Pliny the Elder: NATVRALIS HISTORIA

[1] Hactenus de situ et miraculis terrae aquarumque et siderum ac ratione universitatis atque mensura. nunc de partibus, quamquam infinitum id quoque existimatur nec temere sine aliqua reprehensione tractatum, haut ullo in genere venia iustiore, si modo minime mirum est hominem genitum non omnia humana novisse. quapropter auctorem neminem unum sequar, sed ut quemque verissimum in quaque parte arbitrabor, quoniam commune ferme omnibus fuit, ut eos quisque diligentissime situs diceret, in quibus ipse prodebat.

[1] Thus far about the situation and miracles of the earth, and of waters and of the stars, and about the rationale of the universe and its measure. Now about the parts—although that too is considered infinite, and has scarcely ever been handled without some censure—there is in hardly any kind a more just indulgence, if indeed it is by no means a wonder that a man, being born, has not known all things human. Wherefore I shall follow no single author, but whomever I judge most truthful in each part, since it was almost common to all that each most diligently described those sites which he himself visited.

[2] ideo nec culpabo aut coarguam quemquam. locorum nuda nomina et quanta dabitur brevitate ponentur, claritate causisque dilatis in suas partes; nunc enim sermo de toto est. quare sic accipi velim, ut si vidua fama sua nomina, qualia fuere primordio ante ullas res gestas, nuncupentur et sit quaedam in his nomenclatura quidem, sed mundi rerumque naturae.

[2] therefore I will neither culpate nor confute anyone. The bare names of places will be set down, and with as much brevity as is granted, their elucidation and causes deferred to their proper sections; for now the discourse is about the whole. Wherefore I would have it received thus: as if their names, widowed of their fame, were now named as they were at the beginning before any deeds were accomplished; and let there be in these a certain nomenclature indeed, but that of the world and of the nature of things.

[3] Terrarum orbis universus in tres dividitur partes, Europam, Asiam, Africam. origo ab occasu solis et Gaditano freto, qua inrumpens oceanus Atlanticus in maria inferiora diffunditur. hinc intranti dexterea Africa est, laeva Europa, inter has Asia.

[3] The entire orb of the lands is divided into three parts, Europe, Asia, Africa. The origin is from the setting of the sun and the Gaditan strait, where the Atlantic Ocean, breaking in, is poured into the lower seas. Hence, to one entering, on the right is Africa, on the left Europe, and between these, Asia.

termini amnes Tanais et Nilus.XV p. in longitudinem quas diximus fauces oceani patent,V in latitudinem, a veco Mellaria Hispaniae ad promunturium Africae Album, auctore Turranio Gracile iuxta genito.

the boundary rivers are the Tanais and the Nile. the straits of the ocean which we have mentioned extend 15 in length, 5 in breadth, from the village Mellaria in Spain to the White Promontory of Africa, on the authority of Turranius Gracilis, born nearby.

[4] T. Livius ac Nepos Cornelius latitudinis tradiderunt minus VII p., ubi vero plurumum,X: tam modico ore tam inmensa aequorum vastitas panditur. nec profunda altitudo miraculum minuit. frequentes quippe taeniae candicantis vadi carinas territant.

[4] T. Livius and Cornelius Nepos have handed down a breadth of less than 7 miles; where indeed it is the most, 10: through so modest a mouth so immense a vastness of the seas is opened. Nor does the profound depth diminish the marvel. For frequent bands of a whitening shoal terrify the keels.

qua de causa limen interni maris multi eum locum appellavere. proximis autem faucibus utrimque inpositi montes coercent claustra,Abila Africae, Europae Calpe, laborum Herculis metae, quam ob causam indigenae columnas eius dei vocant creduntque perfossas exclusa autem admisisse maria et rerum naturae mutasse faciem.

for which cause many have called that place the threshold of the inner sea. but at the nearest narrows the mountains set on either side confine the barrier,Abila of Africa, Calpe of Europe, the turning‑posts of the labors of Hercules, for which reason the natives call them the columns of that god and believe that, having been bored through, they both excluded and admitted the seas and changed the face of nature.

[5] Primum ergo de Europa, altrice victoris omnium gentium populi longeque terrarum pulcherrima, quam plerique merito non tertiam portionem fecere, verum aequam, in duas partes ab amne Tanai ad Gaditanum fretum universo orbe diviso. oceanus a quo dictum est spatio Atlanticum mare infundens et avido meatu terras, quaecunque venientem expavere, demergens resistentes quoque flexuoso litorum anfractu lambit, Europam vel maxime recessibus crebris excavans, sed in quattuor praecipuos sinus, quorum primus a Calpe Hispaniae extimo, ut dictum est, monte Locros, Bruttium usque promunturium, inmenso ambitu flectitur.

[5] First therefore about Europe, the nurse of the people conqueror of all nations and by far the most beautiful of lands, which most men with good reason have made not a third portion, but an equal one, the whole orb having been divided into two parts from the river Tanais to the Gaditan strait. The Ocean, from which it has its name, with its expanse pouring in the Atlantic sea and with a greedy current submerging the lands, whichever have dreaded its approach, and even the resisting ones it licks with the flexuous fold of the shores, hollowing out Europe most of all with frequent recesses, but into four principal bays, of which the first is bent in immense sweep from Calpe, the outermost mountain of Spain, as said, to Locri, the promontory of Bruttium.

[6] In eo prima Hispania terrarum est, ulterior appellata, eadem Baetica, mox a fine Murgitano citerior eademque Tarraconensis ad Pyrenaei iuga. ulterior in duas per longitudinem provincias dividitur, si quidem Baeticae latere septentrionali praetenditur Lusitania, amne Ana discreta. ortus hic in Laminitano agro citerioris Hispaniae et modo in stagna se fundens, modo in angustias resorbens aut in totum cuniculis condens et saepius nasci gaudens in Atlanticum oceanum effunditur.

[6] In it the first land is Hispania, called the Further, the same as Baetica; then from the Murgitanian boundary, the Nearer, likewise Tarraconensis, up to the ridges of the Pyrenees. The Further is divided lengthwise into two provinces, since along the northern side of Baetica Lusitania is stretched forth, separated by the river Ana. This, rising in the Laminitanian territory of Nearer Hispania and at one time pouring itself into lagoons, at another drawing back into narrows, or entirely hiding itself in tunnels and taking pleasure in being born more often, discharges into the Atlantic Ocean.

Tarraconensis autem, adfixa Pyrenaeo totoque eius a latere decurrens et simul ad Gallicum oceanum Hiberico a mari transversa se pandens, Solorio monte et Oretanis iugis Carpetanisque et Asturum a Baetica atque Lusitania distinguitur.

Tarraconensis, moreover, affixed to the Pyrenees and running down along its whole flank, and at the same time spreading itself crosswise to the Gallic Ocean from the Iberian Sea, is distinguished from Baetica and also Lusitania by Mount Solorius and the Oretan ridges and the Carpetanian and the ridges of the Astures.

[7] Baetica, a flumine mediam secante cognominata, cunctas provinciarum diviti cultu et quodam fertili ac peculiari nitore praecedit. iuridici conventus ei IIII, Gaditanus, Cordubensis, Astigitanus, Hispalensis. oppida omnia numero CLXXV, in iis coloniae VIIII, municipia c. R. X, Latio antiquitus donata XXVII, libertate VI, foedere III, stipendiaria CXX.

[7] Baetica, surnamed from the river cutting its middle, surpasses all the provinces in rich cultivation and in a certain fertile and peculiar luster. It has 4 juridical conventus: the Gaditanus, Cordubensis, Astigitanus, Hispalensis. The towns all are in number 175; among these, colonies 9, municipia of Roman citizens 10, those granted Latium in antiquity 27, with liberty 6, by treaty 3, tributary 120.

ex his digna memoratu aut Latio sermone dicto facilia, a flumine Ana litore oceani oppidum Ossonoba, Aestuaria cognominatum, inter confluentes Luxiam et Urium, Hareni montes,Baetis fluvius, litus Curense inflexo sinu, cuius ex adverso Gadis inter insulas dicenda, promunturium Iunonis, portus Baesippo, oppidum Baelo, Mellaria, fretum ex Atlantico mari,Carteia, Tartesos a Graecis dicta, mons Calpe.

from these, things worthy of remembrance or easy to say in the Latin speech, from the river Anas along the shore of the Ocean the town Ossonoba, surnamed Aestuaria, between the confluent Luxia and Urius, the Sand Mountains,Baetis River, the Curensian shore with a bent-in bay, opposite to which Gadis among the islands must be mentioned, the Promontory of Juno, the port of Baesippo, the town Baelo, Mellaria, the strait from the Atlantic Sea, Carteia, called Tartessos by the Greeks, Mount Calpe.

[8] dein litore interno oppida Barbesula cum fluvio, item Salduba, oppidum Suel,Malaca cum fluvio foederatorum. dein Maenuba cum fluvio, Sexi cognomine Firmum Iulium, Sel,Abdara,Murgi, Baeticae finis. oram eam in universum originis Poenorum existimavit M. Agrippa; ab Ana autem Atlantico oceano obversa Bastulorum Turdulorumque est.

[8] then on the inner shore the towns Barbesula with a river, likewise Salduba, the town Suel,Malaca with a river, of the Federates. then Maenuba with a river, Sexi by cognomen Firmum Iulium, Sel,Abdara,Murgi, the end of Baetica. that coast in its entirety M. Agrippa judged to be of Punic origin; but from the Ana, facing the Atlantic Ocean, it is of the Bastuli and Turduli.

in universam Hispaniam M. Varro pervenisse Hiberos et Persas et Phoenicas Celtasque et Poenos tradit. lusum enim Liberi patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse Lusitaniae et Pana praefectum eius universae. at quae de Hercule ac Pyrene vel Saturno traduntur fabulosa in primis arbitror.

M. Varro relates that into the whole of Spain the Iberians and Persians and Phoenicians and Celts and Poeni (Carthaginians) arrived. For he says that the play of Liber Pater, or the lyssa of the Bacchants with him, gave the name to Lusitania, and that Pan was prefect of the whole of it. But the things handed down about Hercules and Pyrene or Saturn I judge especially fabulous.

[9] Baetis, in Tarraconensis provinciae non, ut aliqui dixere, Mentesa oppido, sed Tugiensi exoriens saltu — iuxta quem Tader fluvius, qui Carthaginiensem agrum rigat — Ilorci refugit Scipionis rogum versusque in occasum oceanum Atlanticum, provinciam adoptans, petit, modicus primo, sed multorum fluminum capax, quibus ipse famam aquasque aufert. Baeticae primum ab Ossigitania infusus, amoeno blandus alveo, crebris dextra laevaque accolitur oppidis.

[9] The Baetis, in the province of Tarraconensis, not, as some have said, at the town of Mentesa, but rising in the Tugiensian pass — near which the river Tader, which irrigates the Carthaginian field, flows — at Ilorci shrinks back from the pyre of Scipio, and, turned toward the west, makes for the Atlantic Ocean, taking the province to itself; modest at first, but capacious of many rivers, from which it borrows both their fame and their waters. Having first entered Baetica from Ossigitania, soothing with a pleasant channel, it is bordered on the right and left by frequent towns.

[10] Celeberrima inter hunc et oceani oram in mediterraneo Segida quae Augurina cognominatur, Ulia quae Fidentia, Urgao quae Alba,Ebora quae Cerialis, Iliberri quod Florentini, Ilipula quae Laus,Artigi quod Iulienses, Vesci quod Faventia,Singili, Ategua, Arialdunum, Agla Minor, Baebro, Castra Vinaria, Cisimbrium, Hippo Nova, Ilurco, Osca, Oscua, Sucaelo, Unditanum,Tucci Vetus, omnia Bastetaniae vergentis ad mare. conventus vero Cordubensis circa flumen ipsum Ossigi quod cognominatur Latonium, Iliturgi quod Forum Iulium, Ipra, Isturgi quod Triumphales,Ucia et XIIII p. remotum in mediterraneo Obulco quod Pontificense appellatur, mox Ripa, Epora foederatorum, Sacili Martialium, Onuba et destra Corduba colonia Patricia cognomine, inde primum navigabili Baete oppida Carbula, Detumo, fluvius Singilis, eodem Baetis latere incidens.

[10] Most renowned between this and the shore of the Ocean in the interior are Segida, which is surnamed Augurina, Ulia, which Fidentia, Urgao, which Alba,Ebora, which Cerialis, Iliberri, which Florentini, Ilipula, which Laus,Artigi, which Iulienses, Vesci, which Faventia,Singili, Ategua, Arialdunum, Agla Minor, Baebro, Castra Vinaria, Cisimbrium, Hippo Nova, Ilurco, Osca, Oscua, Sucaelo, Unditanum,Tucci Vetus, all of Bastetania facing toward the sea. The Corduban conventus, however, around the river itself: Ossigi, which is surnamed Latonium, Iliturgi, which Forum Iulium, Ipra, Isturgi, which the Triumphales,Ucia, and, 14 miles removed in the interior, Obulco, which is called Pontificense, next Ripa, Epora of the federates, Sacili of the Martiales, Onuba, and on the right Corduba, a colony by the cognomen Patricia; thence, with the Baetis first navigable, the towns Carbula, Detumo; the river Singilis, falling in on the same side of the Baetis.

[11] Oppida Hispalensis conventus Celti, Axati, Arua, Canama, Naeva, Ilipa cognomine Ilpa,Italica et a laeva Hispal colonia cognomine Romulensis, ex adverso oppidum Osset quod cognominatur Iulia Constantia, Lucurgentum quod Iuli Genius, Orippo, Caura, Siarum,fluvius Maenuba, Baeti et ipse a dextro latere infusus. at inter aestuaria Baetis oppida Nabrissa cognomine Veneria et Colobana, coloniae Hasta quae Regia dicitur et in mediterraneo Asido quae Caesarina.

[11] The towns of the Hispalensis conventus: Celti, Axati, Arua, Canama, Naeva, Ilipa by the cognomen Ilpa,Italica, and on the left Hispal, a colony by the cognomen Romulensis; opposite, the town Osset, which is called Julia Constantia, Lucurgentum, which is called Iuli Genius, Orippo, Caura, Siarum, the river Maenuba, itself too flowing into the Baetis from the right side. And among the estuaries of the Baetis the towns Nabrissa by the cognomen Veneria and Colobana; the coloniae Hasta, which is called Regia, and inland Asido, which is called Caesarina.

[12] Singilis fluvius, in Baetim quo dictum est ordine inrumpens, Astigitanam coloniam adluit, cognomine Augustam Firmam, ab ea navigabilis. huius conventus sunt reliquae coloniae inmunes Tucci quae cognominatur Augusta Gemella, Ituci quae Virtus Iulia, Ucubi quae Claritas Iulia, Urso quae Genetiva Urbanorum, inter quae fuit Munda, cum Pompeio filio rapta; oppida libera Astigi vetus, Ostippo; stipendiaria Callet, Callicula, Castra Gemina, Ilipula Minor, Marruca, Sacrana, Obulcula, Oningi, Sabora, Ventippo.Maenubam amnem, et ipsum navigabilem, haut procul accolunt Olontigi,Laelia, Lastigi.

[12] The river Singilis, breaking into the Baetis in the order already stated, washes the colony of Astigi, with the surname Augusta Firma, from there navigable. Of this conventus are the remaining exempt colonies: Tucci, which is surnamed Augusta Gemella, Ituci, which is Virtus Julia, Ucubi, which is Claritas Julia, Urso, which is Genetiva Urbanorum, among which was Munda, seized along with Pompey the son; the free towns are old Astigi and Ostippo; the tributary towns Callet, Callicula, Castra Gemina, Ilipula Minor, Marruca, Sacrana, Obulcula, Oningi, Sabora, Ventippo.The river Maenuba, itself navigable as well, not far off is bordered by Olontigi,Laelia, Lastigi.

[13] Quae autem regio a Baete ad fluvium Anam tendit extra praedicta, Baeturia appellatur, in duas divisere partes totidemque gentes: Celticos, qui Lusitaniam attingunt, Hispalensis conventus, Turdulos, qui Lusitaniam et Tarraconensem accolunt, iura Cordubam petunt. Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur:

[13] But the region which extends from the Baetis to the river Anas, outside the aforesaid, is called Baeturia; they divided it into two parts and into just as many peoples: the Celtici, who touch Lusitania, of the Hispalensis conventus; the Turduli, who border on Lusitania and the Tarraconensis, seek their legal rights at Corduba. It is manifest that the Celtici came from the Celtiberi out of Lusitania, by their rites, language, and the appellations of their towns, which in Baetica are distinguished by cognomina:

[14] Seriae adicitur Fama Iulia,Nertobrigae Concordia Iulia, Segidae Restituta Iulia,Contributa Iulia Ugultuniae, cum qua et Curiga nunc est, Lacimurgae Constantia Iulia, Steresibus Fortunales et Callensibus Aeneanici. praeter haec in Celtica Acinippo,Arunda, Arunci, Turobriga, Lastigi, Salpesa, Saepone, Serippo. altera Baeturia, quam diximus Turdulorum et conventus Cordubensis, habet oppida non ignobilia Arsam, Mellariam,Mirobrigam Reginam, Sosintigi, Sisaponem.

[14] To Seria is added Fama Julia,Nertobriga has Concordia Julia, Segida has Restituta Julia,Contributa Julia to Ugultunia, along with which Curiga now also is, Lacimurga has Constantia Julia, among the Stereses the Fortunales and among the Callenses the Aeneanici. Besides these, in Celtica, Acinippo,Arunda, Arunci, Turobriga, Lastigi, Salpesa, Saepone, Serippo. The other Baeturia, which we said belongs to the Turduli and to the jurisdiction of Corduba, has towns not undistinguished: Arsam, Mellariam,Mirobrigam Reginam, Sosintigi, Sisaponem.

[15] Gaditani conventus civium Romanorum Regina, Latinorum Laepia Regia,Carisa cognomine Aurelia, Urgia cognominata Castrum Iulium, item Caesaris Salutariensis; stipendiaria Besaro, Belippo,Barbesula, Blacippo, Baesippo, Callet, Cappa cum Oleastro, Iptuci, Ibrona, Lascuta, Saguntia, Saudo, Usaepo.

[15] The Gaditanus conventus: of Roman citizens, Regina; of Latins, Laepia Regia, Carisa with the cognomen Aurelia, Urgia surnamed Castrum Iulium, likewise Caesaris Salutariensis; the tributary towns, Besaro, Belippo, Barbesula, Blacippo, Baesippo, Callet, Cappa with Oleaster, Iptuci, Ibrona, Lascuta, Saguntia, Saudo, Usaepo.

[16] Longitudinem universam eius prodidit M. Agrippa CCCCLXXV p., latitudinem CCLVIII, sed cum termini Carthaginem usque procederent: quae causa magnos errores conputatione mensurae saepius parit, alibi mutato provinciarum modo, alibi itinerum, auctisque aut deminutis passibus. incubuere maria tam longo aevo, alibi processere litora, torsere se fluminem aut correxere flexus. praeterea aliunde aliis exordium mensurae est et alia meatus.

[16] M. Agrippa reported its entire length as 475 p., its breadth 258, but on the understanding that the boundaries extended as far as Carthage: which cause more often produces great errors in the computation of measurement, with the mode of the provinces altered in some places, in others the routes, and the paces augmented or diminished. the seas have pressed in over so long an age, elsewhere the shores have advanced, the river has twisted itself or corrected its bends. besides, for some the exordium of the measure is from one point, for others from another, and the courses are different.

ita fit ut nulli duo concinant.

thus it comes about that no two harmonize.

[17] Baeticae longitudo nunc a Castulonis oppidi fine Gadix CCL et a Murgi maritima ora XXV p. amplior, latitudo a Carteia Anam ora CCXXXIIII p. Agrippam quidem in tanta viri diligentia praeterque in hoc opere cura, cum orbem terrarum orbi spectandum propositurus esset, errasse quis credat et cum eo Divum Augustum? is namque conplexam eum porticum ex destinatione et commentariis M. Agrippae a sorore eius inchoatam peregit.

[17] The length of Baetica now, from the boundary of the town of Castulo to Gades, is 250 miles, and along the maritime shore of the Murgi 25 miles more; its breadth, from Carteia to the mouth of the Anas, is 234 miles. Who would believe that Agrippa—given so great the diligence of the man, and, besides, in this work his care, when he was about to set forth the orb of lands for the world to behold—made a mistake, and with him the Deified Augustus? For he completed the portico encompassing it, from the design and commentaries of M. Agrippa, begun by his sister.

