Justinian: CODEX

CJ.2.1.0. De edendo.
CJ.2.2.0. De in ius vocando.
CJ.2.3.0. De pactis.
CJ.2.4.0. De transactionibus.
CJ.2.5.0. De calculi errore.
CJ.2.6.0. De postulando.
CJ.2.7.0. De advocatis diversorum iudiciorum.
CJ.2.8.0. De advocatis fisci.
CJ.2.9.0. De errore advocatorum vel libellos seu preces concipientium.
CJ.2.10.0. Ut quae desunt advocationi partium iudex suppleat.
CJ.2.11.0. De causis, ex quibus infamia alicui inrogatur.
CJ.2.12.0. De procuratoribus.
CJ.2.13.0. Ne liceat potentioribus patrocinium litigantibus praestare vel actiones in se transferre.
CJ.2.14.0. De his, qui potentiorum nomine titulos praediis adfigunt vel eorum nomina in lite praetendunt.
CJ.2.15.0. Ut nemo privatus titulos praediis suis vel alienis imponat vel vela regalia suspendat.
CJ.2.16.0. Ut nemini liceat sine iudicis auctoritate signa imprimere rebus, quas alius tenet.
CJ.2.17.0. Ne fiscus vel res publica procurationem alicui patrocinii causa in lite praestet.
CJ.2.18.0. De negotiis gestis.
CJ.2.19.0. De his quae vi metusve causa gesta sunt.
CJ.2.20.0. De dolo malo.
CJ.2.21.0. De in integrum restitutione minorum viginti quinque annis.
CJ.2.22.0. De filio familias minore.
CJ.2.23.0. De fideiussoribus minorum.
CJ.2.24.0. Si tutor vel curator intervenerit.
CJ.2.25.0. Si in communi eademque causa in integrum restitutio postuletur.
CJ.2.26.0. Si adversus rem iudicatam.
CJ.2.27.0. Si adversus venditionem.
CJ.2.28.0. Si adversus venditionem pignoris.
CJ.2.29.0. Si adversus donationem.
CJ.2.30.0. Si adversus libertatem.
CJ.2.31.0. Si adversus transactionem vel divisionem minor restitui velit.
CJ.2.32.0. Si adversus solutionem a debitore vel a se factam.
CJ.2.33.0. Si adversus dotem.
CJ.2.34.0. Si adversus delictum suum.
CJ.2.35.0. Si adversus usucapionem.
CJ.2.36.0. Si adversus fiscum
CJ.2.37.0. Si adversus creditorem.
CJ.2.38.0. Si ut se hereditate abstineat.
CJ.2.39.0. Si ut omissam hereditatem vel bonorum possessionem vel quid aliud adquirat.
CJ.2.40.0. In quibus causis in integrum restitutio necessaria non est.
CJ.2.41.0. Qui et adversus quos in integrum restitui non possunt.
CJ.2.42.0. Si minor se maiorem dixerit vel probatus fuerit.
CJ.2.43.0. Si saepius in integrum restitutio postuletur.
CJ.2.44.0. De his qui veniam aetatis impetraverunt.
CJ.2.45.0. Si maior factus ratum habuerit.
CJ.2.46.0. Ubi et apud quem cognitio restitutionis agitanda sit.
CJ.2.47.0. De reputationibus, quae fiunt in iudicio in integrum restitutionis.
CJ.2.48.0. Etiam per procuratorem causam in integrum restitutionis agi posse.
CJ.2.49.0. In integrum restitutione postulata ne quid novi fiat.
CJ.2.50.0. De restitutione militum et eorum qui rei publicae causa afuerunt.
CJ.2.51.0. De uxoribus militum vel eorum qui rei publicae causa absunt.
CJ.2.52.0. De temporibus in integrum restitutionis tam minorum aliarumque personarum, quae restitui possunt, quam heredum eorum.
CJ.2.53.0. Quibus ex causis maiores in integrum restituuntur.
CJ.2.54.0. De alienatione iudicii mutandi causa facta.
CJ.2.55.0. De receptis.
CJ.2.56.0. De satisdando.
CJ.2.57.0. De formulis et impetratione actionum sublatis.
CJ.2.58.0. De iureiurando propter calumniam dando.

CJ.2.1.0. On producing (documents).
CJ.2.2.0. On calling into court.
CJ.2.3.0. On pacts.
CJ.2.4.0. On settlements.
CJ.2.5.0. On error of calculation.
CJ.2.6.0. On petitioning.
CJ.2.7.0. On advocates in different proceedings.
CJ.2.8.0. On advocates of the Fisc.
CJ.2.9.0. On the error of advocates or of those composing libelli or petitions.
CJ.2.10.0. That the judge may supply what is lacking to the advocacy of the parties.
CJ.2.11.0. On the causes from which infamy is inflicted upon someone.
CJ.2.12.0. On procurators (agents).
CJ.2.13.0. That it is not permitted for the more powerful to furnish patronage to litigants or to transfer actions to themselves.
CJ.2.14.0. On those who, in the name of the more powerful, affix titles to estates or put forward their names in litigation.
CJ.2.15.0. That no private person impose titles upon his own or others’ estates or hang regal banners.
CJ.2.16.0. That it be permitted to no one, without the judge’s authority, to imprint seals upon things which another holds.
CJ.2.17.0. That neither the Fisc nor the commonwealth provide to anyone a procuratorship for the sake of patronage in litigation.
CJ.2.18.0. On affairs transacted (negotiorum gestio).
CJ.2.19.0. On things done by force or by fear.
CJ.2.20.0. On fraud (dolus malus).
CJ.2.21.0. On restoration in full for minors under twenty-five years.
CJ.2.22.0. On a son under paternal power who is a minor.
CJ.2.23.0. On sureties of minors.
CJ.2.24.0. If a tutor or curator has intervened.
CJ.2.25.0. If, in a common and the same cause, restoration in full is demanded.
CJ.2.26.0. If against a matter adjudged.
CJ.2.27.0. If against a sale.
CJ.2.28.0. If against the sale of a pledge.
CJ.2.29.0. If against a donation.
CJ.2.30.0. If against freedom.
CJ.2.31.0. If a minor wishes to be restored against a settlement or a division.
CJ.2.32.0. If against a payment made by the debtor or by himself.
CJ.2.33.0. If against a dowry.
CJ.2.34.0. If against his own delict.
CJ.2.35.0. If against usucapion.
CJ.2.36.0. If against the Fisc
CJ.2.37.0. If against a creditor.
CJ.2.38.0. If that he abstain from an inheritance.
CJ.2.39.0. If that he acquire an omitted inheritance or possession of goods or something else.
CJ.2.40.0. In which causes restoration in full is not necessary.
CJ.2.41.0. Who and against whom they cannot be restored in full.
CJ.2.42.0. If a minor has declared himself to be of full age or has been proved to be such.
CJ.2.43.0. If restoration in full is asked more than once.
CJ.2.44.0. On those who have obtained the indulgence of age (venia aetatis).
CJ.2.45.0. If, having become of age, he has ratified.
CJ.2.46.0. Where and before whom the inquiry concerning restoration ought to be pursued.
CJ.2.47.0. On rehearings which are made in the proceeding of restoration in full.
CJ.2.48.0. That the cause of restoration in full can also be litigated through a procurator.
CJ.2.49.0. When restoration in full is requested, let nothing new be done.
CJ.2.50.0. On the restoration of soldiers and of those who were absent for the sake of the commonwealth.
CJ.2.51.0. On the wives of soldiers or of those who are absent for the sake of the commonwealth.
CJ.2.52.0. On the times for restoration in full, both of minors and of other persons who can be restored, and of their heirs.
CJ.2.53.0. For what causes those of full age are restored in full.
CJ.2.54.0. On alienation made for the purpose of changing the judge.
CJ.2.55.0. On undertakings (recepta).
CJ.2.56.0. On giving security.
CJ.2.57.0. On the abolition of formulas and of the obtaining of actions.
CJ.2.58.0. On giving an oath on account of calumny.

CJ.2.1.0. De edendo.

CJ.2.1.0. On production of documents.

CJ.2.1.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.1.1: Emperor Antoninus

Ipse dispice, quemadmodum pecuniam, quam deposuisse te dicis, deberi tibi probes. nam quod desideras, ut rationes suas adversaria tua exhibeat, id ex causa ad iudicis officium pertinere solet. * ant.

Consider for yourself how you will prove that the money which you say you deposited is owed to you. For as to what you desire—that your adversary produce his accounts—that, according to the case, is wont to pertain to the judge’s office. * ant.

a. manilio. * <a155 pp. iiii k. oct. sabiniano ii et severo conss.>

to A. Manilius. * <in the year 155, on the 4th day before the Kalends of October, Sabinianus for the 2nd time and Severus, consuls.>

CJ.2.1.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.1.2: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Is, apud quem res agitur, acta publica tam criminalia quam civilia exhiberi inspicienda ad investigandam veritatis fidem iubebit. * sev. et ant.

He, before whom the case is conducted, will order the public records, both criminal and civil, to be produced for inspection, in order to investigate the credibility of the truth. * sev. and ant.

aa. fausto. * <a 194 pp. non. iul.

the Augusti to Faustus. * <a in the year 194, on the day before the Nones of July.

severo a. et albino conss.>

severus augustus and albinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.1.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.1.3: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Edita actio speciem futurae litis demonstrat, quam emendari vel mutari licet, prout edicti perpetui monet auctoritas vel ius reddentis decernit aequitas. * sev. et ant.

The published action demonstrates the form of the future lawsuit, which it is permitted to be emended or altered, as the authority of the perpetual edict admonishes or as the equity of the one rendering justice decrees. * Severus and Antoninus

aa. valenti. * <a 202 d. iii k. sept. severo iii et antonino aa. conss.>

the augusti to valens. * <a 202 given on the 3rd day before the kalends of september, when severus for the 3rd time and antoninus, the augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.2.1.4: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.1.4: Emperor Antoninus

Qui accusare volunt, probationes habere debent, cum neque iuris neque aequitatis ratio permittat, ut alienorum instrumentorum inspiciendorum potestas fieri debeat. actore enim non probante qui convenitur, etsi nihil ipse praestarit, obtineat. * ant.

Those who wish to accuse ought to have proofs, since neither the principle of law nor of equity permits that the power of inspecting others’ documents should be granted. For if the plaintiff does not prove, the one summoned (the defendant), even if he himself has furnished nothing, should prevail. * Antoninus.

a. epaphrodito. * <a 212 pp. v id. mart. duobus aspris conss.>

to Epaphroditus. * <in the year 212, posted on the 5th day before the Ides of March, with the two Aspri as consuls.>

CJ.2.1.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.1.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Non est novum eum a quo petitur pecunia implorare rationes creditoris, ut fides constare possit. * alex. a. valentinianae.

It is not new for him from whom money is sought to call for the creditor’s accounts, so that good faith may be established. * alexander augustus to valentiniana.

* <a 223 pp. vii id. mart. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, published on the 7th day before the Ides of March, under the consuls Maximus 2 and Aelianus.>

CJ.2.1.6: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.1.6: Emperor Alexander Severus

Iustum est desiderium eius a quo petitur, licet nomine publico, ut rationibus publicis exhibitis constet, quantum sub nomine suo solutum sit. * alex. a. uriano.

It is a just request, on the part of him from whom it is sought—even though in the public name—that, the public accounts having been exhibited, it be established how much has been paid under his own name. * Alexander Augustus to Urianus.

* <a 223 pp. xvi k. dec. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the 16th day before the Kalends of December, under the consuls Maximus (2) and Aelianus.>

CJ.2.1.7: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.1.7: Emperor Alexander Severus

Procurator privatae rationis instrumentorum, quae communia tibi esse dicis cum fisco, describendorum facultatem secundum morem fieri iubebit: et si quando res exegerit ad fidem petitionis tuae apud alium iudicem praebendam aliquid eorum proferri, desiderante eo qui convenitur, ut id fiat, praecipiet. * alex. a. valenti.

The procurator of the privy account will order that the faculty for transcribing the instruments, which you say are common to you with the fisc, be accorded according to custom: and if ever the matter shall require that, for the attestation of your petition to be furnished before another judge, some of them be produced, upon the desire of the one who is convened, he will direct that this be done. * alexander augustus to valens.

* <a 225 pp. x k. mart. fusco et dextro conss.>

* <in the year 225, posted on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, under the consuls Fuscus and Dexter.>

CJ.2.1.8: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.1.8: Emperor Alexander Severus

Et quae a divo antonino patre et quae a me rescripta sunt, cum iuris et aequitatis rationibus congruunt. nec enim diversa sunt vel discrepantia, quod multum intersit, ex parte eius, qui aliquid petit quique doli exceptione submoveri ab intentione petitionis suae potest, rationes promi reus desideret, quibus se posse instruere contendit ( quod utique ipsa rei aequitatis suadet), an vero ab eo a quo aliquid petitur actor desideret rationes exhiberi, quando hoc casu non oportet originem petitionis ex instrumentis eius qui convenitur fundari. * alex.

And the things that have been rescripted by the deified Antoninus my father and those by me are congruent with the reasons of law and equity. For they are not diverse or discrepant: whether—which makes much difference—on the part of him who seeks something and who can be removed from the intention of his petition by the exception of dolus (fraud) the defendant may desire that accounts be produced, by which he contends he is able to equip himself (which the equity of the matter itself urges), or indeed the plaintiff may desire that accounts be exhibited by the one from whom something is sought, since in this case it is not proper that the origin of the petition be founded upon the instruments of him who is convened. * alex.

a. floro. * <a 225 pp. k. oct. fusco et dextro conss.>

To Florus. * <in 225, the day before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Fuscus and Dexter.>

CJ.2.2.0. De in ius vocando.

CJ.2.2.0. On calling into court.

CJ.2.2.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.2.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Sicut bonis moribus convenit reverentiam manumissoris uxori praeberi, ita re exigente in ius eam sine permissu praetoris vocari prohibitum est. * alex. a. tryphoni.

Just as good morals require that reverence be shown to a manumittor’s wife, so, even when the matter demands it, it is prohibited that she be called into court without the praetor’s permission. * alex. a. tryphoni.

* <a 230 pp. iiii k. april. agricola et clemente conss.>

* <in the year 230, publicly posted, on the fourth day before the Kalends of April; Agricola and Clemens, consuls.>

CJ.2.2.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.2.2: Emperor Gordian

Venia edicti non petita patronum seu patronam eorumque parentes et liberos, heredes insuper, etsi extranei sint, a libertis seu liberis eorum non debere in ius vocari ius certissimum est: nec in ea re rusticitati venia praebeatur, cum naturali ratione honor eiusmodi personis debeatur. cum igitur confitearis patroni tui filium sine permissu praesidis in ius vocasse, poenam edicto perpetuo praestitutam rescripto tibi concedi temere desideras. * gord.

It is the most certain law that, if the leave of the edict has not been sought, a patron or patroness and their parents and children, and moreover their heirs, even if they are extranei, ought not to be summoned into court by their freedmen or by their children; nor in this matter should indulgence be afforded to rusticity, since by natural reason honor is owed to persons of this sort. Since, therefore, you confess that you summoned your patron’s son into court without the governor’s permission, you rashly desire that the penalty prescribed by the Perpetual Edict be granted to you by rescript. * Gordian.

a. nocturno. * <a 239 pp. viii id. nov. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

on the night-time. * <in the year 239, published on November 6, in the consulship of Gordianus Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.2.2.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.2.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Qui in potestate patris agunt, adversus eos experiri non possunt. si igitur emancipata es, venia edicti petita hoc facere non prohiberis. quod et in matris persona observandum est.

Those who are under a father's power cannot bring an action against them. If, therefore, you have been emancipated, with leave of the edict having been sought, you are not prohibited from doing this. This is to be observed also in the case of the mother.

* diocl. et maxim. aa. roxanae.

* diocletian and maximian, the emperors, to roxana.

* <a 287 pp. viii id. nov. diocletiano iii et maximiniano aa. conss.>

* <in the year 287, on the 8th day before the Ides of November, Diocletian for the 3rd time and Maximian, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.0. De pactis.

CJ.2.3.0. On pacts.

CJ.2.3.1: Imperator Severus

CJ.2.3.1: Emperor Severus

Condicionis incertum inter fratres non iniquis rationibus conventione finitum est. cum igitur verbis fideicommissi petitum a patre tuo profitearis, ut, si vita sine liberis decederet, hereditatem licinio frontoni restitueret, pactum eo tempore de sextante frontoni dando, cum liberos philinus non sustulerat, interpositum non idcirco potest iniquum videri, quod facta, sicut placuit, divisione diem suum te filio eius superstite functus est. * sev.

The uncertainty of the condition between the brothers was ended by a convention on not iniquitous terms. Therefore, since you profess that by the words of the fideicommissum it was petitioned from your father that, if he should depart life without children, he should restore the inheritance to Licinius Fronto, the pact then interposed about giving a sixth to Fronto, at a time when Philinus had not taken up children, cannot for that reason seem iniquitous, because, the division having been made as it pleased, he met his day with you, his son, surviving. * sev.

a. philino. * <a 200 pp. vii k. dec. severo a. ii et victorino conss.>

to Philinus. * <in the year 200, on the 7th day before the Kalends of December, when Severus, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Victorinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.3.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.3.2: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Post venditionem hereditatis a te factam, si creditores contra emptores actiones suas movisse probare potueris eosque eas spontanea suscepisse voluntate, exceptione taciti pacti non inutiliter defenderis. * sev. et ant.

