ordered, with lime and cement, piers
of ashlar, all the beams that are needed, thresholds, doorposts, yokes,
planks, braces, mangers for the oxen—winter and summer—of the Faliscan type, a stable,
rooms for the household, meat-rooms 3, a basin, bronze vessels 2, pigsties 10, a hearth, a main door
and another as the master shall wish, windows, gratings for the windows,
of the larger two-foot size 10, light-openings 6, benches 3, chairs 5, looms for togas 2,
a small mortar where he pounds wheat 1, a fuller's workshop 1, door-casings, press-vats
2. For this work the master will furnish the material and the things that are needed, and will provide for the work,
a saw 1, a line 1 (the contractor shall merely cut down, hew, cut, and make the material),
stone, lime, sand, water, chaff, earth whence mud may be made. If the villa should be struck
by the sky [lightning], let stipulations be made about that matter.

Huic operi pretium ab domino bono, quae bene praebeat quae opus sunt et nummos fide bona solvat, in tegulas singulas II S. Tectum sic numerabitur: tegula integra quae erit, unde quarta pars abierit, duae pro una, conciliares quae erunt pro binis putabuntur; vallus quot erunt, in singulas quaternae numerabuntur.

To this work the price, from a good master, who properly provides what things are needed and pays the monies in good faith, is, for each tile, 2 sesterces. The roof will be reckoned thus: a tile that is whole will count as one; where a fourth part has gone off, two for one; the conciliares (joint-tiles) will be reckoned as two apiece; as many valli as there are, four for each will be counted.

Villa lapide calce. Fundamenta supra terram pede, ceteros parietes ex latere, iugumenta et antepagmenta quae opus erunt indito. Cetera lex uti villae ex calce caementis.

A villa of stone and lime. Foundations a foot above the ground, the remaining walls of brick; put in the yoke-beams and the architraves which will be needed. The rest of the specification as for a villa of lime and rubble-concrete.

Pretium in tegulas singulas II S. Loco salubri bono domino haec quae supra pretia posita sunt: ex signo manipretium erit. Loco pestilenti, ubi aestate fieri non potest, bono domino pars quarta preti accedat.

The price for each tile 2 S. In a healthful place for a good master these prices which are set above: from the sign the hand-wage shall be. In a pestilential place, where in summer it cannot be done, for a good master let a fourth part of the price be added.

[15] Macerias ex calce caementis silice. Uti dominus omnia ad opus praebeat, altam P. V et columen P. I, crassam P. I S, longam P. XIV, et uti sublinat locari oportet. Parietes villae si locet in P. C, id est P. X quoquo versum, libellis in ped.

[15] Rubble-walls of lime with cement-rubble and flint. Let the master provide everything for the work: height 5 ft and the columen 1 ft, thickness 1 1/2 ft, length 14 ft, and that it must be laid with bedding. If he lets the villa’s walls by the 100 ft (that is, 10 ft each way), by levels in feet.

V et perticam I P. VIC. N. X. Sesquipedalem parietem dominus fundamenta faciat et ad opus praebeat calcis in P. singulos in longitudinem modium unum, harenae modios duos.

5 and 1 perch, 20 feet, N. 10. 10. Let the master make the foundations for a wall a foot-and-a-half thick, and for the work let him supply, for each foot in length, one modius of lime, two modii of sand.

[16] Calcem partiario coquendam qui dant, ita datur. Perficit et coquit et ex fornace calcem eximit calcarius et ligna conficit ad fornacem. Dominus lapidem, ligna ad fornacem, quod opus siet, praebet.

[16] Lime to be burned on a partiary basis is given thus by those who grant it. The lime-burner completes it, burns it, and takes the lime out of the furnace, and he prepares the wood for the furnace. The owner supplies the stone and the wood for the furnace, whatever the work may require.

[17] Robus materies item ridica, ubi solstitium fuerit ad brumam semper tempestiva est. Cetera materies quae semen habet, cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est.

[17] Oak timber, likewise ridica, from the solstice to the winter solstice is always seasonable. The other timber which has seed, when it has mature seed, then it is seasonable.

Quae materies semen non habet, cum glubebit, tum tempestiva est. Pinus eo, quia semen viride et maturum habet (id semen de cupresso, de pino quidvis anni legere possis), item quidvis anni matura est et tempestiva. Ibidem sunt nuces bimae, inde semen excidet, et anniculae, eae ubi primum incipiunt maturae esse, postea usque adeo sunt plus menses VIII.

Timber which does not have seed, when it peels, then is seasonable. The pine for this reason, because it has seed both green and ripe (that seed from the cypress, from the pine, you can gather at any time of the year), likewise at any time of the year is ripe and seasonable. In the same place there are two-year-old cones, from them the seed falls out, and one-year-old ones, which, when they first begin to be ripe, thereafter continue so for more than 8 months.

Hornotinae nuces virides sunt. Ulmus, cum folia cadunt, tum iterum tempestiva est.

This year’s nuts are green. The elm, when the leaves fall, then again is seasonable.

[18] Torcularium si aedificare voles quadrinis vasis, uti contra ora sient, ad hunc modum vasa conponito. Arbores crassas P. II, altas P. VIIII cum cardinibus, foramina longa P. III S exsculpta digit. VI, ab solo foramen primum P. I S, inter arbores et parietes P. II, in II arbores P. I, arbores ad stipitem primum derectas P. XVI, stipites crassos P. II, altos cum cardinibus P. X. suculam praeter cardines P. VIIII, prelum longum P. XXV, inibi lingulam P. II S, pavimentum binis vasis cum canalibus duabus P: XXX, IIII trapetibus locum dextra sinistra pavimentum P. XX, inter binos stipites vectibus locum P. XXII, alteris vasis exadversum ab stipite extremo ad parietem qui pone arbores est P. XX; summa torculario vasis quadrinis latitudine P: LXVI, longitudine P: LII.

[18] If you wish to build a presshouse with four vats, so that they may be opposite the mouths, arrange the vats in this manner. Posts thick ft. 2, high ft. 9 with pivots; holes long ft. 3 1/2, carved six digits; from the ground the first hole ft. 1 1/2; between the posts and the walls ft. 2; in the two posts ft. 1; the posts set straight toward the first stipes ft. 16; stipes thick ft. 2, high with pivots ft. 10; the screw, apart from the pivots, ft. 9; the press-beam long ft. 25; therein a little tongue ft. 2 1/2; the pavement for the two vats with two channels P: 30; space for four trapeta, right and left, pavement ft. 20; between the pairs of stipes space for the levers ft. 22; for the other vats, opposite, from the end stipes to the wall which is behind the posts ft. 20; total for the presshouse with four vats: in width P: 66, in length P: 52.

Inter parietes, arbores ubi statues, fundamenta bona facito alta P. V, inibi lapides silices, totum forum longum P. V, latum P. II S, crassum P. I S. Ibi foramen pedicinis duobus facito, ibi arbores pedicino in lapide statuito. Inter suas arbores quod loci supererit robore expleto, eo plumbum infundito. Superiorem partem arborum digitos VI altam facito siet, eo capitulum robustum indito, uti siet stipites ubi stent.

Between the walls, where you will set up the posts,
make good foundations 5 ft. deep; therein flint stones; the whole bed 5 ft. long,
2 1/2 ft. wide, 1 1/2 ft. thick. There make a hole with two little foot-pins;
there set the posts on the little foot-pin in the stone. Between their posts, whatever space will remain,
when filled with oak, into that pour lead. Make the upper part of the posts to be
6 digits high; into that put a sturdy little capital, so that there may be supports where
they stand.

Fundamenta P. V facito, ibi silicem longum P. II S, latum P. II S, crassum P. I S planum statuito, ibi stipites statuito. Item alterum stipitem statuito. Insuper arbores stipitesque trabem planam inponito latam P. II, crassam P: I, longam P. XXXVII, vel duplices indito, si solidas non habebis.

Make the foundations P. 5, there set a flint, long P. 2.5, wide P. 2.5
thick P. 1.5, flat; there set the posts. Likewise set up the other
post. On top, upon the trees and posts, place a flat beam, wide
P. 2, thick P: 1, long P. 37; or put in doubles, if you will not have solid ones.

Sub eas trabes inter canalis et parietes extremos, ubi trapeti stent, trabeculam pedum XXIII S inponito sesquipedalem, aut binas pro singulis eo supponito. In iis trabeculis trabes, quae insuper arbores stipites stant, conlocato; in iis tignis parietes exstruito iungitoque materiae, uti oneris satis habeat. Aram ubi facies, pedes V fundamenta alta facito, lata P. VI, aram et canalem rutundam facito latam P. IIII S, ceterum pavimentum totum fundamenta P. II facito.

Beneath those beams, between the channels and the outer walls, where the trapeta
stand, set in place a little beam of 23½ feet, 1½ feet thick, or there put two underneath in place of each single one.
On those little beams set the beams upon which, above, the tree-posts stand,
and on those timbers build up the walls and join them with timber, so that for the load
it may have enough. When you make the altar (press-bed), make the foundations 5 feet deep, wide ft.
6, and make the altar and the channel round, 4½ ft. wide; for the rest, the pavement
make the whole with foundations of 2 feet.

Fundamenta primum festucato, postea caementis minutis et calce harenato semipedem unum quodque corium struito. Pavimenta ad hunc modum facito: ubi libraveris, de glarea et calce harenato primum corium facito, id pilis subigito, idem alterum corium facito; eo calcem cribro subcretam indito alte digitos duo, ibi de testa arida pavimentum struito; ubi structum erit, pavito fricatoque, uti pavimentum bonum siet. Arbores stipites robustas facito aut pineas.

First ram down the foundations with a tamper, then build each layer of small rubble and lime mixed with sand, each course half a foot thick. Make pavements in this way: when you have leveled it, make the first course from gravel and lime mixed with sand; ram that down with rammers; make a second course the same; onto that put lime sifted through a sieve to a depth of two fingers, there lay the pavement from dry tile; when it has been laid, pave it and rub it, so that the pavement may be good. Make the tree-posts sturdy, or of pine.

Si trabes minores facere voles, canalis extra columnam expolito. Si ita feceris, trabes P. XXII longae opus erunt. Orbem olearium latum P. IIII Punicanis coagmentis facito, crassum digitos VI facito, subscudes iligneas adindito.

If you will to make the beams smaller,
polish the channel outside the column. If you do so, beams 22 feet long
will be needed. Make the oil-ring 4 feet wide with Punic joinings, make it
6 digits thick, and insert holm-oak wooden sub-wedges.

Eas ubi confixeris, clavis corneis occludito. In eum orbem tris catenas indito. Eas catenas cum orbi clavis ferreis corrigito.

When you have fastened them, close with horn pegs.
Into that hoop insert three chains.
Fasten those chains to the hoop with iron nails.

Orbem ex ulmo aut ex corylo facito: si utrumque habebis, alternas indito.

Make the hoop out of elm or out of hazel: if you have both, put them in alternately.

[19] In vasa vinaria stipites arboresque binis pedibus altiores facito, supra foramina arborum, pedem quaeque uti absiet, unae fibulae locum facito. Semipedem quoquo versum in suculam sena foramina indito. Foramen quod primum facies semipedem ab cardine facito, cetera dividito quam rectissime.

[19] For the wine-vessels, make the stakes and the posts higher by two feet; above the foramina of the posts, each so that it be a foot distant, make a place for a single fibula. At a half-foot, every way, bore six foramina into the screw; make the foramen which you make first a half-foot from the cardine, and divide the rest as straight/evenly as possible.

Porculum in media sucula facito. Inter arbores medium quod erit, id ad mediam conlibrato, ubi porculum figere oportebit, uti in medio prelum recte situm siet. Lingulam cum facies, de medio prelo conlibrato, ut inter arbores bene conveniat, digitum pollicem laxamenti facito.

Make the peg in the middle of the block.
As for the middle space that will be between the arbors, align that to the middle, where it will be proper to fix the peg, so that the press may be rightly set in the middle.
When you make the tongue-piece, align it from the middle of the press, so that it may fit well between the arbors; make a thumb’s-breadth of slack.

Vectes longissimos P. XIIX, secundos P. XVI, tertios P. XV, remissarios P. XII, alteros P. X, tertios P. VIII.

Levers
the longest 18 feet, the second 16, the third 15, the remissary ones 12,
others 10, the third 8.

[20] Trapetum quo modo concinnare oporteat. Columellam ferream, quae in miliario stat, eam rectam stare oportet in medio ad perpendiculum, cuneis salignis circumfigi oportet bene, eo plumbum effundere, caveat ni labet columella. Si movebitur, eximito; denuo eodem modo facito, ne se moveat.

[20] How one ought to fit up a trapetum. The iron columella, which stands in the miliarium, ought to stand straight in the middle by the plumb-line; it ought to be well fastened around with willow wedges; into that pour lead; let him beware lest the columella slip. If it is moving, take it out; do it again in the same way, so that it may not move.

Modiolos in orbis oleagineos ex orcite olea facito, eos circumplumbato, caveto ne laxi sient. In cupam eos indito. Cunicas solidas latas digitum pollicem facito, labeam bifariam faciat habeant, quas figat clavis duplicibus, ne cadant.

Make the small hubs for the rings of wild-olive, from the Orchites olive; pour lead around them,
take care that they be not loose. Put them into the tub. Make solid wedges a thumb in breadth,
let them have a lip made twofold, which he should fasten with double nails, lest they fall.

[21] Cupam facito P. X, tam crassam quam modioli postulabunt, media inter orbis quae conveniant. Crassam quam columella ferrea erit, eam mediam pertundito, uti columellam indere possis. Eo fistulam ferream indito, quae in columellam conveniat et in cupam.

[21] Make the vat 10, as thick as the modioli will require, in the middle between the discs that meet. As thick as the iron column is, bore it through in the middle, so that you can insert the column. Into it put an iron tube, which may fit both into the column and into the vat.

Inter cupam dextra sinistra pertundito late digitos primoris IIII, alte digitos primoris III, sub cupa tabulam ferream, quam lata cupa media erit, pertusam figito, quae in columellam conveniat. Dextra sinistra, foramina ubi feceris, lamnis circumplectito. Replicato in inferiorem partem cupae omnis quattuor lamminas; utrimque secus lamminas sub lamminas pollulas minutas supponito, eas inter sese configito, ne foramina maiora fiant, quo cupulae minusculae indentur.

Bore through the cask on the right and on the left
to a breadth of 4 fore-fingers, to a depth of 3 fore-fingers; beneath the cask
fasten a perforated iron plate, as wide as the middle of the cask is, which may fit onto the columella. On the right and on the left, where you have made the holes, encircle them with plates.
Fold back, into the lower part of the cask, all four plates; on both sides
along the plates, place very small pegs beneath the plates, fasten them together among themselves, lest the holes become larger, into which very small cupules are driven.

Cupa qua fini in modiolos erit, utrimque secus imbricibus ferreis quattuor de suo sibi utrimque secus facito qui figas. Imbrices medias clavulis figito. Supra imbrices extrinsecus cupam pertundito, qua clavus eat, qui orbem cludat.

The cask
at the end where it will fit into the hubs, on both sides make four iron clamps of its own for itself on each side, which you are to fasten. Fasten the middle clamps with small nails. Above the clamps, on the outside, bore through the cask where the nail may go, which may close the hoop.

Insuper foramen ferreum digitos sex latum indito, pertusum utrimque secus, qua clavus eat. Haec omnia eius rie causa fiunt, uti ne cupa in lapide conteratur. Armillas IIII facito, quas circum orbem indas, ne cupa et clavus conterantur intrinsecus.

In addition, put in an iron aperture six fingers broad, bored through on both sides, where the nail may go.
All these things are done for this reason, so that the cask not be worn down on the stone.
Make 4 hoops, which you put around the circumference, so that the cask
and the nail are not worn down on the inside.

Cupam materia ulmea aut faginea facito. Ferrum factum quod opus erit uti idem faber figat; HS LX opus sunt. Plumbum in cupam emito HS IIII.

Make the cask of elm or beech wood. Have the ironwork that will be needed made, so that the same smith may affix it; 60 sesterces are needed. Lead
for the cask, buy for 4 sesterces.

Cupam qui concinnet et modiolos qui indat et plumbet, operas fabri dumtaxat HS VIII; idem trapetum oportet accommodet. Summa sumpti HS LXXII praeter adiutores.

He who puts the vat together and who inserts the bushings and plumbs it with lead, the labors of the smith only HS 8; the same man ought to accommodate the trapetum as well. The sum of the expense is HS 72 besides the helpers.

[22] Trapetum hoc modo accommodare oportet. Librator uti statuatur pariter ab labris. Digitum minimum orbem abesse oportet ab solo mortari.

[22] It is proper to fit the trapetum in this way. Let the librator be set so that it stands equally distant from the lips.
At least a finger’s breadth should separate the roller from the floor of the mortar.

Orbes cavere oportet nequid mortarium terant. Inter orbem et miliarium unum digitum interesse oportet. Si plus intererit atque orbes nimium aberunt, funi circumligato miliarium arte crebro, uti expleas quod nimium interest.

You must take care that the disks do not grind the mortar. Between the disk and the mill-post (miliarium) there ought to be one finger’s breadth of clearance. If there is more space and the disks are too far away, with a rope tied around the mill-post, neatly and in frequent turns, make up the excess interval.

Si orbes altiores erunt atque nimium mortarium deorsom teret, orbiculos ligneos pertusos in miliarium in columella supponito, eo altitudinem temperato. Eodem modo latitudinem orbiculis ligneis aut armillis ferreis temperato, usque dum recte temperabitur. Trapetus emptus est in Suessano HS CCCC et olei P. L. Conposturae HS LX; vecturam boum, operas VI, homines VI cum bubulcis HS LXXII; cupam ornatam HS LXXII, pro oleo HS XXV; S. S. HS DCXXVIIII.

If the orbs are higher and grind the mortar too much downward, place little bored wooden discs under the miliarium at the small column; by that adjust the height. In the same way adjust the width by little wooden discs or by iron rings, until it shall be correctly calibrated. The trapetum was bought in the Suessanian district for HS 400 and oil by pound-weight; for assembly HS 60; for transport by oxen, six labors, six men together with the oxherds, HS 72; an adorned vat HS 72, for oil HS 25; Total HS 629.

Pompeis emptus ornatus HS CCCXXCIIII; vecturam HS CCXXC; domi melius concinnatur et accommodatur, eo sumpti opus est HS LX: S. S. HS DCCXXIIII. Si orbes in veteres trapetos parabis, medios crassos P. I digitos III, altos P. I, foramen semipedem quoquo vorsum. Eos cum advexeris, ex trapeto temperato.

At Pompeii the fittings were purchased HS 384; the transport HS 280; at home it is better finished and fitted, for which expense HS 60 is needed: total HS 724. If you prepare the wheels for old trapeta, make the middles thick P. 1 digits 3, the heights P. 1,
the hole a half‑foot each way. When you have brought them, adjust them to the trapetum.

Ii emuntur ad Rufri macerias HS CXXC, temperantur HS XXX. Tantidem Pompeis emitur.

Those are bought at Rufri’s masonry walls for HS 180, they are tempered for HS 30. For the same amount at Pompeii
it is bought.

[23] Fac ad vindemiam quae opus sunt ut parentur. Vasa laventur, corbulae sarciantur, picentur, dolia quae opus sunt picentur, quom pluet; quala parentur, sarciantur, far molatur, menae emantur, oleae caducae saliantur. Uvas miscellas, vinum praeligneum quod operarii bibant, ubi tempus erit, legito.

[23] See to it that, for the vintage, the things that are needful be prepared. Let the vessels be washed,
let the little baskets be patched, be pitched; let the dolia that are needed be pitched, when it will rain; let panniers be prepared, be patched; let spelt be milled; let sprats be bought; let the fallen olives be salted. Mixed grapes, and the pre-press wine for the workmen to drink, when there will be time, gather.

Siccum puriter omnium dierum pariter in dolia dividito. Si opus erit, defrutum indito in mustum de musto lixivo coctum, partem quadragesimam addito defruti vel salis sesquilibram in culleum. Marmor si indes, in culleum libram indito; id indito in urnam, misceto cum musto; id indito in doleum.

Divide the dry wine purely, equally from all the days, into the dolia. If there is need, put defrutum into the must, defrutum cooked from must with lye, add a fortieth part of defrutum or a pound and a half of salt into a culleus. If you put in marble, put a pound into a culleus; put that into an urn, mix it with must; put that into the dolium.

Resinam si indes, in culleum musti P. III, bene comminuito, indito in fiscellam et facito uti in doleo musti pendeat; eam quassato crebro, uti resina condeliquescat. Ubi indideris defrutum aut marmor aut resinam, dies XX permisceto crebro, tribulato cotidie. Tortivum mustum circumcidaneum suo cuique dolio dividito additoque pariter.

If you put in resin, into a culleus of must 3 pounds, grind it well, put it into a little basket, and see that it hang in the cask of must; shake it frequently, so that the resin may deliquesce. When you have put in defrutum or marble or resin, for 20 days mix it frequently, press it down daily. The twist-pressed must, the circumcidanean, divide to each its own cask and add it evenly.

[24] Vinum Graecum hoc modo fieri oportet. Uvas Apicias percoctas bene legito. Ubi delegeris, is eius musti culleum aquae marinae veteris Q. II indito vel salis puri modium; eum in fiscella suspendito sinitoque cum musto distabescat.

[24] Greek wine ought to be made in this way. Pick well the Apician grapes, fully ripened. When you have selected them, into a culleus of their must put 2 quadrantals of old sea-water, or a modius of pure salt; suspend it in a little basket and allow it to dissolve together with the must.

Si helvolum vinum facere voles, dimidium helvoli, dimidium Apicii vini indito, defruti veteris partem tricesimam addito. Quidquid vini defrutabis, partem tricesimam defruti addito.

If you wish to make tawny wine, put in half of tawny wine, half of Apician wine, and add a thirtieth part of old defrutum. Whatever wine you boil down with defrutum, add a thirtieth part of defrutum.

[25] Quom vinum coctum erit et quom legetur, facito uti servetur familiae primum suisque facitoque studeas bene percoctum siccumque legere, ne vinum nomen perdat. Vinaceos cotidie recentis succernito lecto restibus subtento, vel cribrum illi rei parato. Eos conculcato in dolia picata vel in lacum vinarium picatum.

[25] When the wine has been cooked and when it is gathered, see that it be reserved for the household first and for your own people, and also strive to pick it well fully-cooked (ripe) and dry, lest it lose the name of wine. Strain the pomace daily while fresh, with a bed stretched beneath with ropes, or prepare a sieve for that purpose. Tread these into pitched jars or into a pitched wine-vat.

Id bene iubeto oblini, quod des bubus per hiemem. Indidem, si voles, lavito paulatim. Erit lora familiae quod bibat.

Order that to be well smeared, which you are to give to the oxen for the winter. From the same batch, if you wish, wash it little by little. There will be lora for the household to drink.

[26] Vindemia facta vasa torcula, corbulas, fiscinas, funis, patibula, fibulas iubeto quidquid suo loco condi. Dolia cum vino bis in die fac extergeantur, privasque scopulas in dolia facito habeas illi rei, qui labra doliorum circumfrices. Ubi erit lectum dies triginta, si bene dacinata erunt, dolia oblinito, Si voles de faece demere vinum, tum erit ei rei optimum tempus.