[18] Citerioris Hispaniae sicut conplurium provinciarum aliquantum vetus formas mutata est, utpote cum Pompeius Magnus tropaeis suis, quae statuebat in Pyrenaeo, DCCCLXVI oppida ab Alpibus ad fines Hispaniae ulterioris in dicionem ab se redacta testatus sit. nunc universa provincia dividitur in conventus VII, Carthaginiensem, Tarraconensem, Caesaraugustanum, Cluniensem, Asturum, Lucensem, Bracarum. accedunt insulae, quarum mentione seposita civitates provincia ipsa praeter contributas aliis CCXCIII continet, oppida CLXXVIIII, in iis colonias XII, oppida civium Romanorum XIII, Latinorum veterum XVIII, foederatorum unum, stipendiaria CXXXV.

[18] Nearer Spain, like the old forms of quite a number of provinces, has been somewhat altered, inasmuch as Pompey the Great, by his trophies which he set up in the Pyrenees, attested that 866 towns from the Alps to the borders of Farther Spain were brought under his dominion. Now the entire province is divided into 7 assize-districts (conventus): the Carthaginian, the Tarraconensian, the Caesaraugustan, the Clunian, the Asturian (of the Astures), the Lucensian, the Bracaran (of the Bracari). Islands are added, the mention of which being set aside, the province itself, besides those assigned to others, contains 293 communities, 179 towns; among these, 12 colonies, 13 towns of Roman citizens, 18 of the Old Latins, 1 of federates, 135 tributary.

[19] Primi in ora Bastuli, post eos quo dicetur ordine intus recedentes Mentesani, Oretani et ad Tagum Carpetani, iuxta eo Vaccaei, Vettones et Celtiberi Arevaci. oppida orae proxima Urci adscriptumque Baeticae Baria, regio Bastitania, mox deinde Contestania, Carthago Nova colonia, ciuus a promunturio, quod Saturni vocatur, Caesaream Mauretaniae urbem CLXXXXVII p. traiectus. reliqua in ora flumen Tader, colonia inmunis Ilici, unde Ilicitanus sinus.

[19] The first on the coast are the Bastuli; after them, withdrawing inward in the order which will be told, the Mentesani, the Oretani, and by the Tagus the Carpetani; next to them the Vaccaei, the Vettones, and the Celtiberi Arevaci. the towns nearest the shore are Urci and Baria, assigned to Baetica; the region Bastitania, then next Contestania; Carthago Nova, a colony, from whose promontory, which is called Saturn’s, the crossing to Caesarea, a city of Mauretania, is 197 miles. the remaining things on the shore are the river Tader, the tax-exempt colony Ilici, whence the Ilicitan gulf.

in eam contribuuntur Icositani.

into it are assigned the Icositani.

[20] mox Latinorum Lucentum, Dianium stipendiarium, Sucro fluvius et quondam oppidum, Contestaniae finis. regio Edetania, amoeno praetendente se stagno, ad Celtiberos recedens. Valentia colonia III p. a mari remota, flumen Turium, et tantundem a mari Saguntum civium Romanorum, oppidum fide nobile, flumen Udiva.

[20] next, of the Latini, Lucentum; Dianium, a stipendiary town; the river Sucro and once a town; the boundary of Contestania. The region Edetania, stretching itself with a pleasant lagoon, drawing back toward the Celtiberians. Valentia, a colony, 3 miles removed from the sea; the river Turium; and at the same distance from the sea, Saguntum, of Roman citizens, a town noble for its loyalty; the river Udiva.

[21] regio Ilergaonum, Hiberus amnis, navigabili commercio dives, ortus in Cantabris haut procul oppido Iuliobrica, per CCCCL p. fluens, navium per CCLX a Vareia oppido capax, quem propter universam Hispaniam Graeci appellavere Hiberiam. regio Cessetania, flumen Subi, colonia Tarracon, Scipionum opus, sicut Carthago Poenorum. regio Ilergetum, oppidum Subur, flumen Rubricatum, a quo Laeetani et Indigetes.

[21] region of the Ilergaones, the Hiberus river, rich in navigable commerce, rising among the Cantabri, not far from the town of Juliobriga, flowing for 450 miles, capable of ships for 260 from the town of Vareia, on account of which the Greeks named the whole of Hispania “Hiberia.” region of the Cessetani, the river Subi, the colony Tarracon, a work of the Scipios, just as Carthage was of the Punics. region of the Ilergetes, the town Subur, the river Rubricatus, whence the Laeetani and the Indigetes.

[22] post eos quo dicetur ordine intus recedentes radice Pyrenaei Ausetani [Fitani], Iacetani perque Pyrenaeum Ceretani, dein Vascones. in ora autem colonia Barcino cognomine Faventia, oppida civium Romanorum Baetulo, Iluro, flumen Arnum, Blandae, flumen Alba, Emporiae, geminum hoc veterum incolarum et Graecorum, qui Phocaeensium fuere suboles, flumen Ticer. ab eo Pyrenae Venus in latere promunturii altero XL.

[22] after them, withdrawing inland in the order in which will be said, at the foot of the Pyrenees the Ausetani [Fitani], the Iacetani, and through the Pyrenees the Ceretani, then the Vascones. on the shore, however: the colony Barcino, byname Faventia; towns of Roman citizens Baetulo, Iluro; the river Arnum; Blandae; the river Alba; Emporiae—this twin settlement of the ancient inhabitants and of the Greeks, who were an offspring of the Phocaeans; the river Ticer. from it the Pyrenean Venus on the other side of the promontory, 40.

[23] Nunc per singulos conventus reddentur insignia praeter supra dicta. Tarracone disceptant populi XLII, quorum celeberrimi civium Romanorum Dertosani, Bisgargitani; Latinorum Ausetani, Ceretani qui Iuliani cognominantur et qui Augustani, Edetani, Gerundenses, Iessonienses, Teari qui Iulienses; stipendiariorum Aquicaldenses, Aesonenses, Baeculonenses.

[23] Now, for each individual conventus the insignia will be rendered, besides those said above. At Tarraco 42 peoples litigate, of whom the most renowned are: of Roman citizens, the Dertosani, the Bisgargitani; of the Latins, the Ausetani, the Ceretani who are surnamed Iuliani and those who are Augustani, the Edetani, the Gerundenses, the Iessonienses, the Teari who are Iulienses; of the stipendiaries, the Aquicaldenses, the Aesonenses, the Baeculonenses.

[24] Caesaraugusta colonia immunis, amne Hibero adfusa, ubi oppidum antea vocabatur Salduba, regionis Edetaniae, recipit populos LV: ex his civium Romanorum Bilbilitanos, Celsenses ex colonia, Calagurritanos qui Nasici cognominantur, Ilerdenses Surdaonum gentis, iuxta quos Sicoris fluvius, Oscenses regionis Suessetaniae, Turiassonenses; Latinorum veterum Cascantenses, Ergavicenses, Graccuritanos, Leonicenses, Osicerdenses; foederatos Tarracenses; stipendiarios Arcobrigenses, Andelonenses, Aracelitanos, Bursaonenses, Calagurritanos qui Fibularenses cognominantur, Conplutenses, Carenses, Cincienses, Cortonenses, Damanitanos, Ispallenses, Ilursenses, Iluberitanos, Iacetanos, Libienses, Pompelonenses, Segienses.

[24] Caesaraugusta, an exempt colony, washed by the river Hiberus, where earlier the town was called Salduba, in the region of Edetania, receives 55 peoples: of these, of Roman citizens the Bilbilitani, the Celsenses from the colony, the Calagurritani who are surnamed Nasici, the Ilerdenses of the nation of the Surdaones, near whom is the river Sicoris, the Oscenses of the region Suessetania, the Turiassonenses; of the old Latins the Cascantenses, Ergavicenses, Graccuritani, Leonicenses, Osicerdenses; the federate Tarracenses; the tributaries the Arcobrigenses, Andelonenses, Aracelitani, Bursaonenses, the Calagurritani who are surnamed Fibularenses, the Conplutenses, Carenses, Cincienses, Cortonenses, Damanitani, Ispallenses, Ilursenses, Iluberitani, Iacetani, Libienses, Pompelonenses, Segienses.

[25] Carthaginem conveniunt populi LXV exceptis insularum incolis ex colonia Accitania Gemellense, ex Libisosana cognomine Foroaugustana, quibus duabus ius Italiae datum, ex colonia Salariense, oppidani Lati veteris Castulonenses qui Caesarii Iuvenales appellantur, Saetabitani qui Augustani, Valerienses. stipendiariorum autem celeberrimi Alabanenses, Bastitani, Consaburrenses, Dianenses, Egelestani, Ilorcitani, Laminitani, Mentesani qui et Oretani, Mentesani qui et Bastuli, Oretani qui et Germani cognominantur, caputque Celtiberiae Segobrigenses, Carpetaniae Toletani Tago flumini inpositi, dein Viatienses et Virgilienses.

[25] To Carthage there convene 65 peoples, the inhabitants of the islands excepted: from the colony Accitania Gemellense, from Libisosana surnamed Foroaugustana (to which two the ius of Italy was granted), from the colony Salariensis, the townsmen of the Old Latin right, the Castulonenses, who are called Caesarii Iuvenales, the Saetabitani who are Augustani, the Valerienses. Of the tributaries, however, the most renowned are the Alabanenses, Bastitani, Consaburrenses, Dianenses, Egelestani, Ilorcitani, Laminitani, Mentesani who are also called Oretani, Mentesani who are also called Bastuli, Oretani who are also surnamed Germani, and the head of Celtiberia, the Segobrigenses; of Carpetania, the Toletani set upon the river Tagus, then the Viatienses and Virgilienses.

[26] In Cluniensem conventum Varduli ducunt populos XIIII, ex quibus Alabanenses tantum nominare libeat, Turmogidi IIII, ex quibus Segisamonenses et Segisamaiulienses. in eundem conventum Carietes et Vennenses V civitatibus vadunt, quarum sunt Velienses. eodem Pelendones Celtiberum IIII populis, quorum Numantini fuere clari, sicut in Vaccaeorum XVII civitatibus Intercatienses, Palantini, Lacobrigenses, Caucenses.

[26] Into the Clunian convent the Varduli bring 14 peoples, of whom let it be permitted to name only the Alabanenses; the Turmogidi 4, among whom the Segisamonenses and the Segisamaiulienses. Into the same convent the Carietes and the Vennenses go with 5 communities, among which are the Velienses. Likewise the Pelendones of the Celtiberi with 4 peoples, of whom the Numantini were renowned, just as among the 17 cities of the Vaccaei are the Intercatienses, Palantini, Lacobrigenses, and Caucenses.

[27] nam in Cantabricis VIIII populis Iuliobriga sola memoretur, in Autrigonum X civitatibus Tritium et Virovesca. Arevacis nomen dedit fluvius Areva. horum VI oppida, Secontia et Uxama, quae nomina crebro aliis in locis usurpantur, praeterea Segovia et Nova Augusta, Termes ipsaque Clunia, Celtiberiae finis.

[27] for among the Cantabri, in 9 peoples, only Iuliobriga is mentioned, in the 10 communities of the Autrigones, Tritium and Virovesca. The river Areva gave its name to the Arevaci. of these, 6 towns, Secontia and Uxama, names which are frequently used in other places, besides Segovia and Nova Augusta, Termes and Clunia itself, the boundary of Celtiberia.

ad oceanum reliqua vergunt Vardulique ex praedictis et Cantabri.

toward the Ocean the rest verge—the Varduli (from those aforesaid) and the Cantabri.

[28] Iunguntur iis Astrum XXII populi divisi in Augustanos et Trasmontanos, Asturica urbe magnifica. in iis sunt Gigurri, Paesici, Lancienses, Zoelae. numerus omnis multitudinis ad CCXL liberorum capitum.

[28] Are joined to them 22 peoples of the Astures, divided into the Augustani and the Transmontani, Asturica a magnificent city. among them are the Gigurri, Paesici, Lancienses, Zoelae. the number of the whole multitude is up to 240 free heads.

Lucensis conventus populorum est sedecim, praeter Celticos et Lemavos ignobilium ac barbarae appellationis, sed liberorum capitum ferme CLXVI. Simili modo Bracarum XXIIII civitates CCLXXXV capitum, ex quibus praeter ipsos Bracaros Bibali, Coelerni, Callaeci, Equasei, Limici, Querquerni citra fastidium nominentur.

The Lucensian conventus comprises 16 peoples, except for the Celtici and the Lemavi—of ignoble and barbarous appellation—but with nearly 166 free heads. In a similar manner the Bracari have 24 communities, of 285 heads, of which, besides the Bracari themselves, the Bibali, Coelerni, Callaeci, Equaesi, Limici, and Querquerni may be named without distaste.

[29] Longitudo citerioris Hispaniae est ad finem Castulonis a Pyrenaeo DCVII p. et ora paulo amplius, latitudo a Tarracone ad litus Oiarsonis CCCVII, e radicibus Pyrenaei, ubi cuneatur angustiis inter duo maria; paulatim deinde se pandens, qua contingit ulteriorem Hispaniam, tantundem et amplius latitudini adicit.

[29] The length of Hither Spain to the boundary of Castulo from the Pyrenees is 607 p., and the shore a little more, the breadth from Tarraco to the shore of the Oiarso 307, from the roots of the Pyrenees, where it is wedged by narrowness between the two seas; then gradually spreading itself, where it touches Further Spain, it adds as much again and more to its breadth.

[30] metallis plumbi, ferri, aeris, argenti, auri tota ferme Hispania scatet, citerior et specularis lapidis, Baetica et minio. sunt et marmorum lapidicinae. universae Hispaniae Vespasianus Imperator Augustus iactatum procellis rei publicae Latium tribuit.

[30] almost the whole of Spain teems with mines of lead, iron, copper, silver, and gold; the Citerior likewise with specular stone, and Baetica with minium (cinnabar). There are also quarries of marbles. To all Spain, Vespasian, Imperator Augustus, bestowed the Latin Right, when the commonwealth had been tossed by storms.

Pyrenaei montes Hispanias Galliasque disterminant promunturiis in duo diversa maria proiectis.

The Pyrenean mountains demarcate Spain and Gaul, with promontories projected into two different seas.

[31] Narbonensis provincia appellatur pars Galliarum quae interno mari adluitur, Bracata antea dicta, amne Varo ab Italia discreta Alpiumque vel saluberrimis Romano imperio iugis, a reliqua vero Gallia latere septentrionali montibus Cebenna et Iuribus, agrorum cultu, virorum morumque dignatione, amplitudine opum nulli provinciarum postferenda breviterque Italia verius quam provincia.

[31] The province Narbonensis is called the part of the Gauls which is washed by the inner sea, formerly called Bracata, separated from Italy by the river Var and by the Alps’ ridges most healthful to the Roman Empire, and from the rest of Gaul on the northern side by the mountains Cevenna and the Jura, in cultivation of fields, in the esteem of its men and manners, in the amplitude of its resources to be postponed to none of the provinces, and, in brief, more truly Italy than a province.

[32] in ora regio Sordonum intusque Consuaranorum, flumina Tecum, Vernodurum, oppida Illiberis, magnae quondam urbis tenue vestigium, Ruscino Latinorum, flumen Ataz, e Pyrenaeo Rubrensem permeans lacum, Narbo Martius Decumanorum colonia XII p. mari distans, flumina Araris, Liria. oppida de cetero rara praeiacentibus stagnis:

[32] on the shore the region of the Sordones, and inland that of the Consuarani; the rivers Tecum, Vernodurum; the towns Illiberis, the slight vestige of a once great city; Ruscino of the Latins; the river Atax, flowing from the Pyrenees through the Rubrensian lake; Narbo Martius, a colony of the Decumani, 12 miles distant from the sea; the rivers Araris, Liria. towns otherwise are rare, with marshes lying in front:

[33] Agatha quondam Massiliensium et regio Volcarum Tectosagum atque ubi Rhoda Rhodiorum fuit, unde dictus multo Galliarum fertilissimus Rhodanus amnis, ex Alpibus se rapiens per Lemannum lacum segnemque deferens Ararim nec minus se ipso torrentes Isaram et Druantiam. Libica appellantur duo eius ora modica, ex his alterum Hispaniense, alterum Metapinum, tertium idemque amplissimum Massalioticum. sunt auctores et Heracleam oppidum in ostio Rhodani fuisse.

[33] Agatha, once of the Massiliotes, and the region of the Volcae Tectosages, and where Rhoda of the Rhodians was—whence the river Rhodanus, by far the most fertile in the Gauls, is named—rushing down from the Alps through Lake Lemannus and carrying along the sluggish Arar, and the Isara and Druantia, torrents no less than itself. Two small mouths of it are called the Libic: of these, the one is the Spanish, the other the Metapine; the third, and likewise the most ample, is the Massaliotic. There are authorities, too, that Heraclea was a town at the mouth of the Rhodanus.

[34] ultra fossae ex Rhodano, C. Mari opere et nomine insignes, stagnum Mastromela, oppidum Maritima Aviaticorum, superque Campi Lapidei, Herculis proeliorum memoria, regio Anatiliorum et intus Dexivatium Cavarumque; rursus a mari Tricorium et intus Tritollorum Vocontiorumque et Segovellaunorum, mox Allobrogum. at in ora Massilia Graecorum Phocaeensium foederata, promunturium Zao, Citharista portus, regio Camactulicorum, dein Suelteri supraque Verucini.

[34] beyond the ditches from the Rhodanus, renowned by the work and name of Gaius Marius, the Mastromela lagoon; the town Maritima of the Aviatici; and above, the Stony Plains, a memorial of Hercules’ battles; the region of the Anatilii, and inland of the Dexivates and the Cavares; again from the sea, of the Tricorii, and inland of the Tritolli and of the Vocontii and the Segovellauni, then of the Allobroges. But on the shore, Massilia, allied to the Greek Phocaeans; the promontory Zao; the port Citharista; the region of the Camactulici; then the Suelteri, and above, the Verucini.

[35] in ora autem Athenopolis Massiliensium, Forum Iuli Octavanorum colonia, quae Pacensis appellatur et Classica, amnes nomine Argenteus, regio Oxubiorum Ligaunorumque, dum Latinum Antipolis, regio Deciatium, amnis Varus, ex Alpium monte Caenia profusus.

[35] and on the coast, moreover, Athenopolis of the Massilians, Forum Iuli, a colony of the Octavani, which is called Pacensis and Classica, rivers by the name Argenteus, the region of the Oxubii and of the Ligauni, then the Latin Antipolis, the region of the Deciates, the river Var, poured from Mount Caenia of the Alps.

[36] In mediterraneo coloniae Arelate Sextanorum, Baeterrae Septimanorum, Arausio Secundanorum, in agro Cavarum Valentia, Vienna Allobrogum. oppida Latina Aquae Sextiae Salluviorum, Avennio Cavarum, Apta Iulia Vulgientium, Alebaece Reiorum Apollinarium, Alba Helvorum, Augusta Tricastinorum, Anatilia, Aerea, Bormani, Comani, Cabellio, Carcasum Volcarum Tectosagum, Cessero, Carantorate Meminorum, Caenicenses, Cambolectri qui Atlantici cognominantur,

[36] In the interior, colonies: at Arelate of the Sextani, at Baeterrae of the Septimani, at Arausio of the Secundani; in the territory of the Cavares, Valentia; Vienna of the Allobroges. latin towns: Aquae Sextiae of the Salluvii, Avennio of the Cavares, Apta Julia of the Vulgientes, Alebaece of the Reii Apollinares, Alba of the Helvii, Augusta of the Tricastini, Anatilia, Aerea, Bormani, Comani, Cabellio, Carcasum of the Volcae Tectosages, Cessero, Carantorate of the Memini, the Caenicenses, the Cambolectri who are surnamed Atlantic,

[37] Forum Voconi, Glanum Libii, Lutevani qui et Foroneronienses, Nemausum Arecomicorum, Piscinae, Ruteni, Samnagenses, Tolosani Tectosagum Aquitania contermini, Tasgoduni, Tarusconienses, Umbranici, Vocontiorum civitatis foederatae duo capita Vasio et Lucus Augusti, oppida vero ignobilia XVIIII, sicut XXIIII Nemausiensibus adtributa. adiecit formulae Galba Imperator ex Inalpinis Avanticos atque Bodionticos, quorum oppidum Dinia. longitudinem provinciae Narbonensis CCCLXX p. Agrippa tradit, latitudinem CCXLVIII.