After the sale of the inheritance made by you, if you can prove that the creditors have brought their actions against the purchasers and that they have voluntarily assumed them, you will not be ineffectually defended by the exception of a tacit pact. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. claudio. * <a 202 pp. prid. id. febr.

the Emperors to Claudius. * <a 202 pp. on the day before the Ides of February.

severo iii et antonino aa. conss.>

under the consulate of Severus for the 3rd time and Antoninus, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.3.3: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Servus creditoris meliorem causam domini facere potest: in deterius autem reformare novo pacto non potest obligationem recte constitutam. * sev. et ant.

The slave of the creditor can make the master’s case better; but he cannot, by a new pact, reform for the worse an obligation rightly constituted. * sev. and ant.

aa. restituto. * <a 202 pp. viii k. april. severo iii et antonino aa. conss.>

The Augusti to Restitutus. * <year 202, pp., on the 8th day before the Kalends of april, when Severus for the 3rd time and Antoninus, the Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.2.3.4: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.3.4: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Postquam liti de praedio motae renuntiasti, causam finitam instaurari posse nulla ratio permittit. * sev. et ant.

After you renounced the litigation concerning the estate, no principle permits a concluded cause to be reinstated. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. valeriae. * <a 206 pp. iiii id. febr. albino et aemiliano conss.>

the emperors to valeria. * <in the year 206, publicly posted on the 4th day before the ides of february, under the consulship of albinus and aemilianus.>

CJ.2.3.5: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.3.5: Emperor Antoninus

Creditori tuo si partem pecuniae exsolvisti, de parte vero non petenda inter te et eum convenit ob causas negotiaque eius tuo patrocinio fideque defensa, ea obligatione partim iure civili partim honorario liberatus es. nam exceptio perpetua pacti conventi vel doli residui petitionem repellit, cum et solutum per ignorantiam repeti potuisset. * ant. a. demagorae.

If you have paid your creditor part of the money, but as to the remainder it was agreed between you and him that it should not be demanded, because his causes and business were defended by your patronage and good faith, from that obligation you are released partly by civil law and partly by honorary (praetorian) law. For the perpetual exception of a pact concluded or of dolus repels the claim for the residue, since even what was paid in ignorance could have been reclaimed. * Antoninus Augustus to Demagoras.

* <a 213 pp. viii k. aug. romae antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <a 213, on the 8th day before the Kalends of August, at Rome, in the consulship of Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.6: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.3.6: Emperor Antoninus

Pacta, quae contra leges constitutionesque vel contra bonos mores fiunt, nullam vim habere indubitati iuris est. * ant. a. iuliae basiliae.

Pacts which are made contrary to the laws and constitutions, or against good morals, have no force—this is of undoubted law. * Antoninus to Julia Basilia.

* <a 213 pp. v k. aug. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

* <in the year 213, posted on the fifth day before the Kalends of August, when Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.3.7: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.3.7: Emperor Antoninus

Debitori tuo si heres extitisti, actio, quam contra eum habuisti, adita hereditate confusa est. sed si eam hereditatem, posteaquam in iudicio obtinuisti, ei tradidisti, quem sententia superaveras, ea condicione pactoque, ut tam ceteris creditoribus quam tibi in eo, quod tibi deberetur, si eam hereditatem non adisses , satisfaceret, pacti conventionisque fides servanda est. quae si non servatur, ex stipulatu, si modo pacto subiecta est, actio dabitur.

If you have become heir to your debtor, the action which you had against him is merged upon the inheritance being entered. But if, after you have prevailed in judgment, you handed over that inheritance to the one whom you had overcome by the sentence, on this condition and pact, that he satisfy both the other creditors and you, in that which would be owed to you if you had not entered upon that inheritance , the good faith of the pact and convention must be observed. And if this is not observed, an action ex stipulatu will be given, if indeed it has been put under stipulation by the pact.

* ant. a. iulio maximo. * <a 213 pp. iii k. aug.

* Antoninus Augustus to Julius Maximus. * <in the year 213, pp., on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August.

antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

under antoninus augustus for the 4th time and balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.8: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.3.8: Emperor Alexander Severus

Cum, posteaquam adversarius matris tuae victus esset, matrem tuam circumvenerit, ut ei caveret nullam se controversiam de servis moturam, id pactum mala fide factum irritum est, et cum ex ea conventione cum matre tua agi coeperit, iudex eam liberabit. * alex. a. aurelio dionysio.

When, after the adversary of your mother had been defeated, he circumvented your mother, to make her covenant that she would bring no controversy about the slaves, that pact, made in bad faith, is void; and when action is brought against your mother on the basis of that agreement, the judge will release her. * Alexander Augustus to Aurelius Dionysius.

* <a 222 pp. prid. id. sept. alexandro a. cons.>

* <a in the year 222, pp., the day before the Ides of September, in the consulship of Alexander Augustus.>

CJ.2.3.9: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.3.9: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si pascenda pecora partiaria ( id est ut fetus eorum portionibus, quibus placuit , inter dominum et pastorem dividantur) apollinarem suscepisse probabitur, fidem pacto praestare per iudicem compelletur. * alex. a. mucatrauli.

If it is proved that Apollinaris undertook flocks to be pastured on a share-basis ( that is, that their offspring are divided in portions, as agreed , between the master and the shepherd), he shall be compelled by the judge to render faith to the pact. * alexander the augustus to mucatraulus.

* <a 222 pp. iiii k. oct. alexandro a. cons.>

* <a 222 published on the 4th day before the Kalends of October, Alexander Augustus as consul>

CJ.2.3.10: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.3.10: Emperor Alexander Severus

Legem, quam dixisti, cum dotem pro alumna dares, servari oportet, nec obesse tibi potuit, quod dici solet ex pacto actionem non nasci: tunc enim hoc iure utimur, cum pactum nudum est: alioquin cum pecunia datur et aliquid de reddenda ea convenit, utilis est condictio. * alex. a. nicae.

The term which you stated, when you gave a dowry on behalf of your foster-daughter, must be observed, nor could it harm you that what is usually said is that no action arises from a pact: for we use this rule when the pact is naked; otherwise, when money is given and something is agreed concerning its being returned, a useful condictio lies. * alex. a. nicaea.

* <a 227 pp. iiii k. oct. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in the year 227, father of the fatherland, on the 4th day before the Kalends of October (September 28), in the consulship of Alexander Augustus.>

CJ.2.3.11: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.3.11: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ex conventione quidem, qua pactam novercam tuam cum patre tuo dicis, cum fundum in dotem daret, ut et tributa ipsa agnosceret et creditoribus, quibus fuerant praedia obligata, usuras solveret, actio tibi adversus eam competere non potest, et si pactum in stipulationem deductum probetur. sed si fundus aestimatus ita, ut pars instrumenti significat, in dotem datus est, ex vendito actio, ut placitis stetur, competit. * alex.

From the convention by which you say your stepmother was pacted with your father, when she gave the farm as a dowry, to the effect that she should both acknowledge the tributes themselves and pay interest to the creditors to whom the estates had been pledged, an action does not lie for you against her, even if the pact is proved to have been reduced into a stipulation. But if the farm, having been appraised as a part of the instrument indicates, was given in dowry, an action ex vendito lies, so that the agreements may be stood by. * alex.

a. capitoni. * <a 229 pp. non. dec.

to Capito. * <a 229 the day before the Nones of December.

ipso a. iii et dione ii conss.>

in that same year, with Alexander for the 3rd time and Dio for the 2nd as consuls.>

CJ.2.3.12: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.3.12: Emperor Alexander Severus

Pacta novissima servari oportere tam iuris quam ipsius rei aequitas postulat. quapropter si conventione quae praecessit diversa pars usuram se non esse consensit, et maxime si, ut proponis, id etiam apud acta praesidis adseveravit, actionem, quae super prima conventione fuerat, exercere non prohiberis. * alex.

Equity, both of law and of the matter itself, demands that the most recent agreements be observed. Wherefore, if in the agreement that preceded the opposing party agreed that it had not consented to interest, and especially if, as you set forth, it even affirmed this in the governor’s records, you are not prohibited from exercising the action which was upon the first agreement. * alex.

a. flaccillae. * <a 230 pp. iii k. mart. agricola et clemente conss.>

to Flaccilla. * <in the year 230, on February 27, in the consulship of Agricola and Clement.>

CJ.2.3.13: Imperator maximinus

CJ.2.3.13: Emperor Maximinus

In bonae fidei contractibus ita demum ex pacto actio competit, si ex continenti fiat: nam quod postea placuit, id non petitionem, sed exceptionem parit. * maximinus a. marino. * <a 236 pp. v id. ian.

In contracts of good faith, only then does an action arise from a pact if it is made immediately; for what is agreed later produces not a claim, but a defense. * Maximinus Augustus to Marinus. * <a 236 pp. 5 Id. Jan.

maximino a. et africano conss.>

in the consulship of Maximinus Augustus and Africanus.>

CJ.2.3.14: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.3.14: Emperor Gordian

Si pacto, quo poenam adversarium tuum promisisse proponis, si placito non stetisset, stipulatio subiecta est, ex stipulatu agens vel id quod in conventionem devenerat, ut fiat, consequeris vel poenam stipulatione comprehensam more iudiciorum exiges. nam bona adversarii tui in te transferri citra sollemnem ordinem frustra deprecaris. * gord.

If by a pact, in which you set forth that your adversary promised a penalty if he did not abide by the agreement, a stipulation has been subjoined, then by bringing an action ex stipulatu you will either obtain that what had come into agreement be done, or you will exact the penalty included in the stipulation according to the usage of the courts. For you beseech in vain that your adversary’s goods be transferred to you apart from the solemn order. * Gordian.

a. caecilio mil. * <a 241 pp. k. april. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

to Caecilius, a soldier. * <in the year 241, on the day before the Kalends of April, in the consulship of Gordian, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.15: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.3.15: The emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Pactum, quod dotali instrumento comprehensum est, ut, si pater vita fungeretur, ex aequa portione ea quae nubebat cum fratre heres patri suo esset, neque ullam obligationem contrahere nec libertatem testamenti faciendi mulieris patri potuit auferre. * valer. et gallien.

The pact, which was included in the dowry instrument, that, if the father should depart this life, she who was marrying would be heir to her father in equal portion with her brother, could neither create any obligation nor deprive the woman’s father of the freedom of making a testament. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. et valer. nobil. c. pactumeio.

the emperors and Valerian, the noble Caesar, to Pactumeius.

* <a 259 pp. x k. mart. aemiliano et basso conss.>

* <in the year 259, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus.>

CJ.2.3.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.16: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum proponas filios testamento scriptos heredes rogatos esse, ut qui primus rebus humanis eximeretur, alteri portionem hereditatis restitueret, quoniam precariam substitutionem fratrum consensu remissam adseris, fideicommissi persecutio cessat. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that sons written in the testament as heirs were requested that the one who should first be removed from human affairs should restore to the other the portion of the inheritance, since you assert that the precarious substitution has been remitted by the brothers’ consent, the pursuit of the fideicommissum ceases. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. diaphanto. * <a 286 pp. iiii id. febr. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

the emperors to Diaphantus. * <in the year 286, on the fourth day before the Ides of February, in the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aquilinus.>

CJ.2.3.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.17: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Pactum, quod bona fide interpositum docebitur, et si scriptura non existente aliis probationibus rei gestae veritas comprobari potest, praeses provinciae secundum ius custodiri efficiet. * diocl. et maxim.

A pact, which will be shown to have been entered in good faith, and, even if no writing exists, if the truth of the transaction can be proved by other proofs, the governor of the province will cause to be observed according to law. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. deximacho. * <a 286 pp. viiii k. iul. maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

The Augusti to Deximachus. * <year 286, pp., on the 9th day before the Kalends of July, in the consulship of Maximus for the 2nd time and Aquilinus.>

CJ.2.3.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.18: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si creditores vestros ex parte debiti admisisse quemquam vestrum pro sua persona persolventem probaveritis, aditus rector provinciae pro sua gravitate, ne alter pro altero exigatur, providebit. * diocl. et maxim.

If you prove that your creditors have admitted, for a portion of the debt, any one of you paying for his own person, the rector of the province, when approached, by his gravity will provide that one not be exacted for another. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. iulio et aemilio. * <a 287 pp. vii id. ian. diocletiano iii et maximiano aa.Comss.>

The Augusti to Julius and Aemilius. * <a A.D. 287, on the 7th day before the Ides of January, when Diocletian for the 3rd time and Maximian, the Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.2.3.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.19: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Licet inter privatos huiusmodi scriptum, quo comprehenditur, ut is qui supervixerit alterius rebus potiatur, nec donationis quidem mortis causa gestae efficaciter speciem ostendat, tamen cum voluntas militum, quae super ultimo vitae spiritu deque familiaris rei decreto quoquo modo contemplatione mortis in scripturam deducitur, vim postremi iudicii obtineat proponasque te ac fratrem tuum ad discrimen proelii pergentes ob communem mortis fortunam invicem pactos esse, ut ad eum, qui superstes fuisset, res eius, cui casus finem vitae attulisset, pertinerent, existente condicione intellegitur ex fratris tui iudicio, quod principalium constitutionum prompto favore firmatur, etiam rerum eius compendium ad te de latum esse. * diocl. et maxim.

Although, among private persons, a writing of this kind, in which it is contained that he who has outlived shall get possession of the other’s goods, does not even effectively display the appearance of a donatio mortis causa executed, nevertheless, since the will of soldiers, which concerning the last breath of life and concerning an ordinance of family property, in whatever way, by contemplation of death, is brought into writing, obtains the force of a final judgment; and as you set forth that you and your brother, proceeding to the peril of battle, on account of the common fortune of death, mutually agreed that the property of him to whom chance brought an end of life should pertain to the one who survived, the condition existing, it is understood from your brother’s decision—which is strengthened by the ready favor of imperial constitutions—that even the aggregate of his property has been conveyed to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. victoriano mil. * <a 290 pp. xiii k. dec. sirmi ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Victorianus, a soldier. * <in the year 290, on the 13th day before the Kalends of December, at Sirmium, when the same Augusti were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.3.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.20: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Traditionibus et usucapionibus dominia rerum, non nudis pactis transferuntur. * diocl. et maxim.

Ownership (dominion) of things is transferred by delivery and by usucaption, not by bare pacts. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. martiali. * <a 293 pp. k. ian. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to martialis. * <year 293, on the day before the Kalends of January, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.3.21: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.21: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian.

Cum proponas inter vos sine scriptura placuisse fratrum tuorum successiones aequis ex partibus dividi, et transactionis causa probari possit hanc intercessisse conventionem, exceptione te tueri potes, si possides: quod si adversarius tuus teneat, ex hoc placito nullam actionem esse natam, si tibi stipulatione non prospexisti, debes intellegere: nec adversario tuo transactione uti concedendum, nisi ea quae placita sunt paratus est adimplere. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you propose that it was agreed among you, without writing, that the successions of your brothers be divided in equal shares, and, for the sake of a transaction (settlement), it can be proved that this convention intervened, you can protect yourself by an exception, if you are in possession: but if your adversary holds, you ought to understand that from this pact no action has arisen, if you did not provide for yourself by a stipulation; nor must it be conceded to your adversary to use the settlement, unless he is prepared to fulfill the things that were agreed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. eusebio. * <a 293 pp. k. mai. thirallo aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to eusebius. * <in 293, on the day before the kalends of may, thirallus and the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.22: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Pactum curatoris recipere minorem quantitatem paciscentis adultae aetatis suffragium, ne noceat, efficiet. tutores enim et curatores exigentes pupillis et adultis debitum, non etiam remittentes praestant obligationis liberationem. * diocl.

The pact of a curator to receive a lesser quantity will be made, by the suffrage (assent) of a contracting person of full age, so that it may not harm. For guardians and curators, when exacting from debtors what is owed for wards and adults, furnish a liberation (discharge) of the obligation, but not also when remitting. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. archelao. * <a 293 pp. xvii k. dec.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Archelaus. * [Antioch], 293, posted on the 17th day before the Kalends of December.

sirmi aa. conss.>

At Sirmium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.3.23: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.23: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Filius paciscendo vel debitum accipiendo nihil detrahit patris obligationi. * diocl. et maxim.

A son, by making a pact/settlement or by accepting the debt, detracts nothing from the father's obligation. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc.Honorato. * <a 293 pp. xvii k. dec. sirmi aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Honoratus. * <in the year 293, on the 17th day before the Kalends of December, at Sirmium, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.3.24: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.24: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si actionem legati vel fideicommissi, quam adversus heredes mariti quondam tui habuisti, te adfectione heredum aliis remisisse probetur, exceptionem pacti contra debitores instituenti actiones nocere tibi minime posse intellegis. * diocl. et maxim.

If it is proven that you, out of regard for the heirs, remitted to others the action of legacy or of fideicommissum which you had against the heirs of your former husband, you understand that the plea of pact cannot in the least harm you when you are instituting actions against the debtors. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc.Domnae. * <a 293 pp. xvii k. ian. sirmi aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Domna. * <AD 293, on the 17th day before the Kalends of January, at Sirmium, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.3.25: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.25: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Debitorum pactionibus creditorum petitio nec tolli nec mutari potest. * diocl. et maxim.

By the agreements of debtors, the creditors’ claim can neither be removed nor changed. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. euhemero. * <a 294 s. iiii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Euhemerus. * <in the year 294, on the 4th day before the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.3.26: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.26: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Pactum successorum debitoris ex lege duodecim tabularum aes alienum hereditarium pro portionibus quaesitis singulis ipso iure divisum in solidum unum obligare creditori non potest: quod et in honorario succedentibus iure locum habebit. de chirographis itaque communibus exhibendis cum coherede vel non perfectis in divisione placitis convenire quanti tua interest potes. * diocl.