[26] When the vintage has been done, order that the vessels, the press-gear, the little baskets, the hampers, the ropes,
the crossbars, the fastenings, whatever there is, be put away each in its own place. Have the jars with wine wiped down twice a
day, and make sure you have separate little brushes kept in the jars for that purpose, with which you may rub around the rims of the jars.
When it has lain thirty days, if it has settled well, plaster the jars. If you wish to remove the wine from the lees, then will be
the best time for that business.

[27] Sementim facito, ocinum, viciam, faenum Graecum, fabam, ervum, pabulum bubus. Alteram et tertiam pabuli sationem facito. Deinde alias fruges serito.

[27] Do the sowing, ocinum, vetch, fenugreek, bean,
ervil, fodder for the oxen. Make a second and a third sowing of fodder. Then
sow other crops.

Scrobes in vervacto oleis, ulmis, vitibus, ficis; simul cum semine serito. Si erit locus siccus, tum oleas per sementim serito, et quae ante satae erunt, teneras tum supputato et arbores ablaqueato.

Dig pits in twice-ploughed land for olives, elms, vines, figs;
plant at the same time as the seed. If the place is dry, then plant olives at seedtime,
and prune those planted earlier, the tender ones, and ablaqueate the trees.

[28] Oleas, ulmos, ficos, poma, vites, pinos, cupressos cum seres, bene cum radicibus eximito cum terra sua quam plurima circumligatoque, uti ferre possis; in alveo aut in corbula ferri iubeto. Caveto, quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut feras; nam id maxime cavendum est. In scrobe quom pones, summam terram subdito; postea operito terra radicibus fini, deinde calcato pedibus bene, deinde festucis vectibusque calcato quam optime poteris; id erit ei rei primum.

[28] When you plant olives, elms, figs, fruit trees, vines, pines, cypresses, take them out well with the roots, with as much of their own earth as possible, and tie it around, so that you can carry it; order it to be carried in a trough or in a little basket. Beware, when there is wind or rain, that you dig them out or carry them; for that is especially to be guarded against. When you set it in the pit, put the topsoil underneath; afterwards cover with earth up to the ends of the roots, then tread well with your feet, then tamp down with rods and levers as best you can; that will be the first step in that matter.

Arbores crassiores digitis V quae erunt, eas praecisas serito oblinitoque fimo summas et foliis alligato.

Trees that will be thicker than 5 fingers, plant those cut; smear the tops with dung and bind with leaves.

[29] Stercus dividito sic. Partem dimidiam in segetem, ubi pabulum seras, et si ibi olea erit, simul ablaqueato stercusque addito: postea pabulum serito. Partem quartam circum oleas ablaqueatas, quom maxime opus erit, addito terraque stercus operito.

[29] Divide the manure thus. Put half the part on the tilled field, where you sow fodder; and if there is an olive there, at the same time trench around and add manure: afterward sow the fodder. Add a fourth part around olives that have been trenched, whenever it will be most needed, and cover the manure with earth.

Alteram quartam partem in pratum reservato idque, quom maxime opus erit, ubi favonius flabit, evehito luna silenti.

Reserve the other fourth part for the meadow and, when it will be most needed, when the West Wind blows, carry it out with the moon silent.

[30] Bubus frondem ulmeam, populneam, querneam, ficulneam, usque dum habebis, dato. Ovibus frondem viridem, usque dum habebis, praebeto; ubi sementim facturus eris, ibi oves delectato; et frondem usque ad pabula matura. Pabulum aridum quod condideris in hiemem quam maxime conservato, cogitatoque hiemis quam longa siet.

[30] To the oxen give elm leafage, poplar, quercine (oak), fig-tree leafage, so long as you have it. To the sheep provide green leafage, so long as you have it; when you are about to make the sowing, there fatten the sheep; and leafage until the fodders are ripe. The arid fodder which you will have stored for the winter conserve as much as possible, and cogitate how long the winter may be.

[31] Ad oleam cogendam quae opus erunt parentur. Vimina matura, salix per tempus legatur, uti sit unde corbulae fiant et veteres sarciantur. Fibulae unde fiant, aridae iligneae, ulmeae, nuceae, ficulneae, fac in stercus aut in aquam coniciantur; inde, ubi opus erit, fibulas facito.

[31] For gathering the olive, let the things that will be needed be prepared. Mature withies,
let willow be gathered in due season, so that little baskets may be made and the old ones patched. As for the pins to be made—of dry holm‑oak, elm, walnut, and fig‑wood—see that they are thrown into dung or into water; then, when there is need, make the pins.

Vectes iligneos, acrufolios, laureos, ulmeos facito uti sient parati. Prelum ex carpino atra potissimum facito. Ulmeam, pineam, nuceam, hanc atque aliam materiem omnem cum effodies, luna decrescente eximito post meridiem sine vento austro.

Make levers of holm‑oak, holly, laurel, and elm; see that they are ready. The press‑beam
make preferably from black hornbeam. Elm, pine, walnut—this and any other timber—
when you have dug it up, take out during the waning moon, after midday, without
a south wind.

Tum erit tempestiva, cum semen suum maturum erit, cavetoque per rorem trahas aut doles. Quae materies semen non habebit, cum glubebit, tempestiva erit. Vento austro caveto nequam materiam neve vinum tractes nisi necessario.

Then it will be seasonable when its seed is mature, and beware of hauling or hewing it through dew. Material (timber) which will not have seed, when it peels, will be seasonable. Beware the south wind: do not handle material nor wine unless necessary.

[32] Vineas arboresque matura face incipias putare. Vites propages in sulcos; susum vorsum, quod eius facere poteris, vitis facito uti ducas. Arbores hoc modo putentur, rami uti divaricentur, quos relinques, et uti recte caedantur et ne nimium crebri relinquantur.

[32] Begin to prune the vineyards and the trees when it is mature (seasonable). Lay vine propagations into furrows; upwards, as much of this as you can do, see that you lead the vine. Let the trees be pruned in this way, that the branches which you leave divaricate, and that they be cut correctly and not be left too crowded.

Vites bene nodentur; per omnes ramos diligenter caveto ne vitem praecipites et ne nimium praestringas. Arbores facito uti bene maritae sint vitesque uti satis multae adserantur et, sicubi opus erit, de arbore deiciantur, uti in terram deprimantur, et biennio post praecidito veteres.

Let the vines be well-noded; through all the branches diligently beware that you do not cast the vine down headlong and do not prune it too much. See to it that the trees be well married and that vines be supported in sufficient number, and, wherever there is need, let them be cast down from the tree, so that they be pressed down into the earth, and after two years cut off the old ones.

[33] Viniam sic facito uti curetur. Vitem bene nodatam deligato recte, fluxuosa uti ne sit, susum vorsum semper ducito, quod eius poteris. Vinarios custodesque recte relinquito.

[33] See that the vineyard is cared for thus. Tie the vine, well-knotted, properly, so that it not be loose; always lead it upward, so far as you can. Properly appoint vintners and watchmen.

Quam altissimam viniam facito alligatoque recte, dum ne nimium constringas. Hoc modo eam curato. Capita vitium per sementiam ablaqueato.

Make the vineyard as high as possible and bind it properly,
provided you do not constrict too much. In this way care for it. The heads of the vines through
sowing-season dig the soil away from around them.

Vineam putatam circumfodito, arare incipito, ultro citroque sulcos perpetuos ducito. Vites teneras quam primum propagato, sic occato; veteres quam minimum castrato, potius, si opus erit, deicito biennioque post praecidito. Vitem novellam resicari tum erit tempus, ubi valebit.

Dig around the pruned vineyard, begin to plow, and draw continuous furrows to and fro.
Propagate the tender vines as soon as possible, and harrow thus; prune the old ones as little as possible; rather, if there is need, cut them down, and after two years cut them back.
Then will be the time for a young vine to be cut back, when it shall be strong.

Si vinea a vite calva erit, sulcos interponito ibique viveradicem serito, umbram ab sulcis removeto crebroque fodito. In vinea vetere serito ocinum, si macra erit (quod granum capiat ne serito), et circum capita addito stercus, paleas, vinaceas, aliquid horum, quo rectius valeat. Ubi vinea frondere coeperit, pampinato.

If the vineyard is bald of vine, insert furrows and there plant a live-root cutting; remove shade from the furrows and dig frequently. In an old vineyard sow ocimum (basil), if it is lean—do not sow it where it might take grain—and around the heads add dung, chaff, grape-pomace, something of these, whereby it may thrive the more rightly. When the vineyard has begun to leaf out, pampinate.

Vineas novellas alligato crebro, ne caules praefringantur, et quae iam in perticam ibit, eius pampinos teneros alligato leviter corrigitoque, uti recte spectent. Ubi uva varia fieri coperit, vites subligato, pampinato uvasque expellito, circum capita sarito. Salictum suo tempore caedito, glubito arteque alligato.

Bind young vineyards frequently, lest
the stalks be broken off; and whatever is now going onto the pole, tie its tender pampins lightly and set them right, so that they face straight. When the grape begins to become variegated,
bind up the vines, do the leaf-pruning and clear out the grape-clusters, hoe around the heads. Cut the willow-plot at its proper time, strip it, and bind skillfully.

Librum conservato, cum opus erit in vinea, ex eo in aquam coicito, alligato. Viminae, unde corbulae fiant, conservato.

Keep the bark,
when there is need in the vineyard, cast some of it into water, and tie up. Withies, from which little baskets are made, keep.

[34] Redeo ad sementim. Ubi quisque locus frigidissimus aquosissimusque erit, ibi primum serito. In caldissimis locis sementim postremum fieri oportet.

[34] I return to the sowing. Wherever any place shall be coldest and most aqueous, there first sow. In the hottest places the sowing ought to be done last.

Terram cave cariosam tractes. Ager rubicosus et terra pulla, materina, rudecta, harenosa, item quae aquosa non erit, ibi lupinum bonum fiet. In creta et uligine et rubrica et ager qui aquosus erit, semen adoreum potissimum serito.

Beware of handling carious (rotten) soil. A reddish field and dark earth, materine, rubbly, arenose (sandy), likewise that which will not be watery—there a good lupine will grow. In chalk (creta) and in uliginous ground and in red clay, and in a field that will be watery, sow emmer-seed (adoreum) most preferably.

Quae loca sicca et non herbosa erunt, aperta ab umbra, ibi triticum serito.

The places which will be dry and not herbaceous, open from shade, there sow wheat.

[35] Fabam in locis validis non calamitosis serito. Viciam et faenum Graecum quam minime herbosis locis serito. Siliginem, triticum in loco aperto celso, ubi sol quam diutissime siet, seri oportet.

[35] Sow the bean in strong places, not disaster‑prone. Sow vetch
and Greek-hay (fenugreek) in places as little grassy as possible. Siligo-wheat and wheat
ought to be sown in an open, elevated place, where the sun is for as long as possible.

Lentim in rudecto et rubricoso loco, qui herbosus non siet, serito. Hordeum, qui locus novus erit aut qui restibilis fieri poterit, serito. Trimestre, quo in loco sementim maturam facere non potueris et qui locus restibilis crassitudine fieri poterit, serri oportet.

Sow lentil in rough and reddish ground, which is not grassy. Sow barley in a place that will be new or that can be made restible (fit for a second reaping). The three‑month crop, in whatever place you have not been able to bring the sowing to ripeness and which ground can by thickness (thick sowing) be made restible, ought to be sown.

Rapinam et coles rapicii unde fiant et raphanum in loco stercorato bene aut in loco crasso serito.

Sow rape and the cole-stalks of rape, from which they are produced, and radish, in a well-manured place, or in heavy ground.

[36] Quae segetem stercorent. Stercus columbinum spargere oportet in pratum vel in hortum vel in segetem. Caprinum, ovillum, bubulum, item ceterum stercus omne sedulo conservato.

[36] What manures a crop. Columbine dung (pigeon dung) ought to be scattered on meadow or in garden or on a crop. Caprine, ovine, bovine dung likewise; likewise preserve diligently all other dung.

Amurcam spargas vel inriges ad arbores; circum capita maiora amphoras, ad minora urnas cum aquae dimidio addito, ablaqueato prius non alte.

Scatter amurca or irrigate at
the trees; around the larger trunks, amphorae, for the smaller, urns, with half water
added, after first ablaqueating, not deep.

[37] Quae mala in segete sint. Si cariosam terram tractes. Cicer, quod vellitur et quod salsum est, eo malum est.

[37] What ills there are in a crop. If you work carious (rotten) soil. Chickpea, which is uprooted and which is salty, for that reason is harmful.

Hordeum, faenum Graecum, ervum, haec omnia segetem exsugunt et omnia quae vellentur. Nucleos in segetem ne indideris.

Barley, Greek hay
(fenugreek), ervil—these all suck the crop, and all things that are plucked up. Pits
into the crop do not put.

Quae segetem stercorent fruges: lupinum, faba, vicia. Stercus unde facias: stramenta, lupinum, paleas, fabalia, acus, frondem iligneam, querneam. Ex segeti vellito ebulum, cicutam et circum salicta herbam altam uvamque; eam substernito ovibus bubusque, frondem putidam.

Which crops manure the grain-field: lupine, bean, vetch. From what you may make dung: straw-litter, lupine, chaff, bean-haulm, awns, leafage
of holm-oak, of oak. From the crop pull up dwarf elder, hemlock, and, around the willows,
the tall weed and the grape; lay it beneath sheep and oxen, the rotten leafage.

Partem de nucleis succernito et in lacum coicito, eo aquam addito, permisceto rutro bene; inde lutum circum oleas ablaqueatas addito, nucleos conbustos item addito. Vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute et ibidem inarato aut infodito. Per hiemem lucubratione haec facito: ridicas et palos, quos pridie in tecto posueris, siccos dolato, faculas facito, stercus egerito.

Separate off a portion of the kernels and cast it into a pit; add water thereto, and commix it well with a shovel; then add the mud around the olive-trees that have been ablaqueated, likewise add burnt kernels.
If the vine is lean, cut its sarments finely and in that same place plow them in or bury them.
In winter, by lucubration, do these things: the hoes and the stakes, which you had previously placed under cover in the roof, when dry, hew; make torches; carry out the dung.

Nisi intermestri lunaque dimidiata tum ne tangas materiem. Quam effodies aut praecides abs terra, diebus VII proximis, quibus luna plena fuerit, optime eximetur. Omnino caveto nequam materiem doles neu caedas neu tangas, si potes, nisi siccam neu gelidam neu rorulentam.

Unless it is mid-month and the moon halved, then do not touch the material. Whatever you dig up
or cut off from the earth will be taken out best in the 7 days next following, when the moon has been full,
Altogether beware that you do not dress nor cut nor touch any material, if you can, unless it is dry and neither gelid nor dewy.

Frumenta face bis sarias runcesque avenamque destringas. De vinea et arboribus putatis sarmenta degere et fascinam face et vitis et ligna in cacuminum ficulna et codicillos domino in acervum conpone.

Do the grain-crops a double sarculation, and strip off the briers and the oats. From the vineyard and the pruned trees carry off the sarments and make a fascine, and arrange the vine-wood, and the wood from the fig-tree tops, and the little billets in a heap for the master.

[38] Fornacem calcariam pedes latam X facito, altam pedes XX, usque ad pedes tres summam latam redigito. Si uno praefurnio coques, lacunam intus magnam facito, uti satis siet ubi cinerem concipiat, ne foras sit educendus. Fornacemque bene struito; facito fortax totam fornacem infimam conplectatur.

[38] Make a lime-kiln 10 feet wide, 20 feet high, reduce the top to a width of up to 3 feet. If you fire it with one firebox, make a large cavity inside, so that there is enough space to receive the ash, so that it need not be led out outdoors. And build the kiln well; see to it that the vault embraces the whole kiln at the bottom.

Si duobus praefurniis coques, lacuna nihil opus erit. Cum cinere eruto opus erit, altero praefurnio eruito, in altero ignis erit. Ignem caveto ne intermittas quin semper siet, neve noctu neve ullo tempore intermittatur caveto.

If you fire with two stokeholes, there will be no need of a pit. When there is need to dig out the ash, dig it out through one stokehole, while in the other the fire will be. Take care not to intermit the fire, but that it be continual, and take care that it be intermitted neither by night nor at any time.

Lapidem bonum in fornacem quam candidissimum, quam minime varium indito. Cum fornacem facies, fauces praecipites deorsum facito. Ubi satis foderis, tum fornaci locum facito, uti quam altissima et quam minime ventosa siet.

Put good stone into the furnace, as white as possible, as little variegated as possible.
When you make the furnace, make the throats (flues) steeply downward.
When you have dug enough, then make the site for the furnace, so that it be as elevated as possible and as little windy (drafty) as possible.

Si parum altam fornacem habebis ubi facias, latere summam statuito aut caementis cum luto summam extrinsecus oblinito. Cum ignem subdideris, siquam flamma exibit nisi per orbem summum, luto oblinito. Ventus ad praefurnium caveto ne accedat: inibi austrum caveto maxime.

If you have a furnace too shallow where you do the making, set the top with brick, or plaster the top on the outside with rubble-stone with clay. When you have put the fire beneath, if any flame goes out anywhere except through the top rim, smear it with clay. Beware that wind not come up to the praefurnium: there especially beware the south wind.

Hoc signi erit, ubi calx cocta erit, summos lapides coctos esse oportebit; item infimi lapides cocti cadent, et flamma minus fumosa exibit.

This will be the sign: when the lime has been cooked, the topmost stones ought to be cooked; likewise the lowest stones, cooked, will fall, and the flame will issue less smoky.

Si ligna et virgas non poteris vendere neque lapidem habebis, unde calcem coquas, de lignis carboreas coquito, virgas et sarmenta, quae tibi ustioni supererunt, in segete conburito. Ubi conbusseris, ibi papaver serito.

If you cannot sell the wood and rods, nor will you have stone
from which you might cook lime, cook charcoals from the wood; the twigs and brushwood,
which will have remained to you from the burning, burn in the sown field. Where you will have burned, there
sow poppy.

[39] Ubi tempestates malae erunt, cum opus fieri non poterit, stercus in stercilinum egerito. Bubile, ovile, cohortem, villam bene purgato. Dolia plumbo vincito vel materie quernea vere sicca alligato.

[39] When bad weather will be, when work cannot be done, carry the dung into the dung-heap. Clean well the cattle-stall, the sheepfold, the court (cohort), the villa. Bind the vats with lead, or tie them with oak timber truly dry.

Si bene sarseris aut bene alligaveris et in rimas medicamentum indideris beneque picaveris, quodvis dolium vinarium facere poteris. Medicamentum in dolium hoc modo facito: cerae P. I, resinae P. I, sulpuris P. C' C'. Haec omnia in calicem novum indito, eo addito gypsum contritum, uti crassitudo fiat quasi emplastrum, eo dolia sarcito. Ubi sarseris, qui colorem eundem facias, cretae crudae partes duas, calcis tertiam conmisceto; inde laterculos facito, coquito in fornace, eum conterito idque inducito.

If you have well patched
or well bound and have inserted medicament into the cracks and have well pitched,
you will be able to make any wine-cask serviceable. Make the medicament for the cask in this way:
of wax P. 1, of resin P. 1, of sulfur P. 200. Put all these into a new pot,
to it add crushed gypsum, so that the thickness may become as if a plaster,
with it patch the casks. When you have patched, in order that you make the same color, mix
two parts of raw chalk, a third of lime; from it make little bricks, cook them
in a furnace, crush it, and coat it on.

Per imbrem in villa quaerito quid fieri possit. Ne cessetur, munditias facito. Cogitato, si nihil fiet, nihilo minus sumptum futurum.

During rain, in the villa inquire what can be done. Let there be no idling, make cleanliness. Consider that, if nothing will be done, nonetheless expense will be forthcoming.

[40] Per ver haec fieri oportet. Sulcos et scrobes fieri, seminariis, vitariis locum verti, vites propagari, in locis crassis et umectis ulmos, ficos, poma, oleas seri oportet. Ficos, olea, mala, pira, vites inseri oportet luna silenti post meridiem sine vento austro.

[40] Through spring these things ought to be done. Furrows and pits to be made, for seedbeds,
the ground for vine-nurseries to be turned, vines to be propagated, in heavy and moist places elms,
figs, fruit-trees, olives ought to be planted. Figs, olives, apples, pears, vines ought to be grafted
with the moon silent, after midday, without the south wind.

Oleas, ficos, pira, mala hoc modo inserito. Quem ramum insiturus eris, praecidito, inclinato aliquantum, ut aqua defluat; cum praecides, caveto ne librum convellas. Sumito tibi surculum durum, eum praeacuito, salicem Graecum discindito.

Graft olives, figs, pears, apples in this manner. Whatever branch you will be about to graft, cut it off, bend it somewhat, so that water may flow off; when you cut, beware lest you wrench the bark. Take for yourself a hard scion, sharpen it to a point, split the Greek willow.

Argillam vel cretam coaddito, harenae paululum et fimum bubulum, haec una bene condepsito, quam maxime uti lentum fiat. Capito tibi scissam salicem, ea stirpem praecisum circumligato, ne liber frangatur. Ubi id feceris, surculum praeacutum inter librum et stirpem artito primoris digitos II. Postea capito tibi surculum, quod genus inserere voles, eum primorem praeacuito oblicum primoris digitos II. Surculum aridum, quem artiveris, eximito, eo artito surculum, quem inserere voles.

Add clay or chalk, a little sand, and bovine dung; knead these together well as one, so that it becomes as sticky as possible. Get yourself split willow; with it bind around the stock that has been cut, lest the bark be broken. When you have done that, wedge a sharpened scion between the bark and the stock for 2 finger-breadths at the fore. Afterward get yourself a scion of the kind you wish to graft; sharpen its tip obliquely for 2 finger-breadths. Remove the dry scion which you had wedged in, and in that place wedge the scion which you wish to insert.

Librum ac librum vorsum facito, artito usque adeo, quo praeacueris. Idem alterum surculum, tertium, quartum facito; quot genera voles, tot indito. Salicem Graecam amplius circumligato, luto depsto stirpem oblinito digitos crassum tres.

Make the bark to face the bark, press it tight as far as you have sharpened it. Do the same with a second shoot, a third, a fourth; as many kinds as you wish, insert so many. Bind the Greek willow more around it, and with well-kneaded clay plaster the stock three fingers thick.

Insuper lingua bubula obtegito, si pluat, ne aqua in librum permanet. Eam linguam insuper libro alligato, ne cadat. Postea stramentis circumdato alligatoque, ne gelus noceat.

Moreover, cover over with an ox-tongue,
if it should rain, so that water does not remain in the bark. Tie that tongue above to the bark,
so that it does not fall. Afterwards, surround and bind with straw, so that the frost may not harm.

[41] Vitis insitio una est per ver, altera est cum uva floret, ea optuma est. Pirorum ac malorum insitio per ver et per solstitium dies L et per vindemiam. Oleae et ficorum insitio est per ver.

[41] The insition of the vine is once in spring; another is when the grape is in flower,
that is best. The insition of pears and apples is in spring and through the solstice for 50 days,
and during the vintage. The insition of olives and figs is in spring.

Vitem sic inserito: praecidito quam inseres, eam mediam diffindito per medullam; eo surculos praeacutos artito; quos inseres, medullam cum medulla conponito. Altera insitio est: si vitis vitem continget, utriusque vitem teneram praeacuito, obliquo inter sese medullam cum medulla libro conligato. Tertia insitio est: terebra vitem quam inseres pertundito, eo duos suculos vitigineos, quod genus esse voles, insectos obliquos artito ad medullam; facito iis medullam cum medulla coniungas artitoque ea qua terebraveris alterum ex altera parte.