[37] Forum of the Voconi, Glanum of the Libii, the Lutevani, who are also the Foroneronienses, Nemausus of the Arecomici, the Piscinae, the Ruteni, the Samnagenses, the Tolosani of the Tectosages, conterminous with Aquitania, the Tasgoduni, the Tarusconienses, the Umbranici, of the Vocontii—a federated state—two heads, Vasio and Lucus Augusti; but unrenowned towns 19, just as 24 have been assigned to the Nemausienses. Emperor Galba added to the formula from the Inalpini the Avantici and the Bodiontici, whose town is Dinia. Agrippa reports the length of the province of Narbonensis as 370 p., the breadth 248.

[38] Italia dehinc primique eius Ligures, mox Etruria, Umbria, Latium, ibi Tiberina ostia et Roma, terrarum caput,XVI p. intervallo a mari. Volscum postea litus et Campaniae, Picentinum inde ac Lucanum Bruttiumque, quo longissime in meridiem ab Alpium paene lunatis iugis in maria excurrit Italia. ab eo Graeciae ora, mox Sallentini, Poeduculi, Apuli, Paeligni, Frentani, Marrucini, Vestini, Sabini, Picentes, Galli, Umbri, Tusci, Veneti, Cari, Iapudes, Histri, Liburni.

[38] Italy thereafter, and its first [peoples], the Ligurians; soon Etruria, Umbria, Latium—there the Tiberine mouths and Rome, the capital of the world, at an interval of 16 miles from the sea. Then the Volscian shore and that of Campania; next the Picentine and thereafter the Lucanian and the Bruttian, where Italy, from the almost crescent ridges of the Alps, projects farthest to the south into the seas. From that point the shore of Greece, soon the Sallentini, Poeduculi, Apuli, Paeligni, Frentani, Marrucini, Vestini, Sabini, Picentes, Galli, Umbri, Tusci, Veneti, Cari, Iapudes, Histri, Liburni.

[39] nec ignoro ingrati ac segnis animi existimari posse merito, si obiter atque in transcursu ad hunc modum dicatur terra omnium terrarum alumna eadem et parens, numine deumelecta quae caelum ipsum clarius faceret, sparsa congregaret imperia ritusque molliret et tot populorum discordes ferasque linguas sermonis commercio contraheret ad conloquia et humanitatem homini daret breviterque una cunctarum gentium in toto orbe patria fieret.

[39] nor am I unaware that it can deservedly be judged the mark of an ingrate and a sluggish spirit, if, in passing and in a headlong transit, it be said in this fashion that the land, the nurse and likewise the parent of all lands, chosen by the numen of the gods to make the sky itself more bright, to gather scattered empires and to soften rites, and to draw together by the commerce of speech to colloquies the discordant and savage tongues of so many peoples, and to give humanity to man, and, in brief, to become one fatherland of all nations in the whole orb.

[40] sed quid agam? tanta nobilitas omnium locorum, quos quis attigerit, tanta rerum singularum populorumque claritas tenet. urbs Roma vel sola in ea, .... et digna iam tam festa cervice facies, quo tandem narrari debet opere?

[40] but what am I to do? so great a nobility of all the places that anyone has touched, so great a clarity of individual things and of peoples, holds me. the city Rome even by itself in it, .... and a face already worthy of so festal a neck—by what work, then, ought it to be narrated?

qualiter Campaniae ora per se felixque illa ac beata amoenitas, ut palam sit uno in loco gaudentis opus esse naturae?

in what way the Campanian shore, felicitous in itself, and that beatific amenity, make it plain that in one place there is the work of rejoicing Nature?

[41] iam vero tota ea vitalis ac perennis salubritas, talis caeli temperies, tam fertiles campi, tam aprici colles, tam innoxii saltus, tam opaca nemora, tam munifica silvarum genera, toto montium adflatus, tanta frugum vitiumque et olearum fertilitas, tam nobilia pecudi vellera, tam opima tauris colla, tot lacus, tot amnium fontiumque ubertas totam eam perfundens, tot maria, portus, gremiumque terrarum commercio patens undique et tamquam iuvandos ad mortales ipsa avide in maria procurrens!

[41] now indeed all that vital and perennial salubrity, such temperateness of sky, such fertile fields, such sunny hills, such innoxious woodland pastures, such shadowy groves, such munificent kinds of forests, the mountain-breeze in its whole compass, so great a fertility of grains and of vines and of olives, so noble fleeces for the flock, so rich necks for bulls, so many lakes, so great an abundance of rivers and fountains suffusing all that region, so many seas, harbors, and the bosom of the lands lying open on every side to commerce, and—as though to help mortals—she herself eagerly running forth into the seas!

[42] neque ingenia ritusque ac viros et lingua manuque superatas commemoro gentes. ipsi de ea iudicavere Grai, genus in gloriam sui effusissimum, quotam partem ex ea appellando Graeciam Magnam! nimirum id, quod in caeli mentione facimus, hac quoque in parte facimus, ut notas quasdam et pauca sidera attingamus.

[42] nor do I recount the peoples surpassed in talents, rites, and men, and in tongue and hand. The Greeks themselves judged concerning it, a race most effusive in the glory of themselves, by calling some portion of it “Great Greece”! Surely that which we do in the mention of the sky, we do also in this part, namely, that we touch upon certain familiar and few stars.

legentes tantum quaeso meminerint ad singula tot orbe edissertanda festinari.

let those reading only, I beg, remember that there is haste to expound, point by point, so many matters of so vast a world.

[43] Est ergo folio maxime querno adsimulata, multo proceritate amplior quam latitudine, in laevam se flectens cacumine et Amazonicae figura desinens parmae, ubi a medio excursu Cocynthos vocatur, per sinus lunatos duo cornua emittens, Leucopetram dextra, Lacinium sinistra. patet longitudine ab Inalpino fine Praetoriae Augustae per urbem Capuamque cursu meante Regium oppidum, in umero eius situm, a quo veluti cervicis incipit flexus, decies centena et viginti milia passuum, multoque amplior mensura fieret Lacinium usque, ni talis obliquitas in latus degredi videretur.

[43] It is therefore assimilated most of all to an oak leaf, much more ample in height than in breadth, bending to the left at its summit and ending in the figure of an Amazonian parma; where, from the middle of its course, it is called Cocynthos, sending forth two horns through crescent bays, Leucopetra on the right, Lacinium on the left. it extends in length from the Inalpine border of Augusta Praetoria, with the route going through the City and Capua, to the town of Regium, situated on its shoulder, from which, as it were, the bend of the neck begins, 1,120 miles; and the measure would be much greater as far as Lacinium, were it not that such an obliquity seems to step aside to the flank.

[44] latitudo eius varia est, quadringentorum decem milium inter duo maria Inferum et Superum amnesque Varum atque Arsiam, media autem ferme circa urbem Romam ab ostio Aterni amnis in Hadriaticum mare influentis ad Tiberina ostia CXXXVI, et paulo minus a Castro Novo Hadriatici maris Alsium ad Tuscum aequor, haud ullo in loco CC latitudinem excedens. universae autem ambitus a Varo ad Arsiam |XX|:XLVIIII p. efficit.

[44] its breadth is variable—410 miles between the two seas, the Lower and the Upper, and the rivers Var and Arsia; but roughly in the middle, around the city of Rome, from the mouth of the river Aternus flowing into the Adriatic Sea to the Tiberine mouths, 136 miles; and a little less from Castrum Novum on the Adriatic Sea to Alsium on the Tuscan sea—nowhere exceeding a breadth of 200 miles. But the circuit of the whole from the Var to the Arsia amounts to 2,049 miles.

[45] abest a circumdatis terris Histria ac Liburnia quibusdam locis centena milia, ab Epiro et Illyrico quinquaginta, ab Africa minus ducenta, ut auctor est M. Varro, ab Sardinia centum viginti milia, ab Sicilia MD, a Corcyra minus LXXX, ab Issa L. incedit per maria caeli regione ad meridiem quidem, sed, si quis id diligenti subtilitate exigat, inter sextam horam primamque brumalem.

[45] it is distant from the surrounding lands, Histria and Liburnia, in certain places by 100 miles; from Epirus and Illyricum by 50; from Africa by less than 200, as M. Varro is our authority; from Sardinia by 120 miles; from Sicily by 1,500; from Corcyra by less than 80; from Issa by 50. it proceeds through the seas in the region of the sky toward the south indeed, but, if one were to determine it with diligent subtlety, between the sixth hour and the first brumal hour.

[46] Nunc ambitum eius urbesque enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos Divum Augustum secuturos discriptionemque ab eo factam Italiae totius in regiones XI, sed ordine eo, qui litorum tractu fiet; urbium quidem vicinitates oratione utique praepropera servari non posse, itaque inferiore parte digestionem in litteras eiusdem nos secuturos, coloniarum mentione signata, quas ille in eo prodidit numero. nec situs originesque persequi facile est, Ingaunis Liguribus — ut ceteri omittantur — agro tricies dato.

[46] Now we shall enumerate its ambit and the cities; in which matter it is necessary to preface that we shall follow as our authority the Deified Augustus and the division made by him of all Italy into 11 regions, but in that order which will be fashioned by the littoral tract; the vicinities of the cities, indeed, cannot possibly be preserved in a discourse that must be over‑hasty, and so in a lower section we shall follow the same man’s digest into letters, with the mention of the colonies marked, which he published in that number. Nor is it easy to pursue the sites and origins, land having been granted thirty times to the Ingaunian Ligurians — to omit the rest.

[47] Igitur ab amne Varo Nicaea a Massiliensibus conditum, fluvius Palo, Alpes populique Inalpini multis nominibus, sed maxime Capillati, oppido Vediantiorum civitatis Cemenelo, portus Herculis Monoeci, Ligustina ora. Ligurum celeberrimi ultra Alpes Sallui, Deciates, Oxubi, citra Veneni, Turri, Soti, Bagienni, Statielli, Binbelli, Maielli, Caburriates, Casmonates, Velleiates et quorum oppida in ora proxime dicemus.

[47] Accordingly, from the river Var is Nicaea, founded by the Massiliots; the river Palo; the Alps and the Inalpine peoples under many names, but chiefly the Capillati; the town of the Vediantii, the civitas Cemenelo; the harbor of Hercules Monoecus; the Ligurian littoral. Of the Ligurians the most celebrated beyond the Alps are the Sallui, Deciates, Oxubi; on this side, the Veneni, Turri, Soti, Bagienni, Statielli, Binbelli, Maielli, Caburriates, Casmonates, Velleiates, and their towns on the shore we shall presently mention.

[48] flumen Rutuba, oppidum Album Intimilium, flumen Merula, oppidum Album Ingaunum, portus Vadorum Sabatium, flumen Porcifera, oppidum Genua, fluvius Fertor, portus Delphini, Tigulia intus, Segesta Tiguliorum, flumen Macra, Liguriae finis. a tergo autem supra dictorum omnium Appenninus mons Italiae amplissimus, perpetuis iugis ab Alpibus tendens ad Siculum fretum.

[48] the river Rutuba, the town Album Intimilium, the river Merula, the town Album Ingaunum, the Port of the Vada Sabatia, the river Porcifera, the town Genua, the river Fertor, the Port of the Dolphin, Tigulia inland, Segesta of the Tigulii, the river Macra, the end of Liguria. at the back, however, behind all the aforesaid, the Apennine mountain, Italy’s most extensive, with perpetual ridges stretching from the Alps to the Sicilian Strait.

[49] ab altero eius latere ad Padum amnem Italiae ditissimum omnia nobilibus oppidis nitent, Libarna, Dertona colonia, Iria, Vardacate, Industria, Pollentia, Carrea quod Potentia cognominatur, Foro Fulvi quod Valentinum, Augusta Bagiennorum, Alba Pompeia, Hasta, Aquis Statiellorum. haec regio ex discriptione Augusti nona est. patet ora Liguriae inter amnes Varum et Macram CCXVI p.

[49] on its other side, up to the Po river, Italy’s richest, all glisten with noble towns, Libarna, Dertona, a colony, Iria, Vardacate, Industria, Pollentia, Carrea, which is surnamed Potentia, Foro Fulvi, which [is] Valentinum, Augusta of the Bagienni, Alba Pompeia, Hasta, Aquis of the Statielli. This region, by the description of Augustus, is the ninth. The coast of Liguria extends between the rivers Varus and Macra 216 miles.

[50] Adnectitur septima, in qua Etruria est ab amne Macra, ipsa mutatis saepe nominibus. Umbros inde exegere antiquitus Pelasgi, hos Lydi, a quorum rege Tyrrheni, mox a sacrifico ritu lingua Graecorum Tusci sunt cognominati. primum Etruriae oppidum Luna, portu nobile, colonia Luca a mari recedens propiorque Pisae inter amnes Auserem et Arnum, ortae a Pelopidis sive a Teutanis, Graeca gente.

[50] The seventh is appended, in which Etruria lies from the river Macra, it itself with names often changed. From there the Pelasgians long ago drove out the Umbrians; these, the Lydians, from whose king Tyrrhenus—and soon, from a sacrificial rite, in the tongue of the Greeks—were surnamed the Tusci. The first town of Etruria is Luna, notable for its harbor, a colony; Luca, drawing back from the sea; and Pisae, nearer, between the rivers Auser and Arnus, arisen from the Pelopids or from the Teutani, a Greek race.

vada Volaterrana, fluvius Caecina, Populonium, Etruscorum quondam hoc tantum in litore.

the Volaterran shoals, the river Caecina, Populonium, formerly the only Etruscan city on this coast.

[51] hinc amnes Prile, mox Umbro, navigiorum capax, et ab eo tractus Umbriae portusque Telamo, Cosa Volcientium a populo Romano deducta, Graviscae, Castrum Novum, Pyrgi, Caeretanus amnis et ipsum Caere intus m. p. VII, Agylla a Pelasgis conditoribus dictum, Alsium, Fregenae, Tiberis amnis a Macra CCLXXXIIII p. intus coloniae Faliosca, Argis orta, ut auctor est Cato, quae cognominatur Etruscorum, Lucus Feroniae,Rusellana, Seniensis, Sutrina.

[51] from here the rivers Prile, next the Umbro, fit for shipping, and from there the tract of Umbria and the port Telamon, Cosa of the Volcientes, planted as a colony by the Roman people, Graviscae, Castrum Novum, Pyrgi, the Caeretan river and Caere itself inland m. p. 7, called Agylla by its Pelasgian founders, Alsium, Fregenae, the river Tiber; from the Macra 284 p. inland, the colonies: Falisca, sprung from Argos, as Cato is author, which is surnamed “of the Etruscans,” the Grove of Feronia,Rusellana, Seniensis, Sutrina.

[52] de cetero Arretini Veteres, Arretini Fidentiores, Arretini Iulienses, Amitinenses, Aquenses cognomine Taurini, Blerani, Cortonenses, Capenates, Clusini Novi, Clusini Veteres, Florentini praefluenti Arno adpositi, Faesulae, Ferentinum, Fescennia, Hortanum, Herbanum, Nepet, Novem Pagi, Praefectura Claudia Doroclodi, Pistorium, Perusia,Suanenses, Saturnini qui ante Aurini vocabantur, Subertani, Statonienses, Tarquinienses, Tuscanienses,Vetulonienses, Veientani, Vesentini, Volaterrani, Volcentani cognomine Etrusci, Volsinienses. in eadem parte oppidorum veterum nomina retinent agri Crustuminus, Caletranus.

[52] as to the rest, the Arretines the Old, the Arretines the More Confident, the Arretines the Julian, the Amitinenses, the Aquenses by cognomen Taurini, the Blerani, the Cortonenses, the Capenates, the New Clusini, the Old Clusini, the Florentines set beside the preflowing Arno, Faesulae, Ferentinum, Fescennia, Hortanum, Herbanum, Nepet, the Nine Pagi, the Claudian Prefecture of Doroclodi, Pistorium, Perusia,Suanenses, the Saturnini, who before were called the Aurini, the Subertani, the Statonienses, the Tarquinienses, the Tuscanienses,Vetulonienses, the Veientani, the Vesentini, the Volaterrani, the Volcentani by cognomen “Etrusci,” the Volsinienses. in the same quarter the fields retain the names of ancient towns: the Crustuminian, the Caletran.

[53] Tiberis, ante Thyberis appellatus et prius Albula, e media fere longitudine Appennini finibus Arretinorum profluit, tenuis primo nec nisi piscinis corrivatus emissusque navigabilis, sicuti Tinia et Clanis influentes in eum, novenorum ita conceptu dierum, si non adiuvent imbres. sed Tiberis propter aspera et confragosa ne sic quidem, praeterquam trabibus verius quam ratibus, longe meabilis fertur, per CL p. non procul Tiferno Perusiaque et Ocriculo Etruriam ab Umbris ac Sabinis, mox citra XVI p. urbis Veientem agrum a Crustumino, dein Fidenatem Latinumque a Vaticano dirimens.

[53] The Tiber, formerly called Thyberis and earlier Albula, flows forth from about the middle length of the Apennines, within the borders of the Arretines; slight at first and navigable only when gathered into pools and, being let out, released—just as the Tinia and the Clanis, which flow into it, are so—after a gathering of 9 days, if rains do not aid. But the Tiber, because of rough and broken places, even then is not for any long stretch passable, except for logs rather than rafts, and is carried along for 150 miles, not far from Tifernum, Perusia, and Ocriculum, dividing Etruria from the Umbri and the Sabines; then, short of the city by 16 miles, separating the Veientine territory from the Crustuminian, and thereafter the Fidenaean and the Latin from the Vatican.

[54] sed infra Arretium Clanim duobus et quadraginta fluviis auctus, praecipuis autem Nare et Aniene, qui et ipse navigabilis Latium includit a tergo, nec minus tamen aquis ac tot fontibus in urbem perductis, et ideo quamlibet magnarum navium ex Italo mari capax, rerum in toto orbe nascentium mercator placidissimus, pluribus prope solus quam ceteri in omnibus terris amnes accolitur aspiciturque villis.

[54] but below Arretium, augmented by the Clanis and by forty-two rivers, the chief moreover being the Nar and the Anio—the Nar itself navigable, which encloses Latium from the rear—yet nonetheless, with waters and so many springs conducted into the city, and therefore capacious of ships, however great, from the Italian sea, the most placid merchant of things nascent in the whole orb, it is inhabited along and looked upon by villas in numbers greater, almost alone, than the other rivers in all lands.

[55] nullique fluviorum minus licet inclusis utrimque lateribus, nec tamen ipse depugnat, quamquam creber ac subitus incrementis est, nusquam magis aquis quam in ipsa urbe stagnantibus. quin immo vates intellegitur potius ac monitor, auctu semper religiosus verius quam saevus.

[55] and to none of the rivers is less license, with his sides enclosed on both sides; nor yet does he himself do battle, although he is frequent and sudden in his increments, nowhere with the waters more stagnating than in the city itself. Nay rather, he is understood as a seer and a monitor, in his swelling always more religious than savage.

[56] Latium antiquum a Tiberi Cerceios servatum est m. p. L longitudine: tam tenues primordio imperi fuere radices. colonis saepe mutatis tenuere alii aliis temporibus, Aborigenes, Pelasgi, Arcades, Siculi, Aurunci, Rutuli et ultra Cerceios Volsci, Osci, Ausones, unde nomen Lati processit ad Lirim amnem. in principio est Ostia colonia ab Romano rege deducta, oppidum Laurentum, lucus Iovis Indigetis, amnis Numicius, Ardea a Danaë Persei matre condita.

[56] Ancient Latium, from the Tiber to Cerceios, was limited to 50 miles in length: so slender were the roots at the beginning of the empire. With the settlers often changed, different peoples held it at different times: the Aborigines, Pelasgians, Arcadians, Siculi, Aurunci, Rutuli, and beyond Cerceios the Volsci, Oscans, Ausonians; whence the name Latium advanced to the river Liris. At the beginning there is Ostia, a colony led out by a Roman king, the town Laurentum, the grove of Jupiter Indiges, the river Numicius, Ardea founded by Danaë, mother of Perseus.