An agreement of the debtor’s successors cannot, under the Law of the Twelve Tables, obligate the creditor to treat the hereditary debt—which by operation of law is divided according to the shares acquired by each—as a single obligation in solidum: and the same will have place for those succeeding under the honorary (praetorian) law. Therefore, concerning joint chirographs to be produced with a coheir, or agreements in the partition not perfected, you can sue for as much as your interest amounts. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. corneliae. * <a 294 pp. iii id. oct.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Cornelia. * <a 294 pp., on the 3rd day before the Ides of October.

variani cc. conss.>

of the Variani, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.3.27: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.27: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximianus

Petens ex stipulatione, quae placiti servandi causa secuta est, seu antecessit pactum seu post statim interpositum sit, recte secundum se ferri sententiam postulat. * diocl. et maxim.

One suing on a stipulation which followed for the sake of keeping the compact—whether the pact preceded, or was immediately interposed afterward—rightly demands that judgment be rendered in his favor. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio chresimo. * <a 294 s. vi id. nov. heracleae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aurelius chresimus. * <in the year 294, on the 6th day before the ides of november, at heraclea, with the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.2.3.28: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.3.28: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si certis annis quod nudo pacto convenerat datum fuit, ad praestandum in posterum indebitum solutum obligare non potuit eum qui pactum fecit, nisi placitis stipulatio intercessit. * diocl. et maxim.

If for certain years what had been agreed by a nude pact was given, the payment of a thing not owed could not bind the one who made the pact to render it in the future, unless a stipulation intervened in the agreements. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. leontio. * <a 294 s. iii non. dec.

the augusti and the caesars to leontius. * <in the year 294, at sirmium, on the 3rd day before the nones of december.

burtudizi cc. conss.>

in the consulship of burtudizus, most illustrious consuls.>

CJ.2.3.29pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.29pr.: Emperor Justinian

Si quis in conscribendo instrumento sese confessus fuerit non usurum fori proscriptione propter cingulum militiae suae vel dignitatis vel etiam sacerdotii praerogativam, licet ante dubitabatur, sive oportet eandem scripturam tenere et eum qui hoc pactus est non debere adversus suam conventionem venire, vel licentiam ei praestari decedere quidem a scriptura, suo autem iure uti: sancimus nemini licere adversus pacta sua venire et contrahentes decipere. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. sept.

If anyone, in drawing up an instrument, shall have confessed that he will not make use of the proscription of forum on account of the belt of his military service or the prerogative of rank or even of priesthood, although it was formerly doubted whether either one ought to hold to the same writing, and he who has so agreed ought not to go against his own agreement, or permission should be granted him to depart indeed from the writing, yet to use his own right: we ordain that it is permitted to no one to go against his own pacts and to deceive contracting parties. * Justinian Augustus to John, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 531, on the Kalends of September.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

at constantinople, after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.3.29.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.29.1: Emperor Justinian

Si enim ipso edicto praetoris pacta conventa, quae neque contra leges nec dolo malo inita sunt, omnimodo observanda sunt, quare et in hac causa pacta non valent, cum alia regula est iuris antiqui omnes licentiam habere his quae pro se introducta sunt renuntiare? <a 531 d. k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

For if by the praetor’s own edict the pacts agreed, which have been entered neither against the laws nor with malicious fraud, must in every way be observed, why then in this case do the pacts not have force, since another rule of the ancient law is that everyone has license to renounce those things which have been introduced on their behalf? <a 531 d. k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

CJ.2.3.29.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.29.2: Emperor Justinian

Omnes itaque iudices nostri hoc in litibus observent, et huiusmodi observatio et ad pedaneos iudices et ad compromissarios et arbitros electos perveniat scituros, quod, si neglexerint, etiam litem suam facere intellegantur. <a 531 d. k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

Therefore let all our judges observe this in lawsuits, and let an observation of this kind also reach the inferior judges, the compromissaries, and the elected arbiters, who are to know that, if they neglect it, they are even understood to make the lawsuit their own. <a in the year 531, on the Kalends of September, at Constantinople, after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.3.30pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.30pr.: Emperor Justinian

De quaestione tali a caesariensi advocatione interrogati sumus: si duabus vel pluribus personis spes alienae fuerat hereditatis ex cognatione forte ad eos devolvendae, pactaque inter eos inita sunt pro adventura hereditate, quibus specialiter declarabatur, si ille mortuus fuerit et hereditas ad eos perveniat, certos modos in eadem hereditate observari, vel si forte ad quosdam ex his hereditatis commodum pervenerit, certas pactiones evenire. et dubitabatur, si huiusmodi pacta servari oportet. * iust.

We were asked by the Caesarean advocacy about such a question: if for two or more persons there had been a hope of another’s inheritance, perhaps to be devolved to them by kinship, and pacts were entered among them regarding the forthcoming inheritance, by which it was specially declared that, if that man should die and the inheritance should come to them, certain modes in that inheritance are to be observed, or if perhaps the benefit of the inheritance should come to some of them, certain pactions are to ensue. And it was in doubt whether pacts of this kind ought to be observed. * iust.

a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv.Cc.>

to john, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 531 on the kalends of november at constantinople after the consulate of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.3.30.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.30.1: Emperor Justinian

Faciebat autem eis quaestionem, quia adhuc superstite eo, de cuius hereditate sperabatur, huiusmodi pactio processit et quia non sunt ita confecta, quasi omnimodo hereditate ad eos perventura, sed sub duabus condicionibus composita sunt, si ille fuerit mortuus et si ad hereditatem vocentur hi qui pactionem fecerunt. <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv.Cc.>

However, he raised for them the question, because, with him still surviving—the man whose inheritance was being hoped for—such a pact had been undertaken; and because they were not executed as though the inheritance were in every way going to come to them, but were settled under two conditions: if that man should have died, and if those who made the pact should be called to the inheritance. <a 531 on the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.3.30.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.30.2: Emperor Justinian

Sed nobis omnes huiusmodi pactiones odiosae videntur et plenae tristissimi et periculosi eventus. quare enim quodam vivente et ignorante de rebus eius quidam paciscentes convenerunt? <a 531 d. k. nov.

But to us all pactions of this kind seem odious and full of the most sorrowful and perilous outcome. For why, while a certain man was alive and ignorant about his affairs, did certain pacting parties come to an agreement? <a 531 d. k. nov.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv.Cc.>

at constantinople, after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.3.30.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.30.3: Emperor Justinian

Secundum veteres itaque regulas sancimus omnimodo huiusmodi pacta, quae contra bonos mores inita sunt, repelli et nihil ex his pactionibus observari, nisi ipse forte, de cuius hereditate pactum est, voluntatem suam eis accommodaverit et in ea usque ad extremum vitae spatium perseveraverit: tunc etenim sublata acerbissima spe licebit eis illo sciente et iubente huiusmodi pactiones servare. <a 531 d. k. nov. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv.Cc.>

Therefore, according to the ancient rules, we ordain in every way that pacts of this kind, which have been entered into against good morals, be repelled, and that nothing of these agreements be observed, unless perhaps the very person concerning whose inheritance the pact was made should accommodate his will to them and should persevere in it up to the extreme span of his life: for then, with the most bitter expectation removed, it will be permitted to them, with his knowledge and at his command, to keep pacts of this sort. <a 531, on the Kalends of November, at Constantinople, after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.3.30.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.3.30.4: Emperor Justinian

Quod etiam anterioribus legibus et constitutionibus non est incognitum, licet a nobis clarius est introductum. iubemus etenim neque donationes talium rerum neque hypothecas penitus esse admittendas neque alium quendam contractum, cum in alienis rebus contra domini voluntatem aliquid fieri vel pacisci secta temporum meorum non patitur. <a 531 d. k. nov.

What also was not unknown to earlier laws and constitutions, although by us it has been introduced more clearly. For we order that neither donations of such things nor hypothecs be admitted at all, nor any other kind of contract, since in another’s property the policy of our times does not permit anything to be done or agreed against the owner’s will. <a 531 d. k. nov.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv.Cc.>

at Constantinople after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.4.0. De transactionibus.

CJ.2.4.0. On settlements.

CJ.2.4.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.4.1: Emperor Antoninus

Neque pactio neque transactio cum quibusdam ex curatoribus sive tutoribus facta auxilio ceteris est in his, quae separatim communiterve gesserunt vel gerere debuerunt. cum igitur tres curatores habueris et cum duobus ex his transegeris, tertium convenire non prohiberis. * ant.

Neither a pact nor a settlement made with some of the curators or tutors is of assistance to the others in those matters which they have done, separately or in common, or ought to have done. Accordingly, if you have had three curators and have settled with two of them, you are not forbidden to bring an action against the third. * ant.

a. celerio. * <a 211 d. k. mai. gentiano et basso conss.>

to A. Celerius. * <in the year 211, on the Kalends of May, in the consulship of Gentianus and Bassus.>

CJ.2.4.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.4.2: The Emperor Antoninus

Cum te proponas cum sorore tua de hereditate transegisse et idpropter certam pecuniam te ei debere cavisse, etsi nulla fuisset quaestio hereditatis, tamen propter timorem litis transactione interposita pecunia recte cauta intellegitur. ex qua causa si fisco solvisses, repetere non posses: si non solvisses, iure convenireris. * ant.

Since you put forward that you have settled with your sister about the inheritance and on that account have given security that you owe her a fixed sum of money, even if there had been no question of the inheritance, nevertheless, on account of fear of litigation, with a settlement interposed, the money is understood to have been rightly secured. For which reason, if you had paid the fisc, you would not be able to recover; if you had not paid, you would be sued by right. * ant.

a. lutatiae. * <a 213 pp. iii id. aug. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

to Lutatia. * <in 213, publicly posted on the 3rd day before the Ides of August (August 11), when Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.4.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.4.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Age cum geminiano, quod pater eius curator tibi datus negotia tua gesserit, et si apud iudicem negabit se actione teneri, quoniam transactio et aquiliana stipulatio interposita est, iudex contemplatione iudicii quod est bonae fidei quaeret, de quanta pecunia nominatim transactum sit: et si apparuerit de minore transactum, quantam pecuniam reliquam ex administratione curae deberi probatum fuerit, solvere eum iubebit, quod non in stipulationem aquilianam obligationis curae tantum deductum est, quanti erat quantitas pecuniae quae debebatur. * alex. a. tulliae.

Proceed against Geminianus, on the ground that his father, appointed to you as curator, transacted your business; and if before the judge he denies that he is held to an action, on the ground that a settlement and an Aquilian stipulation were interposed, the judge—considering that the action is one of good faith—will inquire for what sum of money it was expressly settled: and if it appears that the settlement was for a lesser amount, he will order him to pay whatever money shall be proven to be still due from the administration of the curatorship, since under the Aquilian stipulation there was not merely brought into the obligation of the curatorship the precise amount of the money that was owed. * alex. a. tulliae.

* <a 223 d. prid. id. aug. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the day before the Ides of August, in the consulship of Maximus (2nd) and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.4.4: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.4.4: Emperor Alexander Severus

Actione administratae curae ab eo, qui legitimae aetatis annos complevit, in aquilianam stipulationem deducta et per acceptilationem extincta nullam aliam superesse nisi de dolo intra concessa tempora non ambigitur, nisi specialiter etiam de dolo transactum est. * alex. a. numidio.

With the action for an administered curatorship, brought by one who has completed the years of lawful age, having been reduced into an Aquilian stipulation and extinguished by acceptilation, it is not in doubt that no other [action] remains except on dolus (fraud) within the permitted times, unless there has been a specific settlement also concerning dolus. * alexander augustus to numidius.

* <a 226 pp. ii non. mart. alexandro a. ii et Marcello conss.>

* <in the year 226, posted on March 6, under the consuls Alexander Augustus for the 2nd time and Marcellus.>

CJ.2.4.5: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.4.5: Emperor Alexander Severus

Cum te transegisse cum herede quondam tutoris tui profitearis, si id post legitimam aetatem fecisti, frustra desideras, ut a placitis recedatur. licet enim, ut proponis, nullum instrumentum intercesserit, tamen si de fide contractus confessione tua constet, scriptura, quae probationem rei gestae solet continere, necessaria non est. * alex.

Since you profess that you have settled with the heir of your former guardian, if you did this after lawful age, you desire in vain that there be a withdrawal from the agreements. For although, as you set forth, no instrument intervened, nevertheless, if by your own confession the good faith of the contract is established, a writing, which is wont to contain the proof of the transaction, is not necessary. * alex.

a. evocato. * <a 227 pp. k. mart. albino et aemiliano conss.>

to a., an evocatus. * <in 227, on the day before the Kalends of March, with Albinus and Aemilianus as consuls.>

CJ.2.4.6pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.4.6pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

Cum mota inofficiosi querella matrem vestram cum diversa parte transegisse ita, ut partem bonorum susciperet et a lite discederet, proponatis, instaurari quidem semel omissam querellam per vos, qui matri heredis extitistis, iuris ratio non sinit. * alex. a. pomponiis.

Since you propose that, after the complaint of undutifulness was set in motion, your mother settled with the opposing party in such a way that she would take a share of the estate and withdraw from the suit, the rule of law does not permit the complaint, once abandoned, to be reinstated by you, who have become your mother’s heir. * alexander augustus to the pomponii.

* <a 230 pp. viii id. ian. agricola et clemente conss.>

* <in the year 230, posted on the 8th day before the Ides of January, in the consulship of Agricola and Clemens.>

CJ.2.4.6.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.4.6.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Verum si fides placitis praestita non est, in id quod interest diversam partem recte convenietis: aut enim, si stipulatio conventioni subdita est, ex stipulatu actio competit, aut, si omissa verborum obligatio est, utilis actio, quae praescriptis verbis rem gestam demonstrat, danda est. <a 230 pp. viii id. ian. agricola et clemente conss.>

However, if the faith pledged to the agreements has not been rendered, you will rightly sue the opposite party for what is of interest (damages): for either, if a stipulation has been subjoined to the convention, an action ex stipulatu is competent; or, if the verbal obligation has been omitted, a useful action, which by prescribed words demonstrates the transaction done, must be given. <a 230, on the 8th day before the Ides of January, in the consulship of Agricola and Clemens.>

CJ.2.4.7: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.4.7: Emperor Gordian

Transactionis placitum ab eo interpositum, cui causae actionem, non decisionem litis mandasti, nihil petitioni tuae derogavit. * gord. a. licinio timotheo evocato.

The settlement agreement entered by him to whom you entrusted the conduct of the case, not the decision of the suit, took nothing away from your claim. * Gordian Augustus to Licinius Timotheus, an Evocatus.

* <a 238 pp. x k. ian. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <published in the year 238, on the 10th day before the Kalends of January, under the consuls Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.4.8: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.4.8: Emperor Gordian

De alimentis praeteritis si quaestio defertur, transigi potest, de futuris autem sine praetore seu praeside interposita transactio nulla auctoritate iuris censetur. * gord. a. iunio mil.

Concerning past maintenance, if a question is brought, it can be settled, but as for future maintenance a settlement interposed without the praetor or the governor is considered to have no authority of law. * Gordian the Augustus to Junius Mil.

* <a 239 pp.Xiiii k.Ian.Gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, on the 14th day before the Kalends of January, under the consuls Gordianus Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.2.4.9: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.4.9: Emperor Gordian.

Si super possessione, quae tibi quaesita est, cum quaestionem patereris a fratre uxoris tuae, pactum conventum et stipulatio inter vos, ut adlegas, interposita est, ut, si intra diem certum idem adversarius tuus decem aureos tibi numerasset , possessione ei cederes, vel, si eam inferre quantitatem non curasset, ulterius quaestionem non patereris, et is qui ita spopondit promisso satis non fecit, consequens est te ad quem res pertinet vim ab eo pati non debere: cuius rei gratia vir clarissimus praeses provinciae interpellatus vim prohibebit, praecipue cum, etiamsi in rem diversae parti actio competeret, huiusmodi pactione propter utilem exceptionem posset submoveri. * gord. a. agrippino.

If, over the possession which has been acquired for you, when you were undergoing a suit from your wife's brother, a pact and agreement and stipulation was interposed between you, as you allege, to the effect that, if within a fixed day that same adversary of yours had paid you ten aurei, you would cede the possession to him, or, if he had not cared to pay in that amount, you would not suffer further suit, and he who so promised has not satisfied the promise, it follows that you, to whom the matter pertains, ought not to suffer force from him: for which reason the most distinguished man, the governor of the province, when appealed to, will prohibit the force, especially since, even if an action in rem were competent to the opposite party, by a pact of this sort, on account of the useful exception, it could be removed. * gordian aug. to agrippinus.

* <a 241 pp. vi id. april. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

* <year 241, on the 6th day before the Ides of april, when Gordian as Augustus for the 2nd time and Pompeianus were consuls.>

CJ.2.4.10: Imperator Philippus

CJ.2.4.10: Emperor Philip

Fratris tui filiis de paterna successione ac statu etiam nunc contra fidem sanguinis itemque placitorum quaestionem inferre parum probe postulas. nullus etenim erit litium finis, si a transactionibus bona fide interpositis coeperit facile discedi. * philipp.

You somewhat improperly request to bring a suit against your brother’s sons concerning the paternal succession and status, even now against the faith of blood as well as of the compacts. For there will be no end of litigations, if it begins to be easy to depart from transactions interposed in good faith. * philip.

a. apollophaniae. * <a 244 pp. prid. k. april.

done at Apollophania. * <in 244, pp., the day before the Kalends of April.

peregrino et aemiliano conss.>

in the consulship of peregrinus and aemilianus.>

CJ.2.4.11: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.4.11: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

De fideicommisso a patre inter te et fratrem vicissim dato, si alter vestrum sine liberis excesserit vita, interposita transactio rata est, cum fratrum concordia remoto captandae mortis alterius voto improbabili retinetur. et non potest eo casu rescindi, tamquam circumventus sis, cum pacto tali consenseris, cum neque eam cui subveniri solet aetatem agere te proponas nec, si ageres, isdem illis de causis in integrum restitutionis auxilium impetrare deberes. * valer.