Graft the vine thus: cut back the one you will graft into, split it in the middle through the pith; into that set the sharpened shoots tightly; those which you insert, put pith with pith together. The second grafting is: if a vine will touch a vine, sharpen the tender vine of each, on a slant bind pith with pith together with bark. The third grafting is: with an auger bore through the vine which you will graft into; into it set two vine shoots, of whatever kind you wish it to be, cut obliquely, tightened to the pith; see that you join pith with pith and fasten them where you have bored, one from one side, the other from the other side.

Eos surculos facito sint longi pedes binos, eos in terram demittito replicatoque ad vitis caput, medias vitis vinclis in terram defigito terraque operito. Haec omnia luto depsto oblinito, alligato integitoque ad eundem modum, tamquam oleas.

See to it that those scions are two feet long; let them down into the ground
and bend them back to the head of the vine; fasten the middle parts of the vines into the earth with bindings
and cover with earth. Smear all these things over with kneaded mud, tie and wrap them
in the same manner, just as with olives.

[42] Ficos et oleas altero modo. Quod genus aut ficum aut oleam esse voles, inde librum scalptro eximito, alterum librum cum gemma de eo fico, quod genus esse voles, eximito, adponito in eum locum unde exicaveris in alterum genus facitoque uti conveniat. Librum longum facito digitos III S, latum digitos III.

[42] Figs and olives by another method. Whatever variety you wish either a fig or an olive to be, from that take out a bark-strip with a chisel; take out another strip with a bud from that fig of the variety you wish, place it onto the spot from which you have cut it out on the other stock, and see that it fit. Make the strip in length 3½ digits, in width 3 digits.

Ad eundem modum oblinito, integito, uti cetera.

In the same way, smear it over, cover it, as the rest.

[43] Sulcos, si locus aquosus erit, alveatos esse oportet, latos summos pedes tres, altos pedes quattuor, infimum latum P. I et palmum. Eos lapide consternito; si lapis non erit, perticis saligneis viridibus controversus conlatis consternito; si pertica non erit, sarmentis conligatis. Postea scrobes facito altos P. III S, latos P. IIII, et facito de scrobe aqua in sulcum defluat: ita oleas serito.

[43] The furrows, if the place will be watery, ought to be troughed, at the top 3 feet wide, 4 feet deep, the bottom 1 foot and a palm wide. Strew them with stone; if there will be no stone, strew with green willow poles laid crosswise and brought together; if there will be no pole, with bound brushwood. Afterward make pits 3 1/2 feet deep, 4 feet wide, and make it so that from the pit the water flows down into the furrow: thus plant the olives.

Vitibus sulcos et propagines ne minus P. II S quoquo versus facito. Si voles vinea cito crescat et olea, quam severis, semel in mense sulcos et circum capita oleaginea quot mensibus, usque donec trimae erunt, fodere oportet. Eodem modo ceteras arbores procurato.

For vines, make furrows and layers not less than 2½ feet in every direction. If you wish the vineyard to grow quickly, and the olive which you have planted, once in a month you ought to dig the furrows and around the heads of the olive-trees, for as many months as until they are three years old. In the same manner take care of the other trees.

[44] Olivetum diebus XV ante aequinoctium vernum incipito putare. Ex eo die dies XLV recte putabis. Id hoc modo putato.

[44] Begin to prune the olive-grove 15 days before the vernal equinox. From that day you will prune rightly for 45 days. Prune it in this manner.

Qua locus recte ferax erit, quae arida erunt, et siquid ventus interfregerit, ea omnia eximito. Qua locus ferax non erit, id plus concidito aratoque. Bene enodato stripesque levis facito.

Where the place is properly fertile, remove everything that is arid, and whatever the wind has broken. Where the place is not fertile, cut it back more and plow it. Prune cleanly, and make the stocks light.

[45] Taleas oleagineas, quas in scrobe saturis eris tripedaneas decidito diligenterque tractato, ne liber laboret, cum dolabis aut secabis. Quas in seminario saturus eris, pedalis facito, eas sic inserito. Locus bipalio subactus siet beneque terra tenera siet beneque glittus siet.

[45] Cut off the olive slips, which you will be about to set in a trench, three feet long,
and handle them carefully, lest the inner bark suffer, when you hew or when you cut. Those which you will be about to plant in the nursery, make a foot long; insert them thus. Let the place
be worked with the two-spade, and let the soil be well loose, and well in fine tilth.

Cum taleam demittes, pede taleam opprimito. Si parum descendet, malleo aut mateola adigito cavetoque ne librum scindas, cum adiges. Palo prius locum ne feceris, quo taleam demittas.

When
you let down the cutting, press the cutting with your foot. If it descends too little, drive it in with a hammer or
a maul, and beware lest you split the bark while you drive it in. Do not make beforehand with a stake the place
where you will let down the cutting.

Si ita severis uti stet talea, melius vivet. Taleae ubi trimae sunt, tum denique maturae sunt, ubi liber sese vertet. Si in scrobibus aut in sulcis seres, ternas taleas ponito easque divaricato, supra terram ne plus IIII digitos transvorsos emineant; vel oculos serito.

If you plant thus, so that the cutting stands, it will live better.
When the cuttings are three years old, then at last they are mature, when the bark turns itself.
If you plant in pits or in furrows, place three cuttings and divaricate them,
so that they do not protrude above the earth more than 4 transverse fingers; or
plant the eyes (buds).

[46] Seminarium ad hunc modum facito. Locum quam optimum et apertissimum et stercorosissimum poteris et quam simillimum genus terrae eae, ubi semina positurus eris, et uti ne nimis longe semina ex seminario ferantur, eum locum bipalio vertito, delapidato circumque saepito bene et in ordine serito. In sesquipedem quoquo vorsum taleam demittito opprimitoque pede.

[46] Make the nursery (seed-bed) in this manner. A place as excellent and as very open and as richly manured as you can, and as very similar as possible in kind of soil to that where you will be about to set the seeds, and so that the seeds not be carried too far from the nursery, turn that place with a two-spade (to a double spade-depth), clear it of stones, and fence it well all around, and sow in order (in rows). At a foot-and-a-half in every direction let down the cutting and press it down with the foot.

Si parum deprimere poteris, malleo aut mateola adigito. Digitum supra terram facito semina emineant fimoque bubulo summam taleam oblinito signumque aput taleam adponito crebroque sarito, si voles cito semina crescant. Ad eundem modum alia semina serito.

If you are not able to press it down enough, drive it in with a hammer or a maul. Make the sets project a finger’s breadth above the ground, and smear the top of the cutting with cow dung, and set a marker by the cutting, and weed frequently, if you want the sets to grow quickly. In the same manner sow other sets.

[47] Harundinem sic serito: ternos pedes oculos disponito. Vitiarium eodem modo facito seritoque. Ubi vitis bima erit, resicato; ubi trima erit, eximito.

[47] Plant reed thus: dispose the eyes at three feet. Make a vine-nursery in the same way and plant it. When the vine is two years old, cut it back; when it is three years old, take it out.

Si pecus pascetur, ubi vitem serere voles, ter prius resicato, quam in arborem ponas. Ubi V nodos veteres habebit, tum ad arborem ponito. Quotannis porrinam serito, quotannis habebis quo eximas.

If cattle are to be pastured where you wish to plant the vine, cut it back three times before you set it to a tree.
When it has 5 old nodes, then set it to the tree.
Every year sow leek; every year you will have something to lift out (for transplanting).

[48] Pomarium seminarium ad eundem modum atque oleagineum facito. Suum quidquid genus talearum serito. Semen cupressi ubi seres, bipalio vertito.

[48] Make the orchard nursery in the same manner as the olive one. Plant whatever kind of slips belongs to each. When you sow cypress seed, with a two-spaded hoe turn it over.

Vere primo serito. Porcas pedes quinos latas facito, eo stercus minutum addito, consarito glebasque conminuito. Porcam planam facito, paulum concavam.

Sow at the beginning of spring.
Make the ridges five feet wide; add finely comminuted manure there; sarcle it and comminute the clods.
Make the ridge level, somewhat concave.

Tum semen serito crebrum tamquam linum, eo terram cribro incernito altam digitum transversum. Eam terram tabula aut pedibus conplanato, furcas circum offigito, eo perticas intendito, eo sarmenta aut cratis ficarias inponito, quae frigus defendant et solem. Uti subtus homo ambulare possit facito.

Then sow the seed thick, like flax, and sift earth upon it with a sieve to a depth of a transverse finger. Level that earth with a board or with your feet; fasten forks around it, stretch poles thereon, and place there sarments (vine-prunings) or fig-wood wicker hurdles, which may defend against cold and sun. Arrange it so that a man can walk underneath.

Crebro runcato. Simul herbae inceperint nasci, eximito. Nam si herbam duram velles, cupressos simul evelles.

Weed frequently. As soon as the weeds begin to sprout, remove them. For if you choose to weed when the herbage is tough, you will at the same time pull up the cypresses.

[49] Vineam veterem si in alium locum transferre voles, dumtaxat brachium crassam licebit. Primum deputato, binas gemmas ne amplius relinquito. Ex radicibus bene exfodito, usque radices persequito et caveto ne radices saucies.

[49] If you wish to transfer an old vine to another place, it will be permissible only if it is as thick as an arm.
First prune it, leave two buds, no more. Dig it out well from the roots, follow the roots all the way, and beware not to wound the roots.

Ita uti fuerit, ponito in scrobe aut in sulco operitoque et bene occulcato, eodemque modo vineam statuito, alligato flexatoque, uti fuerit, crebroque fodito.

Just as it was, place it in a pit or in a furrow, cover it and firm it well,
and in the same way set the vine, tie it and bend it, just as it was,
and dig frequently.

[50] Prata primo vere stercorato luna silenti. Quae inrigiva non erunt, ubi favonius flare coeperit, cum prata defendes, depurgato herbasque malas omnis radicitus effodito. Ubi vineam deputaveris, acervum lignorum virgarumque facito.

[50] Manure the meadows in early spring, at the silent moon. As for those that will not be irrigable, when the Favonius begins to blow, while you defend the meadows, thoroughly purge and dig up all the bad weeds by the roots. When you have pruned the vineyard, make a heap of wood and twigs.

Ficos interputato et in vinea ficos subradito alte, ne eas vitis scandat. Seminaria facito et vetera resarcito. Haec facito, antequam vineam fodere incipias.

Thin-prune the fig trees, and in the vineyard shave the fig trees down closely, so that the vine does not climb them. Make nursery-beds and repair the old ones. Do these things before you begin to dig the vineyard.

Ubi daps profanata comestaque erit, verno arare incipito. Ea loca primum arato, quae siccissima erunt, et quae crassissima et aquosissima erunt, ea postremum arato, dum ne prius obdurescant.

When the sacrificial feast has been profaned and consumed, in spring begin to plow. Plow first those places which will be the driest, and those which will be the thickest and most aqueous, plow those last, provided that they do not harden beforehand.

[51] Propagatio pomorum, aliarum arborum. Ab arbore abs terra pulli qui nascentur, eos in terram deprimito extollitoque primorem partem, uti radicem capiat; inde biennio post effodito seritoque. Ficum, oleam, malum Punicum, cotoneum aliaque mala omnia, laurum, murtum, nuces Praenestinas, platanum, haec omnia a capite propagari eximique serique eodem modo oportet.

[51] Propagation of fruits, of other trees. From a tree, from the ground, the shoots which will be born, press those down into the earth and lift up the foremost part, so that it may take root; then two years later dig it out and plant it. The fig, the olive, the Punic apple, the quince and all other apples, the laurel, the myrtle, the Praenestine nuts, the plane-tree—these all ought to be propagated from the tip, and taken out and planted in the same way.

[52] Quae diligentius propagari voles, in aullas aut in qualos pertusos propagari oportet et cum iis in scrobem deferri oportet. In arboribus, uti radices capiant, calicem pertundito; per fundum aut qualum ramum, quem radicem capere voles, traicito; eum qualum aut calicem terra inpleto calcatoque bene, in arbore relinquito. Ubi bimum fuerit, ramum sub qualo praecidito.

[52] The things you will wish to be propagated more carefully, into pots or into baskets perforated ought to be propagated, and with them ought to be conveyed down into the pit. On trees, in order that they may take roots, pierce the pot; through the bottom of the pot or through the basket pass the branch which you will wish to take root; fill that basket or pot with earth and tamp it well, leave it on the tree. When a biennium has elapsed, cut the branch beneath the basket.

Qualum incidito ex ima parte perpetuum, sive calix erit, conquassato. Cum eo qualo aut calice in scrobem ponito. Eodem modo vitem facito, eam anno post praecidito seritoque cum qualo.

Cut the basket from the lowest part clean through; or, if it is a pot (calix), smash it.
With that same basket or pot, place it into the pit.
Do the vine in the same way: a year later cut it off and plant it with the basket.

Hoc modo quod genus vis propagabis.

In this way you will propagate whatever kind you wish.

[53] Faenum, ubi tempus erit, secato cavetoque ne sero seces. Priusquam semen maturum siet, secato, et quod optimum faenum erit, seorsum condito, per ver cum arabunt, antequam ocinum des, quod edint boves.

[53] The hay, when the time will be, cut it, and beware lest you cut too late. Before the seed is ripe, cut it; and whatever hay will be best, store it separately, through spring when they are plowing, before you give ocinum, for the oxen to eat.

[54] Bubus pabulum hoc modo parari darique oportet. Ubi sementim patraveris, glandem parari legique oportet et in aquam conici. Inde semodios singulis bubus in dies dari oportet, et si non laborabunt, pascantur satius erit, aut modium vinaceorum, quos in dolium condideris.

[54] Fodder for the oxen ought to be prepared and given in this way. When you have completed the sowing,
the acorn ought to be prepared and gathered and cast into water. Then half-modii
ought to be given daily to each ox, and if they will not be working, it will be better that they be pastured,
or a modius of wine-pressings (grape-pomace), which you have stored in a dolium.

Interdiu pascito, noctu faeni P. XXV uni bovi dato. Si faenum non erit, frondem iligneam et hederaciam dato. Paleas triticeas et hordeaceas, acus fabaginum, de vicia vel de lupino, item de ceteris frugibus, omnia condito.

By day, pasture;
at night give 25 pounds of hay to one ox. If there will not be hay, give ilex-oak foliage
and ivy foliage. Wheat- and barley-straw, the chaff of beans, of
vetch or of lupine, likewise from the other crops—store all.

Cum stramenta condes, quae herbosissima erunt, in tecto condito et sale spargito, deinde ea pro faeno dato. Ubi verno dare coeperis, modium glandis aut vinaceorum dato aut modium lupini macerati et faeni P. XV. Ubi ocinum tempestivum erit, dato primum. Manibus carpito, id renascetur: quod falcula secueris, non renascetur.

When you store the straw,
those which will be most grassy, store under a roof and sprinkle with salt; then
give them in place of hay. When you begin to give in spring, give a modius of acorns or of grape-pomace,
or give a modius of soaked lupine and hay P. 15. When the ocinum is seasonable,
give it first. Pluck it by hand; that will grow again: what you cut with a little sickle,
will not grow again.

Usque ocinum dato donec arescat: ita temperato. Postea viciam dato, postea panicum frondem ulmeam dato. Si populneam habebis, admisceto, ut ulmeae satis siet.

Keep giving ocinum until it dries: regulate it so. Afterward give vetch, afterward panic (millet), give elm foliage. If you have poplar foliage, mix it in, so that there may be enough of the elm.

Ubi ulmeam non habebis, querneam aut ficulneam dato. Nihil est quod magis expediat, quam boves bene curare. Boves nisi per hiemem, cum non arabunt, pasci non oportet.

When you do not have elm, give oak or fig-tree.
There is nothing that is more expedient than to take good care of oxen. Oxen, unless
during winter, when they will not be ploughing, ought not to be pastured.

Nam viride cum edunt, semper id exspectant, et fiscellas habere oportet, ne herbam sectentur, cum arabunt.

For when they eat green fodder, they always expect it, and you must have muzzles, so that they do not crop the grass while they are plowing.

[55] Ligna domino in tabulato condito, codicillos oleagineos, radices in acervo sub dio metas facito.

[55] Store the master’s wood on a boarded loft, the olive-wood kindling sticks, pile the roots in heaps under the open sky.

[56] Familiae cibaria. Qui opus facient: per hiemem tritici modios IIII, per aestatem modios IIII S; vilico, vilicae, epistatae, opilioni: modios III; compeditis: per hiemem panis p. IIII, ubi vineam fodere coeperint panis p. V, usque adeo dum ficos esse coeperint; deinde ad p. IIII redito.

[56] Rations for the household. Those who will do work: through winter, of wheat 4 modii,
through summer 4½ modii; for the bailiff, the bailiff’s wife, the overseer, the shepherd:
3 modii; for those in shackles: through winter, bread 4 lb.; when they begin to dig the vineyard,
bread 5 lb., until figs begin to be in season; then return to 4 lb.

[57] Vinum familiae. Ubi vindemia facta erit, loram bibant menses tres; mense quarto: heminas in dies, id est in mense congios II S; mense quinto, sexto, septimo, octavo: in dies sextarios, id est in mense congios quinque; nono, decimo, undecimo, duodecimo: in dies heminas ternas, id est amphoram; hoc amplius Saturnalibus et Compitalibus in singulos homines gongios III S; summa vini in homines singulos inter annum Q. VII. Conpeditis, uti quidquid operis facient, pro portione addito; eos non est nimium in annos singulos vini Q. X ebibere.

[57] The family’s wine. When the vintage has been completed, let them drink lora for 3 months; in the 4th month: a hemina per day, that is, in a month 2 1/2 congiuses; in the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th months: a sextarius per day, that is, in a month 5 congiuses; in the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th months: 3 heminae per day, that is, an amphora; beyond this, at the Saturnalia and the Compitalia, for each individual 3 1/2 congiuses; the total of wine for each person throughout the year is 7 quadrantals (amphorae). For shackled workers, add in proportion to whatever work they do; for them it is not too much to drink in each year 10 quadrantals (amphorae) of wine.

[58] Pulmentarium familiae. Oleae caducae quam plurimum condito; postea oleas tempestivas, unde minimum olei fieri poterit, eas condito: parcito uti quam diutissime durent. Ubi oleae comesae erunt, hallacem et acetum dato.

[58] Relish for the household. Store up as many fallen olives as possible;
afterwards store olives in season, from which the least oil can be made: be sparing, so that they may last as long as possible. When the olives have been eaten, give allec and
vinegar.

Oleum dato in menses unicuique s. I; salis unicuique in anno modium satis est.

Give oil by the month to each person: 1 sextarius; of salt, to each person in the year a modius is enough.

[59] Vestimenta familiae. Tunicam p. III S, saga alternis annis. Quotiens cuique tunicam aut sagum dabis, prius veterem accipito, unde centones fiant.

[59] Clothing for the household. A tunic of 3½ pounds weight; sagum-cloaks in alternate years. Whenever you give to each a tunic or a sagum, first take in the old one, whence centones (patchwork quilts) may be made.

Sculponias bonas alternis annis dare oportet.

Good wooden clogs ought to be given every other year.

[60] Bubus cibaria annua in iuga singula lupini modios centum viginti aut glandis modios CCXL, faeni pondo DXX, ocini, fabae M. XX, viciae M. XXX. Praeterea granatui videto satis viciae seras. Pabulum cum seres, mulas sationes facito.

[60] Annual rations for oxen, for each yoke: lupine 120 modii,
or acorns 240 modii, hay 520 pounds, ocini, beans 20 modii, vetch
30 modii. Moreover, for the granary see that you sow enough vetch. When you sow
fodder, make sowings for the mules.

[61] Quid est agrum bene colere? Bene arare. Quid secundum?

[61] What is it to cultivate a field well? To plow well. What is the second?

Arare. Quid tertium? Stercorare.

To plow. What is third? To stercorate (manure).

Qui oletum saepissime et altissime miscebit, is tenuissimas radices exarabit. Si male arabit, radices susum abibunt, crassiores fient, et in radices vires oleae abibunt. Agrum frumentarium cum ares, bene et tempestivo ares, sulco vario ne ares.

Whoever most often and most deeply mixes the olive-grove,
he will plough out the very slender roots. If he ploughs badly, the roots will go upward,
they will become thicker, and the olive’s strength will go away into the roots. When you plough the grain-field,
plough well and seasonably; do not plough with a varying furrow.

Cetera cultura est multum sarire et diligenter eximere semina et per tempus radices quam plurimas cum terra ferre; ubi radices bene operueris, calcare bene, ne aqua noceat. Siquis quaeret, quod tempus oleae serendae siet, agro sicco per sementim, agro laeto per ver.

The rest of the cultivation is to hoe much and carefully extract the shoots, and, in due season, to carry off as many roots as possible together with earth; when you have covered the roots well, tread firmly, lest water do harm. If anyone should inquire what time it be for planting the olive: in a dry field during sowing-time, in a fertile field during spring.

[62] Quot iuga boverum, mulorum, asinorum habebis, totidem plostra esse oportet.

[62] However many yokes of oxen, mules, and asses you will have, just so many carts ought to be.

[63] Funem torculum esse oportet extentum pedes LV, funem loreum in plostrum P. LX, lora retinacula longa P. XXVI, subiugia in plostrum P. XIIX, funiculum P. XV, in aratrum subiugia lora P. XVI, funiculum P. VIII.

[63] The rope for the press ought to be stretched 55 feet, a leather rope for the wagon 60 feet, long retinacula-straps 26 feet, subyokes for the wagon 18 feet, a small cord 15 feet, for the plow yoke-straps 16 feet, a small cord 8 feet.

[64] Olea ubi matura erit, quam primum cogi oportet, quam minimum in terra et in tabulato esse oportet. In terra et in tabulato putescit. Leguli volunt uti olea caduca quam plurimum sit, quo plus legatur; factores, ut in tabulato diu sit, ut fracida sit, quo facilius efficiant.

[64] When the olive is mature, it ought to be gathered as soon as possible; it ought to be as little as possible on the ground and on the boarded floor. On the ground and on the boarded floor it becomes putrid. The pickers want that there be as much fallen olive as possible, so that more may be picked; the makers, that it be on the boarded floor for a long time, that it be musty, so that they may produce more easily.

Nolito credere oleum in tabulato posse crescere. Quam citissime conficies, tam maxime expediet, et, totidem modiis collecta, et plus olei efficiet et melius. Olea quae diu fuerit in terra aut in tabulato, inde olei minus fiet et deterius.

Do not believe that oil can grow on the drying-floor.
The more quickly you process it, the more expedient it will be, and, collected in the same number of modii, it will yield more oil and better.
An olive that has been long on the ground or on the drying-floor—less oil will be made from it, and of worse quality.

Oleum, si poteris, bis in die depleto. Nam oleum quam diutissime in amurca et in fracibus erit, tam taeterrimum erit.

Draw off the oil, if you can, twice in the day. For the oil, the longer it remains in the amurca and in the dregs, so much the more loathsome it will be.

[65] Oleum viride sic facito. Oleam quam primum ex terra tollito. Si inquinata erit, lavito a foliis et stercore purgato.

[65] Make green oil thus. Remove the olives from the ground as soon as possible. If they are contaminated, wash them and purge them of leaves and dung.

Postridie aut post diem tertium, quam lecta erit, facito. Olea ubi nigra erit, stringito. Quam acerbissima olea oleum facies, tam oleum optimum erit.