[57] dein quondam Aphrodisium, Antium colonia, Astura flumen et insula, fluvius Nymphaeus, Clostra Romana, Cercei, quondam insula inmenso quidem mari circumdata, ut creditur Homero, et nunc planitie. mirum est quod hac de re tradere hominum notitiae possumus. Theophrastus, qui primus externorum aliqua de Romanis diligentius scripsit — nam Theopompus, ante quem nemo mentionem habuit, urbem dumtaxat a Gallis captam dixit, Clitarchus, ab eo proximus, legationem tantum ad Alexandrum missam —

[57] then once the Aphrodisium, Antium, a colony, Astura, a river and an island, the river Nymphaeus, the Clostra Romana, Circei, once an island, indeed surrounded by a vast sea, as is believed on Homer’s authority, and now by a plain. It is marvelous what we are able to hand down to human knowledge about this matter. Theophrastus, who first of foreigners wrote somewhat about the Romans more diligently — for Theopompus, before whom no one had made mention, said only that the city had been captured by the Gauls; Clitarchus, next after him, only that a legation had been sent to Alexander —

[58] hic iam plus quam ex fama Cerceiorum insulae et mensuram posuit stadia LXXX in eo volumine, quod scripsit Nicodoro Atheniensium magistratu, qui fuit urbis nostrae CCCCXL anno. quicquid ergo terrarum est praeter X p. ambitus adnexum insulae, post eum annum accessit Italiae.

[58] here now he set down, with more than mere report, about the island of the Circeii and its measurement, 80 stadia, in that volume which he wrote in the magistracy of Nicodorus among the Athenians, who was in the 440th year of our city. therefore whatever land, beyond a circuit of 10 miles, is attached to the island, after that year was added to Italy.

[59] aliud miraculum a Cerceis palus Pomptina est, quem locum XXIIII urbium fuisse Mucianus ter consul prodidit. dein flumen Aufentum, supra quod Tarracina oppidum, lingua Voslcorum Anxur dictum, et ubi fuere Amyclae sive Amynclae, a serpentibus deletae, dein locus Speluncae, lacus Fundanus, Caieta portus, oppidum Formiae, Hormiae dictum, ut existimavere, antiqua Laestrygonum sedes. ultra fuit oppidum Pirae, est colonia Minturnae, Liri amne divisa, Clani olim appellato, Sinuessa, extremum in adiecto Latio, quam quidam Sinopen dixere vocitatam.

[59] another wonder from the Circeii is the Pomptine Marsh, which place Mucianus, thrice consul, reported had been of 24 cities. then the river Aufentus, above which is the town Tarracina, called in the tongue of the Volsci Anxur, and where there were Amyclae, or Amynclae, destroyed by serpents; then the place Speluncae, the lake of Fundi, the port of Caieta, the town Formiae, said Hormiae, as they have thought, the ancient seat of the Laestrygones. beyond was the town Pirae; there is the colony Minturnae, divided by the river Liris, formerly called Clanis; Sinuessa, the farthest in the annexed Latium, which some have said was commonly called Sinope.

[60] hinc felix illa Campania, ab hoc sinu incipiunt vitiferi colles et temulentia nobilis suco per omnes terras incluto atque, ut veteres dixere, summum Liberi Patris cum Cerere certamen. hinc Setini et Caecubi protenduntur agri; his iunguntur Falerni, Caleni, dein consurgunt Massici, Gaurani Surrentinique montes. ibi Leborini campi sternuntur et in delicias alicae politur messis.

[60] from here that fortunate Campania; from this bay the vine-bearing hills begin, and an inebriation noble in its juice, renowned through all lands, and, as the ancients said, the highest contest of Father Liber with Ceres. From here the Setine and Caecuban fields extend; to these are joined the Falernian and Calenian; then rise the Massic, Gauran, and Surrentine mountains. There the Leborian plains are spread, and for delicacies the harvest of alica is polished.

haec litora fontibus calidis rigantur praeterque cetera in toto mari conchylio et pisce nobili adnotantur. nusquam generosior oleae liquor est, hoc quoque certamen humanae voluptatis. tenuere Osci, Graeci, Umbri, Tusci, Campani.

These shores are irrigated by hot springs and, beyond all others, in the whole sea are noted for shellfish and noble fish. Nowhere is the liquor of the olive more high-born; this too is a contest of human pleasure. The Oscans, Greeks, Umbrians, Tuscans, Campanians have held it.

[61] in ora Savo fluvius, Volturnum oppidum cum amne, Liternum, Cumae Chalcidiensium, Misenum, portus Baiarum, Bauli, lacus Lucrinus et Avernus, iuxta quem Cimmerium oppidum quondam, dein Puteoli colonia Dicaearchia dicti, postque Phlegraei campi, Acherusia palus Cumis vicina;

[61] on the shore the Savo river, Volturnum, a town with a river, Liternum, Cumae of the Chalcidians, Misenum, the harbor of Baiae, Bauli, the Lucrine lake and Avernus, near which the Cimmerian town once stood, then Puteoli, a colony called Dicaearchia, and after that the Phlegraean fields, the Acherusian marsh near Cumae;

[62] litore autem Neapolis, Chalcidensium et ipsa, Parthenope a tumulo Sirenis appellata, Herculaneum, Pompei haud procul spectato monteVesuvio, adluente vero Sarno amne, ager Nucerinus et VIIII p. a mari ipsa Nuceria, Surrentum cum promunturio Minervae, Sirenum quondam sede. navigatio a Cerceis II de LXXX patet. regio ea a Tiberi prima Italiae servatur ex discriptione Augusti.

[62] on the shore lies Naples, itself too of the Chalcidians, called Parthenope from the tomb of the Siren, Herculaneum, Pompeii not far from the conspicuous MountVesuvius, in fact washed by the river Sarno; the Nucerian territory, and Nuceria itself 9 miles from the sea; Surrentum with the promontory of Minerva, once the seat of the Sirens. The navigation from the Circeii lies open for 2 of 80. That region from the Tiber is kept as the first of Italy according to Augustus’s description.

[63] Intus coloniae Capua, ab XL campo dicta, Aquinum, Suessa, Venafrum, Sora, Teanum Sidicinum cognomine, Nola; oppida Abellinum, Aricia, Alba Longa, Acerrani, Allifani, Atinates, Alterinates, Anagnini, Atellani, Aefulani, Arpinates, Auximates, Abellani, Alfaterni et qui ex agro Latino, item Hernico, item Labicano cognominantur, Bovillae, Caiatia, Casinum, Calenum, Capitulum Hernicum, Cereatini qui Mariani cognominantur, Corani a Dardano Troiano orti, Cubulterini, Castrimoenienses,

[63] Inland, the colonies: Capua, so called from the 40-plain, Aquinum, Suessa, Venafrum, Sora, Teanum with the surname Sidicinum, Nola; the towns: Abellinum, Aricia, Alba Longa, the Acerrani, Allifani, Atinates, Alterinates, Anagnini, Atellani, Aefulani, Arpinates, Auximates, Abellani, Alfaterni, and those who are surnamed from the Latin territory, likewise from the Hernican, likewise from the Labican, Bovillae, Caiatia, Casinum, Calenum, the Hernican Capitulum, the Cereatini who are surnamed Mariani, the Corani sprung from Dardanus the Trojan, the Cubulterini, the Castrimoenienses,

[64] Cingulani, Cabienses in monte Albano, Foropopulienses ex Falerno, Frusinates, Ferentinates, Freginates, Fabraterni Veteres, Fabraterni Novi, Ficolenses, Fregellani, Forum Appi, Forentani, Gabini, Interamnates Sucasini qui et Lirenates vocantur, Ilionenses, Lanivini, Norbani, Nomentani, Praenestini urbe quondam Stephane dicta, Privernates, Setini, Signini, Suessulani, Telesini, Trebulani cognomine Ballienses, Trebani, Tusculani, Verulani,

[64] the Cingulani, the Cabienses on the Alban Mount, the Foropopulienses from Falernus, the Frusinates, the Ferentinates, the Freginates, the Old Fabraterni, the New Fabraterni, the Ficolenses, the Fregellani, Forum Appi, the Forentani, the Gabini, the Interamnates Sucasini, who are also called Lirenates, the Ilionenses, the Lanivini, the Norbani, the Nomentani, the Praenestines, their city once called Stephane, the Privernates, the Setini, the Signini, the Suessulani, the Telesini, the Trebulani by cognomen Ballienses, the Trebani, the Tusculani, the Verulani,

[65] Veliterni, Ulubrenses, Urbanates superque Roma ipsa, cuius nomen alterum dicere nisi arcanis caerimoniarum nefas habetur optimaque et salutari fide abolitum enuntiavit Valerius Soranus luitque mox poenas. non alienum videtur inserere hoc loco exemplum religionis antiquae ob hoc maxime silentium institutae. namque diva Angerona, cui sacrificatur a. d. XII kal.

[65] the Veliternians, the Ulubrenses, the Urbanates, and above them Rome herself, whose other name it is held a nefas to speak except in the arcana of the ceremonies—and which, abolished in the best and salutary good faith, Valerius Soranus enunciated and soon paid the penalties. It does not seem alien to insert in this place an example of ancient religion instituted chiefly for this very silence. For the goddess Angerona, to whom sacrifice is offered on the 12th day before the Kalends.

Ian., ore obligato obsignatoque simulacrum habet.

Jan., she has a statue with its mouth bound and sealed.

[66] Urbem tris portas habentem Romulus reliquit aut, ut plurimas tradentibus credamus, IIII. moenia eius collegere ambitu imperatoribus censoribusque Vespasianis anno conditae DCCCXXVI m. p. XIII:CC, conplexa montes septem. ipsa dividitur in regiones XIIII, compita Larum CCLXV, eiusdem spatium mensura currente a miliario in capite Romani fori statuto ad singulas portas, quae sunt hodie numero XXXVII, ita ut XII portae semel numerentur praetereantur ex veteribus VII, quae esse desierunt, efficit passuum per directum XX:M:DCCLXV.

[66] Romulus left the city having three gates, or, if we are to believe those who transmit more, 4. Its walls, in circumference, have amounted, under the Vespasians, emperors and censors, in the year 826 from its founding, to 13,200 paces, embracing seven hills. The city itself is divided into 14 regions, with 265 crossroads-shrines of the Lares; measuring its extent by a running measure from the milestone set at the head of the Roman Forum to the individual gates, which today are in number 37, in such a way that 12 gates are counted once and 7 among the ancient ones, which have ceased to exist, are passed over, it makes, in a straight line, 20,765 paces.

[67] ad extrema vero tectorum cum castris praetoriis ab eodem miliario per vicos omnium viarum mensura colligit paulo amplius LX p. quod si quis altitudinem tectorum addat, dignam profecto aestimationem concipiat fateaturque nullius urbis magnitudinem in toto orbe potuisse ei comparari. clauditur ab oriente aggere Tarquini Superbi, inter prima opere mirabili; namque eum muris aequavit qua maxime patebat aditu plano. cetera munita erat praecelsis muris aut abruptis montibus, nisi quod exspatiantia tecta multas addidere urbes.

[67] to the farthest edges of the roofs, together with the praetorian camps, from the same milestone, by the lanes of all the roads, the measurement amounts to a little more than 60 miles. But if one should add the height of the buildings, he would surely conceive a worthy estimate and would admit that the size of no city in the whole world could have been compared to it. It is enclosed on the east by the embankment of Tarquinius Superbus, among the foremost for marvelous workmanship; for he made it equal to the walls where it lay most open with a level approach. The rest was fortified by very lofty walls or precipitous mountains, except that the out-spreading roofs added many cities.

[68] In prima regione praeterea fuere in Latio clara oppida Satircum, Pometia, Scaptia, Politorium, Tellena, Tifata, Caenina, Ficana, Crustumeria, Ameriola, Medullum, Corniculum, Saturnia ubi nunc Roma est, Antipolis quod nunc Ianiculum in parte Romae, Antemnae, Camerium, Collatia, Amitinum, Norbe, Sulmo,

[68] In the first region moreover there were in Latium renowned towns Satircum, Pometia, Scaptia, Politorium, Tellena, Tifata, Caenina, Ficana, Crustumeria, Ameriola, Medullum, Corniculum, Saturnia where now Rome is, Antipolis which is now the Janiculum, in the part of Rome, Antemnae, Camerium, Collatia, Amitinum, Norbe, Sulmo,

[69] et cum iis carnem in monte Albano soliti accipere populi Albenses: Albani, Aesolani, Accienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani, Coriolani, Fidenates, Foreti, Hortenses, Latinienses, Longani, Manates, Macrales, Munienses, Numinienses, Olliculani, Octulani, Pedani, Poletaurini, Querquetulani, Sicani, Sisolenses, Tolerienses, Tutienses, Vimitellari, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses.

[69] and along with them the Alban peoples accustomed to receive the flesh on Mount Alban: the Albani, Aesolani, Accienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani, Coriolani, Fidenates, Foreti, Hortenses, Latinienses, Longani, Manates, Macrales, Munienses, Numinienses, Olliculani, Octulani, Pedani, Poletaurini, Querquetulani, Sicani, Sisolenses, Tolerienses, Tutienses, Vimitellari, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses.

[70] ita ex antiquo Latio LIII populi interiere sine vestigiis. in Campano autem agro Stabiae oppidum fuere usque ad Cn. Pompeium L. Catonem cos. pr. kal.

[70] thus from ancient Latium 53 peoples perished without traces. but in the Campanian region, however, the town of Stabiae existed down to the time of Cn. Pompeius and L. Cato, consuls, the day before the Kalends.

Mai., quo die L. Sulla legatus bello sociali id delevit, quod nunc in villam abiit. intercidit ibi et Taurania. sunt moreitnes Casilinae reliquiae.

May, on which day L. Sulla, legate in the Social War, destroyed it, which has now gone into a villa. There too Taurania perished. There are the dying relics of Casilinum.

praeterea auctor est Antias oppidum Latinorum Apiolas captum a L. Tarquinio rege, ex cuius praeda Capitolium is inchoaverit. a Surrentino ad Silerum amnem XXX m. p. ager Picentinus fuit Tuscorum, templo Iunonis Argivae ab Iasone condito insiginis. intus oppidum Salerni, Picentia.

furthermore, Antias is an authority that the Latin town Apiolae was captured by King L. Tarquinius, and that from its booty he began the Capitol. from Surrentum to the river Siler, 30 miles, the Picentine territory was of the Tuscans, notable for a temple of Argive Juno founded by Jason. inland, the town of Salernum, Picentia.

[71] A Silero regio tertia et ager Lucanus Bruttiusque incipit, nec ibi rara incolarum mutatione. tenuerunt eum Pelasgi, Oenotri, Itali, Morgetes, Siculi, Graeciae maxime populi, novissime Lucani Samnitibus orti duce Lucio. oppidum Paestum, Graecis Posidonia appellatum, sinus Paestanus, oppidum Eleas quae nunc Velia, promunturium Palinurum, a quo sinu recedente traiectus ad Columnam Regiam C m. p.

[71] From the Siler river the third region and the Lucanian and Bruttian land begins, and there the change of inhabitants has not been rare. It has been held by the Pelasgi, the Oenotri, the Itali, the Morgetes, the Siculi, most of all by the peoples of Greece, and latest by the Lucani, sprung from the Samnites under a leader Lucius. The town of Paestum, called Posidonia by the Greeks; the Paestan bay; the town Elea, which is now Velia; the promontory Palinurus—thence, as the bay recedes, the sea-crossing to the Royal Column is 100 miles.

[72] proximum autem flumen Melpes, oppidum Buxentum, Graeciae Pyxus, Laus amnis. fuit et oppidum eodem nomine. ab eo Bruttium litus, oppidum Blanda, flumen Baletum, portus Parthenius Phocensium et sinus Vibonensis, locus Clampetiae, oppidum Tempsa, a Graecis Temese citum, et Crotoniensium Terina sinusque ingens Terinaeus.

[72] next is the river Melpes, the town Buxentum, called Pyxus by the Greeks, the river Laus. there was also a town of the same name. from there the Bruttian shore, the town Blanda, the river Baletum, the harbor Parthenius of the Phocaeans and the Vibonian gulf, the place of Clampetia, the town Tempsa, founded by the Greeks as Temese, and Terina of the Crotoniates and the vast Terinaean gulf.

oppidum Consentia intus.

the town Consentia, inland.

[73] in paeninsula fluvius Acheron, a quo oppidani Aceruntini. Hippo, quod nunc Vibonem Valentiam appellamus, portus Herculis, Metaurus amnis, Tauroentum oppidum, portus Orestis et Medma. oppidum Scyllaeum, Crataeis fluvius, mater, ut dixere, Scyllae.

[73] on the peninsula, the river Acheron, from which the townspeople are called the Aceruntini. Hippo, which we now call Vibo Valentia, the Port of Hercules, the river Metaurus, the town Tauroentum, the Port of Orestes and Medma. the town Scyllaeum, the river Crataeis, the mother, as they have said, of Scylla.

dein Columnia Regia, Siculum retum ac duo adversa promunturia, ex Italia Caenus, e Sicilia Pelorum, XII stadiorum intervallo, unde Regium XCIV.

then the Royal Column, the Sicilian strait, and two opposing promontories, from Italy Caenus, from Sicily Pelorum, at an interval of 12 stadia, whence to Regium 94.

[74] inde Appennini silva Sila, promunturium Leucopetra XV p., ab ea LI Locri, cognominati a promunturio Zephyrio. absunt a Silero CCCIII. Et includitur Europae sinus primus.

[74] from there the Apennine forest Sila, the promontory Leucopetra, 15 miles; from it, 51 to Locri, surnamed from the Zephyrian Promontory. They are 303 from the Silerus. And thus the first gulf of Europe is enclosed.

in eo maria nuncupantur: unde irrumpit, Atlanticum, ab aliis Magnum; qua intrat, Porthmos a Graecis, a nobis Gaditanum fretum; cum intravit, Hispanum quatenus Hispanias adluit, ab aliis Hibericum aut Baliaricum; mox Gallicum ante Narbonensem provinciam; hinc Ligusticum;

in it seas are named: where it bursts in, the Atlantic, by others the Great; where it enters, Porthmos by the Greeks, by us the Gaditan strait; once it has entered, the Spanish, inasmuch as it bathes the Spains, by others the Iberic or Balearic; next the Gallic before the Narbonensian province; from there the Ligustic;

[75] ab eo ad Siciliam insulam Tuscum, quod ex Graecis alii Notium, alii Tyrrenum, e nostris plurimi Inferum vocant. ultra Siciliam quod est ad Salentinos, Ausonium Polybius appellat, Eratosthenes autem inter ostium oceani et Sardiniam quicquid est Sarodum, inde ad Siciliam Tyrrenum, ab hac Cretam usque Siculum, ab ea Creticum.

[75] from it, up to the island of Sicily, the Tuscan, which among the Greeks some call the Notian, others the Tyrrhenian; among our people, very many call it the Lower. Beyond Sicily, that which is toward the Salentini, Polybius calls the Ausonian; Eratosthenes, however, calls whatever is between the mouth of the Ocean and Sardinia the Sardonian; thence, to Sicily, the Tyrrhenian; from this, as far as Crete, the Sicilian; from that, the Cretan.

[76] Insulae per hanec maria primae omnium Pityussae Graecis dictae a frutice pineo; nunc Ebusus vocatur utraque, civitate foederata, angusto freto interfluente. patent XLVI, absunt ab Dianio DCC stadia, totidem Dianium per continentem a Carthagine Nova, tantundem a Pityussis in altum Baliares duae ei Sucronem versus Colubraria.

[76] The islands through these seas, the first of all, were called by the Greeks the Pityussae from the pine shrub; now each is called Ebusus, with a federated community, a narrow strait flowing between. They extend 46; they are distant from Dianium 700 stadia, and Dianium by the mainland from New Carthage is the same number; the same distance from the Pityussae out into the deep are the two Balearics, and toward the Sucro, Colubraria.

[77] Baliares funda bellicosas Graeci Gymnasias dixere. maior C p. est longitudine, circuitu vero CCCCLXXV. ppa habet civium Romanorum Palmam et Pollentiam, Latina Guium et Tucim, et foederatum Bocchorum fuit.

[77] The Balearics, warlike with the sling, the Greeks called the Gymnesiae. The larger (island) is 100 miles in length, and 475 in circumference. It has, as towns of Roman citizens, Palma and Pollentia; as Latin (Right), Guium and Tucis; and there was a foederate town of the Bocchori.

ab ea XXX distat minor, longitudine XL, circuitu CL. civitates habet Iamonem, Saniseram, Magonem.

the smaller is distant from it by 30, 40 in length, 150 in circuit. It has the cities Iamonem, Saniseram, Magonem.