Concerning a fideicommiss granted by your father reciprocally between you and your brother, that if either of you should depart life without children, the compromise interposed is ratified, since the concord of brothers is maintained with the blameworthy wish of hunting for the other’s death removed. And it cannot in that case be rescinded, as though you had been circumvented, since you consented to such a pact, since neither do you propose that you are of that age which is wont to be aided, nor, if you were, ought you to obtain the aid of restitution in integrum for those same causes. * valer.

et gallien. aa. et valer. nobil.

and the Augusti, Gallienus, and Valerian, the Most Noble.

c. gaiano mil.* <a 255 pp. xv k. dec. valeriano et gallieno aa. utrisque ii conss.>

to Gaianus, a soldier.* <in the year 255, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, under Valerian and Gallienus, both Augusti, each consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.4.12: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.4.12: Emperors Valerian, Gallienus.

Praeses provinciae aestimabit, utrum de dubia lite transactio inter te et civitatis tuae administratores facta sit, an ambitiose id, quod indubitate deberi posset, remissum sit. nam priore casu ratam manere transactionem iubebit, posteriore nocere civitati gratiam non sinet. * valer.

The governor of the province will assess whether a transaction (settlement) has been made between you and the administrators of your city concerning a doubtful suit, or whether, through canvassing, that which could undoubtedly be owed has been remitted. For in the former case he will order the settlement to remain ratified; in the latter he will not allow favor to harm the city. * Valerian.

et gallien. aa. primo. * <a 259 pp. xvi k. mart.

and Gallienus, Augusti, in their first consulship. * in the year 259, 16 days before the Kalends of March.

aemiliano et basso conss.>

in the consulship of aemilianus and bassus.>

CJ.2.4.13pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.13pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Interpositas metus causa transactiones ratas non haberi edicto perpetuo continetur. nec tamen quilibet metus ad rescindenda ea, quae consensu terminata sunt, sufficit, sed talem metum probari oportet, qui salutis periculum vel corporis cruciatum contineat. * diocl.

It is contained in the Perpetual Edict that transactions interposed by reason of fear are not to be held valid. Nor, however, does just any fear suffice to rescind those things which have been concluded by consent, but such fear must be proved as contains peril to safety or torment of the body. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. proclae. * <a 290 s. iiii non.

and maximian, the augusti, to procla. * <a 290 s. 4 nones.

april. byzantii ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

april. at byzantium, when the same emperors were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.4.13.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.13.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ad vim tamen vel dolum arguendum qualitas causae principalis non sufficit: unde si nihil tale probari potest, consensu quaestiones terminatas minime instaurari oportet. <a 290 s. iiii non. april.

However, for alleging force or fraud the quality of the principal cause is not sufficient: whence, if nothing of the sort can be proved, questions settled by consent ought by no means to be reopened. <a 290 s. 4 Nones of April.

byzantii ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

at Byzantium, when the Augusti themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.4.13.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.13.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sed quoniam eum, cum quo te transegisse commemoras, ex ancilla tua natum servum esse adseveras, si vera sunt, quae precibus complexa es alia ratio pactum reformat: nec enim dubii iuris est dominos cum servis suis paciscentes ex placitis teneri atque obligari non posse. <a 290 s. iiii non. april.

But since the one with whom you recall you transacted you aver to be a slave born from your handmaid, if the things which you embraced in your petition are true, another rationale reforms the pact: for it is no matter of doubtful law that masters, when making pacts with their own slaves, cannot be held by the terms and be obliged. <a 290 s. 4 non. april.

byzantii ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

at Byzantium, the very same Augusti being consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.4.14: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.14: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si diversa pars contra placitum agere nititur, aequitatis ratio suadet refusa pecunia, cum et tu hoc desideras, causam ex integro agi. * diocl. et maxim.

If the other party strives to act against the pact, the rationale of equity counsels that, with the money refunded, since you also desire this, the case be tried afresh. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. sopatrae. * <a 290 pp. iiii non. iul.

the Augusti to Sopatra. * <a in the year 290, posted on July 4.

ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti themselves, consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.4.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.15: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ut responsum congruum accipere possis, insere pacti exemplum: ita enim intellegemus, utrum sola conventio fuit, an etiam aquiliana stipulatio nec non et acceptilatio secuta fuerit: quae si subdita esse illuxerit, nullam adversariae tuae petitionem hereditatis vel in rem specialem competere palam fiet. * diocl. et maxim.

So that you may receive a congruous response, insert a copy of the pact: for thus we shall understand whether there was a mere agreement, or whether an Aquilian stipulation as well as acceptilation also followed: and if it becomes clear that these were subjoined, it will be plain that no claim of your opponent, either to the inheritance or for a specific thing, will lie. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. pontio. * <a 290 pp. xv k. aug. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Pontius. * <in the year 290, on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of August, when the Augusti themselves were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.4.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.16: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Causas vel lites transactionibus legitimis finitas imperiali rescripto resuscitari non oportet. * diocl. et maxim.

Causes or suits ended by legitimate transactions ought not to be revived by imperial rescript. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. caecilio. * <a 293 s. v id. mart. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Caecilius. * <in the year 293, on the 5th day before the Ides of March, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.4.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.17: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum proponas ab ea, contra quam supplicas, litem quam tecum habuit transactione decisam eamque acceptis quae negotii dirimendi causa placuerat dari nunc de conventione resiluisse, ac petas vel pacto stari vel restitui data, perspicis, si quidem de his reddendis manente transactionis placito statim stipulatione, si contra fecerit, prospexisti et quinque et viginti annis maior fuit, quod exceptionem pacti et actionem datorum habeas: quod si nihil tale convenit, exceptio tibi, non etiam eorum quae dedisti repetitio competit securitate parta. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that, from her against whom you petition, the lawsuit which she had with you was decided by a transaction, and that, upon receiving the things which had been agreed to be given for the purpose of resolving the business, she has now recoiled from the convention, and you ask either that the pact be stood by or that the things given be restored, you perceive that, if indeed, with the settlement’s agreement remaining in force, you provided at once by a stipulation for the returning of these things in case she should act contrary, and you were more than twenty-five years old, you have the exception of pact and an action for the things given: but if nothing of the sort was agreed, a defense is available to you, but not also a recovery of those things which you gave, security having been obtained. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. Marcello. * <a 293 pp. v id. iun. ipsis aa. v et iiii conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Marcellus. * <in the year 293, published 5 days before the Ides of June, when the same Augusti were consuls for the 5th and 4th time.>

CJ.2.4.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.18: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Transigere vel pacisci de crimine capitali excepto adulterio non prohibitum est.In aliis autem publicis criminibus, quae sanguinis poenam non ingerunt, transigere non licet citra falsi accusationem. * diocl. et maxim.

To settle or make a pact concerning a capital crime, adultery excepted, is not prohibited.In other public crimes, which do not impose the penalty of blood, it is not permitted to settle, without incurring a charge of false accusation. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. valentiniano. * <a 293 s. iii k. sept. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Valentinianus. * <year 293, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of September, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.19: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sub praetextu instrumenti post reperti transactionem bona fide finitam rescindi iura non patiuntur. sane si eam per se vel per alium subtractis, quibus veritas argui potuit, decisionem litis extorsisse probetur, si quidem actio superest, replicationis auxilio doli mali pacti exceptio removetur, si vero iam perempta est, infra constitutum tempus tantum actionem de dolo potes exercere. * diocl.

Under the pretext of a document discovered afterward, the laws do not allow a settlement concluded in good faith to be rescinded. Indeed, if it is proven that he extorted that decision of the lawsuit, by himself or through another, with the materials by which the truth could have been demonstrated having been removed, then, if an action still remains, by the aid of a replication the defense of a fraudulent pact is removed; but if it has already been extinguished, within the time established you can only pursue an action for fraud. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. irenaeo. * <a 293 s. xiiii k. oct.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Irenaeus. Dated in the year 293, at S., on the 14th day before the Kalends of October (September 18).

sirmi aa. conss.>

at Sirmium, the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.4.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.20: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Non minorem auctoritatem transactionum quam rerum iudicatarum esse recta ratione placuit, si quidem nihil ita fidei congruit humanae, quam ea quae placuerant custodiri. nec enim ad rescindenum pactum sufficit, quod hoc secunda hora noctis intercessisse proponas, cum nullum tempus sanae mentis maioris quinque et viginti annis consensum repudiet. * diocl.

It has seemed good by right reason that transactions have no less authority than res judicata, since nothing so befits human good faith as that the things which had been agreed should be kept. Nor, indeed, is it sufficient for rescinding a pact that you allege it intervened at the second hour of the night, since no time repudiates the consent of one of sound mind and over twenty-five years old. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. antistiae. * <a 293 s. iiii k. oct.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesares, to Antistia. * in 293, at Sirmium, on the 4th day before the Kalends of October.

aa. conss.>

under the consulate of the Augusti.>

CJ.2.4.21: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.21: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum ea, quae transactionis causa dari aut retineri convenit, velut emptorem eum quem accipere placuerat obtinere praescribitur, his quae simulate geruntur pro infectis habitis frustra ficti pretii postulatur numeratio. * diocl. et maxim.

When those things which, for the sake of a transaction, have been agreed to be given or retained—just as it is prescribed that a purchaser is to obtain the one whom it pleased him to accept—then, with matters done by simulation being treated as not done, the payment (reckoning) of a feigned price is demanded in vain. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. geminiano. * <a 293 s. v non. oct.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Geminianus. * <a 293 on the 5th day before the Nones of October.

ipsis aa. conss.>

in the consulate of the emperors themselves.>

CJ.2.4.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.22: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si maior transegisti, ad rescindendam transactionem de dolo contestatio non sufficit. * diocl. et maxim.

If, being of full age, you have concluded a transaction, a contestation does not suffice to rescind the transaction on account of fraud. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc.Alexandro. * <a 293 s. k. dec. aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Alexander. * <in the year 293, on the seventh day before the Kalends of December, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.4.23: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.23: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Nec intentio creditorum archimedori, cui alios successisse profiteris, si obligatus pro eo non fuisti, tenere potest. sed haec integro negotio tractari convenerat: nam cum iam quaestionem transactione decisam et a te dari placitam numeratam pecuniam proponas, huius indebiti soluti praetextu improbe tibi petitionem decerni postulas, cum, etsi tantum in stipulationem fuisset deducta, indebiti promissi velamento defendi non posses. * diocl.

Nor can the claim of the creditors of Archimedorus, to whom you profess that others have succeeded, hold you, if you were not obligated on his behalf. But it would have been proper for these matters to be handled while the affair was still intact: for since you now allege that the question has been decided by a transaction and that the money agreed to be given by you has been counted out, you improperly ask that a petition be decreed for you under the pretext of an undue payment, whereas, even if it had only been brought into a stipulation, you could not be defended under the veil of an undue promise. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. tatiano. * <a 294 d. viii id. mart.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Tatianus. * <a 294 d. on March 8.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.4.24: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.24: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si quidem ex causa transactionis acceptis his quae instrumento continentur nihil amplius peti convenit, adversariam tuam exceptionis auxilio defendi perspicis. sin vero certam quantitatem quasi solam ab ea debitam reddere se debere sine litis decisione confessa est, tam eam quam residuam debiti partem petere minime prohiberis. * diocl.

If indeed, on the ground of a transaction, after receiving those things which are contained in the instrument it is agreed that nothing further be sought, you perceive that your adversary is defended by the aid of an exception. But if, in truth, without a decision of the suit, she has confessed that she ought to render a certain sum, as though it were the only thing owed by her, you are by no means forbidden to demand both that and the remaining part of the debt. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. victorino. * <a 294 s. v non.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Victorinus. * <a AD 294 on the 5th day before the Nones.

april. sirmi cc. conss.>

April. At Sirmium, the clarissimi consuls.>

CJ.2.4.25: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.25: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si maiores quinque et viginti annis cum patruo sive avunculo vestro transegistis vel ei debita donationis causa sine aliqua condicione remisistis, non idcirco, quod hoc huius hereditatis captandae causa, id est spe futurae successionis, vos fecisse proponatis, aliis ei succedentibus instaurari finita debent. * diocl. et maxim.

If, being over twenty-five years of age, you have transacted with your paternal or maternal uncle, or have remitted to him debts owed by reason of donation without any condition, not on that account—because you assert that you did this for the purpose of capturing this inheritance, that is, in the hope of future succession—should things concluded be reinstated when others succeed to him. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. Marcellae et cyrillae. * <a 294 s. ii id. april. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Marcella and Cyrilla. * <in the year 294, on the 2nd day before the Ides of April, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.26: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.26: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Transactione matris filios eius non posse servos fieri notissimi iuris est. * diocl. et maxim.

By the transaction of the mother, her sons cannot be made slaves—it is a matter of most well-known law. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. dionysiadae. * <a 294 s. id. april. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Dionysiades. * <in 294, on the sixth day before the Ides of April, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.2.4.27: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.27: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sanam mente, licet aegram corpore recte transigere manifestum est, nec postulare debueras improbo desiderio placita rescindi valitudinis corporis adversae velamento. * diocl. et maxim.

It is manifest that, sound in mind, although sick in body, you can transact rightly; nor ought you to have demanded, with an unscrupulous desire, that settled agreements be rescinded under the veil of adverse bodily health. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. catoni. * <a 294 s. vii id. mai. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to cato. * <in the year 294, on the 7th day before the Ides of May, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.28pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.28pr.: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sive apud acta rectoris provinciae sive sint actis, scriptura intercedente vel non, transactio interposita est, hanc servari convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

Whether before the minutes of the governor of the province or outside the minutes, with a writing intervening or not, if a settlement (transactio) has been entered, it ought to be observed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. sapparutae. * <a 294 d. iii non. iul.

the augusti and the caesares, to sapparuta. * <in the year 294, given on the 3rd before the Nones of July.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.4.28.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.28.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sed quoniam, ut certum quid accipias, convenisse te, licet sine scriptura, proponis nec huius rei causa stipulationem secutam esse, quamvis ex pacto non potuit nasci actio, tamen rerum vindicatione pendente, si exceptio pacti opposita fuerit, doli mali vel in factum replicatione usa poteris ad obsequium placitorum adversarium urguere. <a 294 d. iii non. iul.

But since you propose that you agreed, albeit without a writing, that you should receive some definite thing, and that no stipulation followed for the sake of this matter, although no action could arise from a pact, nevertheless, with the vindication of the thing pending, if the exception of the pact is opposed, by using a replication of fraud (dolus malus) or an in‑factum replication you will be able to press your adversary to the observance of the agreements. <in the year 294, on the 3rd day before the Nones of July.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, the consuls.>

CJ.2.4.29: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.29: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sub praetextu specierum post repertarum generali transactione finita rescindi prohibent iura. error autem circa proprietatem rei apud alium extra personas transigentium tempore transactionis constitutae nihil potest nocere. * diocl.

Under the pretext of items found afterward, the laws forbid a concluded general transaction to be rescinded. But an error regarding the proprietorship of the thing as being in another, outside the persons of the transactors, at the time the transaction was constituted, can do no harm. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. marciae. * <a 294 s. iiii k. oct.

and maximian, the augusti, and the caesars, to marcia. * <a 294 s. 4th day before the kalends of october.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.4.30: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.30: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Transactione finita, cum ex partibus tuis magis dolum intercessisse quam eorum, contra quos preces fundis, confitearis, instaurare grave nec non criminosum tibi est. * diocl. et maxim.

With the transaction finished, since you confess that more fraud intervened on your side than on the side of those against whom you pour forth petitions, to renew it is grievous and indeed criminal for you. * Diocl. and Maxim.

aa. et cc. antonino. * <a 294 s. v id. oct. crevi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to antoninus. * <in the year 294, at sirmium, on the 5th day before the ides of october, with the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.2.4.31: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.31: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si de certa re pacto transactionis interposito hoc comprehensum erat " nihil amplius peti", etsi non additum fuerat " eo nomine", de ceteris quaestionibus integra permaneat actio. * diocl. et maxim.

If, concerning a specific matter, upon the interposition of a settlement pact this was included, "nothing further is to be sought," even if "under that title" had not been added, the action remains intact regarding the other questions. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc.Proculo. * <a 294 pp. iiii id. oct. byzantii cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Proculus. * <a 294, on the 4th day before the Ides of October (October 12), at Byzantium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.32: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.32: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si causa cognita prolata sententia, sicut iure traditum est, appellationis vel in integrum restitutionis sollemnitate suspensa non est, super iudicato frustra transigi non est opinionis incertae. proinde si non aquiliana stipulatione et acceptilatione subsecuta competentem tibi actionem peremisti, praeses provinciae usitato more legum rebus pridem iudicatis effectum adhibere curabit. * diocl.