On the next day or on the third day, after it has been gathered, see to it. When the olive is black, strip it. The more acerb (unripe) the olive you make oil from, the better the oil will be.

Domino de matura olea oleum fieri maxime expediet. Si gelicidia erunt, cum oleam coges, triduum atque quatriduum post oleum facito. Eam oleam, si voles, sale spargito.

For the master, it will be most expedient that oil be made from ripe olives.
If there are frosts, when you gather the olive crop, make the oil three or even four days afterward.
Those olives, if you wish, sprinkle with salt.

Quam calidissimum torcularium et cellam habeto.

Have the press-house and the cellar as warm as possible.

[66] Custodis et capulatoris officia. Servet diligenter cellam et torcularium. Caveat quam minimum in torcularium et in cellam introeatur.

[66] Duties of the custodian and the capulator. Let him diligently keep the cellar and the press-house. Let him see to it that the press-house and the cellar are entered as little as possible.

Quam mundissime purissimeque fiat. Vaso aheneo neque nucleis ad oleum ne utatur. Nam si utetur, oleum male sapiet.

Let it be done as most cleanly and most purely as possible. Let him not use a bronze vessel, nor olive kernels, for the oil. For if he uses them, the oil will taste bad.

Cortinam plumbeam in lacum ponito, quo oleum fluat. Ubi factores vectibus prement, continuo copulator conca oleum, quam diligentissime poterit, ne cesset. Amurcam caveat ne tollat.

Set a leaden basin in the tank, into which the oil may flow. When the pressmen press with levers, let the collector at once scoop
the oil, as diligently as he can; let him not cease. Let him beware not to take up the amurca.

Oleum in labrum primum indito, inde in alterum doleum indito. De iis labris fraces amurcamque semper subtrahito. Cum oleum sustuleris de cortina, amurcam deorito.

Put the oil into the first basin, then put it into another dolium.
From those basins always draw off the lees and amurca.
When you have removed the oil from the cauldron, decant the amurca.

[67] Item custodis officia. Qui in torculario erunt vasa pura habeant curentque uti olea bene perficiatur beneque siccetur. Ligna in torculario ne caedant.

[67] Likewise, the offices of the custodian. Those who will be in the press-house should have vessels pure, and should take care that the oil be well perfected and well dried. Let them not cut wood in the press-house.

Oleum frequenter capiant. Factoribus det in singulos factus olei sextarios et in lucernam quod opus siet. Fraces cotidie reiciat.

Let them draw oil frequently. Let him give to the makers, for each pressing, sextarii of oil, and as much as is needed for the lamp. Let him throw out the lees daily.

Amurcam conmutet usque adeo, donec in lacum qui in cella est postremum pervenerit. Fiscinas spongia effingat. Cotidie oleo locum conmutet, donec in dolium pervenerit.

Let him keep changing out the amurca until it has come into the last vat which is in the cellar. Let him mold the fiscinae (wicker-baskets) with a sponge. Every day let him change the place of the oil, until it has come into the dolium.

In torculario et in cella caveat diligenter nequid olei subripiatur.

In the press-house and in the cellar let him beware diligently, lest any oil be surreptitiously taken.

[68] Ubi vindemia et oletas facta erit, prela extollito; funes torculos, melipontos, subductarios in carnario aut in prelo suspendito; orbes, fibulas, vectes, scutulas, fiscinas, corbulas, quala, scalas, patibula, omnia quis usus erit, in suo quidque loco reponito.

[68] When the vintage and the olive-harvest has been done, raise the presses; the ropes
for the presses, the melipontes, the haul-ropes hang up in the larder or on the press;
the hoops, clasps, levers, small trays, wicker-baskets, little baskets, wicker-sieves, ladders, crossbars,
everything which there will be use for, put each back in its own place.

[69] Dolia olearia sic inbuito. Amurca inpleto dies VII, facito ut amurcam cotidie suppleas. Postea amurcam eximito et afarcito.

[69] Season the oil-jars thus. Fill with amurca for 7 days, see to it that you replenish the amurca daily. Afterwards remove the amurca and pack them full.

Ubi arebit, cummim pridie in aquam infundito, eam postridie diluito. Postea dolium calfacito minus, quam si picare velis, tepeat satis est; lenibus lignis facito calescat. Ubi temperate tepebit, tum cummim indito, postea linito.

When it dries,
pour cumin the day before into water; on the next day dilute it. Afterwards heat the cask
less than if you wished to pitch it; it is enough that it be tepid; with gentle firewood
see that it grow warm. When it is moderately tepid, then put in the cumin, afterwards smear it.

Si recte leveris, in dolium quinquagenarium cummim P. IIII satis erit.

If you have coated properly, in a fifty‑measure dolium, 4 pounds of cumin will be enough.

[70] Bubus medicamentum. Si morbum metues, sanis dato salis micas tres, folia laurea III, porri fibras III, ulpici spicas III, alii spicas III, turis grana tria, herbae Sabinae plantas tres, rutae folia tria, vitis albae caules III, fabulos albos III, carbones vivos III, vini S. III. Haec omnia sublimiter legi teri darique oportet.

[70] A remedy for oxen. If you fear disease, give to the healthy three crumbs of salt, 3 bay leaves, 3 fibers of leek, 3 spikes of ulpici, 3 spikes of garlic, three grains of frankincense, three sprigs of the Sabine herb, three leaves of rue, 3 stalks of white vine, 3 white beans, 3 live coals, 3 sextarii of wine. All these things ought to be gathered aloft, ground, and given.

Ieiunus siet qui dabit. Per triduum de ea potione uni cuique bovi dato. Ita dividito, cum ter uni cuique dederis, omnem absumas, bosque ipsus et qui dabit facito ut uterque sublimiter stent.

Let him who gives it be fasting.
For three days give from that potion to each ox. Thus divide it, so that when you have given three times to each, you use it all up; and see to it that both the ox itself and the one who gives it stand upright, elevated.

Vaso ligneo dato.

Give it in a wooden vessel.

[71] Bos si aegrotare coeperit, dato continuo ei unum ovum gallinaceum crudum; integrum facito devoret. Postridie caput ulpici conterito cum hemina vini facitoque ebibat. Sublimiter terat et vaso ligneo det, bosque ipsus et qui dabit sublimiter stet.

[71] If an ox begins to fall ill, give immediately to it one hen’s egg raw; make it devour it whole. On the next day, pound the head of smallage with a hemina of wine and make it drink it up. Let him grind it on high and give it in a wooden vessel, and let both the ox itself and the one who will give it stand on high.

Ieiunus ieiuno bovi dato.

Fasting, give to the fasting ox.

[72] Boves ne pedes subterant, priusquam in viam quoquam ages, pice liquida cornua infima unguito.

[72] So that the oxen do not wear down their feet, before you drive them anywhere on the road, anoint the lowest horn—the hooves—with liquid pitch.

[73] Ubi uvae variae coeperint fieri, bubus medicamentum dato quotannis, uti valeant. Pellem anguinam ubi videris, tollito et condito, ne quaeras cum opus siet. Eam pellem et far et salem et serpullum, haec omnia una conterito cum vino, dato bubus bibant omnibus.

[73] When the grapes begin to become variegated, give the cattle a medicament annually, so that they may be well. A snake’s skin, when you see one, take it up and store it away, so that you not have to look for it when there is need. That skin and far (spelt-meal) and salt and serpyllum (wild thyme)—pound all these together with wine, give it to the cattle that all may drink.

Per aestatem boves aquam bonam et liquidam bibant semper curato; ut valeant refert.

During the summer, see to it that the oxen always drink good and clear water; it matters for their health.

[74] Panem depsticium sic facito. Manus mortariumque bene lavato. Farinam in mortarium indito, aquae paulatim addito subigitoque pulchre.

[74] Make kneaded bread thus. Wash well your hands and the mortar. Put flour into the mortar; add water little by little and knead well.

Ubi bene subegeris, defingito coquitoque sub testu.

When you have kneaded it well, mold it and cook it under a testum (earthenware cover).

[75] Libum hoc modo facito. Casei P. II bene disterat in mortario. Ubi bene distriverit, farinae siligineae libram aut, si voles tenerius esse, selibram similaginis eodem indito permiscetoque cum caseo bene.

[75] Make libum in this way. Grind well in a mortar 2 lb. of cheese. When you have ground it well, put into the same 1 lb. of fine wheaten flour, or, if you wish it more tender, a half‑pound of semolina, and mix it well together with the cheese.

Ovum unum addito et una permisceto bene. Inde panem facito, folia subdito, in foco caldo sub testu coquito leniter.

Add one egg and mix well together. Then make a loaf, put leaves underneath, in a hot hearth cook it gently under a testum.

[76] Placentam sic facito. Farinae siligineae L. II, unde solum facias, in tracta farinae L. IIII et alicae primae L. II. Alicam in aquam infundito. Ubi bene mollis erit, in mortarium purum indito siccatoque bene.

[76] Make a placenta thus. Of fine wheat flour 2 pounds, from which you will make the base; for the tracta, 4 pounds of flour and 2 pounds of prime alica. Pour the alica into water.
When it is well softened, put it into a clean mortar and dry it well.

Deinde manibus depsito. Ubi bene subactum erit, farinae L. IIII paulatim addito. Id utrumque tracta facito.

Then knead with the hands. When it is well worked, add gradually 4 lb of flour. Make both of these into tracta.

In qualo, ubi arescant, conponito. Ubi arebunt, conponito puriter. Cum facies singula tracta, ubi depsueris, panno oleo uncto tangito et circumtergeto ungitoque.

In a wicker-basket, set them so that they may dry. When they have dried, arrange them neatly. When you make each individual tracta, after you have kneaded it, touch it with a cloth smeared with oil and wipe it all around and anoint it.

Ubi tracta erunt, focum, ubi coquas, calfacito bene et testum. Postea farinae L. II conspargito condepsitoque. Inde facito solum tenue.

When the tracta are made, heat well the hearth where you will cook, and the earthenware baking-cover. Afterward sprinkle 2 lb. of flour and knead it together
then knead it together. Then make a thin base.

Casei ovilli P: XIIII ne acidum et bene recens in aquam indito. Ibi macerato, aquam ter mutato. Inde eximito siccatoque bene paulatim manibus, siccum bene in mortarium inponito.

Of sheep’s cheese P: 14, not acid
and quite fresh, put into water. There macerate it, change the water three times. Then take it out
and dry it well little by little with the hands; when dry, put it well into a mortar.

Ubi omne caseum bene siccaveris, in mortarium purum manibus condepsito conminuitoque quam maxime. Deinde cribrum farinarium purum sumito caseumque per cribrum facito transeat in mortarium. Postea indito mellis boni P. IIII S. Id una bene conmisceto cum caseo.

When
you have thoroughly dried all the cheese, press it by hand into a clean mortar and crush and crumble it
as much as possible. Then take a clean flour-sieve and make the cheese pass through the sieve
into the mortar. Afterwards put in 4½ pounds of good honey. Mix that well together
with the cheese.

Postea in tabula pura, quae pateat P. I, ibi balteum ponito, folia laurea uncta supponito, placentam fingito. Tracta singula in totum solum primum ponito, deinde de mortario tracta linito, tracta addito singulatim, item linito usque adeo, donec omne caseum cum melle abusus eris. In summum tracta singula indito, postea solum contrahito ornatoque focum + de ve primo + temperatoque, tunc placentam inponito, testo caldo operito, pruna insuper et circum operito.

Afterwards, on a clean board, which should extend 1 foot, there
set a band; place greased bay leaves underneath; shape the cake. Lay
single tracta over the whole bottom first; then smear it with what has been drawn from the mortar;
add the tracta one by one, likewise smear, all the way until you have used up all the cheese
with the honey. On the top place single tracta; then draw the base together,
and fit out the hearth + from the very first + and make it moderate; then set the cake in place,
cover it with a hot baking lid, and cover with embers on top and around.

Aperito, dum inspicias, bis aut ter. Ubi cocta erit, eximito et melle unguito. Haec erit placenta semodialis.

Open it, while you inspect it, two or three times. When it is cooked, take it out and anoint with honey. This will be a cake semodialis.

[77] Spiram sic facito. Quantum voles pro ratione, ita uti placenta fit, eadem omnia facito, nisi alio modo fingito. In solo tracta cum melle oblinito bene.

[77] Make a spira thus. As much as you wish in proportion, just as a placenta is made, do all the same things, only shape it in another way. On the base smear the tracta well with honey.

Inde tamquam restim tractes facito, ita inponito in solo, simplicibus conpleto bene arte. Cetera omnia, quasi placentam facias, facito coquitoque.

Then see that you draw it out like a rope, and so place it
on the hearth-stone, completing it with simple coils, well and with art. As for the rest, just as if you were making a placenta,
do it and cook it.

[78] Scriblitam sic facito. In balteo tractis caseo ad eundem modum facito, uti placentam, sine melle.

[78] Make a scriblita thus. In a belt (ring-mold), with tracta and cheese, make it in the same manner as a placenta, without honey.

[79] Globos sic facito. Caseum cum alica ad eundem modum misceto. Inde quantos voles facere facito.

[79] Make balls (globes) thus. Mix cheese with alica in the same mode. From it make as many as you wish.

In ahenum caldum unguen indito. Singulos aut binos coquito versatoque crebro duabus rudibus, coctos eximito, eos melle unguito, papaver infriato, ita ponito.

Put the fat into a hot cauldron. Singly or by twos cook them and turn them frequently with two rods; when cooked, take them out, then anoint them with honey, rub in poppy-seed, and set them out thus.

[80] Encytum ad eundem modum facito, uti globos, nisi calicem pertusum cavum habeat. Ita in unguen caldum fundito. Honestum quasi spiram facito idque duabus rudibus vorsato praestatoque.

[80] Make Encytum in the same manner as the globes, except that it have a perforated hollow chalice.
Thus pour into hot grease.
Make it comely, as a spiral, and with two rods keep turning it and bring it to completion.

Item unguito coloratoque caldum ne nimium. Id cum melle aut cum mulso adponito.

Likewise grease it and color it; warm it, not too much. Serve it with honey or with mulsum.

[81] Erneum sic facito tamquam placentam. Eadem omnia indito, quae in placentam. Id permisceto in alveo, id indito in irneam fictilem, eam demittito in aulam aheneam aquae calidae plenam.

[81] Make an Erneum thus, just like a placenta. Put in all the same things,
as in a placenta. Mix it in a basin, put it into a clay urn,
lower it into a brazen pot full of hot water.

Ita coquito ad ignem. Ubi coctum erit, irneam confringito, ita ponito.

Thus cook it at the fire. When it has been cooked, break the irnea, and set it forth thus.

[82] Spaeritam sic facito, ita uti spiram, nisi sic fingito. De tractis caseo melle spaeras pugnum altas facito. Eas in solo conponito densas, eodem modo conponito atque spiram itemque coquito.

[82] Make the sphaerita thus, as you do the spiral, only shape it thus. From drawn-out sheets with cheese and honey make spheres a fist high. Set them on the hearth-floor close-packed; arrange in the same way as the spiral and likewise cook.

[83] Votum pro bubus, uti valeant, sic facito. Marti Silvano in silva interdius in capita singula boum votum facito. Farris L. III et lardi P. IIII S et pulpae P. IIII S, visi S. III, id in unum vas liceto coicere, et vinum item in unum vas liceto coicere.

[83] A vow for the oxen, that they may be well, do thus. To Mars Silvanus,
in the forest by day, make a vow for each single head of the cattle. Of far 3 lb. and
of lard 4 1/2 lb. and of flesh 4 1/2 lb., of wine 3 sextarii; it is permitted to throw that
into one vessel, and likewise it is permitted to throw the wine into one vessel.

Eam rem divinam vel servus vel liber licebit faciat. Ubi res divina facta erit, statim ibidem consumito. Mulier ad eam rem divinam ne adsit neve videat quo modo fiat.

That divine rite may be performed either by a slave or by a free man. When the divine rite has been performed, at once in the same place consume it. Let a woman not be present at that divine rite, nor see in what way it is done.

Hoc votum in annos singulos, si voles, licebit vovere.

It will be permitted to vow this vow each year, if you wish.

[84] Savillum hoc modo facito. Farinae selibram, casei P. II S una conmisceto quasi libum, mellis P. * et ovum unum. Catinum fictile oleo unguito.

[84] Make Savillum in this way. Mix together half a pound of flour and 2½ pounds of cheese into one mass, as for a libum, with ½ pound of honey and one egg. Grease an earthenware bowl with oil.

Ubi omnia bene conmiscueris, in catinum indito, catinum testo operito. Videto ut bene percoquas medium, ubi altissimum erit. Ubi coctum erit, catinum eximito, papaver infriato, sub testum subde paulisper, postea eximito.

When you have well mixed everything, put it into the dish; cover the dish with the earthenware lid.
See to it that you cook the middle through, when it will be at its highest. When it is cooked,
take out the dish; rub in poppy-seed; put it back under the lid for a little while, afterwards
take it out.

Ita pone cum catillo et lingula.

Thus set it down with a small bowl and a little spoon.

[85] Pultem Punicam sic coquito. Libram alicae in aquam indito, facito uti bene madeat. Id infundito in alveum purum, eo casei recentis P. III, mellis P. S, ovum unum, omnia una permisceto bene.

[85] Cook Punic porridge thus. Put a pound of alica into water,
see that it becomes well moistened. Pour that into a clean basin, into it put of fresh cheese 3 pounds,
of honey 1/2 pound, one egg; mix everything together well.

Ita insipito in aulam novam.

Thus pour it into a new pot.

[86] Graneam triticeam sic facito. Selibram tritici puri in mortarium purum indat, lavet bene corticemque deterat bene eluatque bene. Postea in aulam indat et aquam puram cocatque.

[86] Make wheat granea thus. Put a half-pound of clean wheat into a clean mortar; wash it well and rub off the bran well and rinse it well. Afterwards put it into a pot and cook it with pure water.

Ubi coctum erit, lacte addat paulatim usque adeo, donec cremor crassus erit factus.

When it has been cooked, let him add milk gradually all the way, until the cream has been made thick.

[87] Amulum sic facito. Siliginem purgato bene, postea in alvum indat, eo addat aquam bis in die. Die decimo aquam exsiccato, exurgeto bene, in alveo puro misceto bene, facito tamquam faex fiat.

[87] Make amylum (starch) thus. Purge the fine wheat well, then put it into a tub,
put it in, add water to it twice in the day. On the tenth day drain off the water, press it out
well, in a clean trough mix it well, make it so that it becomes like lees.

Id in linteum novum indito, exprimito cremorem in patinam novam aut in mortarium. Id omne ita facito et refricato denuo. Eam patinam in sole ponito, arescat.

That into a linen cloth
new put, squeeze out the cream into a new dish or into a mortar. That
all do thus, and rub it again anew. Set that dish in the sun, let it dry.

Ubi arebit, in aulam novam indito, inde facito cum lacte coquat.

When it dries, put it into a new pot; then see to it that it cooks with milk.

[88] Salem candidum sic facito. Amphoram defracto collo puram inpleto aquae purae, in sole ponito. Ibi fiscellam cum sale populari suspendito et quassato suppletoque identidem.

[88] Make bright-white salt thus. Break the neck off an amphora, and fill the clean vessel with pure water, set it in the sun. There suspend a small wicker-basket with common (“popular”) salt, and, after shaking it, keep topping it up again and again.

Id aliquotiens in die cotidie facito, usque adeo donec sal desiverit tabescere biduum. Id signi erit: menam aridam vel ovum demittito; si natabit, ea muries erit, vel carnem vel caseos vel salsamenta quo condas. Eam muriam in labella vel in patinas in sole ponito.

Do that several times in the day daily, all the way until the salt has ceased to melt for two days. That will be the sign: drop in a dried maena or an egg; if it floats, that will be brine, in which you may preserve either meat or cheeses or salted provisions. Set that brine in little basins or in dishes in the sun.

Usque adeo in sole habeto, donec concreverit. Inde flos salis fiet. Ubi nubilabitur et noctu sub tecto ponito; cotidie, cum sol erit, in sole ponito.

Keep it in the sun until it has congealed. Then the flower of salt will form. When it becomes cloudy and at night, set it under a roof; every day, when there is sun, set it in the sun.

[89] Gallinas et anseres sic farcito. Gallinas teneras, quae primum parient, concludat. Polline vel farina hordeacia consparsa turundas faciat, eas in aquam intingat, in os indat, paulatim cotidie addat; ex gula consideret, quod satis sit.

[89] Fatten hens and geese thus. The tender hens, which will lay for the first time,
let him confine. Let him make little rolls, kneaded with fine flour or with barley-meal,
dip them in water, put them into the mouth, and day by day add gradually; let him
consider from the gullet what is sufficient.

Bis in die farciat et meridie bibere dato; ne plus aqua sita siet horam unam. Eodem modo anserem alito, nisi prius dato bibere et bis in die, bis escam.

Twice in the day let him stuff, and at midday give to drink; let the water not be standing more than one hour. In the same way nourish the goose, except that first give to drink, and twice in the day, give food twice.

[90] Palumbum recentem sic farcito. Ubi prensus erit, ei fabam coctam tostam primum dato, ex ore in eius os inflato, item aquam. Hoc dies VII facito.

[90] Stuff a freshly taken wood-pigeon thus. When it has been caught, give it first a bean, cooked and toasted, blown from your mouth into its mouth, likewise water. Do this for 7 days.

Postea fabam fresam puram et far purum facito et fabae tertia pars ut infervescat, tum far insipiat, puriter facito et coquito bene. Id ubi excluseris, depsito bene, oleo manum unguito, primum pusillum, postea magis depses, oleo tangito depsitoque, dum poterit facere turundas. Ex aqua dato, escam temperato.

Afterwards, make pure pounded bean and pure far (spelt), and let a third part of the bean come to a boil; then introduce the far; prepare it cleanly and cook it well. When you have strained it out, knead it well; anoint your hand with oil; at first a little, afterwards more, knead; touch with oil and knead, until it can make little rolls. Give water; temper the feed.

[91] Aream sic facito. Locum ubi facies confodito. Postea amurca conspargito bene sinitoque conbibat.

[91] Make the threshing-floor thus. The place where you will make it, dig up. Afterward with amurca
sprinkle it well and allow it to imbibe.

Postea conminuito glebas bene. Deinde coaequato et paviculis verberato. Postea denuo amurca conspargito sinitoque arescat.

Afterwards break up the clods well. Then make it level and beat it with small tampers. Afterwards sprinkle again with amurca and allow it to dry.

Si ita feceris, neque formicae nocebunt neque herbae nascentur.

If you do so, neither will ants cause harm nor will weeds spring up.

[92] Frumento ne noceat curculio neu mures tangant. Lutum de amurca facito, palearum paulum addito, sinito macerescant bene et subigito bene; eo granarium totum oblinito crasso luto. Postea conspargito amurca omne quod lutaveris.

[92] So that the weevil may not harm the grain nor mice touch it. Make mud from amurca, adding a little chaff; allow them to soak well and work it well; with it plaster over the whole granary with thick mud. Afterwards sprinkle amurca over everything that you have plastered.

Ubi aruerit, eo frumentum refrigeratum condito; curculio non nocebit.

When it has dried, store the cooled grain there; the weevil will not harm.

[93] Olea si fructum non feret, ablaqueato. Postea stramenta circumponito. Postea amurcam cum aqua conmisceto aequas partes.