[78] a maiore XII in altum abest Capraria, insidiosa naufragiis, et e regione Palmae urbis Menariae ac Tiquadra et parva Hannibalis. Ebusi terra serpentes fugat, Colubrariae parit, ideo infesta omnibus nisi Ebusitanam terram inferentibus; Graeci Ophiussam dixere. nec cuniculos Ebusus gignit, populantes Baliarium messes.

[78] from the larger island 12 out to sea lies Capraria, treacherous for shipwrecks, and over against the city Palma are Menaria, and Tiquadra, and the little island of Hannibal. The soil of Ebusus drives away serpents; that of Colubraria produces them—hence it is hostile to all unless they bring in Ebusitan earth; the Greeks have called it Ophiussa. Nor does Ebusus beget rabbits, which ravage the harvests of the Balearics.

[79] Sunt aliae viginti ferme parvae mari vadoso, Galliae autem ora in Rhodani ostio Metina, mox quae Blascorum vocatur, et tres Stoechades a vicinis Massiliensibus dictae propter ordinem quo sitae sunt. nomina singulis Prote, Mese, quae et Pomponiana vocatur, tertia Hypaea, ab iis Sturium, Phoenice, Phila, Lero et Lerina adversum Antipolim, in qua Berconi oppidi memoria.

[79] There are about twenty other small [islands] in a shallow sea; but on the coast of Gaul at the mouth of the Rhone, Metina, next the one which is called of the Blasci, and the three Stoechades, named by the neighboring Massilians because of the order in which they are situated. The names for each are Prote, Mese, which is also called Pomponiana, the third Hypaea; beyond these, Sturium, Phoenice, Phila, Lero and Lerina opposite Antipolis, in which there is a memory of the town Berconus.

[80] In Ligustico mari est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyrnon appellavere, sed Tusco propior, a septentrione in meridiem proiecta, longa passuum CL, lata maiore ex parte L, circuitu CCCXXV. abest a Vadis Volaterranis LXII, civitates habet XXXII et colonias Marianam, a C. Mario deductam, Aleriam, a dictatore Sulla. citra est Oglasa, intra vero, et LX p. a Corsica, Planasia a specie dicta, aequalis freto ideoque navigiis fallax.

[80] In the Ligurian Sea is Corsica, which the Greeks called Cyrnon, but nearer to the Tuscan Sea, projected from north into south, 150 miles long, for the greater part 50 broad, with a circuit of 325. It is 62 from the Vada Volaterrana, has 32 cities and the colonies Mariana, founded by Gaius Marius, and Aleria, by the dictator Sulla. On this side is Oglasa; further within, and 60 miles from Corsica, is Planasia, named from its appearance, level with the strait and therefore deceptive to ships.

[81] amplior Urgo et Capraria, quam Graeci Aegilion dixere, item Igilium et Dianium, quam Artemisiam, ambae contra Cosanum litus, et Barpana, Menaria, Columbaria, Venaria, Ilva cum ferri metallis, circuitus C, a Populonio X, a Graecis Aethalia dicta. ab ea Planasia XXVIII. ab iis ultra Tiberina ostia in Antiano Astura, mox Palmaria, Sinonia, adversum Formias Pontiae.

[81] larger are Urgo and Capraria, which the Greeks called Aegilion, likewise Igilium and Dianium, which (they called) Artemisia—both opposite the Cosan shore—and Barpana, Menaria, Columbaria, Venaria, Ilva with iron mines, a circuit of 100, 10 from Populonium, called by the Greeks Aethalia. from it Planasia is 28. from these, beyond the Tiberine mouths, in the Antian waters, Astura; next Palmaria, Sinonia; opposite Formiae, the Pontiae.

[82] in Puteolano autem sinu Pandateria, Prochyta, non ab Aeneae nutrice, sed quia profusa ab Aenaria erat, Aenaria a statione navium Aeneae, Homero Inarime dicta, Pithecusa, non a simiarum multitudine, ut aliqui existimavere, sed a figlinis doliorum. inter Pausilypum et Neapolim Megaris, mox a Surrento VIII distantes Tiberi principis arce nobiles Capreaea circuiti XI:M,

[82] and in the Puteolan gulf, Pandateria, Prochyta, not from Aeneas’s nurse, but because it had been poured out from Aenaria; Aenaria from the station of Aeneas’s ships, called Inarime by Homer; Pithecusa, not from a multitude of apes, as some have thought, but from potters of jars. between Pausilypum and Neapolis, the Megaris; then, 8 distant from Surrentum, the Capreaea, made famous by the citadel of the princeps Tiberius, with a circuit of 11 miles,

[83] Leucothea extraque conspectum pelagus Africum attingens Sardinia, minus VIII p. a Corsicae extremis, etiamnum angustias eas artantibus insulis parvis, quae Cuniculariae appellantur, itemque Phintonis et Fossae, a quibus fretum ipsum Taphros nominatur.

[83] Leucothea, and, beyond sight, the African sea, which reaches Sardinia, less than 8 miles from the extremities of Corsica—those narrows being further tightened by small islands, which are called the Cuniculariae, and likewise Phintonis and Fossae—from which the strait itself is named Taphros.

[84] Sardinia ab oriente patens CLXXXVIII p., ab occidente CLXXV, a meridie LXXVII, a septentrione CXXV, circuitu DLXV, abest ab Africa Caralitano promunturio CC, a Gadibus |XII|:L. habet et a Gorditano promunturio duas insulas quae vocantur Herculis, a Sulcensi Enosim, a Caralitano Ficariam.

[84] Sardinia, extending on the east 188, on the west 175, on the south 77, on the north 125, in circumference 565, is 200 distant from Africa at the Caralitan promontory, from Gades |12|:50. It also has, off the Gorditan promontory, two islands which are called the Islands of Hercules, off the Sulcensian Enosim, off the Caralitan Ficaria.

[85] quidam haut procul ab ea et Leberidas ponunt et Callode et quam vocant Heras lutra. celeberrimi in ea populorum Ilienses, Balari, Corsi, oppidorum XVIII Suleitani, Valentini, Neapolitani, Bitienses, Caralitani civium R. et Norenses, colonia autem una, quae vocatur Ad Turrem Libisonis. Sardiniam ipsam Timaeus Sandaliotim appellavit ab effigie soleae, Myrsilus Ichnusam a similitudine vestigii.

[85] some set not far from it also the Leberides and the Callode, and what they call the Baths of Hera. The most celebrated among the peoples in it are the Ilienses, the Balari, the Corsi; of towns 18, the Suleitani, the Valentini, the Neapolitani, the Bitienses, the Caralitani of Roman citizens, and the Norenses; but there is one colony, which is called At the Tower of Libisonis. Timaeus called Sardinia itself Sandaliotis from the effigy of a sandal-sole, Myrsilus Ichnusa from the similitude of a footprint.

contra Paestanum sinum Leucosia est, a Sirene ibi sepulta appellata, contra Veliam Pontia et Isacia, utraeque uno nomine Oenotrides, argumentum possessae ab Oenotris Italiae, contra Vibonem parvae quae vocantur Ithacesiae ab Ulixis specula.

opposite the Bay of Paestum is Leucosia, named from the Siren buried there, opposite Velia are Pontia and Isacia, both under the single name Oenotrides, evidence of Italy’s having been possessed by the Oenotri, opposite Vibo are small islets which are called the Ithacesiae from Ulysses’ watch-post.

[86] Verum ante omnes claritate Sicilia, Sicania Thucydidi dicta, Trinacria pluribus aut Trinacia a triangula specie, circuitu patens, ut auctor est Agrippa,DCXVIII p., quondam Bruttio agro cohaerens, mox interfuso nari avulsa,XV in longitudinem freto, in latitudinem autem M:D p. iuxta Columnam Regiam. ab hoc dehiscendi argumento Rhegium Graeci nomen dedere oppido in margine Italiae sito.

[86] But before all in renown is Sicily, called Sicania by Thucydides, Trinacria by more, or Trinacia from its triangular aspect, extending in circuit, as Agrippa is the authority, 618 p.; once cohering with the Bruttian land, soon torn away when the sea was poured in, the strait being 15 in length, but in breadth 1,500 p. near the Royal Column. From this evidence of a splitting the Greeks gave the name Rhegium to the town situated on the margin of Italy.

[87] in eo freto est scopulus Scylla, item Charybdis mare verticosum, ambae clarae saevitia. ipsius triquetrae, ut diximus, promunturium Pelorum vocatur adversus Scyllam vergens in Italiam, Pachynum in Graeciam,CCCCXL ab eo distante Peloponneso, Lilybaeum in Africam CLXXX intervallo a Mercuri promunturio et a Caralitano Sardiniae CXC. inter se autem promunturia ac latera distant his spatiis: terreno itinere a Peloro Pachymum CLXXVI, inde Lilybaeum CC, unde Pelorum CCXLII.

[87] in that strait is the rock Scylla, likewise Charybdis, a vortical sea, both renowned for savagery. Of the three‑cornered island itself, as we said, the promontory called Pelorum, opposite Scylla, inclines toward Italy; Pachynum toward Greece, the Peloponnese distant 440 from it; Lilybaeum toward Africa, at an interval of 180 from the Promontory of Mercury and 190 from the Caralitan (of Caralis) of Sardinia. Between themselves, however, the promontories and the sides are distant by these spans: by a land journey from Pelorus to Pachynus 176, thence to Lilybaeum 200, whence to Pelorus 242.

[88] coloniae ibi V, urbes aut civitates LXIII. a Peloro mare Ionium ora spectante oppidum Messana civium R., qui Mamertini vocantur, promunturium Drepanum, colonia Tauromenium, quae antea Naxos, flumen Asines, mons Aetna, nocturnis mirus incendiis. crater eius patet ambitu stadia viginti; favilla Tauromenium et Catinam usque pervenit fervens, fragor vero ad Maroneum et Gemellos colles.

[88] there are 5 colonies there, 63 cities or communities. From Pelorus, the shore looking toward the Ionian Sea: the town Messana of Roman citizens, who are called the Mamertini; the promontory Drepanum; the colony Tauromenium, which earlier was Naxos; the river Asines; Mount Aetna, wondrous for nocturnal conflagrations. Its crater stands open with a circumference of 20 stades; the cinders, still glowing, reach as far as Tauromenium and Catina, and the roaring indeed to Maroneum and the Twin Hills.

[89] scopuli tres Cyclopum, portus Ulixis, colonia Catina, flumina Symaethum, Terias. intus Laestrygoni campi. oppida Leontini, Megaris, amnis Pantagies, colonia Syracusae cum fonte Arethusa, quamquam et Temenitis et Archidemia et Magea et Cyane et Milichie fontes in Syracusano potantur agro, portus Naustathmus, flumen Elorum, promunturium Pachynum, a quo .... fronte Siciliae flumen Hyrminum, oppidum Camarina, fluvius Gelas, oppidum Agragas, quod Agrigentum nostri dixere,

[89] the three rocks of the Cyclopes, the harbor of Ulysses, the colony Catina, the rivers Symaethus, Terias. inland the fields of the Laestrygonians. the towns Leontini, Megaris, the stream Pantagies, the colony Syracuse with the spring Arethusa, although also the Temenitis and Archidemia and Magea and Cyane and Milichie springs are drunk in the Syracusan territory, the harbor Naustathmus, the river Elorus, the promontory Pachynum, from which .... on the front of Sicily the river Hyrminum, the town Camarina, the river Gelas, the town Agragas, which our people called Agrigentum,

[90] Thermae colonia, amnes Achates, Mazara, Hypsa, Selinuus, oppidum Lilybaeum, ab eo promunturium, Drepana, mons Eryx, oppida Panhormum, Soluus, Himera cum fluvio, Cephaloedis, Haluntium, Agathyrnum, Tyndaris colonia, oppidum Mylae et, unde coepimus, Pelorias.

[90] Thermae, a colony, the rivers Achates, Mazara, Hypsa, Selinuus, the town Lilybaeum, and from it the promontory Drepana, Mount Eryx, the towns Panhormum, Soluus, Himera with the river, Cephaloedis, Haluntium, Agathyrnum, Tyndaris, a colony, the town Mylae and, whence we began, Pelorias.

[91] intus autem Latinae condicionis Centuripini, Netini, Segestani, stipendiarii Assorini, Aetnenses, Agyrini, Acestaei, Acrenses, Bidini, Citarini, Drepanitani, Ergetini, Echetlienses, Erycini, Entellini, Egguini, Gelani, Galacteni, Halesini, Hennenses, Hyblenses, Herbitenses, Herbessenses, Herulenses, Halicuenses, Hadranitani, Imacarenses, Ichanenses, Iaetenses, Mutustratini, Magellini, Murgentini, Mutycenses, Menaini, Naxi, Noini, Petrini, Paropini, Phintienses, Semelitani, Scherini, Selinunti, Symaethii, Talarenses, Tissienses, Triocalini, Tyracinenses, Zanclaei Messeniorum in Siculo freto sunt.

[91] but inland, of Latin condition, the Centuripini, Netini, Segestani; tribute‑paying, the Assorini, Aetnenses, Agyrini, Acestaei, Acrenses, Bidini, Citarini, Drepanitani, Ergetini, Echetlienses, Erycini, Entellini, Egguini, Gelani, Galacteni, Halesini, Hennenses, Hyblenses, Herbitenses, Herbessenses, Herulenses, Halicuenses, Hadranitani, Imacarenses, Ichanenses, Iaetenses, Mutustratini, Magellini, Murgentini, Mutycenses, Menaini, Naxi, Noini, Petrini, Paropini, Phintienses, Semelitani, Scherini, Selinunti, Symaethii, Talarenses, Tissienses, Triocalini, Tyracinenses; the Zanclaei of the Messenians are in the Sicilian Strait.

[92] Insulae in Africam versae Gaulos, Melita a Camarina LXXXVII, a Lilybaeo CXIII, Cossyra, Hieronnesos, Caene, Galata, Lopadusa, Aethusa, quam alii Aegusam scripserunt, Bucinna et a Solunte LXXV Osteodes contraque Paropinos Ustica. citra vero Siciliam ex adverso Metauri amnis XXV ferme p. ab Italia septem Aeoliae appellatae, eaedem Liparaeorum, Hephaestiades a Graecis, a nostris Volcaniae, Aeoliae, quod Aeolus Iliacis temporibus ibi regnavit.

[92] Islands turned toward Africa: Gaulos, Melita, from Camarina 87, from Lilybaeum 113, Cossyra, Hieronnesos, Caene, Galata, Lopadusa, Aethusa, which others have written Aegusa, Bucinna; and 75 from Soluntum, Osteodes, and opposite the Paropini, Ustica. On this side, however, of Sicily, over against the river Metaurus, about 25 miles from Italy, are seven called the Aeolian [islands], the same the Liparaean, the Hephaestiades by the Greeks, by our people the Volcanian, Aeolian, because Aeolus in Iliac times reigned there.

[93] Lipara cum civium Romanorum oppido, dicta a Liparo rege, qui successit Aeolo, antea Milognois vel Meligunis vocitata, abest XXV ab Italia, ipsa circuitu paulo minor V. inter hanc et Siciliam altera, antea Therasia appellata, nunc Hiera, quia sacra Volcano est, colle in ea nocturnas evomente flammas.

[93] Lipara, with a town of Roman citizens, named after King Liparus, who succeeded Aeolus, formerly called Milognois or Meligunis, is 25 miles from Italy, its own circumference a little less than 5. Between this and Sicily is another, formerly called Therasia, now Hiera, because it is sacred to Vulcan, a hill in it spewing nocturnal flames.

[94] tertia Strongyle, a Lipara VI p. ad exortum solis vergens, in qua regnavit Aeolus; quae a Lipara liquidiore tantum flamma differt, e cuius fumo, quinam flaturi sint venti in triduo, praedicere incolae traduntur; unde ventos Aeolo paruisse existimatum. quarta Didyme, minor quam Lipara. quinta Ericusa, sexta Phoenicusa, pabulo proximarum relictae.

[94] third Strongyle, 6 miles from Lipara, inclining toward the rising of the sun, in which Aeolus reigned; which differs from Lipara only by a more liquid flame, from whose smoke the inhabitants are reported to predict which winds will be blowing within three days; whence it has been thought that the winds obeyed Aeolus. fourth Didyme, smaller than Lipara. fifth Ericusa, sixth Phoenicusa, left for the pasture of the neighboring islands.

novissima eademque minima Euonymos. hactenus de primo Europae sinu.

the last and likewise the smallest, Euonymus. So much for the first gulf of Europe.

[95] A Locris Italiae frons incipit, Magna Graecia appellata, in tris sinus recedens Ausonii maris, quoniam Ausones tenuere primi. patet LXXXVI, ut auctor est Varro; plerique LXXV fecere. in ea ora flumina innumera, sed memoratu digna a Locris Sagra et vestigia oppidi Caulonis, Mustiae, Consilinum castrum, Cocynthum, quod esse longissimum Italiae promunturium aliqui existimant.

[95] From the Locri the front of Italy begins, called Magna Graecia, drawing back into three bays of the Ausonian Sea, since the Ausones held it first. It extends 86, as Varro is the authority; most have made it 75. On that shore are rivers innumerable, but worthy of mention from the Locri are the Sagra and the vestiges of the town of Caulon, of Mustia, the fort of Consilinum, Cocynthus, which some suppose to be the longest promontory of Italy.

dein sinus et oppidum Scolacium, Scylaceum et Scylletium Atheniensibus, cum conderent, dictum, quem locum occurrens Terinaeus sinus paeninsulam efficit, et in ea portus qui vocatur Castra Hannibalis, nusquam angustiore Italia:XL p. latitudo est; itaque Dionysius maior intercisam eo loco adicere Siciliae voluit.

then a gulf and the town Scolacium, called by the Athenians, when they were founding it, Scylaceum and Scylletium; the place where the Terinaean gulf, running to meet it, makes a peninsula, and in it a harbor which is called Castra Hannibalis; nowhere is Italy narrower: the breadth is 40 miles; and so Dionysius the Elder wished, by cutting through in that place, to add it to Sicily.

[96] amnes ibi navigabiles Carcinus, Crotalus, Semirus, Arogas, Thagines, oppidum intus Petelia, mons Clibanus, promunturium Lacinium, cuius ante Ogygiam appellasse Homerus existimatur, praeterea Tyris, Eranusa, Meloessa. ipsum a Caulone abesse LXX prodit Agrippa.

[96] there the navigable rivers are the Carcinus, Crotalus, Semirus, Arogas, Thagines; inland the town Petelia; Mount Clibanus; the promontory Lacinium, which Homer is thought formerly to have called Ogygia; besides Tyris, Eranusa, Meloessa. Agrippa records that it itself is 70 miles distant from Caulon.

[97] A Lacinio promunturio secundus Europae sinus incipit, magno ambitu flexus et Acroceraunio Epiri finitus promunturio, a quo abest LXXV. oppidum Croto, amnis Neaethus, oppidum Thuri inter duos amnes Crathim et Sybarim, ubi fuit urbs eodem nomine. similiter est inter Sirim et Acirim Heraclea, aliquando Siris vocitata.

[97] From the Lacinian promontory the second gulf of Europe begins, bent in a great sweep and bounded by the Acroceraunian promontory of Epirus, from which it is distant 75. the town of Croton, the river Neaethus, the town of Thurii between the two rivers Crathis and Sybaris, where there was a city of the same name. Likewise, between the Siris and the Aciris is Heraclea, sometimes called Siris.

flumina Talandrum, Casuentum, oppidum Metapontum, quo tertia Italiae regio finitur.

the rivers Talandrum and Casuentum, the town Metapontum, where the third region of Italy ends.

[98] mediterranei Bruttiorum Aprustani tantum; Lucanorum autem Atinates, Bantini, Eburini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani, Ursentini, Volcentani, quibus Numestrani iunguntur. praeterea interisse Thebas Lucanas Cato auctor est, et Pandosiam Lucanorum urbem fuisse Theopompus, in qua Alexander Epirotes occubuerit.

[98] of the inland Bruttii, only the Aprustani; but of the Lucanians, the Atinates, Bantini, Eburini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani, Ursentini, Volcentani, to whom the Numestrani are joined. Moreover, Cato is authority that the Lucanian Thebes has perished, and Theopompus that Pandosia was a city of the Lucanians, in which Alexander the Epirote met his death.