If, the case having been examined and a sentence pronounced, as has been handed down by law, it has not been stayed by the solemnity of appeal or of restitution in integrum, it is not a matter of uncertain opinion that to compromise over a matter adjudged is in vain. Accordingly, if you have not extinguished the action competent to you by an Aquilian stipulation and a subsequent acceptilation, the governor of the province, in the customary manner of the laws, will take care to apply effect to matters long since adjudged. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. cyrillo. * <a 294 s. viii k. nov.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Cyrillus. * <a 294 on the 8th day before the Kalends of November.

cc. conss.>

in the consulship of the Caesars.>

CJ.2.4.33pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.33pr.: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si pro fundo quem petebas praedium certis finibus liberum dari transactionis causa placuit, nec eo tempore minor annis viginti quinque fuisti, licet hoc praedium obligatum post vel alienum pro parte fuerit probatum, instaurari decisam litem prohibent iura. * diocl. et maxim.

If, in respect of the landed estate (fundus) which you were claiming, it pleased, for the sake of a transaction (settlement), that an estate (praedium) free within fixed boundaries be given, and at that time you were not under twenty-five years, although this praedium was later proven to have been encumbered or in part alienated, the laws forbid the decided suit to be reinstated. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. euchrysio. * <a 294 s. v id. nov. melantiade cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to euchrysius. * <year 294, on the 5th day before the Ides of November, under Melantiades, the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.4.33.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.33.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Ex stipulatione sane, si placita servari secuta est, vel, si non intercessit, praescriptis verbis actione civili subdita apud rectorem provinciae agere potes. <a 294 s. v id. nov. melantiade cc. conss.>

Indeed, on the basis of a stipulation, if an undertaking that the agreements be observed has followed; or, if none intervened, you can bring an action before the governor of the province by the action with prescribed words, a civil action being supplied. <a 294 s. v id. nov. melantiade cc. conss.>

CJ.2.4.33.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.33.2: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si tamen ipsas res apud te constitutas, ob quarum quaestionem litis intercessit decisio, fiscus vel alius a te vindicavit, nihil petere potes. <a 294 s. v id. nov. melantiade cc. conss.>

If, however, the very things placed with you—on account of the question of which a decision in the lawsuit intervened—the Fisc or someone else has claimed from you, you can demand nothing. <a 294 s. v id. nov. melantiade cc. conss.>

CJ.2.4.34: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.34: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum donationis seu transactionis causa administratae tutelae debiti scientes vos obligationem fratri vestro remisisse proponatis nec umquam volenti dolus inferatur, frustra de dolo querimini, nec ad implendum promissum hereditatis propriae pollicitatione quisquam adstringitur. * diocl. et maxim.

Since, for the sake of a donation or a settlement, you, knowing of the debt of a guardianship that had been administered, allege that you remitted the obligation to your brother; and since fraud is never inflicted upon one who consents, you complain of fraud in vain; nor is anyone constrained to fulfill a promise by a pollicitation concerning his own inheritance. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc.Ptolemaidi. * <a 294 pp. vi id. nov. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars at Ptolemais. * <a in the year 294, on the 6th day before the Ides of November, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.35: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.35: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Transactionem, quae dominii translatione vel actione parata seu perempta finem accepit, cum eam amicis etiam intervenientibus re vera ostenditur processisse, metus velamento rescindi postulantis professio detegit improbitatem. * diocl. et maxim.

A transaction that has reached its conclusion through a translation of dominion (ownership) or by an action prepared or perempted, when it is shown in reality to have proceeded, even with friends intervening, the profession of one who demands that it be rescinded under the veil of fear reveals his improbity. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. ammonio. * <a 294 s. viiii k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Ammonius. * <a 294 on the 9th day before the Kalends of December, at Nicomedia, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.36: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.36: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si cum liberis maior annis viginti quinque transegisti, quamvis dari tibi placita repraesentata necdum probentur nec offerant haec qui conveniuntur, ne quid amplius ab ipsis exigi possit, exceptionis proficit aequitas. * diocl. et maxim.

If you have transacted a compromise with children older than twenty-five years, although the agreements presented for delivery to you are not yet proven and those who are convened do not proffer these, the equity of the exception avails, lest anything further can be exacted from them. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. achilleo. * <a 294 s. vi id. dec. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to achilleus. * <in 294, on the sixth day before the ides of december, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.4.37: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.37: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Promissis transactionis causa non impletis poenam in stipulationem deductam, si contra factum fuerit, exigi posse constitit. * diocl. et maxim.

It has been established that, if promises made for the sake of a transaction (settlement) are not fulfilled, the penalty brought into stipulation may be exacted, if there has been a contravention. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc.Basilissae. * <a 294 s. xii k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Basilissa. * <in the year 294, on the 12th day before the Kalends of January, at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls>

CJ.2.4.38: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.38: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Transactio nullo dato vel retento seu promisso minime procedit. * diocl. et maxim.

A transaction in no way proceeds if nothing is given or retained or promised. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc.Theodotiano. * <a 294 s. viii k. ian.Nicomediae cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Theodotianus. * <in the year 294, on the 8th day before the Kalends of January (December 25), at Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.39: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.4.39: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quamvis eum qui pactus est statim paeniteat, transactio rescindi et lis instaurari non potest: et qui tibi suasit intra certum tempus licere a transactione recedi, falsum adseveravit. * diocl. et maxim.

Although he who has contracted immediately repents, a transaction cannot be rescinded and the suit reinstated: and he who advised you that within a fixed time it is permitted to withdraw from a transaction has asserted a falsehood. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc.Marcianae. * <a 294 s. d. v k. ian. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Marciana. * <in 294, given on the 5th day before the Kalends of January, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.4.40: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.2.4.40: The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Ubi pactum vel transactio scripta est atque aquilianae stipulationis et acceptilationis vinculis firmitas iuris innexa est, aut subsecutis secundum leges accommodandus est consensus aut poena una cum his quae data probantur ante cognitionem causae, si et adversarius hoc maluerit, inferenda est. * grat. valentin.

When a pact or a transaction has been written and the firmness of law has been annexed by the bonds of an Aquilian stipulation and of acceptilation, either assent must be accommodated to the subsequent provisions according to the laws, or the penalty, together with those things which are proved to have been given before the cognizance of the case, must be imposed, if the adversary also prefers this. * grat. valentin.

et theodos. aaa. eutropio pp. * <a 381 d. iii non.

and Theodosius, the Augusti, to Eutropius, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 381, on the 3rd day before the Nones.

iun. constantinopoli eucherio et syagrio conss.>

June, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Eucherius and Syagrius.>

CJ.2.4.41pr.: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.4.41pr.: The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius

Si quis maior annis adversus pacta vel transactiones nullo cogentis imperio libero arbitrio et voluntate confecta putaverit esse veniendum vel interpellando iudicem vel supplicando principibus vel non implendo promissa, eas autem invocato dei omnipotentis nomine eo auctore solidaverit, non solum inuratur infamia, verum etiam actione privatus, restituta poena quae pactis probatur inserta, et rerum proprietate careat et emolumento, quod ex pacto vel transactione illa fuerit consecututs: itaque omnia eorum mox commodo deputabuntur, qui intemerata pacti iura servaverint. * arcad. et honor.

If anyone of full years, against pacts or transactions concluded under no compelling authority, by free judgment and will, shall think that recourse must be had either by interpellating the judge or by supplicating the princes or by not fulfilling the promises; and if he has made them firm, with the name of almighty God invoked, with him as guarantor, he shall not only be branded with infamy, but also, deprived of action, with the penalty restored which is shown to have been inserted in the pacts, let him lack both proprietorship of the things and the emolument which he shall have obtained from that pact or transaction: and so all things will forthwith be assigned to the advantage of those who shall have kept the rights of the pact inviolate. * Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. rufino pp. * <a 395 d. v id. oct. constantinopoli olybrio et probino conss.>

the emperors to rufinus, praetorian prefect. * <in 395, on 11 october, at constantinople, in the consulship of olybrius and probinus.>

CJ.2.4.41.1: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.4.41.1: Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Eos etiam huius legis vel iactura dignos iubemus esse vel munere, qui nomina nostra placitis inserentes salutem principum confirmationem initarum esse iuraverint pactionum. <a 395 d. v id. oct. constantinopoli olybrio et probino conss.>

We also order those to be worthy either of the forfeiture of this law or of its burden, who, inserting our names into agreements, shall have sworn that the safety of the princes is the confirmation of the agreements entered into. <a 395 d. v id. oct. constantinopoli olybrio et probino conss.>

CJ.2.4.42: Imperatores Leo, Anthemius

CJ.2.4.42: Emperors Leo, Anthemius

Si ex falsis instrumentis transactiones vel pactiones initae fuerint, quamvis iusiurandum his interpositum sit, etiam civiliter falso revelato eas retractari praecipimus: ita demum ut, si de plurimis causis vel capitulis eaedem pactiones initae fuerint, illa tantummodo causa vel pars retractetur, quae ex falso instrumento composita convicta fuerit, aliis capitulis firmis manentibus: nisi forte etiam de eo, quod falsum dicitur, controversia orta decisa sopiatur. * leo et anthem. aa. erythrio pp. * <a 472 d. k. iul.

If settlements or pactions have been entered upon from false instruments, although an oath has been interposed to them, we order that, once the falsehood has been revealed even in a civil proceeding, they are to be rescinded: provided, however, that if the same pactions have been entered concerning very many causes or clauses, only that cause or part shall be rescinded which shall have been proven to have been composed from a false instrument, the other clauses remaining firm: unless perhaps the controversy arising also about that which is said to be false is decided and put to rest. * Leo and Anthemius, Emperors, to Erythrius, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 472, on July 1.

constantinopoli marciano cons.>

at Constantinople, Marcian as consul.>

CJ.2.4.43: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.4.43: Emperor Anastasius

Iubemus in omnibus litigiis iam motis et pendentibus seu postea super servili vel adscripticia condicione movendis transactiones celebrandas vel iam celebratas , si non alio iuri cognito modo eas vacillare contigerit, vires suas obtinere nec ob hoc videri tenorem earum titubare, quod pro condicione servili vel adscripticia confectae sint. * anastas. a. thomae pp. illyrici.

We order that in all litigations already set in motion and pending, or later to be brought concerning the servile or adscriptician condition, transactions to be celebrated or already celebrated , if it has not happened that they waver in some other manner recognized by law, shall retain their force, nor for this reason should the tenor of them be seen to totter, because they were drawn up for a servile or adscriptician condition. * anastasius augustus to thomas, praetorian prefect of illyricum.

* <a 500 d. xv k. dec. patricio et hypatio conss.>

* <in the year 500 on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, with Patricius and Hypatius as consuls.>

CJ.2.5.0. De calculi errore.

CJ.2.5.0. On the error of calculation.

CJ.2.5.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.5.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Errorem calculi, sive ex uno contractu sive ex pluribus emerserit, veritati non adferre praeiudicium saepe constitutum est: unde rationes etiam saepe computatas denuo retractari posse, si res iudicatae non sunt vel transactio non intervenit , explorati iuris et. sed et si per errorem calculi velut debitam quantitatem, cum esset indebita, promisisti, condictio liberationis tibi competit. * diocl. et maxim.

An error of calculation, whether it has emerged from one contract or from several, has often been established not to bring prejudice to the truth: whence even accounts often computed can be reconsidered anew, if there are no res judicatae or a settlement has not intervened , and this too is of settled law. But also, if through an error of calculation you promised, as if due, a quantity when it was not due, the action for release (condictio liberationis) is available to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aurelio quarto. * <a 293 d. vi k. mart. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Aurelius Quartus. * <a 293 on the 6th day before the Kalends of March, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.5.2

CJ.2.6.0. De postulando.

CJ.2.6.0. On Petitioning.

CJ.2.6.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.6.1: Emperor Antoninus

Cum a praefecto aegypti perpetuo causas agere prohibitus non appellaveris, placitis obtempera. * ant. a. artemidoro.

Since, when you were prohibited by the perpetual prefect of egypt from pleading cases, you did not appeal, obey the decrees. * antoninus augustus to artemidorus.

* <a 216 pp. iii. k. aug. sabino ii et anullino conss.>

* <a 216, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of August, Sabinus 2 and Anullinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.6.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.6.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Nec ceterorum liberti, nedum mei quidem, si ita sunt litteris eruditi, ut patrocinia desiderantibus praestare possint, prohibentur hoc facere. * alex. a. polydoro.

Nor are the freedmen of others—still less, to be sure, my own—prohibited from doing this, if they are so educated in letters that they can render patronage to those who desire it. * Alexander Augustus to Polydorus.

* <a 224 pp. non mart. iuliano et crispino conss.>

* <in the year 224, after the Nones of March, in the consulship of Julianus and Crispinus.>

CJ.2.6.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.6.3: Emperor Gordian

Si sub specie honorarii, quod advocato usque ad certum modum deberi potuisset, eam quantitatem, quam desiderio complecteris, te daturum cavisti et, quasi mutuam pecuniam accepisses, eam te redditurum promisisti nec temporis spatio gesto negotio consensum ac fidem accommodasti, competenti exceptione non numeratae pecuniae tutus es et ex hac causa cautionem interpositam usitato more potes condicere. * gord. a. flaviano.

If, under the guise of an honorarium, which could have been owed to an advocate up to a certain limit, you gave a stipulation that you would give that quantity which you embrace in your desire, and, as if you had received money as a loan, you promised you would return it, and you did not, over the span of time while the business was conducted, lend your consent and good faith, you are protected by the appropriate exception of money not counted; and on this ground you can, in the usual manner, bring an action on the stipulation that was interposed. * Gordian Augustus to Flavianus.

* <a 240 pp. v id. iun. sabino ii et venusto conss.>

* <in the year 240, on june 9, sabinus 2 and venustus, consuls.>

CJ.2.6.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.6.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Velamento absentiae patroni causae rursum ad finitas quaestiones redire quis frustra conatur. * diocl. et maxim.

Under the pretext of the absence of the patron of the case, one attempts in vain to return again to questions already settled. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. theodotiano. * <a 294 s. iiii k. ian. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Emperors and the Caesars to Theodotianus. * <in the year 294, on the 4th day before the Kalends of January, at Nicomedia, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.6.5: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.6.5: Emperor Constantine

Si qui advocatorum existimationi suae immensa atque illicita compendia praetulisse sub nomine honorariorum ex ipsis negotiis quae tuenda susceperint emolumentum sibi certae partis cum gravi damno litigatoris et depraedatione poscentes fuerint inventi, placuit, ut omnes, qui in huiusmodi scaevitate permanserint, ab hac professione penitus arceantur. * constant. a. helladio.

If any of the advocates shall be found to have preferred to their own reputation immense and illicit profits, under the name of honoraria, demanding for themselves as emolument a fixed share from the very cases which they have undertaken to defend, with grave loss to the litigant and with depredation, it has been decreed that all who persist in such perversity be utterly barred from this profession. * Constantine Augustus to Helladius.

* <a 325 d. iii k. april. paulino et iuliano conss.>

* <a 325 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of April; in the consulship of Paulinus and Julianus.>

CJ.2.6.6pr.: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6pr.: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Quisquis vult esse causidicus, non idem in eodem negotio sit advocatus et iudex, quoniam aliquem inter arbitros et patronos oportet esse delectum. * valentin. et valens aa. ad olybrium pu. * <a 368 pp. x k. sept.

Whoever wants to be a court-pleader, let him not in the same case be both advocate and judge, since someone ought to be chosen from among the arbiters and the patrons. * Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, to Olybrius, City Prefect. * <a 368 pp. 10 k. Sept.

valentiniano et valente aa. ii conss.>

when Valentinian and Valens, Augusti, were consuls for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.6.6.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6.1: The Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Ante omnia autem universi advocati ita praebeant patrocinia iurgantibus, ut non ultra, quam litium poscit utilitas, in licentiam conviciandi et maledicendi temeritatem prorumpant: agant, quod causa desiderat: temperent ab iniuria. nam si quis adeo procax fuerit, ut non ratione, sed probris putet esse certandum, opinionis suae imminutione quatietur. nec enim coniventia commodanda est, ut quisquam negotio derelicto in adversarii sui contumeliam aut palam pergat aut subdole.

Before all else, however, let all advocates thus provide patronage to litigants, that they do not burst forth, beyond what the utility of suits demands, into the license of invective and malediction: let them do what the case desires: let them refrain from injury. For if anyone shall be so procacious as to think that one must contend not by reason but by reproaches, let him be shaken by a diminution of his opinion (repute). For connivance is not to be afforded, that anyone, with the business abandoned, should proceed into contumely of his adversary either openly or covertly.

CJ.2.6.6.2: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6.2: Emperors Valentinian, Valens

Praeterea nullum cum eo litigatore contractum, quem in propria recepit fide, ineat advocatus, nullam conferat pactionem. <a 368 pp. x k. sept. valentiniano et valente aa. ii conss.>

Furthermore, an advocate shall enter into no contract with the litigant whom he has received on his own surety, and shall make no pact. <a 368 posted on the 10th day before the Kalends of September, under Valentinian and Valens, emperors, in their 2nd consulships.>

CJ.2.6.6.3: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6.3: Emperors Valentinian, Valens

Nemo ex his, quos licebit accipere vel decebit, aspernanter habeat, quod sibi semel officii gratia libero arbitrio obtulerit litigator. <a 368 pp. x k. sept. valentiniano et valente aa. ii conss.>

Let no one, of those things which it will be permitted or proper to accept, regard with disdain what a litigant has once, for the sake of duty, offered to him of his own free will. <a 368 pp. x k. sept. valentiniano et valente aa. 2 conss.>

CJ.2.6.6.4: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6.4: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Nemo ex industria protrahat iurgium. <a 368 pp. x k. sept. valentiniano et valente aa. ii conss.>

Let no one deliberately prolong litigation. <a 368 pp. the 10th day before the Kalends of September, under valentinian and valens, augusti, in their 2nd consulship.>

CJ.2.6.6.5: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6.5: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Apud urbem autem romam etiam honoratis, qui hoc putaverint eligendum, eo usque liceat orare, quousque maluerint, videlicet ut non ad turpe compendium stipemque deformem haec adripiatur occasio, sed laudis per eam augmenta quaerantur. nam si lucro pecuniaque capiantur, veluti abiecti atque degeneres inter vilissimos numerabuntur. <a 368 pp. x k. sept.