[93] If the olive does not bear fruit, trench around it. Afterwards straw
place around. Afterwards mix amurca with water in equal parts.

Deinde ad oleam circumfundito. Ad arborem maxumam urnam conmixti sat est; ad minores arbores pro ratione indito. Et idem hoc si facies ad arbores feraces, eae quoque meliores fient.

Then pour it around the olive. For a very large tree, an urn of the mixture is enough; for smaller trees apply it according to proportion. And if you do this same thing to fertile trees, they too will become better.

Ad eas stramenta ne addideris.

Do not add straw to them.

[94] Fici uti grossos teneant, facito omnia quo modo oleae, et hoc amplius, cum ver adpetet, terram adaggerato bene. Si ita feceris, et grossi non cadent et fici scabrae non fient et multo feraciores erunt.

[94] In order that fig-trees may hold their grossi (early figs), do everything as for the olive-trees, and, in addition to this, when spring is approaching, bank the earth up well. If you do so, the grossi will not fall, and the figs will not become scabrous, and they will be much more feracious.

[95] Convolvolus in vinia ne siet. Amurcam condito, puram bene facito, in vas aheneum indito congios II. Postea igni leni coquito, rudicula agitato crebro usque adeo, dum fiat tam crassum quam mel. Postea sumito bituminis tertiarium et sulpuris quartarium.

[95] Let there not be bindweed in the vineyard. Store amurca, make it well purified,
put into a bronze vessel 2 congi. Afterwards cook over a gentle fire, stirring
frequently with a little stirrer until it becomes as thick as honey. Afterwards take
a tertiarium of bitumen and a quartarium of sulfur.

Conterito in mortario seorsum utrumque. Postea infriato quam minutissime in amurcam caldam et simul rudicula misceto et denuo coquito sub dio caelo. Nam si in tecto coquas, cum bitumen et sulpur additum est, excandescet.

Pound each of the two separately in a mortar;
afterwards rub it in as minutely as possible into warm amurca and at the same time, with a little stirring-rod, mix it, and cook it again under the open sky.
For if you cook it under a roof, when the bitumen and the sulfur have been added, it will incandesce.

Ubi erit tam crassum quam viscum, sinito frigescat. Hoc vitem circum caput et sub brachia unguito; convolvus non nascetur.

When it is as thick as birdlime, let it cool. With this anoint the vine around the head and under the arms; Convolvulus will not spring up.

[96] Oves ne scabrae fiant. Amurcam condito, puram bene facito, aquam in qua lupinus deferverit et faecem de vino bono, inter se omnia conmisceto pariter. Postea cum detonderis, unguito totas, sinito biduum aut triduum consudent.

[96] So that the sheep do not become scabby. Store amurca, make it thoroughly pure, the water in which lupin has boiled down, and the lees from good wine, mix them all together equally. Afterwards, when you have shorn them, anoint them all over; allow them to sweat for two or three days.

Deinde lavito in mari; si aquam marinam non habebis, facito aquam salsam, ea lavito. Si haec sic feceris, neque scabrae fient et lanae plus et meliorem habebunt, et ricini non erunt molesti. Eodem in omnes quadripedes utito, si scabrae erunt.

Then wash in the sea; if you will not have marine water,
make salty water, wash with that. If you do these things thus, they will not become scabby,
and the wool will both be more abundant and better, and ticks will not be troublesome. Use the same
on all quadrupeds, if they are scabby.

[97] Amurca decocta axem unguito et lora et calciamenta et coria; omnia meliora facies.

[97] With boiled amurca, grease the axle and the straps and the footwear and the hides; you will make them all better.

[98] Vestimenta ne tiniae tangant. Amurcam decoquito ad dimidium, ea unguito fundum arcae et extrinsecus et pedes et angulos. Ubi ea adaruerit, vestimenta condito.

[98] Let garments not be touched by moths. Boil down amurca to one-half; with it anoint the bottom of the chest, and also the outside, the feet, and the corners. When it has dried, store the garments.

Si ita feceris, tiniae non nocebunt. Et item ligneam supellectilem omnem si ungues, non putescet, et cum ea terseris, splendidior fiet. Item ahenea omnia unguito, sed prius extergeto bene.

If you do thus, moths will not harm.
And likewise, if you anoint all wooden furniture, it will not rot; and when you have wiped it with it, it will become more splendid.
Likewise anoint all bronze things, but first wipe them thoroughly.

Postea cum unxeris, cum uti voles, extergeto. Splendidior erit, et aerugo non erit molesta.

Afterwards, when you have anointed, when you wish to use it, wipe it off. It will be more splendid, and verdigris will not be troublesome.

[99] Fici aridae si voles uti integrae sint, in vas fictile condito. Id amurca decocta unguito.

[99] If you wish to use dried figs so that they may be whole, store them in a fictile vessel.
Anoint that with boiled-down amurca.

[100] Oleum si in metretam novam inditurus eris, amurca, ita uti est cruda, prius conluito agitatoque diu, ut bene conbibat. Id si feceris, metreta oleum non bibet, et oleum melius faciet, et ipsa metreta firmior erit.

[100] If you are about to put oil into a new metreta, with amurca, just as it is raw, first wash it and agitate it for a long time, so that it may well imbibe it. If you do this, the metreta will not drink the oil, and it will make the oil better, and the metreta itself will be more firm.

[101] Virgas murteas si voles cum bacis servare et item aliud genus quod vis, et si ramos ficulneos voles cum foliis, inter se alligato, fasciculos facito, eos in amurcam demittito, supra stet amurca facito. Sed ea quae demissurus eris sumito paulo acerbiora. Vas, quo condideris, oblinito plane.

[101] If you wish to preserve myrtle rods with berries, and likewise any other kind you like,
and if you wish fig branches with leaves, tie them together among themselves,
make little bundles, lower them into amurca, and make it so that the amurca stands above.
But take those which you will lower that are a little more acerb/unyielded.
The vessel in which you will have stored them, smear over completely.

[102] Si bovem aut aliam quamvis quadrupedem serpens momorderit, melanthi acetabulum, quod medici vocant zmurnaeum, conterito in vini veteris hemina: id per nares indito et ad ipsum morsum stercus suillum apponito. Et idem hoc, si usus evenerit, homini facito.

[102] If a serpent has bitten an ox or any other quadruped whatsoever, pound an acetabulum of melanthion (which the physicians call zmurnaeum) in a hemina of old wine: insert that through the nostrils, and apply swine-dung right to the bite itself. And do this same thing, if need should occur, for a human.

[103] Boves uti valeant et curati bene sint, et qui fastidient cibum, uti magis cupide adpetant, pabulum quod dabis amurca spargito; primo pabulum, dum consuescant, postea magis, et dato rarenter bibere conmixtam cum aqua aequabiliter. Quarto quinto quoque die hoc sic facies. Ita boves et corpore curatiores erunt, et morbus aberit.

[103] That the oxen may be in good health and well cared for, and that those who are fastidious of food may seek it more eagerly, sprinkle amurca upon the fodder you will give; at first
the fodder, while they are becoming accustomed, afterward more, and give them to drink, infrequently, the same commixed
with water evenly. On the fourth or also the fifth day do this thus. Thus the oxen
will be in better condition in body, and sickness will be absent.

[104] Vinum familiae per hiemem qui utatur. Musti Q. X in dolium indito, aceti acris Q. II eodem infundito, sapae Q. II, aquae dulcis Q. L. Haec rude misceto ter in die dies quinque continuos. Eo addito aquae marinae veteris sextarios LXIIII et operculum in dolium inponito et oblinito post dies X. Hoc vinum durabit tibi usque ad solstitium.

[104] Wine for the household to use through the winter. Put Q. 10 of must into the dolium put in, pour likewise into the same Q. 2 of sharp vinegar, Q. 2 of sapa, and of fresh water Q. 50. Mix these roughly three times a day for five continuous days. To it add 64 sextarii of old sea-water, and place a lid on the dolium and plaster it over, after 10 days. This wine will last you until the solstice.

Siquid superfuerit post solstitium, acetum acerrimum et pulcherrimum erit.

If anything shall have remained after the solstice, it will be a very sharp and very fine vinegar.

[105] Qui ager longe a mari aderit, ibi vinum Graecum sic facito. Musti Q. XX in aheneum aut plumbeum infundito, ignem subdito. Ubi bullabit vinum, ignem subducito.

[105] Where the field is far from the sea, there make Greek wine thus. Of must Q. 20 pour into a brazen or leaden vessel, put fire underneath. When the wine bubbles, withdraw the fire.

Ubi id vinum refrixerit, in dolium quadragenarium infundito. Seorsum vas aquae dulcis Q. I infundito, salis M I, sinito muriam fieri. Ubi muria facta erit, eodem in dolium infundito.

When that wine has cooled, pour it into a 40‑quadrantal cask. Separately, into a vessel pour 1 quadrantal of fresh water, and 1 modius of salt; allow brine to form. When the brine has been made, pour it into the same cask.

Schoenum et calamum in pila contundito, quod satis siet, sextarium unum eodem in dolium infundito, ut odoratum siet. Post dies XXX dolium oblinito. Ad ver diffundito in amphoras.

Pound the schoenus and calamus in a mortar, as much as shall be enough; pour one sextarius into the same cask, so that it may be perfumed. After 30 days, seal the cask. For spring, decant into amphorae.

Biennium in sole sinito positum esse. Deinde in tectum conferto. Hoc vinum deterius non erit quam Coum.

Allow it to be set in the sun for two years.
Then bring it under a roof.
This wine will not be worse than Coan.

[106] Aquae marinae concinnatio. Aquae marinae Q. I ex alto sumito, quo aqua dulcis non accedit. Sesquilibram salis frigito, eodem indito et rude misceto usque adeo, donec ovum gallinaceum coctum natabit, desinito miscere.

[106] Preparation of sea-water. Of sea-water Q. 1 take from the deep where fresh water does not reach. Crush a pound and a half of salt, put it into the same, and mix roughly until a boiled hen’s egg will float, stop mixing.

Eodem vini veteris vel Aminnii vel miscelli albi congios II infundito, misceto probe. Postea vas picatum confundito et oblinito. Siquid plus voles aquae marinae concinnare, pro portione ea omnia facito.

Likewise, pour in 2 congi of old wine, either Aminnian or white mixed, and mix thoroughly.
Afterwards seal the pitched vessel and smear it over. If you wish to concinnate more sea-water, do all these things in proportion.

[107] Quo labra doliorum circumlinas, ut bene odorata sint et nequid viti in vinum accedat. Sapae congios VI quam optimae infundito in aheneum aut in plumbeum et iris aridae contusae heminam et sertam Campanicam P. V bene odoratam una cum iri contundas quam minutissime, per cribrum cernas et una cum sapa coquas sarmentis et levi flamma. Commoveto, videto ne aduras.

[107] With which you smear around the lips of the vats, so that they be well-scented and
so that no taint come upon the wine. Pour in 6 congii of the best sapa into a
bronze or a lead vessel, and a hemina of dried iris, crushed, and a Campanian garland
P. 5, well-scented; pound it together with the iris as finely as possible, sift through a sieve,
and boil it together with the sapa with vine-cuttings and a light flame. Keep it stirred; see
that you do not scorch it.

Usque coquito, dum dimidium excoquas. Ubi refrixerit, confundito in vas picatum bene odoratum et oblinito et utito in labra doliorum.

Cook on continuously, until you boil it down by half. When it has cooled, mix it
into a pitched, well-scented vessel, and smear it over, and use it on the lips of the casks.

[108] Vinum si voles experiri duraturum sit necne, polentam grandem dimidium acetabuli in caliculum novum indito et vini sextarium de eo vino quod voles experiri eodem infundito et inponito in carbones; facito bis aut ter inferveat. Tum id percolato, polentam abicito. Vinum ponito sub dio.

[108] If you wish to test whether the wine will endure or not, put a large portion of polenta—half an acetabulum—into a new little cup, and pour in a sextarius of wine from that wine which you wish to test into the same, and set it on coals; make it boil up twice or thrice. Then strain it, throw away the polenta. Set the wine under the open sky.

Postridie mane gustato. Si id sapiet, quod in dolio est, scito duraturum; si subacidum erit, non durabit.

On the next day, taste it in the morning. If it will taste like what is in the cask, know it will last; if it is subacid, it will not last.

[109] Vinum asperum quod erit lene et suave si voles facere, sic facito. De ervo farinam facito libras IIII et vini cyathos IIII conspargito sapa. Postea facito laterculos.

[109] If you wish to make harsh wine gentle and suave, do thus.
From ervil make flour, 4 pounds, and 4 cyathi of wine; moisten it with sapa.
Afterwards make small bricks.

Sinito conbibant noctem et diem. Postea conmisceto cum eo vino in dolio et oblinito post dies LX. Id vinum erit lene et suave et bono colore et bene odoratum.

Allow them to soak for a night and a day. Afterward mix it with that wine in the cask and seal it up; after 60 days. That wine will be smooth and suave and of good color and well-scented.

[110] Odorem deteriorem demere vino. Testam de tegula crassam puram calfacito in igni bene. Ubi calebit, eam picato, resticula alligato, testam demittito in dolium infimum leniter, sinito biduum oblitum dolium.

[110] To remove a worse odor from wine. Take a thick, clean potsherd from a tile, and heat it well in the fire. When it is hot, pitch it, tie on a small rope, lower the potsherd gently to the bottom of the cask, and let the cask remain sealed over for two days.

Si demptus erit odor deterior, id optime; si non, saepius facito, usque dum odorem malum dempseris.

If the worse odor has been removed, that is best; if not, do it more often, until you have removed the bad odor.

[111] Si voles scire, in vinum aqua addita sit necne, vasculum facito de materia hederacia. Vinum id, quod putabis aquam habere, eo demittito. Si habebit aquam, vinum effluet, aqua manebit.

[111] If you wish to know whether water has been added to the wine or not, make a small vessel of ivy-wood. Pour into it the wine which you think has water in it. If it has water, the wine will flow out, the water will remain.

Nam non continet vinum vas hederaceum.

For an ivy-wood vessel does not contain wine.

[112] Vinum Coum si voles facere, aquam ex alto marinam sumito mari tranquillo, cum ventus non erit, dies LXX ante vindemiam, quo aqua dulcis non perveniet. Ubi hauseris de mari, in dolium infundito, nolito inplere, quadrantalibus quinque minus sit quam plenum. Operculum inponito, relinquito qua interspiret.

[112] If you wish to make Coan wine, take sea water from the deep
with the sea calm, when there will be no wind, 70 days before the vintage, at which time fresh water
will not reach it. When you have drawn it from the sea, pour into a dolium; do not
fill it: let it be five quadrantal less than full. Put on a lid,
leave [a place] where it may breathe.

Ubi dies XXX praeterierint, transfundito in alterum dolium puriter et leniter, relinquito in imo quod desiderit. Post dies XX in alterum dolium item transfundito; ita relinquito usque ad vindemiam. Unde vinum Coum facere voles, uvas relinquito in vinea, sinito bene coquantur, et ubi pluerit et siccaverit, tum deligito et ponito in sole biduum aut triduum sub dio, si pluviae non erunt.

When 30 days have passed, decant into another cask cleanly and gently, leave behind at the bottom what has settled. After 20 days, likewise decant into another cask; thus leave it until the vintage. When you will wish to make Coan wine from it, leave the grapes on the vine, allow them to ripen well, and when it has rained and dried off, then pick them and set them in the sun for two days or three days under the open sky, if there will be no rains.

Si pluvia erit, in tecto cratibus conponito, et siqua acina corrupta erunt, depurgato. Tum sumito aquam marinam Q. S. S. E, in dolium quinquagenarium infundito aquae marinae Q. X. Tum acina de uvis miscellis decarpito de scopione in idem dolium, usque dum inpleveris. Manu conprimito acina, ut conbibant aquam marinam.

If there will be rain, set them under a roof on hurdles, and if any berries will be corrupt, cleanse them away. Then take sea water, Q. S. S. E. (as much as shall suffice), into a fifty-quadrantal cask pour 10 quadranta of sea water. Then pluck berries from mixed grapes from the cluster into the same cask, until you have filled it. Compress the berries by hand, so that they may imbibe the sea water.

Ubi inpleveris dolium, operculo operito, relinquito qua interspiret. Ubi triduum praeterierit, eximito de dolio et calcato in torculario et id vinum condito in dolia lauta et pura et sicca.

When you have filled the cask, cover it with a lid, leaving a place where it may breathe. When three days have passed, take it out from the cask and tread it in the press, and store that wine in casks washed, clean, and dry.

[113] Ut odoratum bene sit, sic facito. Sumito testam picatam, eo prunam lenem indito, suffito serta et schoeno et palma, quam habent unguentarii, ponito in dolio et operito, ne odor exeat, antequam vinum indas. Hoc facito pridie quam vinum infundere voles.

[113] So that it may be well odorous, do thus. Take a pitched potsherd, into it put gentle embers, fumigate with garlands and with schoenus and with palm, which the perfumers have, set it in the cask and cover it, lest the odor go out, before you put in the wine it. Do this the day before you wish to pour in the wine.

De lacu quam primum vinum in dolia indito, sinito dies XV operta, antequam oblinas, relinquito qua interspiret, postea oblinito. Post dies XL diffundito in amphoras et addito in singulas amphoras sapae sextarium unum. Amphoras nolito inplere nimium, ansarum infimarum fini, et amphoras in sole ponito, ubi herba non siet, et amphoras operito, ne aqua accedat, et ne plus quadriennium in sole siveris.

From the vat as soon as possible
put the wine into dolia; let it be covered for 15 days; before you daub it over, leave a place
where it may breathe; afterward daub it over. After 40 days pour off into amphoras and
add into each amphora one sextarius of sapa. Do not fill the amphoras
too much, up to the limit of the lowest handles; and place the amphoras in the sun, where grass is not,
and cover the amphoras, so that water does not come near, and do not allow more than four years in
the sun.

Post quadriennium in cuneum conponito et instipato.

After four years, compose into a wedge and pack tight.

[114] Vinum si voles concinnare, ut alvum bonam faciat, secundum vindemiam, ubi vites ablaqueantur, quantum putabis ei rei satis esse vini, tot vites ablaqueato et signato. Earum radices circumsecato et purgato. Veratri atri radices contundito in pila, eas radices dato circum vitem et stercus vetus et cinerem veterem et duas partes terrae circumdato radices vitis.

[114] If you wish to prepare wine so that it makes the bowels good, after the
vintage, when the vines are ablaqueated, as much wine as you judge enough for that matter,
so many vines ablaqueate and mark. Cut around and cleanse their roots. Pound the roots of black hellebore in a mortar, put those roots around the vine,
and old dung and old cinders, and two parts of earth put around the roots
of the vine.

Terram insuper inicito. Hoc vinum seorsum legito. Si voles servare in vetustatem ad alvum movendam, servato, ne conmisceas cum etero vino.

Cast earth on top as well. Select this wine separately. If you wish to keep it
into old age for moving the bowels, keep it; do not commix it with other wine.

De eo vino cyathum sumito et misceto aqua et bibito ante cenam. Sine periculo alvum movebit.

From that wine take a cyathus and mix it with water and drink it before dinner.
It will move the bowels without danger.

[115] In vinum mustum veratri atri manipulum coicito in amphoram. Ubi satis efferverit, de vino manipulum eicito. Id vinum servato ad alvum movendam.

[115] Into new wine cast a handful of black hellebore into an amphora. When it has effervesced enough, cast out the handful from the wine. Keep that wine for the bowels
to be moved.

Vinum ad alvum movendam concinnare. Vites cum ablaqueabuntur, signato rubrica, ne admisceas cum cetero vino. Tris fasciculos veratri atri circumponito circum radices et terram insuper inicito.

To prepare wine for moving the bowels. When the vines are ablaqueated, mark it with red ocher, so that you do not admix it with the rest of the wine.
Place three bundles of black hellebore around the roots and cast earth on top.

Per vindemiam de iis vitibus quod delegeris, seorsum servato, cyathum in ceteram potionem indito. Alvum movebit et postridie pepurgabit sine periculo.

During the vintage, from those vines whatever you have selected, keep apart; put a cyath into the remaining potion. It will move the bowels and on the next day will purge clean without danger.

[116] Lentim quo modo servare oporteat. Laserpicium aceto diluito, permisceto lentim aceto laserpiciato et ponito in sole. Postea lentim oleo perfricato, sinito arescat.

[116] How one ought to preserve lentil. Dilute laserpicium with vinegar, mix the lentil with laserpicium-vinegar and set it in the sun. Afterward rub the lentil thoroughly with oil, allow it to dry.

Ita integra servabitur recte.

Thus it will be preserved intact, properly.

[117] Oleae albae quo modo condiantur. Antequam nigrae fiant, contundantur et in aquam deiciantur. Crebro aquam mutet.

[117] White olives, how they should be pickled. Before they become black,
let them be bruised and thrown into water. Change the water frequently.

Deinde, ubi satis maceratae erunt, exprimat et in acetum coiciat et oleum addat, salis selibram in modium olearum. Feniculum et lentiscum seorsum condat in acetum. Si una admiscere voles, cito utito.

Then, when they will have been macerated enough, let him press them out and cast them into vinegar and add oil, a half‑pound of salt per modius of olives. Fennel and mastic let him season separately in vinegar. If you wish to mix them together, use quickly.

In orculam calcato. Manibus siccis, cum uti voles, sumito.

Pack them down into a little jar. With dry hands, when
you wish to use them, take them.

[118] Oleam albam, quam secundum vindemiam uti voles, sic condito. Musti tantumdem addito, quantum aceti. Cetera item condito ita, uti supra scriptum est.

[118] Preserve the white olive, which you will wish to use after the vintage, thus. Add as much must as vinegar. Preserve the rest likewise in the manner written above.

[119] Epityrum album nigrum variumque sic facito. Ex oleis albis nigris variisque nucleos eicito. Sic condito.

[119] Make epityrum, white, black, and mixed, thus. From white, black, and mixed olives, eject the kernels. Pickle it thus.

Concidito ipsas, addito oleum, acetum coriandrum, cuminum feniculum rutam, mentam. In orcuam condito, oleum supra siet. Ita utito.

Chop them up; add oil,
vinegar, coriander, cumin, fennel, rue, mint. Put it away in a jar,
let oil be on top. Use it thus.

[120] Mustum si voles totum annum habere, in amphoram mustum indito et corticem oppicato, demittito in piscinam. Post dies XXX eximito. Totum annum mustum erit.

[120] If you wish to have must for the whole year, put must into an amphora and pitch the cork, lower it into the fishpond. After 30 days take it out. It will be must for the whole year.

[121] Mustaceos sic facito. Farinae siligneae modium unum musto conspargito. Anesum, cuminum, adipis P. II, casei libram, et de virga lauri deradito, eodem addito, et ubi definxeris, lauri folia subtus addito, cum coques.

[121] Make must-cakes thus. Of fine wheat flour one modius, moisten with must. Add anise, cumin, 2 pounds of lard, a pound of cheese, and scrape from a laurel rod; add this likewise, and when you have shaped them, put laurel leaves beneath when you cook them.

[122] Vinum concinnare, si lotium difficilius transibit. Capreidam vel iunipirum contundito in pila, libram indito, in duobus congiis vini veteris in vase aheneo vel in plumbeo defervefacito. Ubi refrixerit, in lagonam indito.

[122] To set the wine in order, if urine will pass more difficultly. Pound capreida
or juniper in a mortar, put in a pound; in two congii of old wine, in a bronze or in a leaden vessel, boil it down. When it has cooled, put it into a flagon.