[99] Conectitur secunda regio amplexa Hirpinos, Calabriam, Apuliam, Sallentinos,CCL sinu qui Tarentinus appellatur ab oppido Laconum — in recessu hoc intimo situm, contributa eo maritima colonia, quae ibi fuerat, abest CXXXVI a Lacinio promunturio —, adversam ei Calabriam in paeninsulam emittens. Graeci Messapiam a duce appellavere et ante Peucetiam a Peucetio Oenotri fratre in Sallentino agro. inter promunturia C intersunt.

[99] The second region is connected, encompassing the Hirpini, Calabria, Apulia, the Sallentini,250 by a bay which is called Tarentine from the town of the Laconians — situated in this most inward recess, the maritime colony which had been there having been contributed to it; it is 136 distant from the promontory of Lacinia —, projecting opposite to it Calabria into a peninsula. The Greeks named it Messapia from a leader, and earlier Peucetia from Peucetius, brother of Oenotrus, in the Sallentine territory. Between the promontories there intervene 100.

latitudo paeninsulae a Tarento Brundisium terreno itinere XXXXV patet multoque brevius a portu Sasine.

The breadth of the peninsula from Tarentum to Brundisium is 45 by a land journey, and much shorter from the port of Sasina.

[100] oppida per continentem a Tarento Uria, cui cognomen ob Apulam Messapiae, Aletium, in ora vero Senum, Callipolis, quae nunc est Anxa,LXXV a Tarento. inde XXXIII promunturium quod Acran Iapygiam vocant, quo longissime in maria excurrit Italia. ab eo Basta oppidum et Hydruntum decem ac novem milia passuum, ad discrimen Ionii et Hadriatici maris, qua in Graeciam brevissimus transitus, ex adverso Apolloniatum oppidi latitudine intercurrentis freti L on amplius.

[100] the towns along the mainland from Tarentum: Uria, whose cognomen is “Apula” on account of Messapia; Aletium; on the shore indeed Senum, Callipolis, which is now Anxa,LXXV from Tarentum. thence 33 the promontory which they call the Iapygian Acra, at which point Italy runs out farthest into the seas. from it the town of Basta and Hydruntum 19 miles, at the dividing-line of the Ionian and Adriatic Sea, where the crossing into Greece is the shortest, opposite the town of the Apolloniates, by the breadth of the strait running between, a little over 50.

[101] hoc intervallum pedestri continuare transitu pontibus iactis primum Pyrrus Epiri rex cogitavit, post eum M. Varro, cum classibus Pompei piratico bello praeesset; utrumque aliae inpedivere curae. ab Hydrunte Soletum desertum, dein Fratuentium, portus Tarentinus, statio Miltiopes, Lupia, Balesium, Caelia, Brundisium L p. ab Hydrunte, in prmis Italiae portu nobile ac velut certiore transitu sicuti longiore, excipiente Illyrici urbe Durrachio CCXXV traiectu.

[101] to make this interval continuous for a pedestrian passage by bridges thrown across it, Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, was the first to conceive; after him M. Varro, when he was in command of Pompey’s fleets in the war against the pirates; other concerns hindered both. from Hydruntum, the deserted Soletum, then Fratuentium, the Tarentine harbor, the station Miltiopes, Lupia, Balesium, Caelia, Brundisium 50 miles from Hydruntum, among the foremost of Italy’s ports, and as it were with a surer crossing, though a longer one, Dyrrachium, a city of Illyricum, receiving it, with a crossing of 225 miles.

[102] Brundisio conterminus Poediculorum ager. novem adulescentes totidemque virgines ab Illyris XII populos genuere. Poediculorum oppida Rudiae, Gnatia, Barium, amnes Iapyx a Daedali filio rege, a quo et Iapygia Acra, Pactius, Aufidus ex Hirpinis montibus Canusium praefluens.

[102] Contiguous to Brundisium is the territory of the Poediculi. Nine youths and as many virgins from the Illyrians engendered 12 peoples. The towns of the Poediculi are Rudiae, Gnatia, Barium; the rivers are the Iapyx—named from King Iapyx, the son of Daedalus, from whom also the Iapygian Acra—the Pactius, and the Aufidus, flowing past Canusium from the Hirpinian mountains.

[103] hinc Apulia Dauniorum cognomine a duce Diomedis socero, in qua oppidum Salapia Hannibalis meretricio amore inclutum, Sipuntum, Urvia, amnis Cerbalus, Dauniorum finis, portus Aggasus, promunturium montis Gargani, a Sallentino sive Iapygio CCXXXIIII ambitu Gargani, portus Garnae, lacus Pantanus, flumen portuosum Fertor. Teanum Apulorum itemque Larinum, Cliternia, Tifernus amnis. inde regio Frentana.

[103] thence Apulia, with the cognomen of the Daunians from the leader, the father-in-law of Diomedes, in which the town Salapia, renowned for Hannibal’s courtesan-love, Sipuntum, Urvia, the river Cerbalus, the boundary of the Daunians, the port Aggasus, the promontory of Mount Garganus, from the Sallentine or Iapygian side 234 in the circuit of Garganus, the port of Garna, the lake Pantanus, the navigable river Fertor. Teanum of the Apulians and likewise Larinum, Cliternia, the river Tifernus. Thence the Frentanian region.

[104] ita Apulorum genera tria: Teani a duce e Grais; Lucani subacti a Calchante, quae nunc loca tenent Atinates; Dauniorum praeter supra dicta coloniae Luceria, Venusia, oppida Canusium, Arpi, aliquod Argos Hippium Diomede condente, mox Argyripa dictum. Diomedes ibi delevit gentes Monadorum Dardorumque et urbes duas, quae in proverbii ludicrum vertere, Apinam et Tricam.

[104] thus three tribes of the Apulians: the Teani from a leader out of the Greeks; the Lucani, subdued by Calchas, whose places are now held by the Atinates; of the Daunians, besides those colonies mentioned above, Luceria, Venusia, the towns Canusium, Arpi, a certain Argos Hippium with Diomedes as founder, soon called Argyripa. Diomedes there destroyed the peoples of the Monadi and the Dardi and two cities, which turned into the sport of a proverb, Apina and Trica.

[105] cetera intus in secunda regione Hirpinorum colonia una Beneventum auspicatius mutato nomine, quae quondam appellata Maleventum, Aeculani, Aquiloni, Abellinates cognomine Protropi, Compsani, Caudini, Ligures qui cognominantur Corneliani et qui Baebiani, Vescellani. Ausculani,Aletrini, Abellinates cognominati Marsi, Atrani, Aecani, Alfellani, Atinates, Arpani, Borcani, Collatini, Corinenses et nobiles clade Romana Cannenses, Dirini, Forentani, Genusini, Herdonienses, Irini, Larinates cognomine Frentani, Metinates ex Gargano, Mateolani, Neretini, Natini, Rubustini, Silvini, Strapellini, Turnantini, Vibinates, Venusini, Ulurtini. — Calabrorum mediterranei Aezetini, Apamestini, Argetini, Butuntinenses, Deciani, Grumbestini, Norbanenses, Palionenses, Stulnini, Tutini.

[105] the rest inland in the second region: of the Hirpini, one colony, Beneventum, with the name more auspiciously changed, which was formerly called Maleventum, the Aeculani, Aquiloni, Abellinates by the surname Protropi, Compsani, Caudini, Ligurians who are surnamed Corneliani and those who Baebiani, Vescellani. Ausculani,Aletrini, Abellinates surnamed Marsi, Atrani, Aecani, Alfellani, Atinates, Arpani, Borcani, Collatini, Corinenses and the Cannenses, notable for the Roman disaster, Dirini, Forentani, Genusini, Herdonienses, Irini, Larinates by the surname Frentani, Metinates from Garganus, Mateolani, Neretini, Natini, Rubustini, Silvini, Strapellini, Turnantini, Vibinates, Venusini, Ulurtini. — Of the inland Calabrians: Aezetini, Apamestini, Argetini, Butuntinenses, Deciani, Grumbestini, Norbanenses, Palionenses, Stulnini, Tutini.

— Sallentinorum Aletini, Basterbini, Neretini, Uzentini, Veretini.

— of the Sallentini: the Aletini, the Basterbini, the Neretini, the Uzentini, the Veretini.

[106] Sequitur regio quarta gentium vel fortissimarum Italiae. in ora Frentanorum a Tiferno flumen Trinium portuosum, oppida Histonium, Buca, Hortona, Aternus amnis. intus Anxani cognomine Frentani, Carecini Supernates et Infernates, Iuanenses.

[106] The fourth region follows, of the peoples, even the very bravest, of Italy. on the shore of the Frentani, from the Tifernus river, Trinium, a harbor; the towns Histonium, Buca, Hortona; the river Aternus. inland, the Anxani, by cognomen Frentani; the Carecini Supernates and Infernates; the Iuanenses.

— Marrucinorum Teatini. — Paelignorum Corfinienses, Superaequani, Sulmonenses. — Marsorum Anxiatini, Antinates, Fucentes, Lucenses, Marruvini.

— of the Marrucini, the Teatini. — of the Paeligni, the Corfinienses, Superaequani, Sulmonenses. — of the Marsi, the Anxiatini, Antinates, Fucentes, Lucenses, Marruvini.

— Albensium Alba ad Fucinum lacum. — Aequiculanorum Cliternini, Carseolani. —

— of the Albenses, Alba at Lake Fucinus. — of the Aequiculani, the Cliternini, the Carseolani. —

[107] Vestinorum Angulani, Pennienses, Peltuinates, quibus iunguntur Aufinates Cismontani. — Samnitium, quos Sabellos et Graeci Saunitas dixere, coloniae Bovianum Vetus et alterum cognomine Undecumanorum, Aufidenates, Aesernini, Fagifulani, Ficolenses, Saepinates, Tereventinates. — Sabinorum Amiternini, Curenses, Forum Deci, Forum Novum, Fidenates, Interamnates, Nursini, Nomentani, Reatini, Trebulani qui cognominantur Mutuesci et qui Suffenates, Tiburtes, Tarinates.

[107] Of the Vestini: the Angulani, the Pennienses, the Peltuinates, to whom are joined the Aufinates on this side of the mountain. — Of the Samnites, whom some called Sabelli and the Greeks Saunitae: the colonies Bovianum Vetus and another by the cognomen of the Undecumani, the Aufidenates, the Aesernini, the Fagifulani, the Ficolenses, the Saepinates, the Tereventinates. — Of the Sabines: the Amiternini, the Curenses, Forum Deci, Forum Novum, the Fidenates, the Interamnates, the Nursini, the Nomentani, the Reatini, the Trebulani who are surnamed Mutuesci and those who Suffenates, the Tiburtines, the Tarinates.

[108] in hoc situ ex Aequicolis interiere Comini, Tadiates, Caedici, Alfaterni. Gellianus auctor est lacu Fucino haustum Marsorum oppidum Archippe, conditum a Marsya duce Lydorum; item Vidicinorum in Piceno deletum a Romanis Valerianus. Sabini, ut quidam existimavere, a religione et deum cultu Sebini appellati, Velinos accolunt lacus, roscidis collibus.

[108] in this region, from among the Aequicoli, the Comini, the Tadiates, the Caedici, and the Alfaterni have perished. Gellianus is an authority that the town of the Marsi, Archippe, founded by Marsyas, leader of the Lydians, was swallowed up by Lake Fucinus; likewise Valerianus that the town of the Vidicini in Picenum was destroyed by the Romans. The Sabines, as some have supposed, called Sebini from religion and the cult of the gods, dwell by the Velinus lakes, on dewy hills.

[109] Nar amnis exhaurit illos sulpureis aquis Tiberim ex his petens, replet e monte Fiscello Avens iuxta Vacunaenemora et Reate in eosdem conditus. at ex alia parte Anio, in monte Trebanorum ortus, lacus tris amoenitate nobiles, qui nomen dedere Sublaqueo, defert in Tiberim. in agro Reatino Cutiliae lacum, in quo fluctuetur insula, Italiae umbilicum esse M. Varro tradit.

[109] The river Nar drains them with sulphureous waters, seeking the Tiber from these; the Avens, from Mount Fiscellus, replenishes them near the groves of Vacuna and at Reate, and, merged into those same waters, is confined. but on the other side the Anio, risen on the mountain of the Trebani, carries down into the Tiber three lakes renowned for amenity, which gave their name to Sublaqueum. in the Reatine territory M. Varro relates that the lake of Cutiliae, in which an island floats, is the umbilicus of Italy.

infra Sabinos Latium est, a latere Picenum, a tergo Umbria, Appennini iugis Sabinos utrimque vallantibus.

below the Sabines is Latium; on the flank, Picenum; at the rear, Umbria, with the ridges of the Apennines walling the Sabines in on both sides.

[110] Quinta regio Piceni est, quondam uberrimae mutitudinis.CCCLX Picentium in fidem p. R. venere. orti sunt a Sabinis voto vere sacro. tenuere ab Aterno amne, ubi nunc ager Hadrianus et Hadria colonia a mari VI. flumen Vomanum, ager Praetutianus Palmensisque, item Castrum Novum, flumen Batinum, Truentum cum amne, quod solum Liburnorum in Italia relicum est, flumina Albula, Tessuinum, Helvinum, quo finitur Praetutiana regio et Picentium incipit.

[110] The fifth region is Picenum, once of a very abundant population. 360 of the Picentes came into the allegiance of the Roman People. They originated from the Sabines by the vow of the Sacred Spring. They held from the river Aternus, where now are the Hadrian territory and the colony Hadria, 6 from the sea; the river Vomanus, the Praetutian and Palmensian land; likewise Castrum Novum, the river Batinus, Truentum with its river, which is the only remnant of the Liburni in Italy; the rivers Albula, Tessuinus, Helvinus, where the Praetutian region ends and that of the Picentes begins.

[111] Cupra oppidum, Casteelum Firmanorum et super id colonia Asculum, Piceni nobilissima intus, Novana. in ora Cluana, Potentia, Numana a Siculis condita, ab iisdem colonia Ancona, adposita promunturio Cunero in ipso flectentis se orae cubito, a Gargano CLXXXIII. intus Auximates, Beregrani, Cingulani, Cuprenses cognomine Montani, Falerienses, Pausulani, Planinenses, Ricinenses, Septempedani, Tolentinates, Traienses, Urbesalvia Pollentini.

[111] Cupra, a town; the Casteelum of the Firmani; and above it the colony Asculum, the noblest inland of the Picenum; Novana. on the shore: Cluana, Potentia, Numana founded by the Siculi; by the same people, the colony Ancona, placed on the promontory Conero, at the very elbow of the bending coast, from Garganus 183. inland: the Auximates, Beregrani, Cingulani, Cuprenses surnamed Montani, Falerienses, Pausulani, Planinenses, Ricinenses, Septempedani, Tolentinates, Traienses, the Urbesalvia, the Pollentini.

[112] Iungetur his sexta regio Umbriam conplexa agrumque Gallicum citra Ariminum. ab Ancona Gallica ora incipit Togatae Galliae cognomine. Siculi et Liburni plurima eius tractus tenuere, in primis Palmensem, Praetutianum Hadrianumque agrum.

[112] To these will be joined the sixth region, embracing Umbria and the Gallic land on this side of Ariminum. From Ancona the Gallic shore begins, under the cognomen of Togate Gaul. The Siculi and the Liburni held the greater part of this tract, especially the Palmensian, Praetutian, and Hadrian land.

Umbri eos expulere, hos Etruria, hanc Galli. Umbrorum gens antiquissima Italiae existimatur, ut quos Ombrios a Graecis putent dictos, quod in inundatione terrarum imbribus superfuissent.

The Umbri expelled them; these, Etruria; and her, the Gauls. The nation of the Umbri is considered the most ancient of Italy, since the Greeks think them called “Ombrii,” because in the inundation of the lands they had survived the rains.

[113] trecenta eorum oppida Tusci debellasse reperiuntur. nunc in ora flumen Aesis, Senagallia, Metaurus fluvius, coloniae Fanum Fortunae, Pisaurum cum amne et intus Hispellum,Tuder. de cetero Amerini, Attidiates, Asisinates, Arnates, Aesinates, Camertes, Casuentillani,Carsulani, Dolates cognomine Sallentini, Fulginiates, Foroflaminienenses, Foroiulienses cognomine Concupienses, Forobrentani, Forosempronienses,Iguini, Interamnates cognomine Nartes,Mevanates, Mevaniolenses, Matilicates,Narnienses, quod oppidum Nequinum antea vocitatum est,

[113] three hundred of their towns the Tuscans are found to have subdued in war. now on the coast the river Aesis, Senagallia, the river Metaurus, the colonies Fanum Fortunae, Pisaurum with its river, and inland Hispellum,Tuder. as for the rest, the Amerini, Attidiates, Asisinates, Arnates, Aesinates, Camertes, Casuentillani,Carsulani, the Dolates by the cognomen Sallentini, the Fulginiates, the Foroflaminienenses, the Foroiulienses by the cognomen Concupienses, the Forobrentani, the Forosempronienses, the Iguini, the Interamnates by the cognomen Nartes, the Mevanates, the Mevaniolenses, the Matilicates, the Narnienses, which town was formerly called Nequinum,

[114] Nucerini cognomine Favonienses et Camellani,Ocriculani, Ostrani, Pitinates cognomine Pisuertes et alii Mergentini, Plestini, Sentinates, Sarsinates,Spoletini, Sestinates, Suillates, Tadinates,Trebiates, Tuficani,Tifernates cognomine Tiberini et alii Metaurenses, Vesinicates, Urvinates cognomine Metaurenses et alii Hortenses, Vettonenses, Vindinates, Visuentani. in hoc situ interiere Feliginates et qui Clusiolum tenuere supra Interamnam et Sarranates cum oppidis Acerris quae Vafriae cognominabantur, Turocaelo quod Vettiolum, item Solinates, Curiates, Falinates, Sapinates. interiere et Arinates cum Crinivolo et Usidicani et Plangenses, Paesinates, Caelestini.

[114] the Nucerini surnamed Favonienses and the Camellani,Ocriculani, Ostrani, the Pitinates surnamed Pisuertes and others, the Mergentini, Plestini, Sentinates, Sarsinates,Spoletini, Sestinates, Suillates, Tadinates,Trebiates, Tuficani,the Tifernates surnamed Tiberini and others, the Metaurenses, Vesinicates, the Urvinates surnamed Metaurenses and others, the Hortenses, Vettonenses, Vindinates, Visuentani. In this region there perished the Feliginates and those who held Clusiolum above Interamna, and the Sarranates with the towns Acerrae which were surnamed Vafriae, Turocaelum which was called Vettiolum, likewise the Solinates, Curiates, Falinates, Sapinates. There also perished the Arinates with Crinivolum, and the Usidicani and the Plangenses, the Paesinates, the Caelestini.

Ameriam supra scriptam Cato ante Persei bellum conditam annis DCCCCLXIII prodit.

Ameria, written above, Cato hands down to have been founded 963 years before the war of Perseus.

[115] Octava regio determinatur Arimino, Pado, Appennino. in ora fluvius Crustumium,Ariminum colonia cum amnibus Arimino et Aprusa, fluvius Rubico, quondam finis Italiae. ab eo Sapis et Utis et Anemo, Ravenna Sabinorum oppidum cum amne Bedese, ab Ancona CV, nec procul a mari Umbrorum Butrium.

[115] The eighth region is bounded by Ariminum, the Po, and the Apennine. on the coast the river Crustumium, Ariminum a colony with the rivers Ariminus and Aprusa, the river Rubicon, once the boundary of Italy. from there the Sapis and the Utis and the Anemo, Ravenna a town of the Sabines with the river Bedese, 105 from Ancona, and not far from the sea the Butrium of the Umbrians.

intus coloniae Bononia, Felsina vocitata tum cum princeps Etruriae esset, Brixillum, Mutina, Parma, Placentia.

inland, the colonies are Bononia, called Felsina at the time when it was the chief of Etruria, Brixillum, Mutina, Parma, Placentia.

[116] oppida Caesena, Claterna, Fora Clodi, Livi, Popili, Druentinorum, Corneli, Licini, Faventini, Fidentini, Otesini, Padinates, Regienses a Lepido, Solonates Saltusque Galliani qui cognominantur Aquinates, Tannetani, Veleiates cognomine Vetti Regiates, Urbanates. in hoc tractu interierunt Boi, quorum tribus CXII fuisse auctor est Cato, item Senones, qui ceperunt Romam.