At the city of Rome, moreover, even to the honorati who shall have thought this to be chosen, let it be permitted to pray so far as they prefer, namely that this occasion be not seized for shameful gain and disgraceful alms, but that through it augmentations of praise be sought. For if they are taken by profit and money, they will be numbered, as abject and degenerate, among the vilest. <a 368 pp. x k. sept.

valentiniano et valente aa. ii conss.>

valentinian and valens, the augusti, consuls for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.6.6.6: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.6.6: The Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Quisquis igitur ex his, quos agere permisimus, vult esse causidicus, eam solam , quam sumit tempore agendi, sibi sciat esse personam, quousque causidicus est, nec putet quisquam honori suo aliquid esse detractum, cum ipse necessitatem elegerit standi et ipse contempserit ius sedendi. <a 368 pp. x k. sept. valentiniano et valente aa. ii conss.>

Therefore whoever, from among those whom we have permitted to conduct cases, wishes to be an advocate, let him know that the only persona he has is the one he assumes at the time of pleading, for as long as he is an advocate; and let no one think that anything is detracted from his honor, since he himself has chosen the necessity of standing and has himself contemned the right of sitting. <a 368, on the 10th day before the Kalends of September, under Valentinian and Valens, emperors, consuls for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.6.7pr.: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.7pr.: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Providendum est, ne hi, quos in foro aut meritum nobilissimos fecerit aut vetustas, in una parte consistant, aliam a rudibus atque tironibus necesse sit sustineri. * valentin. et valens aa. et grat.

Provision must be made, lest those whom either merit or antiquity has made most noble in the forum stand on one side, and the other have to be sustained by the untrained and by tyros. * Valentinian and Valens, the Augusti, and Gratian.

a. ad olybrium pu. * <a 370 d. k. mart. treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss.>

a. to Olybrius, Urban Prefect. * <a 370 on the Kalends of March, at Trier, Valentinian and Valens, emperors, consuls for the 3rd time.>

CJ.2.6.7.1: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.7.1: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Atque ideo si in uno auditorio duo tantum prae ceteris fuerint vel plures, quorum fama sit hilarior, in iudicantis officio sit, ut par causidicorum distributio fiat et exaequetur partibus auxilium singulorum et aequa divisio procedat. <a 370 d. k. mart. treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss.>

And therefore, if in a single auditorium there are only two, or more, before the rest, whose reputation is brighter, it should be the judge’s duty that an equal distribution of advocates be made, and that the assistance of each be equalized among the parties, and that an equitable division proceed. <a 370 on the Kalends of March, at Trier, Valentinian and Valens, emperors, consuls for the 3rd time.>

CJ.2.6.7.2: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.7.2: Emperors Valentinian, Valens

Si quis vero monitus a iudice ea excusatione, quae nequeat comprobari, cuicumque parti patrocinium denegaverit, careat foro, sciat etiam numquam sibi ad agendum copiam posse restitui. <a 370 d. k. mart. treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss.>

But if anyone, when warned by the judge, has denied advocacy to any party on the basis of an excuse that cannot be substantiated, let him be barred from the forum; let him also know that the opportunity to plead will never be restored to him. <a 370 d. k. mart. treviris valentiniano et valente 3 aa. conss.>

CJ.2.6.7.3: Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens

CJ.2.6.7.3: Emperors Valentinian and Valens

Si quis autem ex litigatoribus detectus fuerit separatim tractasse cum pluribus et adversario suo tali fraude subtraxisse paris defensionis copiam, ostendet procul dubio iniquam a se litem foveri et auctoritatem iudicis a se lusam experietur. <a 370 d. k. mart. treviris valentiniano et valente iii aa. conss.>

If, however, any of the litigants shall be detected to have dealt separately with several persons and by such fraud to have withdrawn from his adversary the opportunity of equal defense, he will, beyond doubt, show that an iniquitous lawsuit is being fostered by himself, and he will experience that the authority of the judge has been played with by himself. <a 370 on the Kalends of March, at Trier, Valentinian and Valens, emperors, consuls for the 3rd time.>

CJ.2.6.8: Imperatores Leo, Anthemius

CJ.2.6.8: Emperors Leo, Anthemius

Nemo vel in foro magnitudinis tuae vel in provinciali iudicio vel apud quemquam iudicem accedat ad togatorum consortium, nisi sacrosanctis catholicae religionis fuerit imbutus mysteriis. sin autem aliquid quoquo modo vel quadam machinatione factum vel attemptatum fuerit, officium quidem sublimitatis tuae centum librarum auri iacturam pro condemnatione sustineat, idem vero, quicumque ausus fuerit contra providum nostrae serenitatis decretum officium advocationis per subreptionem adripere et prohibitum patrocinium praestiterit, advocationis officio remotus stilum proscriptionis atque perpetui exilii specialiter sustinebit: scituris etiam provinciarum rectoribus, quod is, sub cuius administratione aliquid huiu smodi fuerit attemptatum, partis bonorum dimidiae proscriptionem et poenam exilii per quinquennium sustinebit. * leo et anthem.

Let no one either in the forum of your Magnitude, or in a provincial court, or before any judge whatsoever, approach the consortium of the togati (advocates), unless he has been imbued with the sacrosanct mysteries of the Catholic religion. But if in any way or by some contrivance something has been done or attempted, let the office of your Sublimity indeed sustain, by way of condemnation, a loss of one hundred pounds of gold; and the same person, whoever shall have dared, against the provident decree of our Serenity, to seize by surreption the office of advocacy and to furnish prohibited patronage, removed from the office of advocacy, shall in particular undergo the writ of proscription and perpetual exile: with the governors of the provinces also to know that he, under whose administration anything of this kind shall have been attempted, shall endure proscription of half his goods and the penalty of exile for five years. * leo et anthem.

aa. nicostrato pp. * <a 468 d. prid. k. april. constantinopoli anthemio a. ii cons.>

The Emperors to Nicostratus, Praetorian Prefect. * <in 468, on the day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, under Anthemius Augustus, consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.7.0. De advocatis diversorum iudiciorum.

CJ.2.7.0. On advocates of various courts.

CJ.2.7.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.7.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si patronum causae praevaricatum putas et impleveris accusationem, non deerit adversus eum pro temeritate commissi sententia, atque ita de principali causa denuo quaeretur. quod si non docueris praevaricatum, et calumnia notaberis et rebus iudicatis, a quibus non est provocatum, stabitur. * ant.

If you think the advocate of the cause has prevaricated and you have completed the accusation, a sentence will not be lacking against him for the rashness of the deed, and thus inquiry will be made anew into the principal cause. But if you do not prove that he prevaricated, you will be marked with calumny, and there will be adherence to the matters adjudged, from which no appeal has been taken. * ant.

a. doloni. * <a 213 pp. iii k. oct. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

to Dolon. * <in the year 213, published on the 3rd day before the Kalends of October, under the consuls Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus.>

CJ.2.7.2: Imperatores Valens, Gratianus, Valentinianus

CJ.2.7.2: The Emperors Valens, Gratian, Valentinian

Qui necessario patriae suae debent municipio functiones, eos decurionibus adgregatos nolumus evagari, permittentes tamen, ut in negotiis causidicorum fungantur officiis et in civitatibus propriis subeant munia curiarum, ita tamen, ut non contra rem publicam civitatis, in qua honorem hunc consecuti sunt, eis adesse permittatur. * valens grat. et valentin.

Those who by necessity owe municipal functions to their own native land, we do not wish, once aggregated to the decurions, to wander abroad; yet we permit them to perform the offices in the business of causidici (advocates) and in their own cities to undergo the duties of the curiae—provided, however, that it is not permitted to them to appear in support against the commonwealth of the city in which they have attained this honor. * Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian.

aaa. ad antonium pp. * <a 378 d. xv k. sept. ravennae valente vi et valentiniano ii aa. conss.>

aaa. to Antonius, praetorian prefect. * <a 378, day 15 before the Kalends of September, at Ravenna, when Valens for the 6th time and Valentinian for the 2nd, Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.2.7.3: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.7.3: Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Ne quis ex corpore togatorum, minime curialibus nexibus illigatus, provinciales suscipiat functiones, scilicet ut et ambientibus claudatur ingressus et invitis necessitas auferatur. * arcad. et honor.

Let no one from the body of the togati, in no way bound by curial bonds, undertake provincial functions, namely so that entry is closed to those canvassing and compulsion is removed from the unwilling. * arcadius and honorius.

aa. ad africanum pu. * <a 396 d. iii non. aug. constantinopoli arcadio iiii et honorio iii aa. conss.>

the emperors to Africanus, the urban prefect. * <in 396, on August 3, at Constantinople, when Arcadius 4 and Honorius 3, the emperors, were consuls.>

CJ.2.7.4: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.2.7.4: The Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Fori tui culminis et universorum iudiciorum advocati quidquid ex huiuscemodi professione vel ipsius occasione quaesierint vel quaesierunt, id post patris obitum praecipuum veluti peculium castrense ad exemplum militum proprio dominio valeant vindicare. * honor. et theodos.

For the advocates of the summit of your forum and of all courts, whatever they shall have acquired or have acquired from such a profession or on the occasion of it, that after the father’s death they may be able to claim as a special pre-taken share, as though a castrense peculium, after the example of soldiers, in their own ownership. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. eustathio pp. * <a 422 d. x. k. april. constantinopoli honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

the emperors to Eustathius, praetorian prefect. * <a 422, on the 10th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, when Honorius for the 13th time and Theodosius for the 10th, Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.2.7.5: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.7.5: Emperors Theodosius, Valentinianus

Quidquid animi largitate et munificentia praestitimus principali togatis per orientem eminentissimae praefecturae reverentia studiorum, id sibi praesenti sanctione praestitum esse cognoscant patroni causarum illustris urbicariae praefecturae. * theodos. et valentin.

Whatever, by largeness of spirit and munificence, we have bestowed upon the principal togati throughout the East of the most eminent Prefecture, out of reverence for studies, let the patrons of causes of the illustrious Urban Prefecture know to have been bestowed upon themselves by this present sanction. * Theodosius and Valentinian.

aa. cyro pu. * <a 426 d. vii k. ian. constantinopoli theodosio xii et valentiniano ii aa. conss.>

The Emperors to Cyrus, Urban Prefect. * <in the year 426, on December 26, at Constantinople, when Theodosius XII and Valentinian II, the Emperors, were consuls.>

CJ.2.7.6: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.7.6: The Emperors Theodosius, Valentinian

Sancimus, ut advocatis, qui apud tuam magnificentiam causas acturi sunt, a nullo iudice, nec ab ipsa eminentissima praefectura, sollicitudo ulla penitus iniungatur: sed nec advocatis provinciarum vel spectabilium iudicum quisquis existimet aliquid iniungendum. nulla igitur togatis inspectio, nulla ingeratur peraequatio, nulla operis instructio, nulla discussio, nullum ratiocinium imponatur, nullum denique aliud eis mandetur praeter arbitrium in eodem dumtaxat loco ubi advocationis exercetur officium: quinquaginta librarum auri poena officio feriendo, quod legis istius regulas temerare temptaverit. * theodos.

We sanction that upon the advocates who are going to plead cases before your Magnificence no solicitude whatsoever be at all imposed by any judge, nor even by the most eminent Prefecture itself: nor let anyone suppose that anything is to be imposed upon the advocates of the provinces or of judges of spectabilis rank. Therefore let no inspection be laid upon the toga-wearers, no equalization be thrust upon them, no assignment of work, no examination, no accounting be imposed; let no other thing, finally, be commanded to them, except arbitration, only in that same place where the office of advocacy is exercised: with a penalty of fifty pounds of gold inflicted upon the office that shall have attempted to violate the rules of this law. * theodos.

et valentin. aa. ad florentium pp. * <a 439 d. xiii k. mai. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et fes to conss.>

and valentinian, the augusti, to florentius, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 439, on the 13th day before the kalends of may, at constantinople, with theodosius augustus for the 17th time and festus as consuls.>

CJ.2.7.7: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.7.7: The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian

Isdem privilegiis isdemque immunitatibus potiri togam illustrissimae per illyricum praefecturae, quibus fruitur toga per orientem praetorianae sedis excelsae, decernimus. * theodos. et valentin.

We decree that the toga of the most illustrious Prefecture throughout Illyricum be in possession of the same privileges and the same immunities which the toga of the exalted Praetorian seat throughout the East enjoys. * theodosius and valentinian.

aa. thalassio pp.Per illyricum. * <a 439 d. vii id. sept. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>

the emperors to Thalassius, praetorian prefect.For Illyricum. * <A.D. 439, 7 September, at Constantinople, Theodosius, Augustus, for the 17th time, and Festus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.8: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.7.8: The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian

Cum advocatio praetoriana centum quinquaginta numero togatis minime vel imminuendo vel augendo concludatur, iubemus eos, qui ex his ad fisci patronatum pervenerint, a cohortis vel alterius vilioris condicionis nexibus cum liberis quandocumque genitis liberos custodiri postque tale officium depositum annumque completum advocatorum consortio abscedere cum comitiva consistoriana: omneque, quod togatis fori celsitudinis tuae quolibet casu quolibet adquiritur titulo, ut castrense sibimet vindicare nec patribus vel avis paternis earum rerum commodum adquirere legis istius auctoritate decernimus: his omnibus etiam ad urbicariae praefecturae advocationem trahendis. * theodos. et valentin.

Since the praetorian advocacy is to be closed at one hundred and fifty gowned men in number, with no diminishing or increasing, we order that those who from these shall have attained to the patronate of the fisc be kept free from the bonds of the cohort or of any other meaner condition, together with their children whenever begotten; and that, after such an office has been laid down and a year completed, they depart from the association of the advocates with a consistorian comitiva; and we decree by the authority of this law that everything which is acquired by the gowned men of the forum of your Highness, in whatever case and by whatever title, they may claim for themselves as castrense, and that no benefit of these things accrue to fathers or paternal grandfathers: all these persons also being drawn to the advocacy of the Urban Prefecture. * theodosius and valentinian.

aa. cyro pp.Cons. designato. * <a 440 d. iii k. ian.

The emperors to Cyrus, Praetorian Prefect, consul-designate. * <a 440, given on the 3rd day before the Kalends of January.

valentiniano a. v et anatolio conss.>

valentinian augustus 5 and anatolius consuls.>

CJ.2.7.9: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.7.9: Emperors Theodosius, Valentinian

Si quis de togatis fori celsitudinis tuae vel illyricianae seu urbicariae praefecturae sive de his, qui in provincialibus iudiciis causarum patrocinium profitentur, electione tuae sedis regendae provinciae munus potestatemque susceperit, post peractam integre ac sine ulla opinionis labe administrationem ad illud officium, unde abstractus est et unde sibi vitae subsidia comparabat, remeandi habeat facultatem nec causas orare denuo quadam prohibeatur invidia. * theodos. et valentin.

If anyone from the toga-wearers of the forum of your loftiness or of the illyrican or urban prefecture, or from those who in provincial courts profess the patronage of causes, shall, by the election of your seat, have undertaken the duty and the power of governing a province, after he has completed the administration uprightly and without any stain of reputation, let him have the faculty of returning to that office from which he was drawn and from which he used to procure supports of life, nor let him be prohibited by any envy from pleading cases anew. * theodosius and valentinian.

aa. apollonio pp. * <a 442 d. xii k. sept. constantinopoli eudoxio et dioscoro conss.>

the emperors to apollonius, praetorian prefect. * <a in the year 442, on the 12th day before the kalends of september, at constantinople, in the consulship of eudoxius and dioscorus.>

CJ.2.7.10: Imperatores Valentinianus, Marcianus

CJ.2.7.10: Emperors Valentinian, Marcian

Binos, qui priores fori tuae sedis inveniuntur, ad patronatum fisci singulis quibusque annis accedere paribus dignitatis et privilegiorum insignibus ambiendos praecipimus, quibus antehac utebatur is, qui solus creabatur fisci patronus. * valentin. et marcian.