Id mane ieiunus sumito cyathum; proderit.

In the morning, fasting, take a cyathus; it will be beneficial.

[123] Vinum ad isc[h]iacos sic facito. De iunipiro materiem semipedem crassam concidito minutim. Eam infervefacito cum congio vini veteris.

[123] Make wine for ischiac sufferers thus. From the juniper, cut timber a half-foot thick into small pieces. Boil it up with a congius of old wine.

Ubi refrixerit, in lagonam confundito et postea id utito cyathum mane ieiunus; proderit.

When it has cooled, pour it into a flagon and thereafter use it—a cupful in the morning fasting; it will be beneficial.

[124] Canes interdiu clausos esse oportet, ut noctu acriores et vigilantiores sint.

[124] Dogs ought to be confined during the day, so that at night they may be keener and more vigilant.

[125] Vinum murteum sic facito. Murtam nigram arfacito in umbra. Ubi iam passa erit, servato ad vindemiam, in urnam musti contundito murtae semodium, id oblinito.

[125] Make myrtle wine thus. Thoroughly dry black myrtle in the shade. When it is now dried, keep it until the vintage; into an urn of must pound a half-modius of myrtle, seal it up.

Id est ad alvum crudam et ad lateris dolorem et ad coeliacum.

That is, for a raw belly and for pain of the side and for the coeliac complaint.

[126] Ad tormina, et si alvus non consistet, et si taeniae et lumbrici molesti erunt. XXX mala Punica acerba sumito, contundito, indito in urceum et vini nigri austeri congios III. Vas oblinito.

[126] For gripings, and if the belly does not stay firm, and if tapeworms and
roundworms will be troublesome. Take 30 tart pomegranates, pound them, put them
into a pitcher, and add 3 congii of black austere wine. Seal the vessel.

Post dies XXX aperito et utito; ieiunus heminam bibito.

After 30 days open and use; when fasting, drink a hemina.

[127] Ad dyspepsiam et stranguriam mederi. Malum Punicum ubi florebit, conligito, tris minas in amphoram infundito, vini Q. I veteris addito et feniculi radicem puram contusam minam. Oblinito amphoram et post dies XXX aperito et utito.

[127] To remedy dyspepsia and strangury. When the pomegranate blooms, gather it; pour three minae into an amphora; add 1 quartarius of old wine and 1 mina of clean pounded fennel root. Seal the amphora, and after 30 days open it and use it.

Ubi voles cibum concoquere et lotium facere, hinc bibito quantum voles sine periculo. Idem vinum taenias perpurgat et lumbricos, si sic concinnes. Incenatum iubeto esse.

Whenever you wish to concoct food and to make urine,
drink from this as much as you wish without peril. The same wine thoroughly purges taenias and
lumbrics, if you prepare it thus. Bid him be without supper.

Postridie turis drachmam unam conterito et mel coctum drachmam unam et vini sextarium origaniti. Dato ieiuno, et puero pro aetate triobolum et vini hemina. Supra pilam inscendat et saliat decies et deambulet.

On the next day, grind one drachma of frankincense
and one drachma of boiled honey, and add a sextarius of origanum-wine. Give to him fasting; and to a boy, in proportion to age, a triobolus and a hemina of wine. Let him mount upon a ball and jump ten times and walk about.

[128] Habitationem delutare. Terram quam maxime cretosam vel rubricosam, eo amurcam infundito, paleas indito. Sinito quadriduum fracescat.

[128] To plaster the dwelling. Take earth as chalky as possible or red‑ochreous, into it pour amurca (olive lees), put in straw. Allow it to ferment for four days.

Ubi bene fracuerit, rutro concidito. Ubi concideris, delutato. Ita neque aspergo nocebit, neque mures cava facient, neque herba nascetur, neque lutamenta scindent se.

When it has well fermented, cut it up with a spade. When you have cut it, plaster it. Thus neither
sprinkling will harm, nor will mice make hollows, nor will grass spring up, nor will the luting split itself.

[129] Aream, ubi frumentum teratur, sic facito. Confodiatur minute terra, amurca bene conspargatur et conbibat quam plurimum. Conminuito terram et cylindro aut pavicula coaequato.

[129] The threshing-floor, where the grain is to be threshed, make thus. Let the earth be finely dug, let it be well sprinkled with amurca and let it drink in as much as possible. Break the earth up and with a cylinder (roller) or a small rammer level it.

Ubi coaequata erit, neque formicae molestae erunt, et cum pluerit, lutum non erit.

When it has been leveled, neither will ants be troublesome, and when it has rained, there will be no mud.

[130] Codicillos oleagineos et cetera ligna amurca cruda perspargito et in sole ponito, perbibant bene. Ita neque fumosa erunt et ardebunt bene.

[130] Thoroughly sprinkle olive-wood kindling-sticks and the other woods with raw amurca, and set them in the sun; let them drink it in well. Thus they will not be smoky, and they will burn well.

[131] Piro florente dapem pro bubus facito. Postea verno arare incipito. Ea loca primum arato, quae rudecta harenosaque erunt.

[131] When the pear tree is flowering, make a feast for the oxen. Afterward, in the vernal season begin to plow.
Plow first those places which will be newly-broken and sandy.

Postea uti quaeque gravissima et aquosissima erunt, ita postremo arato.

Afterwards as whichever will be the heaviest and most watery, so plow them last.

[132] Dapem hoc modo fieri oportet. Iovi dapali culignam vini quantam vis polluceto. Eo die feriae bubus et bubulcis et qui dapem facient.

[132] The banquet ought to be made in this way. To Jupiter Dapalis a culigna of wine
as much as you wish, you shall present. On that day there is a holiday for the oxen and the oxherds and for those who will make the banquet.

Cum pollucere oportebit, sic facies: "Iuppiter dapalis, quod tibi fieri oportet in domo familia mea culignam vini dapi, eius rei ergo macte hac illace dape polluenda esto." Manus interluito postea vinum sumito: "Iuppiter dapalis, macte istace dape polluenda esto, macte vino inferio esto." Vestae, si voles, dato. Daps Iovi assaria pecuina urna vini. Iovi caste profanato sua contagione.

When it will be proper to present the offering, you will do thus: "Jupiter of the Banquet, that which ought to be done for you in the house, in my family, a culigna of wine for the feast, for the sake of that matter be honored by this here offering to be presented."
Wash your hands in between; afterwards take the wine: "Jupiter of the Banquet, be honored by that there offering to be presented, be honored by the libation-wine." To Vesta, if you wish, give. The feast for Jupiter: roasted sheep-meat, an urn of wine. For Jupiter, purely—unprofaned by any contamination of your own.

Postea dape facta serito milium, panicum, alium, lentim.

Afterwards, once the feast has been made, sow millet, panic-grass, garlic, and lentil.

[133] Propagatio pomorum ceterarumque arborum. Arboribus abs terra pulli qui nati erunt, eos in terram deprimito, extollito, uti radicem capere possint. Inde, ubi tempus erit, effodito seritoque recte.

[133] Propagation of fruit-trees and of other trees. For trees, the suckers that will have sprung from the ground, press those down into the earth, and raise them up, so that they may be able to take root. Then, when the time comes, dig them up and plant them properly.

Ficum, oleam, malum Punicum, mala strutea, cotonea aliaque mala omnia, laurum Cypriam, Delphicam, prunum, murtum coniugulum et murtum album et nigrum, nuces Abellanas, Praenestinas, platanum haec omnia genera a capitibus propagari eximique ad hunc modum oportebit. Quae diligentius seri voles, in calicibus seri oportet. In arboribus radices uti capiant, calicem pertusum sumito tibi aut quasillum; per eum ramulum trasserito; eum quasillum terra inpleto caecatoque, in arbore relinquito.

Fig,
olive, the Punic apple (pomegranate), strutean apples, quinces and all other apples, the laurel
Cyprian, Delphic, the plum, the bridal myrtle and the myrtle, white and black,
Avellan nuts, Praenestine, the plane-tree—these all kinds ought to be propagated from the tips
and then taken off in this manner. Those which you will wish to plant more carefully, it ought to be done in cups
(pots). On trees, in order that they may take roots, take for yourself a pierced cup
or a little basket; pass a little twig through it; fill that little basket with earth,
stop it up, and leave it on the tree.

Ubi bimum erit, ramum tenerum infra praecidito, cum quasillo serito. Eo modo quod vis genus arborum facere poteris uti radices bene habeant. Item vitem in quasillum propagato terraque bene operito, anno post praecidito, cum qualo serito.

When it is two years old, cut below a tender branch,
plant it with the little basket. In that way you will be able to make whatever kind of trees you wish, so that they may have good roots.
Likewise, propagate the vine into a little basket and cover it well with earth,
after a year cut it off, plant it with the basket.

[134] Priusquam messim facies, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet. Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina, priusquam hasce fruges condas, far, triticum, hordeum, fabam, semen rapicium. Ture vino Iano Iovi Iunoni praefato, priusquam porcum feminam immolabis.

[134] Before you make the harvest, the preliminary sow ought to be done in this way.
To Ceres, the preliminary sow—a female pig—before you store these crops: spelt, wheat, barley, bean, turnip seed.
With incense and wine, having first invoked Janus, Jove, and Juno, you shall immolate the female pig.

Iano struem [c]ommoveto sic: "Iane pater, te hac strue [c]ommovenda bonas preces precor, uti sies volens propitius mihi liberisque meis domo familiaeque meae". Fertum Iovi [c]ommoveto et mactato sic: "Iuppiter, te hoc ferto obmovendo bonas preces precor uti sies volens propitius mihi liberisque meis domo familiaeque meaemactus hoc ferto". Postea Iano vinum dato sic: "Iane pater, uti te strue [c]ommovenda bonas preces bene precatus sum, eiusdem rei ergo macte vino inferio esto." Postea porcam praecidaneam inmolato. Ubi exta prosecta erunt, Iano struem ommoveto mactatoque item, uti prius obmoveris. Iovi fertum obmoveto mactatoque item, uti prius feceris.

Move the strue to Janus
thus: "Father Janus, with this strue being moved I pray good prayers, that you may be
willing and propitious to me and my children, to my house and my household." Move the fertum to Jupiter
and sacrifice it thus: "Jupiter, by moving this fertum toward you I pray good prayers
that you may be willing and propitious to me and my children, to my house and my household,
honored by this fertum." Afterwards give wine to Janus thus: "Father Janus, as with the
strue being moved I have well prayed good prayers to you, for the sake of the same thing be honored
with inferior wine." Afterwards sacrifice the porca praecidanea. When the entrails have been cut out,
move the strue to Janus and sacrifice likewise, as you moved it before. To Jupiter
move the fertum toward and sacrifice likewise, as you have done before.

Item Iano vinum dato et Iovi vinum dato, item uti prius datum ob struem obmovendam et fertum libandum. Postea Cereri exta et vinum dato.

Likewise give wine to Janus
and give wine to Jupiter, likewise as previously given for the strues to be moved and the fertum
to be libated. Afterwards give to Ceres the entrails and wine.

[135] Romae tunicas, togas, saga, centones, sculponeas; Calibus et Minturnis cuculliones, ferramenta, falces, palas, ligones, secures, ornamenta, murices, catellas; Venafri palas. Suessae et in Lucanis plostra, treblae Albae, Romae dolia, labra; tegulae ex Venafro. Aratra in terram validam Romanica bona erunt; in terram pullam Campanica; iuga Romanica optima erunt; vomeris indutilis optimus erit.

[135] At Rome: tunics, togas, cloaks (saga), patchwork coverlets (centones), wooden clogs (sculponeae); at Cales and Minturnae: hooded cloaks (cuculliones), iron tools (ferramenta), sickles, spades, mattocks, axes, fittings, caltrops (murices), little chains (catellae); at Venafrum: spades. At Suessa and in Lucania: wagons (plostra),
Trebula,
at Alba and at Rome: storage-jars (dolia), basins (labra); roof-tiles from Venafrum. Plows for strong soil: the Roman type will be good; for dark soil: the Campanian; Roman yokes will be best;
a plowshare with a collar (vomer indutilis) will be best.

Trapeti Pompeis, Nolae ad Rufri maceriam; claves, clostra Romae; hamae oleariae, urcei aquarii, urnae vinariae, alia vasa ahenea Capuae, Nolae; fiscinae Campanicae Capuae utiles sunt. Funes subductarios, spartum omne Capuae; fiscinas Romanicas Suessae, Casino+ *** optimae erunt Romae.

Trapeta at Pompeii, at Nola by the wall of Rufrius; keys, bolts at Rome; olive buckets, water urcei, wine urns, other bronze vessels at Capua, at Nola; Campanian fiscinae at Capua are useful. Ropes for hauling, all esparto at Capua; Roman-type fiscinae at Suessa, at Casinum+ *** will be best at Rome.

Funem torculum siquis faciet, Casini L. Tunnius, Venafri C. Mennius L. f. Eo indere oportet coria bona III nostratia, recentia quae depsta sient, quam minimum sallis habeant. Ea depsere et unguere unguine prius oportet, tum siccare. Funem exordiri oportet longum P. LXXII.

If anyone makes a rope for the press, at Casinum L. Tunnius, at Venafrum
C. Mennius, son of L. Into it one ought to put 3 good domestic hides, fresh, which
have been trodden/kneaded, and have as little salt as possible. Those one ought first to knead and anoint with unguent,
then to dry. One ought to begin the rope long, 72 feet.

Toros III habeat, lora in toros singulos VIIII lata digitos II. Cum tortus erit, longus P. XLVIIII. In conmissura abibit P. III, rel. erit P. XLVI.

Strands
let it have 3, thongs into each single strand 9, two fingers broad. When it has been twisted,
it will be 49 ft. long. At the splice it will lose 3 ft., the remainder will be 46 ft.

Ubi extentus erit, accedent P. V: longus erit P. LI. Funem torculum extentum longum esse oportet P. LV maximis vasis, minoribus P. LI. Funem loreum in plostrum iustum P. LX, semifunium P. XLV, lora retinacula in plostrum P. XXXVI, ad aratrum P. XXVI, lora praeductoria P. XXVII S, subiugia in plostrum lora P. XIX, funiculum P. XV, in aratrum subiugia lora P. XII, funiculum P. IIX.

When
it has been stretched out, 5 feet will be added: it will be 51 feet long. The press-rope, stretched out,
ought to be 55 feet long for the largest vats, for smaller 51. A leather rope
for a standard wagon 60 feet, a half-rope 45, retaining-straps for the wagon
36, for the plough 26, leading-straps 27.5, yoke-straps for the wagon
19, a small cord 15, for the plough yoke-straps 12,
a small cord 8.

Trapetos latos maximos P. IIII S, orbis altos P. III S, orbis medios, ex lapicaedinis cum eximet, crassos pedem et palmum, inter miliarium et labrum P. I digitos II, labra crassa digitos V. Secundarium trapetum latum P. IIII et palmum, inter miliarium et labrum pes unus digitus unus, labra crassa digitos V, orbis altos P. III et digitos V, crassos P. I et digitos III. Foramen in orbis semipedem quoquo versum facito. Tertium trapetum latum P. IIII, inter miliarium et labrum P. I, labrum digitos V, orbis altos P. III digitos III, crassos P. I et digitos II. Trapetum ubi arvectum erit, ubi statues, ibi accommodato concinnatoque.

The trapeta, broad, the largest, 4 1/2 feet; the disks tall, 3 1/2 feet; the middle-sized disks, when he takes them out of the stone-quarry, thick 1 foot and 1 palm; between the miliarium and the labrum 1 foot 2 digits; the labra thick 5 digits. The secondary trapetum broad, 4 feet and 1 palm; between the miliarium and the labrum 1 foot 1 digit; the labra thick 5 digits; the disks tall 3 feet and 5 digits, thick 1 foot and 3 digits. Make the foramen in the disks a half-foot every way. The third trapetum broad, 4 feet; between the miliarium and the labrum 1 foot; the labrum 5 digits; the disks tall 3 feet 3 digits, thick 1 foot and 2 digits. When the trapetum has been conveyed, where you will set it up, there fit and concinnate it.

[136] Politionem quo pacto partiario dari oporteat. In agro Casinate et Venafro in loco bono parti octava corbi divicat, satis bono septima, tertio loco sexta; si granum modio dividet, parti quinta. In Venafro ager optimum nona parti corbi dividat.

[136] How the polition ought to be given to the share-partner. In the field
of Casinum and Venafrum, in a good place, let him divide to the partner an eighth by the basket; in a fairly good one
a seventh, in the third rank a sixth; if he divides the grain by the modius, to the partner a fifth. In Venafrum
for the very best field let him divide to the partner by the basket a ninth.

Si communiter pisunt, qua ex parte politori pars est, eam partem in pistrinum politor. Hordeum quinta modio, fabam quinta modio dividat.

If they grind in common, in whatever part the polisher has a share, let the polisher take that part into the bakehouse. Barley, let him divide at one-fifth per modius, beans, let him divide at one-fifth per modius.

[137] Vineam curandam partiario. Bene curet fundum, arbustum, agrum frumentarium. Partiario faenum et pabulum, quod bubus satis siet, qui illic sient.

[137] The vineyard is to be tended on a share (partiary) basis. Let him take good care of the estate (fundus), the arbustum (tree-plantation), the frumentary field. To the share-tenant, hay and fodder enough for the oxen who are there.

Cetera omnia pro indiviso.

All the rest in undivided common holding.

[138] Boves feriis coniungere licet. Haec licet facere: arvehant ligna, fabalia, frumentum, quod conditurus erit. Mulis, equis, asinis feriae nullae, nisi si in familia sunt.

[138] It is permitted to yoke oxen on holidays. These things it is permitted to do: let them haul in
wood, pulses, grain, which he is about to store. For mules, horses, and donkeys there are no holidays,
unless indeed they are in the household.

[139] Lucum conlucare Romano more sic oportet: porco piaculo facito, sic verba concipito: "Si deus, si dea es, quoiium illud sacrum est, uti tibi ius est porco piaculo facere illiusce sacri coercendi ergo harumque rerum ergo, sive ego sive quis iussu meo fecerit, uti id recte factum siet, eius rei ergo hoc porco piaculo immolando bonas preces precor, uti sies volens propitius mihi domo familiaeque meae liberisque meis: harumce rerum ergo macte hoc porco piaculo immolando esto".

[139] It is proper thus, in the Roman manner, to clear a grove by thinning: with a piacular pig make the offering; thus conceive the words: "If you are a god, if you are a goddess, to whom that sacred thing belongs, that it be right for you that a piacular sacrifice with a pig be made for the sake of restraining that very sacred thing and for the sake of these matters, whether I or someone by my order should do it, that it be rightly done, for the sake of that matter, by sacrificing this pig as a piacular offering I pray good prayers, that you be willing and propitious to me, to my house and my family and my children: for the sake of these matters be honored by the sacrificing of this piacular pig."

[140] Si fodere voles, altero piaculo eodem modo facito, hoc amplius dicito: "Operis faciundi causa". Dum opus, cotidie per partes facito. Si intermiseris aut feriae publicae aut familiares intercesserint, altero piaculo facito.

[140] If you wish to dig, perform a second piacular offering in the same manner; say this
in addition: "For the sake of the work to be done." While the work is ongoing, do it daily by parts.
If you interrupt it, or if public or family holy-days have intervened, perform a second
piacular offering.

[141] Agrum lustrare sic oportet. Impera suovitaurilia circumagi: "Cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat, mando tibi, Mani, uti illace suovitaurilia fundum agrum terramque meam quota ex parte sive circumagi sive circumferenda censeas, uti cures lustrare." Ianum Iovemque vino praefamino, sic dicito:

[141] It is proper to lustrate the field thus. Command that the suovitaurilia be led around:
"With the gods willing, and whatever may turn out well, I command you, Manius, that those suovitaurilia, of my farm, field, and land, in whatever part, whether you judge they should be driven around or carried around, that you take care to perform the lustration." Preface Janus and Jupiter with wine,
say thus:

" Mars pater te precor quaesoque
uti sies volens propitius
mihi domo familiaeque nostrae;
quoius rei ergo
agrum terram fundumque meum
suovitaurilia circum agi iussi:
uti tu morbos visos invisosque
viduertatem vastitudinemque,
calamitates intemperiasque
prohibessis defendas averruncesque;
uti tu fruges frumenta vineta virgultaque
grandire dueneque evenire siris,
pastores pecuaque salva servassis;
duisque duonam salutem valetudinemque
mihi domo familiaeque nostrae:
harunce rerum ergo
fundi terrae agrique mei
lustrandi lustrique faciundi ergo,
sic ut dixi,
macte hisce suovitaurilibus
lactentibus immolandis esto:
Mars pater,
eiusdem rei ergo
macte hisce suovitaurilibus
lactentibus immolandis esto."

" Father Mars, I pray and beseech you
that you be willing and propitious
to me, to my house and to our family;
for which matter therefore
I have ordered the suovetaurilia to be led around
my field, land, and farm:
that you diseases seen and unseen,
barrenness and devastation,
calamities and intemperate weather,
would prohibit, defend against, and avert;
that you allow crops, grain, vineyards, and shrubbery
to grow and to turn out well,
that you keep safe shepherds and livestock;
and that you give good health and soundness
to me, to my house and to our family:
for the sake of these things,
for the lustrating of my farm, land, and field,
and for the making of lustration,
thus as I have said,
be honored by these suovetaurilia,
sucklings to be immolated:
Father Mars,
for this same matter
be honored by these suovetaurilia,
sucklings to be immolated."

Item cultro facito struem et fertum uti adsiet, inde obmoveto. Ubi porcum inmolabis, agnum vitulumque, sic oportet:

Likewise see to it that the knife, the strue and the fertum are at hand, then bring them forward. When you immolate the pig, the lamb, and the calf, thus it ought to be done:

"eiusdem rei ergo
macte hisce suovitaurilibus
immolandis esto."

"for this same purpose
be honored by these suovitaurilia
being immolated."

Nominare vetat Martem neque agnum vitulumque. Si minus in omnis litabit, sic verba concipito:

He forbids naming Mars, neither the lamb nor the calf. If not
he will sacrifice to all; thus conceive the words:

"Mars pater, quod tibi illoc porco neque satisfactum est, te hoc porco piaculo".

"Father Mars, since satisfaction was not rendered to you with that pig,
to you with this pig as a piacular offering."

[142] Vilici officia quae sunt, quae dominus praecepit, ea omnia quae in fundo fieri oportet quaeque emi pararique oportet, quo modoque cibaria, vestimenta familiae dari oportet, eadem uti curet faciatque moneo dominoque dicto audiens sit. Hoc amplius, quo modo vilicam uti oportet et quo modo eae imperari oportet, uti adventu domini quae opus sunt parentur curenturque diligenter.

[142] The duties of the bailiff are these: whatever the master has prescribed—all the things that ought to be done on the farm and the things that ought to be bought and prepared—and in what manner victuals and garments ought to be given to the household, let him likewise take care to do the same, I advise, and let him be obedient to the master’s word. Moreover, in what way it is proper to employ the farm-mistress (vilica), and in what way she ought to be commanded, so that at the master’s arrival the things that are needed may be made ready and carefully attended to.