[116] towns Caesena, Claterna, the Fora of Clodius, Livi, Popili, Druentinorum, Corneli, Licini, Faventini, Fidentini, Otesini, Padinates, Regienses by Lepidus, Solonates and the Gallianian Forest-Pastures, who are surnamed the Aquinates, Tannetani, Veleiates by the cognomen Vetti, Regiates, Urbanates. in this tract the Boii perished, whose tribes Cato is the author were 112, likewise the Senones, who captured Rome.

[117] Padus, e gremio Vesuli montis celsissimum in cacumen Alpium elati finibus Ligurum Bagiennorum visendo fonte profluens condensque se cuniculo et in Forovibiensium agro iterum exoriens, nullo amnium claritate inferior, Graecis dictus Eridanus ac poena Phaethontis inlustratus, augetur ad canis ortus liquatis nivibus, agris quam navigiis torrentior, nihil tamen ex rapto sibi vindicans atque, ubi linquit, ubertate largitor.

[117] The Padus, flowing forth from the bosom of Mount Vesulus, uplifted to the most lofty summit of the Alps, within the borders of the Ligurian Bagienni, its spring visible to view, and hiding itself in a small tunnel and then rising again in the territory of the Forovibienses, is inferior in renown to no rivers; called Eridanus by the Greeks and made illustrious by the penalty of Phaethon, it is increased at the risings of the Dog by the snows having been melted, more torrential for the fields than for ships, yet claiming nothing for itself from what is snatched, and, where it leaves, a lavish giver of plenty.

[118] CCC p. a fonte addens meatu duo de LXXXX nec amnes tantum Appenninos Alpinosque navigabiles capiens, sed lacus quoque inmensos in eum sese exonerantes, omni numero XXX flumina in mare Hadriaticum defert, celeberrima ex iis Appennini latere Iactum, Tanarum, Trebiam Placentinum, Tarum, Inciam, Gabellum, Scultennam, Rhenum, Alpium vero Sturam, Orgum, Durias duas, Sesitem, Ticinum, Lambrum, Adduam, Ollium, Mincium.

[118] adding in its course 300 p. from the source, two short of 90, and receiving not only rivers making the Apennines and the Alps navigable, but also immense lakes discharging themselves into it, it conveys in all 30 rivers into the Adriatic Sea, the most celebrated among these from the Apennine side: the Iactus, the Tanarus, the Trebia of Piacenza, the Tarus, the Incia, the Gabellus, the Scultenna, the Rhenus; but from the Alps: the Stura, the Orgus, the two Durias, the Sesites, the Ticinum, the Lambrum, the Addua, the Ollius, the Mincius.

[119] nec alius amnium tam brevi spatio maioris incrementi est. urguetur quippe aquarum mole et in profundum agitur, gravis terrae, quamquam diductus in flumina et fossas inter Ravennam Altinumque per CXX, tamen, qua largius vomit, Septem Maria dictus facere. Augusta fossa Ravennam trahitur, ubit Padusa vocatur, quondam Messanicus appellatus.

[119] nor is there another among rivers of greater increment in so brief a span. It is pressed, in fact, by the mass of waters and is driven into the profundity, heavy with earth; although divided into rivers and ditches between Ravenna and Altinum for 120 miles, nevertheless, where it spews more copiously, it is said to make the Seven Seas. By the Augusta Canal it is drawn to Ravenna, where it is called the Padusa, formerly called Messanicus.

proximum inde ostium magnitudinem portus habet qui Vatreni dicitur, qua Claudius Caesar e Britannia triumphans praegrandi illa domo verius quam nave intravit Hadriam.

From there the next mouth has the magnitude of a harbor, which is called the Vatrenus, by which Claudius Caesar, triumphing from Britain, entered the Adriatic in that very huge house, more truly a house than a ship.

[120] hoc ante Eridanum ostium dictum est, ab aliis Spineticum ab urbe Spina, quae fuit iuxta, praevalens, ut Delphicis creditum est thesauris, condita a Diomede. auget ibi Padum Vatrenus amnis ex Forocorneliensi agro. proximum inde ostium Caprasiae, dein Sagis, dein Volane, quod ante Olane vocabatur, omnia ea fossa Flavia, quam primi a Sagi fecere Tusci egesto amnis impetu per transversum in Atrianorum paludes quae Septem Maria appellantur, nobili portu oppidi Tuscorum Atriae, a quo Atriaticum mare ante appellabatur quod nunc Hadriaticum.

[120] this mouth was formerly called the Eridanus Mouth, by others the Spinetic, from the city of Spina, which was nearby, preeminent—believed to have Delphic treasuries—founded by Diomedes. There the Vatrenus river from the territory of Forum Cornelii augments the Po. Next from there is the mouth of Caprasiae, then of Sagis, then of Volane, which before was called Olane—all these by the Flavian Canal, which the Tuscans first constructed from the Sapis, having diverted the river’s force crosswise into the marshes of the Atriani, which are called the Seven Seas, at the noble harbor of the Etruscan town Atria, from which the sea was formerly called the Atriatic, which is now the Hadriatic.

[121] inde ostia plena Carbonaria, Fossiones ac Philistina, quod alii Tartarum vocant, omnia ex Philistinae fossae abundatione nascentia, accedentibus Atesi ex Tridentinis Alpibus et Togisono ex Patavinorum agris. pars eorum et promum portum facit Brundulum, sicut Aedronem Meduaci duo ac fossa Clodia. his se Padus miscet ac per haec effundit, plerisque, ut in Aegypto Nilus quod vocant Delta, triquetram figuram inter Alpes atque oram maris facere proditus, stadiorum II circuitu.

[121] then the full mouths Carbonaria, the Fossiones, and the Philistina, which others call the Tartarum, all arising from the overflow of the Philistina canal, with the Atesis coming in from the Tridentine Alps and the Togisonus from the fields of the Patavini. A part of these also makes the outer harbor Brundulum, just as the two Meduaci and the Clodian canal [make] the Aedron. With these the Padus mingles itself and through these it pours out, reported by most, as in Egypt the Nile what they call the Delta, to make a triquetral figure between the Alps and the sea-shore, with a circuit of 2 stadia.

[122] pudet a Graecis Italiae rationem mutuari, Metrodorus tamen Scepsius dicit, quoniam circa fontem arbor multa sit picea, quales Gallice vocentur padi, hoc nomen accepisse, Ligurum quidem lingua amnem ipsum Bodincum vocari, quod significet fundo carentem. cui argumento adest oppidum iuxta Industria vetusto nomine Bodincomagum, ubi praecipua altitudo incipit.

[122] it is a shame to borrow Italy’s reckoning from the Greeks; nevertheless Metrodorus of Scepsis says that, since around its source there is much pitch-tree, such as in the Gallic tongue are called padi, it received this name; indeed in the language of the Ligurians the river itself is called Bodincus, which signifies “lacking a bottom.” As evidence for this there is a town near Industria, by its ancient name Bodincomagus, where the principal depth begins.

[123] Transpadana appellatur ab eo regio undecima, tota in mediterraneo, cui marina cuncta fructuoso alveo inportat. oppida Vibi Forum, Segusio, coloniae ab Alpium radicibus Augusta Taurinorum — inde navigabili Pado — antiqua Ligurum stirpe, dein Salassorum Augusta Praetoria iuxta geminas Alpium fores, Graias atque Poeninas — his Poenos, Grais Herculem transisse memorant —, oppidum Eporedia Sibyllinis a populo Romano conditum iussis. eporedias Galli bonos equorum domitores vocant.

[123] From it the Eleventh Region is called Transpadana, wholly inland, to which the sea imports all things by a fruitful channel. Towns are Forum Vibi, Segusio; the colonies at the roots of the Alps are Augusta Taurinorum — from there the Po is navigable — of the ancient stock of the Ligurians; then Augusta Praetoria of the Salassi, next to the twin gates of the Alps, the Graian and the Pennine — by the latter they remember the Phoenicians (Carthaginians) to have crossed, by the Graian, Hercules —; the town Eporedia, founded by the Roman People by Sibylline commands. The Gauls call eporedias good tamers of horses.

[124] Vercellae Libiciorum ex Salluis ortae, Novaria ex Vertamocoris, Vocontiorum hodieque pago, non, ut Cato existimat, Ligurum, ex quibus Laevi et Marici condidere Ticinum non procul a Pado, sicut Boi Transalpibus profecti Laudem Pompeiam, Insubres Mediolanum. Oromobiorum stirpis esse Comum atque Bergomum et Licini Forum aliquotque circa populos auctor est Cato, sed originiem gentis ignorare se fatetur, quam docet Cornelius Alexander ortam a Graecia interpretatione etiam nominis vitam in montibus degentium.

[124] Vercellae, of the Libicii, sprung from the Salluii; Novaria from the Vertamocori, a district of the Vocontii even today, not, as Cato estimates, of the Ligurians—from whom the Laevi and Marici founded Ticinum not far from the Po—just as the Boii, having set out from beyond the Alps, founded Laus Pompeia, and the Insubres, Mediolanum. Cato is an authority that Comum and Bergomum and Licini Forum, and several peoples around, are of the stock of the Oromobii; but he confesses that he is ignorant of the origin of the gens, which Cornelius Alexander teaches arose from Greece, from the interpretation even of the name: “those spending life in the mountains.”

[125] in hoc situ interiit oppidum Oromobiorum Parra, unde Bergomates Cato dixit ortos, etiamnum prodente se altius quam fortunatius situm. interiere et Caturiges, Insubrum exsules, et Spina supra dicta, item Melpum opulentia praecipuum, quod ab Insubribus et Bos et Senonibus deletum eo die, quo Camillus Veios ceperit, Nepos Cornelius tradidit.

[125] in this site there perished the town Parra of the Oromobii, whence Cato said the Bergomates arose, even now betraying itself as placed higher rather than more fortunately. The Caturiges too have perished, exiles of the Insubres, and Spina mentioned above, likewise Melpum, preeminent in opulence, which Cornelius Nepos has recorded was destroyed by the Insubres and the Boii and the Senones on the day when Camillus took Veii.

[126] Sequitur decima regio Italiae, Hadriatico mari adposita, cuius Venetia, fluvius Silis ex montibus Tarvisanis, oppidum Altinum, flumen Liquentia ex montibus Opiterginis et portus eodem nomine, colonia Concordia, flumina et portus Reatinum, Tiliaventum Maius Minusque, Anaxum, quo Varamus defluit, Alsa, Natisa cum Turro, praefluentes Aquileiam coloniam XV p. a mari sitam.

[126] Next follows the tenth region of Italy, set beside the Hadriatic Sea, in which are Venetia, the river Silis from the Tarvisan mountains, the town Altinum, the river Liquentia from the Opitergine mountains and a port of the same name, the colony Concordia, the rivers and port Reatinum, the Tiliaventum the Greater and the Lesser, the Anaxum, into which the Varamus flows down, the Alsa, the Natisa together with the Turro, flowing past Aquileia, a colony situated 15 miles from the sea.

[127] Carnorum haec regio iunctaque Iapudum, amnis Timavus, castellum nobile vino Pucinum, Tergestinus sinus, colonia Tergeste,XXXIII ab Aquileia. ultra quam sex milia p. Formio amnis, ab Ravenna CLXXXVIIII, anticus auctae Italiae terminus, nunc vero Histriae. quam cognominatam a flumine Histro, in Hadriam effluente e Danuvio amne eodemque Histro exadversum Padi fauces, contrario eo percussu mari interiecto dulcescente, plerique dixere falso, et Nepos etiam Padi accola;

[127] This is the region of the Carni and adjoining the Iapudes: the river Timavus; a stronghold renowned for Pucinum wine; the Tergestine bay; the colony Tergeste,33 from Aquileia. Beyond which, six miles, the river Formio, from Ravenna 189, the former boundary of enlarged Italy, but now of Histria. Histria, which is said to have been surnamed from the river Hister, discharging into the Adriatic from the Danube river—this same Hister—over against the mouths of the Po, the interposed sea becoming sweet by that contrary collision: many have said this, falsely, and Nepos too, a dweller by the Po;

[128] nullus enim ex Danuvio amnis in mare Hadriaticum effunditur. deceptos credo, quoniam Argo navis flumine in mare Hadriaticum descendit non procul Tergeste, nec iam constat quo flumine. umeris travectam Alpis diligentiores tradunt, subisse autem Histro, dein Savo, dein Nauporto, cui nomen ex ea causa inter Emonam Alpisque exorienti.

[128] for no river from the Danube empties into the Adriatic Sea. I think they were deceived, since the ship Argo descended by a river into the Adriatic Sea not far from Tergeste, and it is no longer agreed by which river. The more diligent relate that it was carried over the Alps on shoulders, but that it went down the Hister (Danube), then the Sava, then the Nauportus, to which, rising between Emona and the Alps, the name was given for that reason.

[129] Histria ut paeninsula excurrit. latitudinem eius XL, circuitum CXXV prodidere quidam, item adhaerentis Libruniae et Flanatici sinus, alii CCXXV, alii Liburniae CLXXX. nonnulli in Flanaticum sinum Iapudiam promovere a tergo Histriae CXXX, dein Libruniam CL fecere.

[129] Istria runs out like a peninsula. Some have reported its breadth as 40, its circuit as 125; likewise, for the gulf of adjoining Liburnia and the Flanaticus, some 225, others for Liburnia 180. Some have extended Iapudia into the Flanaticus gulf, behind Istria, 130, then have made Liburnia 150.

Tuditanus, qui domuit Histros, in statua sua ibi inscripsit: AN AQVILEIA AD TITIVM FLVMEN STADIA MM. oppida Histriae civium Romanorum Agida, Parentium, colonia Pola, quae nunc Pietas Iulia, quondam a Colchis condita; abest a Tergeste CV. mox oppidum Nesactium et — nunc finis Italiae — fluvius Arsia. ad Polam ab Ancona traiectus CXX p. est.

Tuditanus, who subdued the Histri, inscribed on his statue there: FROM AQUILEIA TO THE RIVER TITUS 2,000 STADIA. The towns of Histria of Roman citizens are Agida, Parentium, the colony Pola, which is now Pietas Julia, once founded by the Colchians; it is 105 from Tergeste. Next the town Nesactium, and — now the end of Italy — the river Arsia. The crossing to Pola from Ancona is 120 miles.

[130] In mediterraneo regionis decimae coloniae Cremona, Brixia Cenomanorum agro, Venetorum autem Ateste et oppida Acelum, Patavium, Opitergium, Belunum, Vicetia. Mantua Tuscorum trans Padum sola reliqua. Venetos Troiana stirpe ortos auctor est Cato, Cenomanes iuxta Massiliam habitasse in Volcis.

[130] In the interior of the Tenth Region the colonies are Cremona and Brixia in the territory of the Cenomani; and, of the Veneti, Ateste and the towns Acelum, Patavium, Opitergium, Belunum, Vicetia. Mantua, the only remnant of the Etruscans beyond the Po, remains. Cato is the auctor that the Veneti sprang from Trojan stock, and that the Cenomani dwelt near Massilia among the Volcae.

Feltrini et Tridentini et Beruenses Raetica oppida, Raetorum et Euganeorum Verona, Iulienses Carnorum. dein, quos scrupulosius dicere non attineat, Alutrenses, Asseriates, Flamonienses Vanienses et alii cognomine Carici, Foroiulienses cognomine Transpadani, Foretani, Nedinates, Quarqueni, Tarvisani, Togienses, Varvari.

The Feltrini and the Tridentini and the Beruenses, Raetic towns; Verona of the Raeti and the Euganei; the Iulienses of the Carni. Then, those whom it is not pertinent to speak of more scrupulously: the Alutrenses, the Asseriates, the Flamonienses, the Vanienses, and others with the by-name Carici; the Foroiulienses with the by-name Transpadani; the Foretani, the Nedinates, the Quarqueni, the Tarvisani, the Togienses, the Varvari.

[131] in hoc situ interiere per oram Irmene, Pellaon, Palsicium, ex Venetis Atina et Caelina, Carnis Segesta et Ocra, Tauriscis Noreia. et ab Aquileia ad XII lapidem deletum oppidum etiam invito senatu a M. Claudio Marcello L. Piso auctor est. In hac regione et undecuma lacus incluti sunt amnesque eorum partus aut alumni, si modo acceptos reddunt, ut Adduam Larius, Ticinum Verbannus, Mincium Benacus, Ollium Sebinnus, Lambrum Eupilis, omnes incolas Padi.

[131] in this tract there have perished along the shore Irmene, Pellaon, Palsicium; from the Veneti, Atina and Caelina; among the Carni, Segesta and Ocra; among the Taurisci, Noreia. And L. Piso is authority that, from Aquileia at the 12th milestone, a town was destroyed by M. Claudius Marcellus, even with the senate unwilling. In this region also 11 lakes are renowned, and the rivers that are their offspring or fosterlings—provided they return what they have received—such as Larius the Adda, Verbannus the Ticinus, Benacus the Mincius, Sebinnus the Ollius, Eupilis the Lambrus, all denizens of the Padus.

[132] Alpis in longitudinem |X| p. patere a Supero mari ad Inferum Caelius tradit, Timagenes XXV p. deductis, in latitudinem autem Cornelius Nepos C, T. Livius III stadiorum, uterque diversis in locis. namque et centum milia excedunt aliquando, ubi Germaniam ab Italia summovent, nec LXX inplent reliqua sui parte graciles, veluti naturae providentia. latitudo Italiae subter radices earum a Varo per Vada Sabatia, Taurinos, Comum, Brixiam, Veronam, Vicetiam, Opitergium, Aquileiam, Tergeste, Polam, Arsiam DCCXLV p. colligit.

[132] Caelius relates that the Alps in length extend for 10 miles from the Upper Sea to the Lower; Timagenes subtracts 25 miles; in breadth, moreover, Cornelius Nepos gives 100, Titus Livius 3 stadia—each in different places. For indeed they sometimes exceed 100 miles where they set Germany apart from Italy, nor do they amount to 70 in the rest of their extent, being slender, as if by nature’s providence. The breadth of Italy beneath their roots, from the Varus through Vada Sabatia, the Taurini, Comum, Brixia, Verona, Vicetia, Opitergium, Aquileia, Tergeste, Pola, Arsia, totals 745 miles.

[133] Incolae Alpium multi populi, sed inlustres a Pola ad Tergestis regionem Fecusses, Subocrini, Catali, Menoncaleni iuxtaque Carnos quondam Taurisci appellati, nunc Norici. his contermini Raeti et Vindolici, omnes in multas civitates divisi. Raetos Tuscorum prolem arbitrantur a Gallis pulsos duce Raeto.

[133] The inhabitants of the Alps are many peoples, but the illustrious ones from Pola to the region of Tergeste are the Fecusses, Subocrini, Catali, Menoncaleni, and next to them the Carni, once called the Taurisci, now the Norici. Contiguous to these are the Raeti and the Vindelici, all divided into many civic communities. They reckon the Raeti to be offspring of the Tuscans, driven out by the Gauls under their leader Raetus.

verso deinde in Italiam pectore Alpium Latini iuris Euganeae gentes, quarum oppida XXXIIII enumerat Cato.

then, with the breast of the Alps turned toward Italy, the Euganean peoples of Latin right, of whom Cato enumerates 34 towns.

[134] ex iis Trumplini, venalis cum agro suis populus, dein Camunni conpluresque similes finitimis adtributi muicipis. Lepontios et Salassos Tauriscae gentis idem Cato arbitratur; ceteri fere Lepontios relictos ex comitatu Herculis interpretatione Graeci nominis credunt, praeustis in transitu Alpium nive membris. eiusdem exercitus et Graios fuisse Graiarum Alpium incolas praestantesque genere Euganeos, inde tracto nomine.

[134] of these are the Trumplini, a people for sale along with their land and goods; then the Camunni and many similar peoples assigned to neighboring municipia. Cato likewise judges the Lepontii and the Salassi to be of the Tauriscan nation; nearly all the rest believe that the Lepontii were left behind from the comitatus of Hercules, by interpretation of the Greek name, their limbs seared by snow in the crossing of the Alps. Of the same army, too, were the Graii, inhabitants of the Graian Alps, and the Euganei, outstanding in lineage, the name drawn from that.

caput eorum Stoenos.

their capital is Stoenos.