We order that two, who are found foremost of the forum of your seat, be canvassed each and every year to accede to the patronate of the fisc, with equal insignia of dignity and of privileges, which previously were enjoyed by him who alone used to be created patron of the fisc. * Valentinian and Marcian.

aa. palladio pp. * <a 452 d. xiiii k. iul. constantinopoli sporacio cons.>

the emperors to palladius, the praetorian prefect. * <a 452, on the 14th day before the kalends of july [june 18], at constantinople, in the consulship of sporacius.>

CJ.2.7.11pr.: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.11pr.: Emperor Leo

Nemini licere sancimus aliquem sub adsidendi colore statutis centum quinquaginta advocatis, quos sibi eminentissima praefectura in consilium adsumpserit, adgregare. * leo a. viviano pp. * <a 460 d. k. febr. constantinopoli magno et apollonio conss.>

We sanction that it be permitted to no one to aggregate anyone, under the color of sitting-in, to the appointed one hundred fifty advocates whom the Most Eminent Prefecture has taken to itself into its council. * Leo Augustus to Viviano, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 460 on the Kalends of Feb., at Constantinople, under the consuls Magnus and Apollonius.>

CJ.2.7.11.1: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.11.1: Emperor Leo

Non aliter vero consortio advocatorum tuae sedis aliquis societur, nisi prius in examine viri clarissimi rectoris provinciae, ex qua oriundus est, praesentibus cohortalibus gesta conficiat, quibus aperte pateat cohortali statui ac fortunae eundem minime subiacere, si praesens vir clarissimus rector provinciae fuerit in eius examine: si vero afuerit, apud defensorem sui oppidi gesta conficiat. <a 460 d. k. febr. constantinopoli magno et apollonio conss.>

Let no one, moreover, be joined to the consortium of the advocates of your seat otherwise, unless first, in the examination of the most illustrious man, the governor of the province from which he originates, with the cohortals present, he draw up the acts, by which it may plainly be evident that he is in no way subject to the cohortal status and fortune, if the most illustrious man, the governor of the province, shall be present at his examination: but if he shall be absent, let him draw up the acts before the defensor of his own town. <a in the year 460 on the Kalends of February at Constantinople, Magnus and Apollonius being consuls.>

CJ.2.7.11.2: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.11.2: Emperor Leo

Iuris peritos etiam doctores eorum iubemus iuratos sub gestorum testificatione depromere, esse eum, qui posthac subrogari voluerit, peritia iuris instructum: filios autem togatorum excellentiae tuae, qui vel nunc causas agunt vel futuris temporibus actitaverint, ceteris supernumerariis anteferri. <a 460 d. k. febr. constantinopoli magno et apollonio conss.>

We order the experts in law, and even their doctors, to declare on oath, under the attestation of the records, that he who shall hereafter wish to be subrogated is equipped with expertise of law; but the sons of the robed men (advocates) of your Excellency, who either now plead cases or shall have practiced in future times, are to be preferred to the other supernumeraries. <a 460 d. k. febr. constantinopoli magno et apollonio conss.>

CJ.2.7.11.3: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.11.3: Emperor Leo

Illud insuper decernimus, ut etiam his, qui ultra centum quinquaginta advocatos eminentissimae tuae sedis reperiuntur, liceat et apud virum spectabilem proconsulem vel praefectum augustalem vel comitem orientis, viros etiam spectabiles vicarios et apud rectores provinciarum negotia perorare. <a 460 d. k. febr. constantinopoli magno et apollonio conss.>

We furthermore decree that it be permitted also to those who are found to be beyond the one hundred and fifty advocates of your most eminent seat, to plead matters before the Spectabilis proconsul or the Augustal prefect or the Count of the East, likewise the Spectabiles vicars, and before the governors of the provinces. <in the year 460, on the Kalends of February, at Constantinople, Magnus and Apollonius, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.12: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.12: Emperor Leo

Sancimus patronum fisci iudicio celsitudinis tuae iam non quotannis, sed biennio pro vetere consuetudine finem officii sui sortiri: salvis eidem consortio privilegiis omnibus, quae a retro principibus meruit, manentibus. * leo a. eusebio pp.Illyrici. * <a 463 d. x k. mart.

We sanction that the patron of the fisc, by the judgment of Your Highness, shall now obtain the term of his office not annually, but every two years, according to ancient consuetude: with all the privileges of the same consortium remaining safe, which it earned from former princes. * leo a. to eusebius, praetorian prefect of illyricum. * <a 463 d. 10 k. mar.

constantinopoli basilio et viviano conss.>

at constantinople, in the consulship of basil and vivian.

CJ.2.7.13pr.: Imperatores Leo, Anthemius

CJ.2.7.13pr.: Emperors Leo, Anthemius

Petitionem virorum disertissimorum advocatorum alexandrinae splendissimae civitatis, quam de fori sui matricula et fisci patrono obtulerunt, merito admittentes hac sanctione decernimus quinquaginta statutos haberi eorumque nomina pro tempore matriculae conficiendae inscribi et eos advocationis officium in iudicio tam viri spectabilis praefecti augustalis quam viri spectabilis ducis aegyptiaci limitis petentibus adhibere, ceteros vero ultra memoratum numerum constitutos apud alios iudices eiusdem alexandrinae civitatis perorare, filiis scilicet statutorum in loco deficientium supernumerariis anteponendis: egredientem autem post biennium fisci patronum contemplatione laborum exconsulari moderatoris provinciae dignitate decorari: licentia facultateque ei non deneganda, cum usus exegerit , tam pro se quam pro filiis parentibus et uxoribus nec non etiam personis ex transverso latere usque ad quartum gradum constitutis patrocinium suum adhibere. * leo et anthem. aa. alexandro duci aegyptiaci limitis et praef.

Accepting with merit the petition of the most eloquent men, the advocates of the most splendid Alexandrian city, which they submitted concerning the matricula of their forum and the patron of the fisc, by this sanction we decree that fifty be held as those “set on the roll,” and that their names be inscribed at the time of preparing the matricula, and that they be employed to exercise the office of advocacy in the court both of the man of spectabilis rank, the Augustal Prefect, and of the man of spectabilis rank, the Duke of the Egyptian frontier, upon request; but that the others appointed beyond the aforesaid number plead before other judges of the same city of Alexandria, with the sons of those on the roll, in the place of those failing, being preferred to the supernumeraries: moreover, that the patron of the fisc, upon leaving office after two years, in consideration of his labors, be adorned with the dignity of provincial governor of ex-consular rank; and that license and faculty not be denied him, when usage shall require it , to lend his patronage both for himself and for his sons, parents, and wives, and also for persons on the collateral side established up to the fourth degree. * Leo and Anthem(ius), the emperors, to Alexander, duke of the Egyptian frontier and prefect.

augustali.* <a 468 d. xiii k. sept. anthemio cons.>

augustal prefect.* <a 468, day 13 before the Kalends of September, in the consulship of Anthemius.>

CJ.2.7.13.1: Imperatores Leo, Anthemius

CJ.2.7.13.1: Emperors Leo, Anthemius

Quando autem fisci patronum mori contigerit, gradu eum sequentem sine ulla dilatione in loco eius subrogari, heredibus defuncti nihil exinde sibi commodi adquiri posse speraturis: cunctis privilegiis, quae hactenus habuisse noscuntur, nec non his, quae suggestio tuae magnitudinis continet, etiam in posterum intactis inviolatisque servandis, quatenus huiusmodi delato eis liberalitate nostrae serenitatis honore possint in otio et tranquillitate reliquum tempus vitae suae peragere, nulla eis invitis sollicitudine ingerenda. <a 468 d. xiii k. sept. anthemio cons.>

When it chances that the patron (advocate) of the fisc dies, let the one following him in grade be without any delay subrogated in his place, the heirs of the deceased being made to expect that nothing of advantage can be acquired for themselves therefrom: with all the privileges which they are known hitherto to have had, and likewise those which the suggestio of your Magnitude contains, to be preserved even for the future intact and inviolate, so that, such an honor having been conferred upon them by the liberality of our Serenity, they may be able in leisure and tranquillity to pass the remaining time of their life, no solicitude being to be imposed upon them against their will. <a 468 d. xiii k. sept. anthemio cons.>

CJ.2.7.14: Imperatores Leo, Anthemius

CJ.2.7.14: Emperors Leo, Anthemius

Advocati, qui dirimunt ambigua fata causarum suaeque defensionis viribus in rebus saepe publicis ac privatis lapsa erigunt, fatigata reparant, non minus provident humano generi, quam si proeliis atque vulneribus patriam parentesque salvarent. nec enim solos nostro imperio militare credimus illos, qui gladiis clupeis et thoracibus nituntur, sed etiam advocatos: militant namque causarum patroni, qui gloriosae vocis confisi munimine laborantium spem vitam et posteros defendunt. * leo et anthem.

Advocates, who disentangle the ambiguous fates of cases and by the forces of their defense often in public and private affairs raise what has fallen, restore what has grown weary, provide no less for the human race than if by battles and wounds they were saving their fatherland and their parents. For we do not believe that only those serve as soldiers in our empire who rely on swords, shields, and cuirasses, but advocates as well: for the patrons of causes do indeed wage war, who, trusting in the bulwark of a glorious voice, defend the hope, the life, and the posterity of those who are laboring. * leo and anthemius.

aa. callicrati pp. illyrici. * <a 469 d. v k. april. constantinopoli zenone et marciano conss.>

the emperors to Callicrates, praetorian prefect of Illyricum. * <in the year 469, on the 5th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, Zeno and Marcian as consuls.>

CJ.2.7.15pr.: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.15pr.: Emperor Leo

Post duos fisci patronos, qui ex anterioribus constitutionibus isdem beneficiis muniuntur, sexaginta quattuor togatos, qui in praesenti sunt, a primo usque ad sexagesimum quartum imperialibus beneficiis perfrui censemus, quibus fisci patroni liberique eorum honorati sunt. * leo a. dioscoro pp. * <a 472 d. xvii k. iun. constantinopoli marciano cons.>

After the two patrons of the fisc, who by earlier constitutions are furnished with the same benefices, we decree that the sixty-four advocates who are at present, from the first up to the sixty-fourth, enjoy imperial benefices, with which the patrons of the fisc and their children are honored. * Leo Augustus to Dioscorus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 472, on the 17th day before the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, Marcianus consul.>

CJ.2.7.15.1: Imperator Leo

CJ.2.7.15.1: Emperor Leo

His quoque illud adiciendum esse statuimus, ut, si quis patronatus fisci adeptus gradum fatalem diem obierit, universa totius anni solacia, ex quo hoc idem officium peragere coeperit, ad heredes seu successores suos, sive liberi sive extranei fuerint, transmittendi tam ex testamento quam ab intestato liberam habeat facultatem. <a 472 d. xvii k. iun. constantinopoli marciano cons.>

We have determined that this also must be added: that, if anyone who has attained the rank of patron of the fisc should meet his destined day, he shall have the free power of transmitting to his heirs or successors, whether they be his children or outsiders, all the emoluments of the whole year, reckoned from the time when he began to perform this same office, both by will and, if there be no will, by intestacy. <a 472, on the 17th day before the Kalends of June, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Marcianus.>

CJ.2.7.16: Imperatores leo iun., Zeno

CJ.2.7.16: Emperors Leo the Younger, Zeno

Ad similitudinem sexaginta quattuor advocatorum fori amplissimae praetorianae praefecturae quindecim tantum ex foro tuae magnitudinis, qui in praesenti gradus primos obtinent, post fisci videlicet patronum, isdem privilegiis nostrae mansuetudinis beneficio perfruantur, quibus fisci patroni liberique eorum muniuntur. * leo iunior et zeno aa. iustiniano pu. * <a 474 d. xvii k. april. constantinopoli leone iuniore a. cons.>

Along the lines of the sixty-four advocates of the bar of the most distinguished Praetorian Prefecture, let only fifteen from the forum of your Magnificence, who at present hold the first ranks, next after the patron of the fisc, enjoy, by the beneficence of our clemency, the same privileges with which the patrons of the fisc and their children are protected. * Leo the Younger and Zeno, Augusti, to Justinian the boy. * <a 474 d. xvii k. april. constantinopoli leone iuniore a. cons.>

CJ.2.7.17pr.: Imperatores leo iun., Zeno

CJ.2.7.17pr.: Emperors Leo the Younger, Zeno

Iubemus advocationem fori tui culminis in centum quinquaginta, sicut antea constitutum fuerat, advocatos concludi eundemque numerum, quotiens vel professionis fine vel morte vel quocumque casu fuerit imminutus, electione magnificae tuae sedis impleri, ita ut in praesenti quidem et hinc usque ad biennium ad plenitudinem supra definiti numeri subrogandi sine ulla cohortalis aut cuiuslibet deterioris condicionis quaestione succedant: salva videlicet adversus eos apparitionibus si qua competit actione, quam certum est, postquam fisci patronatus officio impleto exierint, evanescere: post lapsum vero biennium foro tuae magnificae potestatis inseri postulantes non aliter, nisi sub gestorum confectione minime eos cohortali condicioni subiacere patefactum fuerit, admittantur. * leo iunior et zeno aa. paulo pp.Per illyricum. * <a 474>

We order that the advocatio of the forum of your eminence be limited to one hundred and fifty advocates, as had been established before, and that the same number, whenever it shall have been diminished either by the end of the profession or by death or by any occurrence, be filled by election of your magnificent seat, in such a way that, at present and from now up to two years, those to be subrogated to the fullness of the number defined above shall succeed without any question of cohortalis or of any more inferior condition: saving, namely, whatever action is competent against them for the apparitors, which it is certain, after they shall have departed with the office of patronage of the fisc fulfilled, evaporates: but after the lapse of two years, those seeking to be inserted into the forum of your magnificent power are to be admitted not otherwise than if, under the confection of the records, it shall have been made plain that they are in no way subject to the cohortalis condition. * Leo the Younger and Zeno, Emperors, to Paul, Praetorian Prefect. Through Illyricum. * <a 474>

CJ.2.7.17.1: Imperatores leo iun., Zeno

CJ.2.7.17.1: The Emperors Leo the Younger, Zeno

Cuncta sane privilegia, quae magnificae per orientem praefecturae advocatis ex divinis retro principum seu inclitae recordationis leonis vel nostris sanctionibus indulta sunt, tuae quoque gloriosissimae sedis causidicis absque ulla discretione competere per hanc in aeternum valituram legem sancimus. <a 474>

Assuredly we decree that all the privileges which have been granted to the advocates of the magnificent Prefecture throughout the Orient by the divine former princes, or by Leo of illustrious memory, or by our sanctions, are likewise to belong, without any distinction, to the pleaders of your most glorious see, by this law that shall be valid forever. <a 474>

CJ.2.7.20pr.: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.20pr.: Emperor Anastasius

Suggestionem viri illustris comitis privatarum et proconsulis asiae duximus admittendam, per quam nostrae serenitatis auribus intimavit fori sui advocatos communi petitione magnopere postulasse, ut, postquam advocationis deposuerint officium, dignitate quadam nostra liberalitate potiantur. * anastas. a. eusebio mag.

We have deemed the suggestion of the illustrious man, the Count of the Private Estates and Proconsul of Asia, to be admissible, through which he intimated to the ears of Our Serenity that the advocates of his forum, by a common petition, have urgently requested that, after they have laid down the office of advocacy, they may obtain some dignity by our liberality. * Anastasius Aug. to Eusebius, magister.

off. * <a 497 d. ii k. ian. constantinopoli anastasio a. ii cons.>

off. * <a 497, on the 2nd day before the Kalends of January [December 31], at Constantinople, in the consulship of Anastasius Augustus for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.7.20.1: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.20.1: Emperor Anastasius

Iubemus itaque post depositum, ut dictum est, praefatum officium unumquemque eorum, qui in praesenti sunt vel postea matriculis eorum pro tempore fuerint inserti, clarissimi primi ordinis comitis perfrui dignitate, quatenus et tempore quietis fructum praeteritorum laborum consequantur proque fide atque industria erga clientes suos comprobata privatae condicionis hominum multitudine segregati clarissimis merito connumerentur. <a 497 d. ii k. ian. constantinopoli anastasio a. ii cons.>

We therefore order that, after the aforesaid office has been laid down, as has been said, each of those who are at present, or who later for the time shall have been entered on their matricular rolls, enjoy the dignity of a Clarissimus, Count of the First Order, to the end that both in time of quiet they may obtain the fruit of past labors and, for their faith and industry proved toward their clients, being set apart from the multitude of men of private condition, they may deservedly be counted among the Clarissimi. <a 497, on the 2nd day before the Kalends of January, at Constantinople, Anastasius Augustus, consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.7.21: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.21: Emperor Anastasius

Advocatos amplissimae tuae sedis, qui pro tempore ad fisci patroni gradum et officium provehuntur, una cum liberis iam natis vel postea procreandis ab omni cohortalis seu cuiuslibet deterioris condicionis vinculo immunes ac liberos cum patrimonio suo conservari praecipimus, cum constet hoc iam pridem tam advocatis amplissimae praetorianae per orientem quam magnificae urbicariae praefecturae sacris constitutionibus esse indultum et non dubium sit non tantum eas, sed etiam sublimissimae tuae sedis germanas esse potestates. * anastas. a. thomae pp.Per illyricum.

We order that the advocates of your most ample see, who from time to time are promoted to the grade and office of patron of the fisc, together with children already born or to be begotten thereafter, be preserved immune and free, with their patrimony, from every bond of the cohortal or of any more inferior condition, since it is established that this has long since been granted by sacred constitutions both to the advocates of the most ample Praetorian Prefecture through the East and to those of the magnificent Urban Prefecture, and it is not doubtful that not only those are such, but that the powers of your most exalted see are sister-powers as well. * Anastasius Augustus to Thomas, Praetorian Prefect. Through Illyricum.

* <a 500 d. xii k. dec. patricio et hypatio conss.>

* <in 500, on the 12th day before the Kalends of December, under the consulate of Patricius and Hypatius.>

CJ.2.7.22pr.: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22pr.: Emperor Anastasius

Iubemus pro tempore primatem advocatorum fori viri illustris comitis orientis per biennium fisci patroni fungi officio et solacia sibi communi consensu deputata per idem biennium consequi, hoc quoque transacto professionem advocationis deponere: consortio videlicet eorundem advocatorum ad quadraginta tantummodo viros redigendo, ita ut, si qui superflui sunt iam eidem consortio sociati, de advocationis officio minime reiciantur, nemine alio eis adiciendo, donec quadraginta virorum numerum advocatorum consortium excedere contingat. * anastas. a. constantino pp. * <a 505 d. k. iul.