[143] Vilicae quae sunt officia curato faciat; si eam tibi dederit dominus uxorem, esto contentus; ea te metuat facito; ne nimium luxuriosa siet; vicinas aliasque mulieres quam minimum utatur neve domum neve ad sese recipiat; ad coenam ne quo eat neve ambulatrix siet; rem divinam ni faciat neve mandet qui pro ea faciat iniussu domini aut dominae: scito dominum pro tota familia rem divinam facere. Munda siet: villam conversam mundeque habeat; focum purum circumversum cotidie, priusquam cubitum eat, habeat. Kal., Idibus, Nonis, festus dies cum erit, coronam in focum indat, per eosdemque dies lari familiari pro copia supplicet.

[143] See to it that she perform the duties which belong to a vilica; if the master has given her to you as a wife, be content; make it so that she fear you; let her not be too luxurious; let her have as little intercourse as possible with neighbor-women and other women, and let her neither admit them into the house nor receive them to herself; let her not go anywhere out to dinner nor be a gadabout; let her not perform a religious rite, nor commission someone to perform it for her, without the order of the master or mistress: know that the master performs the religious rite on behalf of the whole household. Let her be clean: let her keep the villa swept and neat; let her have the hearth pure and swept-around daily, before she goes to bed. On the Kalends, the Ides, the Nones, when it is a feast day, let her place a garland upon the hearth, and on those same days let her supplicate the household Lar according to her means.

Cibum tibi et familiae curet uti coctum habeat. Gallinas multas et ova uti habeat. Pira arida, sorba, ficos, uvas passas, sorba in sapa et piras et uvas in doliis et mala struthea, uvas in vinaciis et in urceis in terra obrutas et nuces Praenestinas recentes in urceo in terra obrutas habeat.

Let her take care that you and the household have food cooked. Let her have many hens and eggs. Dried pears, sorb-apples (service-berries), figs, raisins; sorb-apples in sapa, and pears and grapes in jars; and struthean apples; grapes in the grape-marc, and in pitchers buried in the earth; and fresh Praenestine nuts in a pitcher buried in the earth let her have.

Mala Scantiana in doliis et alia quae condi solent et silvatica, haec omnia quotannis diligenter uti condita habeat. Farinam bonam et far suptile sciat facere.

Scantian apples in casks and other things that are wont to be preserved, and wild fruits—let her have all these every year, diligently kept as preserves. Let her know how to make good farina and fine far (spelt).

[144] Oleam legendam hoc modo locare oportet. Oleam cogito recte omnem arbitratu domini, aut quem custodem fecerit, aut cui olea venierit. Oleam ne stringito neve verberato iniussu domini aut custodis.

[144] It is proper to contract out the picking of olives in this way. I reckon it right that the whole olive crop be gathered at the discretion of the master, or of whomever he has made custodian, or to whom the olive crop shall have been sold. Do not strip or beat the olive trees without the order of the master or the custodian.

Si adversus ea quis fecerit, quod ipse eo die delegerit, pro eo nemo solvet neque debebitur. Qui oleam legerint, omnes iuranto ad dominum aut ad custodem sese oleam non subripuisse neque quemquam suo dolo malo ea oletate ex fundo L. Manli. Qui eorum non ita iuraverit, quod is legerit omne, pro eo argentum nemo dabit neque debebitur.

If anyone shall have acted contrary to these, whatever he himself has picked on that day, for that no one will pay nor will it be owed. Those who shall have gathered the olive, all shall swear to the master or to the custodian that they have not stolen the olive,
nor that anyone, by his own malicious fraud, has stolen any of that olive-harvest from the estate of L. Manlius. He of them who shall not have so sworn—whatever he has gathered, all of it—for that silver no one will give nor will it be owed.

Oeam cogi recte satis dato arbitratu L. Manli. Scalae ita uti datae erunt, ita reddito, nisi quae vetustate fractae erunt. Si non erunt redditae, aequom viri boni arbitratu deducetur.

Let the olive-crop be gathered rightly, with surety given, at the arbitration of L. Manlius.
Ladders, just as they will have been given, so return them, unless any shall have been broken by age.
If they shall not have been returned, an equitable amount will be deducted at the arbitration of a good man.

Siquid redemptoris opera domino damni datum erit, resolvito; id viri boni arbitratu deducetur. Legulos, quot opus erit, praebeto et strictores. Si non praebuerit, quanti conductum erit aut locatum erit, deducetur; tanto minus debebitur.

If any damage shall have been given to the owner by the contractor’s work, let it be made good; that shall be deducted by the arbitration of a good man. Provide as many pickers and strippers as will be needed. If he shall not have provided them, the amount for which they will have been hired or let shall be deducted; by so much less will be owed.

De fundo ligna et oleam ne deportato. Qui oleam legerit, qui deportarit, in singulas deportationes SS. N. II deducentur neque id debebitur. Omnem oleam puram metietur modio oleario.

From the estate
do not transport wood and olives. Whoever shall have gathered olives, whoever shall have carried them off, for each
transport SS. N. 2 will be deducted and that will not be owed. All clean olives
he shall measure with the oil modius.

Adsiduos homines L praebeto, duas partes strictorum praebeto. Nequis concedat, quo olea legunda et faciunda carius locetur, extra quam siquem socium inpraesentiarum dixerit. Siquis adversum ea fecerit, si dominus aut custos volent, iurent omnes socii.

Provide 50 assiduous men, provide two parts of strippers.
Let no one permit that, whereby the olives to be gathered and to be processed are let out at a higher price,
except if he has named someone as a partner for the present.
If anyone shall have acted against these, if the master or the custodian wish, let all the associates swear.

Si non ita iuraverint, pro ea olea legunda et faciunda nemo dabit neque debebitur ei qui non iuraverit. Accessiones: in M xx CC accedit oleae salsae M V, olei puri P. VIIII, in tota oletate aceti Q. V. Quod oleae salsae non acceperint, dum oleam legent, in modios singulos SS. V dabuntur.

If they shall not have sworn thus, for that olive-picking and -making no one will give payment, nor will it be owed to him who has not sworn. Accessions: in 1,220 there is added of salted olives 1,005, of pure oil P. 9, in the whole oil‑making, of vinegar Q. 5. What of salted olives they shall not have received, while they are picking the olive, for each modius 5 asses will be given.

[145] Oleam faciundam hac lege oportet locare. Facito recte arbitratu domini aut custodis, qui id negotium curabit. Si sex iugis vasis opus erit, facito.

[145] The processing of the olives ought to be let out under this law. Do it rightly,
by the arbitrament of the master or the custodian who will take care of that business. If there will be need of six yoked vessels,
do it.

Homines eos dato, qui placebunt aut custodi aut quis eam oleam emerit. Si opus erit trapetis facito. Si operarii conducti erunt aut facienda locata erit, pro eo resolvito, aut deducetur.

Provide those men who will be pleasing either to the custodian or to whoever shall have bought that olive-crop.
If there is need of trapeta (olive-crushers), see to it that they are provided.
If laborers shall have been hired or the doing shall have been contracted out, pay for that accordingly, or it will be deducted.

Oleum ne tangito utendi causa neque furandi causa, nisi quod custos dederit aut dominus. Si sumpserit, in singulas sumptiones SS. N. XL deducentur neque debebitur. Factores, qui oleum fecerint, omnes iuranto aut ad dominum aut ad custodem sese de fundo L. Manli neque alium quemquam suo dolo malo oledum neque oleam subripuisse.

Do not touch the oil
either for the sake of use or for the sake of theft, except what the custodian or the master shall have given. If he shall have taken any, for each taking 40 sesterces will be deducted and will not be owed. The makers who shall have made the oil shall all swear either to the master or to the custodian
that they themselves, from the estate of L. Manlius, neither they nor anyone else, by their own evil fraud, have stolen either oil nor
olives.

Qui eorum ita non iuraverit, quae eius pars erit, omne deducetur neque debebitur. Socium nequem habeto, nisi quem dominus iusserit aut custos. Siquid redemptoris opera domino damni datum erit, viri boni arbitratu deducetur.

Whoever of them shall not thus have sworn, whatever his share will be, the whole will be deducted and will not be owed.
Have no partner, unless one whom the master or the custodian shall have ordered.
If anything by the contractor’s agency has been given as damage to the master, it shall be deducted by the arbitration of a good man.

Si viride oleum opus siet, facito. Accedet oleum et sale suae usioni quod satis siet, vasarium vict. II.

If green oil be needed, make it. There shall be added oil and
salt for its own use as much as shall be enough, for the vessel-man, ration 2.

[146] Oleam pendentem hac lege venire oportet. Olea pendens in fundo Venafro venibit. Qui oleam emerit, amplius quam quanti emerit omnis pecuniae centesima accedet, praeconium praesens SS. L, et oleum: Romanici P. xx D, viridis P. CC, oleae caducae M L, strictivae M X modio oleario mensum dato, unguinis P. X; ponderibus modiisque domini dato frugis primae cotulas duas.

[146] The hanging olive-crop ought to come for sale under this law. The hanging olives on the Venafrum estate will be sold. Whoever shall have bought the olives, in addition to the price for which he bought, a hundredth of the whole money will be added; the present auctioneer’s fee 50 sesterces, and oil: of Romanicum 20 pounds per day, of green 200 pounds, of fallen olives 1,050, of stripped 1,010, measured by the oil-modius, to be given; of unguent 10 pounds; by the master’s weights and measures give two cotylae of the first-fruits.

Dies argento ex K. Nov. mensum X oleae legendae faciendae quae locata est, et si emptor locarit, Idibus solvito. Recte haec dari fierique satisque dari domino, aut cui iusserit, promittito satisque dato arbitratu domini.

The day for payment in silver is from the Kalends of November; for 10 months, for the picking of the olives to be done which has been let out; and if the buyer shall have let it out, pay on the Ides.
Promise that these things shall be duly given and done, and that surety shall be given to the owner, or to whom he shall have ordered, and give the surety at the owner’s discretion.

Donicum solutum erit aut ita satis datum erit, quae in fundo inlata erunt, pigneri sunto; nequid eorum de fundo deportato; siquid deportaverit, domini esto. Vasa torcula, funes, scalas, trapetos, siquid et aliud datum erit, salva recte reddito, nisi quae vetustate fracta erunt. Si non reddet aequom solvito.

Until it shall have been paid, or thus sufficient security shall have been given, the things that shall have been brought into the farm shall be in pledge; let nothing of them be carried out of the farm; if anyone shall have carried anything out, let it be the master’s. The press-vessels, ropes, ladders, trapeta, if anything else also shall have been supplied, restore safe and properly, unless such as shall have been broken by age. If he does not return them, pay what is equitable.

Si emptor legulis et factoribus, qui illic opus fecerint, non solverit, cui dari oportebit, si dominus volet, solvat. Emptor domino debeto et id satis dato, proque ea re ita uti S. S. E item pignori sunto.

If the buyer shall not have paid the pickers and the factors who shall have done work there, to whom it ought to be given, if the owner so wills, let him pay. The buyer shall be debtor to the owner and for that give surety, and for that matter, thus as S. S. E., likewise let them be in pledge.

[147] Hac lege vinum pendens venire oportet. Vinaceos inlutos et faecem relinquito. Locus vinis ad K. Octob.

[147] Under this stipulation, the wine “pending” ought to be sold. Leave the pomace unwashed
and the dregs behind. Provide a place for the wines until October 1.

primas dabitur. Si non ante ea exportaverit, dominus vino quid volet faciet. Cetera lex, quae oleae pendenti.

the first pick shall be given. If he has not exported those things before that,
the owner will do with the wine what he wishes. The rest of the law is as that for the olive while hanging.

[148] Vinum in doliis hoc modo venire oportet. Vini in culleos singulos quadragenae et singulae urnae dabuntur. Quod neque aceat neque muceat, id dabitur.

[148] Wine in casks ought to be sold in this way. Into each culleus forty-one urns will be given. What neither turns sour nor grows moldy will be delivered.

In triduo proxumo viri boni arbitratu degustato. Si non ita fecerit, vinum pro degustato erit. Quot dies per dominum mora fuerit, quo minus vinum degustet, totidem dies emptori procedent.

Within the next three days, let it be tasted, by the arbitrament of a good man. If
he does not do so, the wine shall be as though tasted. As many days as there shall have been delay on the part of the owner,
whereby the buyer is hindered from tasting the wine, just so many days shall accrue to the purchaser.

Vinum accipito ante K. Ian. primas. Si non ante acceperit, dominus vinum admetietur.

Receive the wine before the Kalends of January. If it is not received before then, the owner will measure out the wine.

Quod admensus erit, pro eo resolvito. Si emptor postularit, dominus ius iurandum dabit verum fecisse. Locus vinis ad K. Octobres primas dabitur.

What he shall have measured out, for that let him pay. If the buyer shall have demanded it, the owner shall give an oath that he has acted truly. A place for the wines will be given by the 1st of October.

Si ante non deportaverit, dominus vino quid volet faciet. Cetera lex, quae oleae pendenti.

If before he does not carry it away, the owner will do with the wine whatever he wishes. The rest: the law concerning the pendent olive.

[149] Qua lege pabulum hibernum venire oporteat. Qua vendas fini dicito. Pabulum frui occipito ex Kal.

[149] By what law the winter fodder ought to be sold. State up to what limit you sell. Begin to enjoy the fodder from the Kalends.

Septembribus. Prato sicco decedat, ubi prius florere coeperit; prato inriguo, ubi super inferque vicinus permittet, tum decedito, vel diem certam utrique facito. Cetero pabulo Kal.

In September. Let him depart from the dry meadow,
when it has first begun to flower; from the irrigated meadow, when the neighbor above and below permits,
then depart, or make a fixed day for both. For the remaining fodder, from the Kalends.

Martiis decedito. Bubus domitis binis, cantherio uni, cum emptor pascet, domino pascere recipitur. Holeris, asparagis, lignis, aqua, itinere, actu domini usioni recipitur.

In March, let him depart.
With two tamed oxen and one gelding, when the buyer pastures, the right to pasture is retained for the owner.
As to vegetables, asparagus, firewood, water, the right of way (iter), and the right of driving (actus), use is reserved for the owner.

Siquid emptor aut pastores aut pecus emptoris domino damni dederit, viri boni arbitratu resolvat. Siquid dominus aut familia aut pecus emptori damni dederit, viri boni arbitratu resolvetur. Donicum pecuniam solverit aut satisfecerit aut deligarit, pecus et familia, quae illic erit, pigneri sunto.

If anything the buyer or the shepherds or the buyer’s cattle gives damage to the owner,
let him resolve it by the arbitration of a good man. If anything the owner or the household
or the herd gives damage to the buyer, it shall be resolved by the arbitration of a good man. Until
he has paid the money or has satisfied or has given bond, the herd and the household that
will be there shall be in pledge.

Siquid de iis rebus controversiae erit, Romae iudicium fiat.

If there shall be any controversy about those matters, at Rome let judgment be made.

[150] Fructum ovium hac lege venire oportet. In singulas casei P. I S dimidium aridum, lacte feriis quod mulserit dimidium et praeterea lactis urnam unam; hisce legibus, agnus diem et noctem qui vixerit in fructum; et Kal. Iun.

[150] The produce of sheep ought to be sold under this law. For each ewe, of cheese, 1 1/2 pounds, half of it dry; of the milk on holidays, half of what he shall have milked; and besides one urn of milk; under these stipulations, a lamb which has lived a day and a night is counted into the produce; and on the Kalends of June.

emptor fructu decedat; si interkalatum erit, K. Mais. Agnos XXX ne amplius promittat. Oves quae non pepererint binae pro singulis in fructu cedent.

The buyer shall retire from the usufruct; if there is an intercalation, on the Kalends of May. Let him not promise more than 30 lambs. Sheep which have not brought forth shall count two for each single one in the produce.

Ex quo die lanam et agnos vendat menses X ab coactore releget. Porcos serarios in oves denas singulos pascat. Conductor duos menses pastorem praebeat.

From the day on which he sells the wool and the lambs, for 10 months let him collect from the collector. Let him feed sty-pigs, one apiece for each ten sheep.
The contractor shall provide a shepherd for two months.

Donec domino satisfecerit aut solverit, pignori esto.

Until he has satisfied the owner or has paid, let it be in pledge.

[151] Semen cupressi quo modo legi seri propagarique oporteat et quo pacto cupresseta seri oporteat, Minius Percennius Nolanus ad hunc modum monstravit. Semen cupressi Tarentinae per ver legi oportet; materiem, ubi hordeum flavescit. Id ubi legeris, in sole ponito, semen purgato.

[151] How the seed of the cypress ought to be gathered, sown, and propagated and by what method cypress-groves ought to be sown, Minius Percennius of Nola showed in this way. The seed of the Tarentine cypress ought to be gathered in spring; the timber, when the barley turns golden. When you have gathered it, place it in the sun; cleanse the seed.

Id aridum condito, uti aridum expositum siet. Per ver serito in loco ubi terra tenerrima erit, quam pullam vocant, ubi aqua propter siet. Eum locum stercorato primum bene stercore caprino aut ovillo, tum vortito bipalio, terram cum stercore bene permisceto, depurgato ab herba graminibusque, bene terram conminuito.

Put it away dry, so that, when set out, it may be dry. In spring sow in a place where the earth
will be most tender, which they call “pulla,” where water is nearby. First manure that place well
with goat or sheep dung; then turn it with a two-spade, thoroughly mix the earth with the manure,
cleanse it of weed and grasses, and well comminute the earth.

Areas facito pedes latas quaternos; subcavas facito, uti aquam continere possint; inter eas sulcos facito, qua herbas de areis purgare possis. Ubi areae factae erunt, semen serito crebrum, ita uti linum seri solet. Eo cribro terram incernito, dimidiatum digitum terram altam succernito.

Make the plots four feet wide; make them slightly hollowed, so that they can contain water; between them make furrows, by which you may purge the weeds from the plots. When the plots have been made, sow the seed thickly, just as flax is wont to be sown. With a sieve sift earth over it, sift on a half-finger of earth in height.

Id bene tabula aut manibus aut pedibus conplanato. Siquando non pluet, uti terra sitiat, aquam inrigato leniter in areas. Si non habebis unde inriges, gerito inditoque leniter.

Level that well with a board, or with hands or feet.
If ever it does not rain, so that the earth is thirsty, irrigate the beds gently.
If you do not have a source from which to irrigate, carry and pour it in gently.

Quotiescumque opus erit, facito uti aquam addas. Si herbae natae erunt, facito uti ab herbis purges. Per aestatem ita uti dictum est fieri oportet, et ubi semen satum siet, stramentis operiri; ubi germinascere coeperit, tum demi.

Whenever there is need, see to it that you add water. If weeds have sprung up, see to it that you purge from weeds. Through the summer it ought to be done as has been said, and when the seed has been sown, to be covered with straw; when it has begun to germinate, then to be removed.

[152] De scopis virgeis, Q. A. M. Manlii monstraverunt. In diebus XXX, quibus vinum legeris, aliquotiens facito scopas virgeas ulmeas aridas, in asserculo alligato, eabus latera doliis intrinsecus usque bene perfricato, ne faex in lateribus adhaerescat.

[152] On twig brooms, the Q. A. M. Manlii have demonstrated. In the 30 days in which you have gathered the wine, several times make dry elm twig-brooms, tied onto a little lath; with these, within the casks rub well the sides all along, lest the dregs adhere on the sides.

[153] Vinum faecatum sic facito. Fiscinas olearias Campanicas duas illae rei habeto. Eas faecis inpleto sub prelumque subdito exprimitoque.

[153] Make lees-wine thus. Have two Campanian oil-baskets for that purpose. Fill them with lees, set them beneath the press, and press out.

[154] Vinum emptoribus sine molestia quo modo admetiaris. Labrum culleare illae rei facito. Id habeat ad summum ansas IIII, uti transferri possitur.

[154] How you may measure out wine to purchasers without trouble. Make a straining-basin for that purpose. Let it have at the top 4 handles, so that it can be transferred.

Id imum pertundito; ea fistulam subdito, uti opturarier recte possit; et ad summum, qua fini culleum capiet, pertundito. Id in suggestu inter dolia positum habeto, uti in culleum de dolio vinum salire possit. Id inpleto, postea obturato.

Pierce the bottom of it; insert the pipe there, so that it can be properly stopped up; and at the top, at the level at which it will hold a culleus, pierce it. Have it placed on a platform between the casks, so that the wine may spurt into the culleus from the cask. Fill it, afterwards stop it up.

[155] Per hiemen aquam de agro depelli oportet. In monte fossas inciles puras habere oportet. Prima autumnitate cum pulvis est, tum maxime ab aqua periculum est.

[155] During the winter the water ought to be driven off the field. On a mountain one ought to have the catchwater ditches kept clean. At the first autumn-time, when there is dust, then the greatest danger is from water.

Cum pluere incipiet, familiam cum ferreis sarculisque exire oportet, incilia aperire, aquam diducere in vias et curare oportet uti fluat. In villa, cum pluet, circumire oportet, sicubi perpluat, et signare carbone, cum desierit pluere, uti tegula mutetur. Per segetem in frumentis aut in segete aut in fossis sicubi aqua sonstat aut aliquid aquae obstat, id emittere, patefieri removerique oportet.

When it begins to rain, the household with iron hoes ought to go out,
open the inlets, draw off the water into the ways, and see to it
that it flows. In the villa, when it rains, one ought to go around wherever it leaks through, and
mark with charcoal; when it has stopped raining, so that the tile may be changed. Through the sown field,
in the grain-crops or in the standing crop or in the ditches, wherever water stands or anything obstructs the water,
that must be let out, opened up, and removed.

[156] De brassica quod concoquit. Brassica est quae omnibus holeribus antistat. Eam esto vel coctam vel crudam.

[156] On cabbage, what it digests. Cabbage is that which stands before all vegetables. Eat it either cooked or raw.

Crudam si edes, in acetum intinguito. Mirifice concoquit, alvum bonam facit, lotiumque ad omnes res salubre est. Si voles in convivio multum bibere cenareque libenter, ante cenam esto crudam quantum voles ex aceto, et item, ubi cenaveris, comesto aliqua V folia; reddet te quasi nihil ederis, bibesque quantum voles.

If you eat it raw, dip it into vinegar. It digests marvelously, makes the bowels good, and the urine is salubrious for all things. If you wish at a convivial banquet to drink much and to dine gladly, before dinner eat it raw as much as you wish with vinegar, and likewise, when you have dined, eat up some 5 leaves; it will render you as if you had eaten nothing, and you will drink as much as you wish.

Alvum si voles deicere superiorem, sumito brassicae quae levissima erit P. IIII inde facito manipulos aequales tres conligatoque. Postea ollam statuito cum aqua. Ubi occipiet fervere, paulisper demittito unum manipulum, fervere desistet.

If you wish to move the upper bowel, take of cabbage that will be the lightest, P. 4; from it make three equal bundles and tie them together. Afterwards set a pot with water. When it begins to boil, lower one bundle for a little while; it will cease boiling.

Postea ubi occipiet fervere, paulisper demittito ad modum dum quinque numeres, eximito. Item facito alterum manipulum, item tertium. Postea conicito, contundito, item eximito in linteum, exurgeto sucum quasi heminam in pocillum fictile.

Afterwards, when it begins to boil, lower it for a short while—just so long as you count to five—then take it out. Do the same with a second bundle, likewise a third. Afterwards, throw them together, pound them, then take them out onto a linen cloth, and wring out the juice—about half a hemina—into an earthenware cup.

Eo indito salis micam quasi ervum et cumini fricti tantum quod oleat. Postea ponito pocillum in sereno noctu. Qui poturus erit, lavet calida, bibat aquam mulsam, cubet incenatus.