[135] Raetorum Vennonienses Sarunetesque ortus Rheni amnis accolunt, Lepontiorum qui Uberi vocantur fontem Rhodani eodem Alpium tractu. sunt praeterea Latio donati incolae, ut Octodurenses et finitimi Ceutrones, Cottianae civitates et Turi Liguribus orti, Bagienni Ligures et qui Montani vocantur Capillatorumque plura genera ad confinium Ligustici maris.

[135] The Vennonienses and the Sarunetes of the Raeti inhabit the sources of the Rhine river, the Lepontii who are called Uberi the source of the Rhone in the same tract of the Alps. there are, moreover, inhabitants granted Latin rights, such as the Octodurenses and the neighboring Ceutrones, the Cottian communities and the Turi sprung from the Ligurians, the Bagienni Ligurians and those who are called Montani, and several kinds of Capillati at the confines of the Ligurian Sea.

[136] Non alienum videtur hoc loco subicere inscriptionem e tropaeo Alpium, quae talis est: IMP : CAESARI DIVI FILIO AVG : PONT : MAX : IMP : XIIII : TR : POT : XVII : S : P : Q : R : QVOD EIVS DVCTV AVSPICIISQVE GENTES ALPINAE OMNES QVAE A MARI SVPERO AD INFERVM PERTINEBANT SVB IMPERIVM P : R : SVNT REDACTAE : GENTES ALPINAE DEVICTAE TRVMPILINI : CAMVVNI : VENOSTES :

[136] It does not seem out of place here to subjoin the inscription from the Trophy of the Alps, which is as follows: TO THE IMPERATOR CAESAR AUGUSTUS, SON OF THE DEIFIED, PONTIFEX MAXIMUS, IMPERATOR 14 TIMES, TRIBUNICIAN POWER 17 TIMES, THE SENATE AND PEOPLE OF ROME: BECAUSE UNDER HIS LEADERSHIP AND AUSPICES ALL THE ALPINE NATIONS WHICH EXTENDED FROM THE UPPER SEA TO THE LOWER WERE BROUGHT UNDER THE EMPIRE OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE: THE ALPINE NATIONS CONQUERED: THE TRUMPLINI: THE CAMUNNI: THE VENOSTES:

[137] VENNONETES : ISARCI : BREVNI : GENAVNES : FOCVNATES : VINDELICORVM GENTES QVATTVOR : COSVANETES : RVCINATES : LICATES : CATENATES : AMBISONTES : RVGVSCI : SVANETES : CALVCONES : BRIXENETES : LEPONTI : VBERI : NANTVATES : SEDVNI : VARAGRI : SALASSI : ACITAVONES : MEDVLLI : VCEENI : CATVRIGES : BRIGIANI : SOGIONTI : BRODIONTI : NEMALONI : EDENATES : VESVBIANI : VEAMINI : GALLITAE : TRIVLLATI : ECDINI : VERGVNNI : EGVI : TVRI : NEMATVRI : ORATELLI : NERVSI : VELAVNI : SVETRI.

[137] VENNONETES : ISARCI : BREVNI : GENAVNES : FOCVNATES : THE FOUR NATIONS OF THE VINDELICI : COSVANETES : RVCINATES : LICATES : CATENATES : AMBISONTES : RVGVSCI : SVANETES : CALVCONES : BRIXENETES : LEPONTI : VBERI : NANTVATES : SEDVNI : VARAGRI : SALASSI : ACITAVONES : MEDVLLI : VCEENI : CATVRIGES : BRIGIANI : SOGIONTI : BRODIONTI : NEMALONI : EDENATES : VESVBIANI : VEAMINI : GALLITAE : TRIVLLATI : ECDINI : VERGVNNI : EGVI : TVRI : NEMATVRI : ORATELLI : NERVSI : VELAVNI : SVETRI.

[138] Non sunt adiectae Cottianae civitates XV, quae non fuerant hostiles, item adtributae municipiis lege Pompeia. Haec est Italia diis sacra, hae gentes eius, haec oppida populorum. super haec Italia, quae L. Aemilio Paulo C. Atilio Regulo cos.

[138] The 15 Cottian communities are not added, which had not been hostile, likewise assigned to the municipalities by the Pompeian law. This is Italy sacred to the gods, these are its nations, these the towns of the peoples. beyond these, Italy, in the consulship of L. Aemilius Paulus and C. Atilius Regulus, consuls.

nuntiato Gallico tumultu sola sine externis ullis auxiliis atque etiam tunc sine Transpadanis equitum LXXX, peditum DCC armavit, metallorum omnium fertilitate nullis cedit terris; sed interdictum id vetere consulto patrum Italiae parci iubentium.

with a Gallic tumult having been announced, she alone, without any external auxiliaries and even then without the Transpadanes, armed 80 horsemen and 700 foot-soldiers; in the fertility of all metals it yields to no lands; but that has been interdicted by an old decree of the Fathers ordering that Italy be spared.

[139] Arsiae gens Liburnorum iungitur usque ad flumen Titium. pars eius fuere Mentores, Himani, Encheleae, Bulini et quos Callimachus Peucetios appellat, nunc totum uno nomine Illyricum vocatur generatim. populorum pauca effatu digna aut facilia nomina.

[139] The Arsia tribe of the Liburni adjoins as far as the river Titius. A part of it were the Mentores, Himani, Encheleae, Bulini, and those whom Callimachus calls the Peucetians; now, generically, the whole is called by one name, Illyricum. Of the peoples, few names are worthy of utterance or easy to pronounce.

conventum Scardonitanum petunt lapides et Liburnorum civitates XIIII, ex quibus Lacinienses, Stulpinos, Buristas, Olbonenses nomineare non pigeat. ius Italicum habent ex eo conventu Alutae, Flanates, a quibus sinus nominatur, Lopsi, Varvarini inmunesque Asseriates, et ex insulis Fertinates, Curictae.

To the Scardona conventus resort the Iapydes and 14 cities of the Liburni, among which let it not be irksome to name the Lacinienses, the Stulpini, the Buristae, the Olbonenses. From that conventus have Ius Italicum the Alutae, the Flanates (after whom the gulf is named), the Lopsi, the Varvarini, and the tax‑exempt Asseriates; and from the islands, the Fertinates and the Curictae.

[140] cetero per oram oppida a Nesactio Alvona, Flanona, Tarsatica, Senia, Lopsica, Ortoplinia, Vegium, Argyruntum, Corinium, Aenona, civitas Pasini, flumen Telavium, quo finitur Iapudia. insulae eius sinus cum oppidis praeter supra significatas Absortium,Arba, Crexi, Gissa, Portunata. rursus in continente colonia Iader, quae a Pola CLX abest, inde XXX Colentum insula,XLIII ostium Titi fluminis.

[140] further along the shore, the towns from Nesactium: Alvona, Flanona, Tarsatica, Senia, Lopsica, Ortoplinia, Vegium, Argyruntum, Corinium, Aenona, the civitas of the Pasini, the river Telavius, by which Iapydia is bounded. the islands of its gulf with towns, besides those signified above, Absortium,Arba, Crexi, Gissa, Portunata. again on the mainland, the colony Iader, which is 160 distant from Pola; thence 30 to the island Colentum, 43 to the mouth of the river Titus.

[141] Liburniae finis et initium Dalmatiae Scardona in amne eo XII passuum a mari. dein Tariotarum antiqua regio et castellum Tariona, promunturium Diomedis vel, ut alii, paeninsula Hyllis circuitu C, Tragurium civium Romanorum, marmore notum, Siculi, in quem locum Divus Claudius veteranos misit, Salona colonia ab Iader CXII

[141] the end of Liburnia and the beginning of Dalmatia: Scardona, on that river, 12 miles from the sea. then the ancient region of the Tariotae and the stronghold Tariona, the promontory of Diomedes or, as others [say], the peninsula of Hyllis, with a circuit of 100, Tragurium of Roman citizens, known for its marble, Siculi, to which place the Divine Claudius sent veterans, Salona, a colony, 112 from Iader

[142] petunt in eam iura viribus discriptis in decurias CCCXLII Delmatae, XXV Deuri, CCXXXVIIII Ditiones, CCLXVIIII Maezei, LII Sardeates. in hoc tractu sunt Burnum, Andetrium, Tribulium, nobilitata proeliis castella. petunt et ex insulis Issaei, Solentini, Separi, Epetini.

[142] to it seek their rights, with their forces apportioned into decuries, 342 Delmatae, 25 Deuri, 239 Ditiones, 269 Maezei, 52 Sardeates. In this tract are Burnum, Andetrium, Tribulium, forts made notable by battles. Resort also from the islands the Issaei, Solentini, Separi, Epetini.

ab his castella Petuntium, Nareste, Oneum. Narona colonia tertii conventus a Salona LXXX p., adposita cognomins sui fluvio a mari XX p. M. Varro LXXXVIIII civitates eo ventitasse auctor est;

from them, the forts Petuntium, Nareste, Oneum. Narona, a colony of the third conventus, is 80 p. from Salona, situated beside the river of its own name, 20 p. from the sea. M. Varro is authority that 89 cities used to resort thither;

[143] nunc soli prope noscuntur Cerauni decuriis XXIIII, Daversi XVII, Desitiates CIII, Docleatae XXXIII, Deretini XIIII, Deraemistae XXX, Dindari XXXIII, Glinditiones XLIIII, Melcumani XXIIII, Naresi CII, Scirtari LXXII, Siculotae XXIIII populatoresque quondam Italiae Vardaei non amplius quam XX decuriis. praeter hos tenuere tractum eum Ozuaei, Partheni, Cavi, Haemasi, asthitae, Arinistae.

[143] now almost only the Cerauni are known, in 24 decuries, the Daversi 17, the Desitiates 103, the Docleatae 33, the Deretini 14, the Deraemistae 30, the Dindari 33, the Glinditiones 44, the Melcumani 24, the Naresi 102, the Scirtari 72, the Siculotae 24, and the Vardaei, once devastators of Italy, in not more than 20 decuries. besides these, that tract was held by the Ozuaei, Partheni, Cavi, Haemasi, Asthitae, Arinistae.

[144] a Narone amne C p. abest Epidaurum colonia. ab Epidauro sunt oppida civium Romanorum Rhizinium, Acruium, Butuanum, Olcinium, quod antea Colchinium dictum est, a Colchis conditum, amnis Drino superque eum oppidum civium Romanorum Scodra ab mari XVIII, praeterea multorum Graeciae oppidorum deficiens memoria nec non et civitatium validarum: eo namque tractu fuere. Labeatae, Senedi, Rudini, Sasaei, Grabaei; proprieque dicti Illyri et Taulanti et Pyraei retinent nomen.

[144] from the river Naron, the colony Epidaurum is distant 100 miles. From Epidaurum there are towns of Roman citizens: Rhizinium, Acruium, Butuanum, Olcinium, which previously was called Colchinium, founded by the Colchi; the river Drino, and above it the town of Roman citizens Scodra, 18 miles from the sea; moreover, the memory is failing of many towns of Greece and likewise of powerful communities: for in that tract there were the Labeatae, Senedi, Rudini, Sasaei, Grabaei; and those properly called Illyrians, and the Taulanti and the Pyraei, retain the name.

in ora Nymphaeum promunturium. Lissum oppidum civium Romanorum ab Epidauro C p.

on the coast, the Nymphaeum promontory. Lissum, a town of Roman citizens, 100 miles from Epidaurus.

[145] a Lisso Macedonia provincia. gentes Partheni et a tergo eorum Dassaretae, montes Candaviae a Dyrrachio LXXVIII p., in ora vero Denda civium Romanorum, Epidamnum colonia, propter inauspicatum nomen Dyrrachium appellata, flumen Aous, a quibusdam Aeas nominatum, Apollonia, quondam Corinthiorum colonia,IIII p. a mari recedens, cuius in finibus celebre Nymphaeum accolunt barbari Amantes et Buliones. at in ora oppidum Oricum, a Colchis conditum.

[145] from Lissus, the province of Macedonia. the nations of the Partheni, and behind them the Dassaretae; the Candavian mountains, 78 miles from Dyrrachium; but on the coast, Denda of Roman citizens, Epidamnum, a colony, called Dyrrachium on account of the inauspicious name; the river Aous, named Aeas by some; Apollonia, once a colony of the Corinthians, withdrawing 4 miles from the sea, within whose borders the celebrated Nymphaeum the barbarian Amantes and Buliones neighbor. but on the coast, the town Oricum, founded by the Colchians.

inde initium Epiri, montes Acroceraunia, quibus hunc Europae determinavimus sinum. Oricum a Sallentino Italiae promunturio distat LXXX.

thence the beginning of Epirus, the Acroceraunian mountains, by which we have delimited this gulf of Europe. Oricum is distant 80 miles from the Salentine promontory of Italy.

[146] A tergo Carnorum et Iapudum, qua se fert mangus Hister, Raetis iunguntur Norici. oppida eorum Virunum, Celeia, Teurnia, Aguntum, Iuvaum, omnia Claudia, Flavium Solvense. Noricis iunguntur lacus Pelso, deserta Boiorum; iam tamen colonia Divi Claudi Savaria et oppido Scarabantia Iulia habitantur.

[146] Behind the Carni and the Iapodes, where the great Hister flows, the Norici are joined to the Raeti. their towns are Virunum, Celeia, Teurnia, Aguntum, Iuvaum, all “Claudia,” and Flavium Solvense. To the Norici are joined Lake Pelso, the deserts of the Boii; yet now the colony of the Divine Claudius, Savaria, and the town Scarabantia Julia are inhabited.

[147] Inde glandifera Pannonia, qua mitescentia Alpium iuga per medium Illyricum a septentrione ad meridiem versa molli in dextra ac laeva devexitate considunt. quae pars ad mare Hadriaticum spectat, appellatur Delmatia et Illyricum supra dictum; ad septentriones Panonia vergit. finitur inde Danuvio.

[147] Thence acorn-bearing Pannonia, where the ridges of the Alps, becoming mild, turned from north to south through the middle of Illyricum, settle with a gentle declivity on the right and on the left. The part that looks toward the Adriatic Sea is called Dalmatia and the aforesaid Illyricum; toward the north Pannonia inclines. Thence it is bounded by the Danube.

in ea coloniae Emona, Siscia. amnes clari et navigabiles in Danuvium defluunt Draus e Noricis violentior, Saus ex Alpibus Carnicis placidior,CXX intervallo: Draus per Serretes, Serapillos, Iasos, Andizetes, Saus per Colapianos Breucosque.

in it are the colonies Emona, Siscia. distinguished and navigable rivers flow down into the Danube: the Draus, more violent from the Noric lands, the Saus, calmer from the Carnic Alps, at an interval of 120; the Draus through the Serretes, Serapillos, Iasos, Andizetes, the Saus through the Colapianos and the Breucos.

[148] populorum haec capita; praeterea Arviates, Azali, Amantini, Belgites, Catari, Cornacates,Eravisci, Hercuniates, Latovici, Oseriates, Varciani. mons Claudius, cuius in fronte Sardisci, in tergo Taurisci. insula in Sao Metubarbis, amnicarum maxima.

[148] these are the leading peoples; besides, the Arviates, Azali, Amantini, Belgites, Catari, Cornacates,Eravisci, Hercuniates, Latovici, Oseriates, Varciani. Mount Claudius, on whose front the Sardisci, on its back the Taurisci. An island in the Sao, Metubarbis, the greatest of the river-islands.

praeterea amnes memorandi: Colapis in Saum influens iuxta Sisciam gemino alveo insulam ibi efficit quae Segestica appellatur; alter amnis Bacunitus in Saum .... Sirmio oppido influit, ubi civitas Sirmiensium et Amantinorum. inde XLV Taurunum, ubi Danuvio miscetur Saus. supra influunt Valdasus, Urpanus, et ipsi non ignobiles.

besides, rivers to be mentioned: the Colapis, flowing into the Saus, near Siscia by a twin channel makes an island there which is called Segestica; another river, the Bacunitus, flows into the Saus .... at the town of Sirmium, where is the civitas of the Sirmians and the Amantini. from there 45 to Taurunum, where the Saus is mingled with the Danube. upstream flow in the Valdasus and the Urpanus, themselves not ignoble.

[149] Pannoniae iunguntur provincia quae Moesia appellatur, ad Pontum usque cum Danuvio decurrens. incipit a confluente supra dicto. in ea Dardani, Celegeri, Tribali, Timachi, Moesi, Thraces Pontoque contermini Scythae.

[149] To Pannonia there is joined the province which is called Moesia, running down with the Danube as far as the Pontus. It begins from the aforementioned confluence. In it are the Dardani, Celegeri, Triballi, Timachi, Moesi, Thracians, and the Scythians conterminous with the Pontus.

flumina clara e Dardanis Margus, Pingus, Timachus, ex Rhodope Oescus, ex Haemo Utus, Asamus, Ieterus.

renowned rivers from the Dardanians: Margus, Pingus, Timachus; from Rhodope, Oescus; from Haemus, Utus, Asamus, Ieterus.

[150] Illyrici latitudo qua maxima est CCCXXV p. colligit, longitudo a flumine Arsia ad flumen Drinium DXXX. a Drinio ad promunturium Acroceraunium CLXXV Agrippa prodidit, universum autem sinum Italiae et Illyrici ambitu|XVII|. in eo duo maria quo distinximus fine, Ionium in prima parte, iinterius Hadriaticum, quod Superum vocant.

[150] The breadth of Illyricum, where it is greatest, amounts to 325 miles, the length from the river Arsia to the river Drinus 530. From the Drinus to the promontory Acroceraunium 175, as Agrippa recorded; and the whole gulf of Italy and Illyricum in circuit|17|. In it are two seas, as we have distinguished by the boundary, the Ionian in the first part, the inner the Adriatic, which they call the Upper.

[151] Insulae in Ausonio mari praeter iam dictas memoratu dignae nullae, in Ionio paucae Calabro litore ante Brundisium, quarum obiectu portus efficitur, contra Apulum litus Diomedia, conspicua monumento Diomedis, et altera eodem nomine, a quibusdam Teutria appellata. Illyrici ora mille amplius insulis frequentatur, natura vadoso mari aestuariisque tenui alveo intercursantibus. clarae ante ostia Timavi calidorum fontium cum aestu maris crescentium, iuxta Histrorum agrum Cissa, Pullariae et Absyrtides Grais dictae a fratre Medeae ibi interfecto.

[151] In the Ausonian sea, besides those already mentioned, there are no islands worthy of mention; in the Ionian, a few along the Calabrian shore before Brundisium, by whose projection a harbor is formed; opposite the Apulian shore, Diomedea, conspicuous with the monument of Diomedes, and another of the same name, by some called Teutria. The coast of Illyricum is crowded with more than a thousand islands, the nature being a shallow sea with estuaries running between in slender channels. Famous before the mouths of the Timavus are hot springs that swell with the tide of the sea; next to the territory of the Histri are Cissa, the Pullariae, and the Absyrtides, so called by the Greeks from the brother of Medea slain there.

[152] iuxta eas Electridas vocavere in quibus proveniret sucinum, quod illi electrum appellant, vanitatis Graecae certissimum documentum, adeo ut quas earum designent haut umquam constiterit. contra Iader est Lissa et quae appellata est, contra Liburnos Crateae aliquot nec pauciores Liburnicae, Celadussae, contra Tragurium Bova et capris laudata Brattia, Issa civium Romanorum et cum oppido Pharia. ab Issa Corcyra Melaena cognominata cum Cnidiorum oppido distat XXV, inter quam et Illyricum Melite, unde catulos Melitaeos appellari Callimachus auctor est.XV ab ea VII Elaphites, in Ionio autem mari ab Orico MM p. Sasonis, piratica statione nota.

[152] next to them they named the Electrides, on which amber comes forth, which they call electrum—most certain documentary proof of Greek vanity, to such a degree that it has never stood firm which of them they designate. over against Iader is Lissa and the one so called; over against the Liburni are several Crateae and no fewer the Liburnicae, the Celadussae; over against Tragurium are Bova and Brattia, praised for goats; Issa of Roman citizens, and Pharia with a town. from Issa, Corcyra surnamed Melaena, with a town of the Cnidians, is distant 25; between it and Illyricum is Melite, whence little dogs are called Melitaean, Callimachus being authority. 15 from it, the seven Elaphitae. in the Ionian sea, moreover, from Oricum 2,000 p. to Sason, known as a piratical station.