Into it put a grain of salt about the size of a vetch-seed, and of toasted cumin only so much as to give an odor. Afterward place the little cup in the serene open air at night. Whoever is going to drink it, let him wash with hot water, drink honeyed water, and lie down without supper.

Postea mane bibat sucum deambuletque horas IIII, agat, negoti siquid habebit. Ubi libido veniet, nausia adprehendet, decumbat purgetque sese. Tantum bilis pituitaeque eiciet, uti ipse miretur, unde tantum siet.

Afterwards
in the morning let him drink the juice and walk about for 4 hours; let him do business, if he will have any. When the desire comes, nausea will seize him; let him lie down and purge himself. He will expel so much bile and phlegm that he himself will marvel whence so much should be.

Postea ubi deorsum versus ibit, heminam aut paulo plus bibat. Si amplius ibit, sumito farinae minutae concas duas, infriet in aquam, paulum bibat, constituet. Verum quibus tormina molesta erunt, brassicam in aqua macerare oportet.

Afterwards, when
it turns downward, let him drink a hemina or a little more. If it goes further, take
two shells of fine flour, crumble it into water, let him drink a little; it will check it. But for those to whom griping pains will be troublesome, one ought to macerate cabbage in water.

Ubi macerata erit, coicito in aquam calidam, coquito usque donec conmadebit bene, aquam defundito. Postea salem addito et cumini paululum et pollinem polentae eodem addito et oleum. Postea fervefacito, infundito in catinum, uti frigescat.

When it has been macerated, cast it into hot water; cook until it becomes well softened
well, pour off the water. Afterwards add salt and a little cumin, and add the fine meal
of polenta there likewise, and oil. Then bring it to a boil, pour it into a bowl,
so that it may cool.

Eo interito quod volet cibi, postea edit. Sed si poterit solam brassicam esse, edit. Et si sine febre erit, dato vini atri duri aquatum bibat quam minimum; si febris erit, aquam.

When that has subsided, then let him eat what food he wishes; afterwards, let him eat. But if he can eat cabbage alone, let him eat. And if he is without fever, give diluted dark, harsh wine to drink, as little as possible; if there is fever, water.

Id facito cotidie mane. Nolito multum dare, ne pertaedescat, uti possit porro libenter esse. Ad eundem modum viro et mulieri et puero dato.

Do that daily in the morning. Do not give much, lest he grow wearied of it, so that he can thereafter eat gladly. Ad
in the same manner give to a man and to a woman and to a boy.

Nunc de illis, quibus aegre lotium it quibusque substillum est. Sumito brassicam, coicito in aquam ferventem, coquito paulisper, uti subcruda siet. Postea aquam defundito non omnem.

Now about those for whom the urine goes with difficulty,
and for whom there is a dribbling. Take cabbage, throw it into boiling water,
cook it for a little while, so that it be somewhat undercooked. Afterwards pour off the water,
not all of it.

Eo addito oleum bene et salem et cumini paululum, infervefacito paulisper. Postea inde iusculum frigidum sorbere et ipsam brassicam esse, uti quam primum excoquatur. Cotidie id facito.

To that add oil generously and salt and a little cumin, bring it to a boil;
for a little while. Thereafter, sip the cold little broth and eat the cabbage itself, so that it may be cooked down as soon as possible.
Do this every day.

[157] De brassica Pythagorea, quid in ea boni sit salubritatisque. Principium te cognoscere oportet, quae genera brassicae sint et cuius modi naturam habeant. Omnia ad salutem temperat conmutatque sese semper cum calore, arida simul et umida et dulcis et amara et acris.

[157] On the Pythagorean cabbage, what good and what salubrity there is in it. First you ought to know what kinds of cabbage there are and of what sort nature they have. It tempers all things toward health and alters itself always with heat, being at once dry and moist, and sweet and bitter and sharp.

Sed quae vocantur septem bona in conmixtura, natura omnia haec habet brassica. Nunc uti cognoscas naturam earum, prima est levis quae nominatur; ea est grandis, latis foliis, caule magno, validam habet naturam et vim magnam habet. Altera est crispa, apiacon vocatur; haec est natura et aspectu bona, ad curationem validior est quam quae supra scripta est.

But the things that are called the seven goods in commixture, the cabbage has all these by nature. Now that you may recognize
their nature, the first is the “smooth” kind so-called; it is large, with broad leaves,
with a great stalk, it has a robust nature and has great power. The second is curly,
it is called apiacon; this is good in nature and in appearance, and for treatment it is stronger
than the one written above.

Et item est tertia, quae lenis vocatur, minutis caulibus, tenera, et acerrima omnium est istarum, tenui suco vehementissima. Et primum scito, de omnibus brassicis nulla est illius modi medicamento. Ad omnia vulnera tumores eam contritam inponito.

And likewise there is a third, which is called “soft,” with minute stalks, tender, and it is the sharpest of all of them, most vehement by reason of its thin juice. And first, know that, of all the brassicas (cabbages), none is of such a kind for a medicament. For all wounds and swellings, apply it crushed.

Haec omnia ulcera purgabit sanaque faciet sine dolore. Eadem tumida concoquit, eadem erumpit, eadem vulnera putida canceresque purgabit sanosque faciet, quod aliud medicamentum facere non potest. Verum prius quam id inponas, aqua calida multa lavato; postea bis in die contritam inponito; ea omnem putorem adimet.

This will purge all ulcers and will make them sound without pain. The same thing ripens the swollen, the same makes them break out, the same will purge putrid wounds and cancers and will make them sound, which no other medicament can do. But before you apply it, wash abundantly with hot water; afterwards apply it crushed twice in a day; it will take away all stench.

Cancer ater, is olet et saniem spurcam mittit; albus purulentus est, sed fistulosus et subtus suppurat sub carne. In ea vulnera huiusce modi teras brassicam, sanum faciet; optima est ad huiusce modi vulnus. Et luxatum siquid est, bis die aqua calida foveto, brassicam tritam opponito, cito sanum faciet; bis die id opponito, dolores auferet.

Cancer black: it reeks and sends forth filthy sanies; the white is purulent, but fistulous, and beneath it suppurates under the flesh. For wounds of this kind, grind cabbage (brassica) upon them, it will make them sound; it is best for a wound of this sort. And if anything is luxated, foment with hot water twice a day, apply ground cabbage opposite, it will quickly make it sound; apply it twice a day, it will carry off the pains.

Et siquid contusum est, erumpet; brassicam tritam opponito, sanum faciet. Et siquid in mammis ulceris natum et carcinoma, brassicam tritam opponito, sanum faciet. Et si ulcus acrimoniam eius ferre non poterit, farinam hordeaceam misceto, ita opponito.

And if anything is contused, it will erupt;
apply crushed cabbage, it will make it sound. And if anything of an ulcer has arisen in the breasts,
and carcinoma, apply crushed cabbage, it will make it sound. And if the ulcer cannot bear its acrimony,
mix barley flour, thus apply.

Huiusce modi ulcera omnia haec sana faciet, quod aliud medicamentum facere non potest neque purgare. Et puero et puellae si ulcus erit huiusce modi, farinam hordeaceam addito. Et si voles eam consectam lautam siccam sale aceto sparsam esse, salubrius nihil est.

This will make all ulcers of this kind sound, which no other medicament can do nor purge.
And for a boy and for a girl, if there will be an ulcer of this kind, add barley flour.
And if you wish it cut up, washed, dry, sprinkled with salt and vinegar, nothing is more salubrious.

Quo libentius edis, aceto mulso spargito; lautam siccam et rutam coriandrum sectam sale sparsam paulo libentius edes. Id bene faciet et mali nihil sinet in corpore consistere et alvum bonam faciet. Hanc mane esse oportet ieiunum.

So that you may eat more willingly, sprinkle it with honeyed vinegar; washed
and dry, and rue and coriander cut and sprinkled with salt, you will eat it a little more willingly. This
will do well and will allow nothing bad to settle in the body and will make the bowels good. This ought to be eaten in the morning, fasting.

Et si bilis atra est et si lienes turgent et si cor dolet et si iecur aut pulmones aut praecordia, uno verbo omnia sana faciet intro quae dolitabunt. Eodem silpium inradito, bonum est. Nam venae omnes ubi sufflatae sunt ex cibo, non possunt perspirare in toto corpore; inde aliqui morbus nascitur.

And if the black bile is present, and if the spleens are swollen, and if the heart hurts, and if the liver or the lungs or the precordia do, in one word it will make all things healthy within that are aching. Into the same, grate in silphium; it is good. For when all the veins are puffed up from food, they cannot perspire through the whole body; from that some disease is born.

Ubi ex multo cibo alvus non it, pro portione brassica si uteris, id ut te moneo, nihil istorum usu veniet morbis. Verum morbum articularium nulla res tam purgat, quam brassica cruda, si edes concisam et rutam et coriandrum concisam siccam et sirpicium inrasum et brassicam ex aceto oxymeli et sale sparsam. Haec si uteris, omnis articulos poteris experiri.

When from much food the bowel does not go, if you use cabbage in proportion, as I warn you, none of those will, by use, come to be illnesses. But the articular disease nothing so purges as raw cabbage, if you eat it cut up, and rue and coriander cut and dried, and sirpicium shaved, and cabbage sprinkled with oxymel-vinegar and salt. If you use these, you will be able to treat all the joints.

Nullus sumptus est, et si sumptus esset, tamen valetudinis causa experires. Hanc oportet mane ieiunum esse. Insomnis vel siquis est seniosus, hac eadem curatione sanum facies.

There is no expense; and if there were expense, nevertheless for the sake of health you would make trial. This should be in the morning, fasting. One who is sleepless, or if anyone is elderly, by this same cure you will make sound.

Verum assam brassicam et unctam caldam, salis paulum dato homini ieiuno. Quam plurimum ederit, tam citissime sanus fiet ex eo morbo. Tormina quibus molesta erunt, sic facito.

But give roasted cabbage, greased and warm, with a little salt, to a fasting man. The more he eats, the more swiftly he will become sound from that disease. For those to whom colic (tormina) will be troublesome, do thus.

Brassicam macerato bene, postea in aulam coicito, defervefacito bene. Ubi cocta erit bene, aquam defundito. Eo addito oleum bene et salis paululum et cuminum et pollinem polentae.

Cabbage
soak well, then cast into a pot; make it boil thoroughly. When it has been
well cooked, pour off the water. To it add plenty of oil and a little salt and cumin,
and the fine meal of polenta.

Postea ferve bene facito. Ubi ferverit, in catinum indito. Dato edit, si poterit, sine pane; si non, dato panem purum ibidem madefaciat.

Afterwards, make it boil well. When it has boiled, into a dish
put it. Give it to him to eat, if he can, without bread; if not, give plain bread there
let him moisten it.

Et si febrim non habebit, dato vinum atrum bibat; cito sanus fiet. Et hoc siquando usus venerit, qui debilis erit, haec res sanum facere potest: brassicam edit ita uti S. S. E. Et hoc amplius lotium conservato eius qui brassicam essitarit, id calfacito, eo hominem demittito, cito sanum facies hac cura; expertum hoc est. Item pueros pusillos si laves eo lotio, numquam debiles fient.

And if he will not have a fever, give dark wine that he may drink; he will quickly be sound.
And this, whenever the need shall have come, for one who will be weak, this thing can make him sound:
let him eat cabbage just as S. S. E. And further, preserve the urine
of him who shall have eaten cabbage; warm it; into it let the man be lowered; quickly
you will make him sound by this care; this is proven by experience. Likewise, if you wash very small boys
in that urine, they will never become weak.

Et quibus oculi parum clari sunt, eo lotio inunguito, plus videbunt. Si caput aut cervices dolent, eo lotio caldo lavito, desinent dolere. Ei si mulier eo lotio locos fovebit, numquam miseri fient, et fovere sic oportet: ubi in scutra fervefeceris, sub sellam supponito pertusam.

And for those whose eyes are somewhat unclear, anoint with that urine,
they will see more. If the head or the cervices (neck) ache, wash with that urine warm,
they will cease to hurt. Likewise, if a woman warms the parts with that urine, they will never become wretched,
and one ought to foment thus: when you have made it boil in a dish, place it under a perforated seat.

Eo mulier adsidat, operito, circum vestimenta eam dato.

Upon it let the woman sit; cover her, and place garments around her.

Brassica erratica maximam vim habet. Eam arfacere et conterere oportet bene minutam. Siquem purgare voles, pridie ne cenet, mane ieiuno dato brassicam tritam, aquae cyathos II. Nulla res tam bene purgabit, neque elleborum neque scamonium, et sine periculo, et scito salubrem esse corpori.

Wild cabbage has the greatest force. It ought to be dried and
crushed, well and finely minced. If you wish to purge someone, let him not dine the day before;
in the morning, fasting, give ground cabbage, 2 cyathi of water. Nothing will purge so well,
neither hellebore nor scammony, and without danger; and know that it is healthful
for the body.

Quos diffidas sanos facere, facies. Qui hac purgatione purgatus erit, sic eum curato. Sorbitione liquida hoc per dies septem dato.

Those whom you doubt you can make sound, you will make so. Whoever shall have been purged by this purgation, thus treat him: give this in a liquid sorbition for seven days.

Ubi esse volet, carnem assam dato. Si esse non volet, dato brassicam coctam et panem, et bibat vinum lene dilutum, lavet raro, utatur unctione. Qui sic purgatus erit, diutina valetudine utetur, neque ullus morbus veniet nisi sua culpa.

Where he wishes to eat, give roasted meat. If he does not wish to eat, give cooked cabbage
and bread, and let him drink mild wine diluted; let him bathe rarely, let him use unction. He who
shall be thus purged will enjoy long-lasting health, and no disease will come
unless by his own fault.

Et siquis ulcus taetrum vel recens habebit, hanc brassicam erraticam aqua spargito, opponito; sanum facies. Et si fistula erit, turundam intro trudito. Si turundam non recipiet, diluito, indito in vesicam, eo calamum alligato, ita premito, in fistulam introeat; ea res sanum faciet cito.

And if anyone will have a foul or fresh ulcer, sprinkle this wild cabbage with water, set it against it; you will make it sound. And if there will be a fistula, thrust a roll (turunda) inside. If it will not receive the roll, dilute it, put it into the bladder, with a reed (calamus) tied to it, press thus, that it may enter into the fistula; that thing will make him sound quickly.

Et ad omnia ulcera vetera et nova contritam cum melle opponito, sanum faciet. Et si polypus in naso intro erit, brassicam erraticam aridam tritam in manum conicito et ad nasum admoveto, ita subducito susum animam quam plurimum poteris; in triduo polypus excidet. Et ubi exciderit, tamen aliquot dies idem facito, ut radices polypi persanas facias.

And to all ulcers, old and new, apply it crushed with honey; it will make [them] sound. And if a polyp is inside the nose, take erratic brassica (wild cabbage), dried and ground, put [it] into the hand and bring [it] to the nose, then draw up your breath upward as much as you can; in three days the polyp will fall out. And when it has fallen out, nevertheless for several days do the same, so that you make the roots of the polyp thoroughly healed.

Auribus si parum audies, terito cum vino brassicam, sucum exprimito, in aurem intro tepidum instillato; cito te intelleges plus audire. Depetigini spurcae brassicam opponito, sanam faciet et ulcus non faciet.

If you hear too little with your ears,
grind cabbage with wine, squeeze out the juice, and instill it lukewarm into the ear;
you will quickly perceive yourself to hear more. For foul impetigo, apply cabbage against it,
it will make it sound and will not make an ulcer.

[158] Alvum deicere hoc modo oportet, si vis bene tibi deicere. Sume tibi ollam, addito eo aquae sextarios sex et eo addito ungulam de perna. Si ungulam non habebis, addito de perna frustum P. S quam minime pingue.

[158] You ought to evacuate the belly in this way, if you wish to evacuate well for yourself. Take for yourself a pot, add to it six sextarii of water, and to it add a hoof from a ham. If you do not have a hoof, add from the ham a piece, P. S, as little fatty as possible.

Ubi iam coctum incipit esse, eo addito brassicae coliculos duos, betae coliculos duos cum radice sua, feliculae pullum, herbae Mercurialis non multum, mitulorum L. II, piscem capitonem et scorpionem I, cochleas sex et lentis pugillum. Haec omnia decoquito usque ad sextarios III iuris. Oleum ne addideris.

When it begins now to be cooked, add to it two little shoots of cabbage, two little shoots of beet with its own root, a shoot of bracken-fern, not much of the herb Mercury, 2 lb. of mussels, a carp and 1 scorpion-fish, six snails, and a handful of lentils. Boil all these down until there are 3 sextarii of broth. Do not add oil.

Indidem sume tibi sextarium unum tepidum, adde vini Coi cyathum unum, bibe, interquiesce, deinde iterum eodem modo, deinde tertium: purgabis te bene. Et si voles insuper vinum Coum mixtum bibere, licebit bibas. Ex iis tot rebus quod scriptum est unum, quod eorum vis, alvum deicere potest.

From the same, take for yourself one sextarius warm, add one cyathus of Coan wine, drink, rest in between, then again in the same way, then
a third time: you will purge yourself well. And if you wish moreover to drink mixed Coan wine,
you may drink. Of all these many things, the one [measure] that is prescribed can, by their potency,
move the bowels.

Verum ea re tot res sunt, uti bene deicias, et suave est.

Truly, for that matter there are so many things, so that you may purge well, and pleasant it is.

[159] Intertigini remedium. In viam cum ibis, apsinthi Pontici surculum sub anulo habeto.

[159] A remedy for intertrigo. When you go on the road, have a sprig of Pontic absinthe
under your ring.

[160] Luxum siquod est, hac cantione sanum fiet. Harundinem prende tibi viridem P. IIII aut quinque longam, mediam diffinde, et duo homines teneant ad coxendices. Incipe cantare: "Motas uaeta daries dardares astaries dissunapiter" usque dum coeant.

[160] If there is any luxation, by this incantation it will be made sound. Take for yourself a green reed 4 or five feet long, split it in the middle, and let two men hold it at the hip-joints. Begin to chant: "Motas uaeta daries dardares astaries dissunapiter" until they cohere.

Ferrum insuper iactato. Ubi coierint et altera alteram tetigerint, id manu prehende et dextera sinistra praecide, ad luxum aut ad fracturam alliga, sanum fiet. Et tamen cotidie cantato et luxato vel hoc modo: "huat haut haut istasis tarsis ardannabou dannaustra".

Moreover, throw iron upon it. When they have come together and the one has touched the other, seize that with your hand and cut it off with the right hand from the left, bind it to a dislocation or to a fracture; it will become sound. And nevertheless chant daily, and over the dislocated part in this manner: "huat haut haut istasis tarsis ardannabou dannaustra".

[161] Asparagus quo modo seratur. Locum subigere oportet bene qui habeat humorem aut loco crasso; ubi erit subactus, areas facito, uti possis dextra sinistraque sarire, runcare, ne calcetur; cum areas deformabis, intervallum facito inter areas semipedem latum in omnes partes; deinde serito ad lineam palo, grana bina aut terna demittito et eodem palo cavum terrae operito; deinde supra areas stercus spargito bene; serito secundum aequinoctium vernum. Ubi erit natum, herbas crebro purgato cavetoque ne asparagus una cum herba vellatur; quo anno severis, sum stramentis per hiemem operito, ne praeuratur; deinde primo vere aperito, sarito runcatoque.

[161] Asparagus, in what way it should be sown. The place ought to be well worked, one that has moisture or is in heavy ground; when it has been worked, make beds, so that you can hoe on the right and on the left, and weed, lest it be trampled; when you shape the beds, make an interval between the beds half a foot wide on all sides; then sow along a line with a stake, let two or three grains fall, and with that same stake cover the hole with earth; then above the beds strew manure well; sow around the vernal equinox. When it has come up, frequently cleanse the weeds and beware lest the asparagus be plucked up together with the weed; in the year in which you sow, cover it with straw through the winter, lest it be scorched; then at the first spring uncover it, hoe and weed.

Post annum tertium quam severis, incendito vere primo; deinde ne ante sarueris quam asparagus natus erit, ne in sariendo radices laedas. Tertio aut quarto anno asparagum vellito ab radice. Nam si defringes, stirpes fient et intermorientur.

After the third year from when you have sown, burn the bed in early spring; then do not hoe before the asparagus has come up, lest in hoeing you harm the roots.
In the third or fourth year, pull the asparagus up from the root. For if you break it off, stumps will be made and they will die off.

Usque licebit vellas, donicum in semen videbis ire. Semen maturum fit ad autumnum. Ita, cum sumpseris semen, incendito, et cum coeperit asparagus nasci, sarito et stercorato.

You may keep plucking until you see it go to seed. The seed becomes mature by
autumn. Thus, when you have taken the seed, burn it, and when the asparagus
begins to sprout, hoe and manure it.

Post annos VIII aut novem, cum iam est vetus, digerito et in quo loco posturus eris terram bene subigito et stercorato. Deinde fossulas facito, quo radices asparagi demittas. Intervallum sit ne minus pedes singulos inter radices asparagi.

After 8 or nine years, when it is now old, divide it, and in the place where you will set it afterward, thoroughly work the soil and manure it. Then make small trenches, in which you may let down the roots of the asparagus. Let the interval be no less than a single foot between the roots of the asparagus.

Evellito, sed circumfodito, ut facile vellere possis; caveto ne frangatur. Stercus ovillum quam plurimum fac ingeras; id est optimum ad eam rem; aliud stercus herbas creat.[

Pull it up, but dig around it,
so that you can pull it up easily; beware lest it be broken. Sheep dung, as much as possible,
see that you cart it in; that is the best for that purpose; other dung produces herbs [weeds].[

[162] Salsura pernarum ofellae Puteolanae. Pernas sallire sic oportet in dolio aut in seria. Cum pernas emeris, ungulas earum praecidito.

[162] Brine for hams; Puteolan tidbits. Hams ought to be salted thus
in a cask or in a jar. When you have bought the hams, cut off their hoofs.

Salis Romaniensis moliti in singulas semodios. In fundo dolii aut seriae sale sternito, deinde pernam ponito, cutis deorsum spectet, sale obruito totam. Deinde alteram insuper ponito, eodem modo obruito.

Roman salt, milled, in individual half-modii. On the bottom of the cask or jar
spread salt, then place the ham, let the skin face downward, cover it
entirely with salt. Then place another on top, cover it in the same way.

Caveto ne caro carnem tangat. Ita omnes obruito. Ubi iam omnes conposueris, sale insuper obrue, ne caro appareat; aequale facito.

Beware lest flesh touch flesh. In this way cover them all. When you have now arranged them all, cover with salt on top, so that no flesh may appear; make it level.

Ubi iam dies quinque in sale fuerint, eximito omnis cum suo sale. Quae tum summae fuerint, imas facito eodemque modo obruito et conponito. Post dies omnino XII pernas eximito et salem omnem detergeto et suspendito in vento biduum.

When they have been in salt for five days,
take out all with its own salt. Those which then were on top, make bottommost and cover over and arrange in the same way. After a total of 12 days take out the hams and wipe off all the salt and hang in the wind for two days.

Die tertio extergeto spongea bene, perunguito oleo, suspendito in fumo biduum. Tertio die demito, perunguito oleo et aceto conmixto, suspendito in carnario. Nec tinia nec vermes tangent.

On the third day wipe off well with a sponge, anoint with oil, hang in smoke for two days. On the third day take it down, anoint with oil and vinegar mixed, hang it in the meat‑larder. Neither mildew nor worms will touch it.