We order that, for the time, the primate of the forum-advocates of the Illustrious Count of the East perform for a biennium the office of patron of the fisc and obtain for the same biennium the emoluments assigned to him by common consent; and, this term also completed, that he lay down the profession of advocacy: namely, with the fellowship of those same advocates reduced to only forty men, such that, if any supernumeraries are already associated with the same fellowship, they are by no means to be rejected from the office of advocacy, with no one else being added to them, so long as the fellowship of advocates happens to exceed the number of forty men. * Anastasius Augustus to Constantine, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 505, on the Kalends of July.

constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

at constantinople, in the consulship of sabinianus and theodorus.>

CJ.2.7.22.1: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22.1: Emperor Anastasius

Ad haec eos, qui, prout statutum est, fisci patroni deposuerint officium, postea quoque non prohiberi singulos tam pro se quam pro iugali sua et socero et socru nec non genero et nuru liberisque propriis, colonis et servis ad se pertinentibus advocationis fungi officio. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

Moreover, those who, as has been decreed, have laid down the office of patron of the fisc, are not thereafter prevented, each individually, from discharging the office of advocacy both for themselves and for their spouse and father-in-law and mother-in-law, as well as for their son-in-law and daughter-in-law and their own children, and the coloni and slaves belonging to them. <a 505 on the kalends of july, at constantinople, sabinianus and theodorus being consuls.>

CJ.2.7.22.2: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22.2: Emperor Anastasius

Nec aediculas eorum metatorum onere molestari, si tamen in una tantummodo suaque domo singuli talem praerogativam sibi vindicare maluerint. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

Nor are their dwellings to be molested by the burden of the quartermasters, if, however, each should prefer to claim such a prerogative for himself in one house only—and his own. <in the year 505, on the Kalends of July, at Constantinople, Sabinianus and Theodorus being consuls.>

CJ.2.7.22.3: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22.3: Emperor Anastasius

Pro sportulis praeterea modum, quem notitia nobis porrecta declarat, tam pro his quam pro colonis et servis eorum custodiri, neminique praeberi licentiam eundem modum circa sportularum exactionem contra eos excedendi. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

Moreover, regarding sportulae, the measure which the notice presented to us declares is to be observed, both for these persons and for their coloni and slaves, and license is to be granted to no one to exceed the same measure in the exaction of sportulae against them. <a 505 on the Kalends of July, at Constantinople, Sabinianus and Theodorus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.22.4: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22.4: Emperor Anastasius

Nec de cetero quemquam, antequam per statuta tempora legum eruditioni noscatur inhaesisse, supra dicto consortio sociari. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

Nor hereafter is anyone, before he is known to have adhered to the erudition of the laws for the times set by statute, to be associated with the aforesaid consortium. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

CJ.2.7.22.5: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22.5: Emperor Anastasius

Et filios advocatorum vel adhuc in tali constitutorum officio vel eorum, qui fisci patronatum deposuerunt, superstitum vel mortuorum, extraneis ad idem officium accedentibus anteponi eique gratis et sine sumptibus sociari, si et ipsi, prout dispositum est, solito tempore legum doctrinam meruerint. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

And that the sons of advocates—either of those still established in such an office, or of those who have laid down the patronate of the fisc—whether surviving or dead, be preferred to outsiders approaching the same office and be associated with it gratis and without expenses, if they too, as has been arranged, shall have earned the doctrine of the laws in the customary time. <a 505 on the Kalends of July, at Constantinople, Sabinianus and Theodorus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.22.6: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.22.6: Emperor Anastasius

Ut autem his, qui fisci patroni officium adepti sunt vel fuerint, non tantum superstitibus, sed etiam morte praeventis prospiciatur, tam ad heredes fisci patroni, qui semel ad talem gradum vocatus sit, solacia eius transire hisque servari , quam ipsos, qui fisci patronatum iam deposuerunt vel postea deposuerint, minime cuiuslibet actus publici sollicitudinem nolentes subire compelli nec exhibitionis seu deductionis onere nisi speciali auctoritate nostra molestari et in provincia incusandos per sententiam viri spectabilis comitis orientis utpote competentis iudicis conveniri atque litigare decernimus. <a 505 d. k. iul. constantinopoli sabiniano et theodoro conss.>

Moreover, in order that provision be made for those who have obtained or shall have obtained the office of patron of the fisc, not only if surviving, but even if anticipated by death, we decree both that the solaces of a patron of the fisc, who has once been called to such a grade, pass to his heirs and be preserved for them, and that those who have already laid down, or shall hereafter lay down, the patronate of the fisc are by no means to be compelled, against their will, to undergo the solicitude of any public act, nor to be molested with the burden of exhibition or deduction unless by our special authority; and that, if they are to be accused in the province, they be convened and litigate by the sentence of the man of spectabilis rank, the count of the east, as the competent judge. <a 505 on the kalends of july at constantinople, under the consulship of sabinianus and theodorus.>

CJ.2.7.23pr.: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23pr.: Emperor Anastasius

Laudabile vitaeque hominum necessarium advocationis officium maxime principalibus praemiis oportet remunerari. * anastas. a. eustathio pp. * <a 506 d. xii k. dec.

Laudable and necessary to the life of men, the office of advocacy ought especially to be remunerated with princely rewards. * anastasius the augustus to eustathius, praetorian prefect. * <a 506 on the 12th day before the Kalends of December.

constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

at constantinople areobindus and messala, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.23.1: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23.1: Emperor Anastasius

Ideoque iubemus viros clarissimos fisci pro tempore patronos fori tuae celsitudinis sollemni die festivitatis kalendarum ianuariarum ipsius tantummodo anni, per quem tale peragunt officium, inter spectabiles sacri nostri consistorii comites divina nostrae serenitatis manu puncti consequi solacium. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

Therefore we order that the most illustrious men, the fisc’s patrons for the time being of the forum of your Highness, on the solemn day of the festival of the Kalends of January of that very year only during which they discharge such an office, obtain the solace of being, among the spectabiles, counts of our sacred consistory, marked by the divine hand of our Serenity. <given at constantinople on the 12th day before the kalends of december (november 20), in the year 506, in the consulship of areobindus and messala.>

CJ.2.7.23.2: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23.2: Emperor Anastasius

Et postquam tale deposuerint officium, si quidem filios ingenuos habeant, eos clarissimorum notariorum inseri consortio tribunorum, sacras solitas epistulas sine quadam suffragii solutione percepturos. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

And after they have laid down such an office, if indeed they have freeborn sons, let those be inserted among the notaries of the clarissimi in the fellowship of the tribunes, to receive the customary sacred letters without any payment of suffragium. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

CJ.2.7.23.3: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23.3: Emperor Anastasius

Et si quis per sententiam sublimitatis tuae monitus super agnito debito vel agnita causa, quae ingeritur ei, confessionem exponere paratus sit, eam non arbitro delegato, sed tunc temporis fisci patronis vel alterutri eorum, si alter adesse non possit, pro more tamen solito sub actorum testificatione intimari. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

And if anyone, admonished by the sentence of Your Sublimity concerning an acknowledged debt or an acknowledged cause which is brought against him, should be ready to set forth a confession, let it be intimated not to a delegated arbiter, but at that time to the patrons of the fisc, or to either one of them if the other cannot be present, yet according to the customary practice under the attestation of the acts. <a 506 d. 12 k. dec. at constantinople areobindus and messala, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.23.4: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23.4: Emperor Anastasius

Quotiensque de nuptiis quis sine dotalibus instrumentis mutuo contrahendi matrimonium animo celebratis super adfectu suo, liberis ex huiusmodi coniugio iam extantibus vel necdum procreatis, legitimis adlegationibus uti maluerit, eas apud eosdem pro tempore fisci patronos vel alterutrum, ut dictum est, eorum gestis intervenientibus commendari, ita videlicet, ut iuri cognitae adlegationes absentibus personis, si quae competunt, serventur intactae. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

As often as, concerning nuptials, someone, without dowry instruments, the mutual intent of contracting matrimony having been celebrated with respect to his own affect, whether children from such a conjugal union already exist or are not yet procreated, has preferred to use legitimate allegations, let these be commended—before the same, at the time, patrons of the fisc, or either one of them, as has been said—with their acts (gesta) intervening; provided, namely, that the allegations, recognized by law, be preserved intact for absent persons, if any pertain. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

CJ.2.7.23.5: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23.5: Emperor Anastasius

His insuper, quicumque apud viros gloriosos pro tempore consules mancipia sua libertate donare voluerint, antelatos fisci patronos ad easdem libertates peragendas propriam advocationis vocem accommodare <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

In addition to these, whoever, before the illustrious men who are for the time being consuls, may wish to grant their slaves the gift of liberty, should engage the aforesaid patrons of the fisc to effect the same manumissions, applying their proper voice of advocacy <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

CJ.2.7.23.6: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.23.6: Emperor Anastasius

Aliis nihilo minus privilegiis, quae iam pridem memoratis vel fisci patronis vel adhuc advocationis pro tempore peragentibus officium togatis diversis modis indulta sunt, ex hac etiam sanctione nostra in sua stabilitate duraturis. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

Other privileges no less, which long since have been in various ways bestowed upon the aforesaid either patrons of the fisc or the toga-wearing officials still for the time discharging the office of the advocacy, shall also, by this our sanction, remain in their own stability. <a 506 d. xii k. dec. constantinopoli areobindo et messala conss.>

CJ.2.7.24pr.: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24pr.: Emperor Anastasius

Petitiones virorum disertissimorum fori praesidalis secundae syriae provinciae advocatorum cum competenti moderatione censuimus admittendas et iubemus pro tempore primatem eorum per biennium fisci patroni fungi officio et solacia sibi communi consensu deputata per idem biennium consequi hocque transacto professionem advocationis deponere: consortio videlicet eorundem advocatorum ad triginta tantummodo viros redigendo, ita ut, si qui superflui sunt iam eidem consortio sociati, de advocationis officio minime reiciantur, nemine alio eis adiciendo, donec triginta virorum numerum advocatorum excedere consortium contingat. * anastas. a. sergio pp. * <a 517 d. k. dec.

We have judged that the petitions of the most eloquent men, the advocates of the praesidal forum of the province of Second Syria, are to be admitted with appropriate moderation, and we order that, for the time, their primate perform for a biennium the office of patron of the fisc and obtain for the same biennium the allowances assigned to him by common consent, and, this elapsed, to lay down the profession of advocacy: namely, with the association of those same advocates being reduced to only thirty men, so that, if there are any supernumeraries already joined to the same association, they are not at all to be rejected from the office of advocacy, no one else being added to them, until it happens that the association exceeds the number of thirty advocates. * Anastasius the Emperor to Sergius, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 517, on the Kalends of December.

anastasio et agapito conss.>

anastasius and agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.24.1: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24.1: Emperor Anastasius

To these points: those who, as has been statuted, have laid aside the office of patron of the fisc, are not thereafter prohibited, each individually, to exercise the office of advocation both for themselves and for their conjugal spouse and for their father-in-law and mother-in-law, and likewise for their son-in-law and daughter-in-law, and their own children, and the coloni and slaves pertaining to them. <a 517 on the Kalends of December, Anastasius and Agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.24.2: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24.2: Emperor Anastasius

Nec aediculas eorum metatorum nomine molestari, si tamen in una tantummodo suaque domo singuli talem praerogativam sibi vindicare maluerint. <a 517 d. k. dec. anastasio et agapito conss.>

Nor are their little houses to be molested under the name of the metators, if, however, each individual should prefer to vindicate such a prerogative for himself only in one—and his own—house. <in 517, on the Kalends of December, Anastasius and Agapitus being consuls.>

CJ.2.7.24.3: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24.3: Emperor Anastasius

Moreover, regarding the sportulae, the limit which the report submitted to us declares is to be observed, both for these persons and for their coloni (tenant-farmers) and slaves, and let license be afforded to no one to exceed that same limit in the exaction of sportulae against them. <given in the year 517, on the Kalends of December, under Anastasius and Agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.24.4: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24.4: Emperor Anastasius

Nec de cetero quemquam, antequam per statuta tempora legum eruditioni noscatur inhaesisse, supra dicto consortio sociari. <a 517 d. k. dec. anastasio et agapito conss.>

Nor hereafter let anyone, before he is known to have adhered to legal erudition for the statutory periods, be associated with the aforesaid consortium. <a 517 on the Kalends of December, Anastasius and Agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.24.5: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24.5: Emperor Anastasius

And the sons of advocates, or of those still established in such an office, or of those who have laid down the patronate of the fisc, whether of the living or of the dead, are to be preferred to outsiders approaching the same office and to be associated with it gratis and without expenses, if they too, as has been disposed, shall have merited at the usual time the doctrine of the laws. <in the year 517, on the Kalends of December, anastasius and agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.24.6: Imperator Anastasius

CJ.2.7.24.6: Emperor Anastasius

Ut autem his, qui fisci patroni officium adepti sunt vel fuerint, non tantum superstitibus, sed etiam morte praeventis prospiciatur, tam ad heredes fisci patroni, qui semel ad talem gradum vocatus sit, solacia eius transire hisque servari , quam ipsos, qui fisci patronatum iam deposuerunt vel postea deposuerint, minime cuiuslibet actus publici sollicitudinem nolentes subire compelli nec exhibitionis seu deductionis onere nisi speciali auctoritate nostra molestari et in provincia incusandos per sententias viri clarissimi provinciam in qua degunt moderantis, utpote competentis iudicis, conveniri atque litigare decernimus. <a 517 d. k. dec. anastasio et agapito conss.>

And so that provision may be made for those who have obtained or shall have obtained the office of patron of the fisc, not only for the survivors but also for those anticipated by death, we decree both that the solaces of such a one, who has once been called to such a grade, pass to the heirs of a patron of the fisc and be preserved for them, and that those who have already laid down, or shall hereafter lay down, the patronate of the fisc are by no means to be compelled, being unwilling, to undergo the solicitude of any public act, nor to be troubled with the burden of exhibition or deduction unless by our special authority; and that, in the province, when they are accused, they are to be convened and to litigate under the judgments of the most distinguished man governing the province in which they dwell, as the competent judge. <in the year 517, on the Kalends of December, Anastasius and Agapitus, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.25pr.: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.25pr.: Emperor Justin

Restituendae sunt clarissimis eloquentiae luminibus sexaginta auri librae, quas sub imperio zenonis divae memoriae pedaneis deputatas arbitris nec non fideiussorum vires aestimantibus, tamen auferendas credidit parca posterioris subtilitas principis, ut iam liberalitate nostri numinis viri clarissimi fisci patroni praefatam auri summam sine fraude annis singulis consequantur, ab amplissima tua sede pari lance in utrumque dividendam. nam universis redditur, quod pro voto omnium primatibus indulgetur. * iustinus a. marino pp. * <a 519 d. k. dec.

Sixty pounds of gold are to be restored to the most illustrious lights of eloquence, which, under the rule of Zeno of blessed memory, had been assigned to the minor judges (pedanei arbitri) and also to those estimating the resources of sureties; yet the sparing subtlety of a later princeps believed they should be taken away, so that now, by the liberality of our divinity, the most illustrious men, patrons of the fisc, may obtain the aforesaid sum of gold each year without fraud, to be divided by your most ample seat with an even scale between the two. For that is rendered to all which, by the vote of all, is indulged to the chiefs. * Justin the Augustus to Marinus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 519 d. k. dec.

constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

at Constantinople, in the consulship of the emperor himself and Euthericus.>

CJ.2.7.25.1: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.25.1: Emperor Justin

Sacras insuper epistulas, quibus adprobantur viri clarissimi tribuni praetoriani et notarii, non unius tantum nomine, sed alterius quoque unius praestandas perspicimus, sive suos filios sive quos alios duxerint illustrandos. <a 519 d. k. dec. constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

Moreover, we perceive that the sacred epistles, by which Very Illustrious men are approved as praetorian tribunes and notaries, are to be furnished not in the name of only one, but also of one other as well—whether they have deemed their own sons or any others to be honored. <a in the year 519, on the Kalends of December, at Constantinople, in the consulship of the emperor himself and Euthericus>

CJ.2.7.25.2: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.25.2: Emperor Justin

Ad haec altiore beneficio codicillos, quibus illustris honoratur dignitas, consequantur, quos unius solum nomine eisdem viris facundissimis daturos nos pollicemur profuturos scilicet alteri eorum altero concedente, seu qui ex provinciis suis vel ex amicis voluerint, in provinciis tamen degentibus. <a 519 d. k. dec. constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

To these things, moreover, let them obtain, by a higher beneficium, the codicils by which the Illustrious dignity is honored—codicils which we promise to give in the name of only one to those same most eloquent men, to be, namely, of benefit to the other of them, the other conceding; or to whomever they may wish from their own provinces or from their friends, provided that they are nevertheless residing in the provinces. <a 519 d. k. dec. constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

CJ.2.7.25.3: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.25.3: Emperor Justin

Licentiam eis praeterea facimus binos homines annis singulis itidem offerendi nostram adoraturos purpuram, statutis inserendos praesentalibus domesticis, unum equitum, alterum scholae peditum, in vacantem eorum locum qui defuncti sunt, nullo, dum supererant, de militia venumdanda pacto cum eis interposito, quorum eiusmodi conventiones intersunt, ita tamen, ut idem viri facundissimi, cum offerendos eosdem crediderint homines, bina solidorum pro singulis millia nihilque amplius noverint dependenda viris magnificis comitibus dicatissimorum domesticorum , id est equitum quidem pro eo, qui inter equites meriturus est, peditum autem pro eo, qui inter pedites inserendus est: solitis videlicet statim stipendiis nec non ceteris solaciis isdem tironibus deputandis sine quolibet alio dispendio. <a 519 d. k. dec. constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

Furthermore we grant them license likewise each year to offer two men to adore our purple, to be inserted among the appointed present domestics, one of the horse, the other of the schola of foot, into the vacant place of those of them who have died, with no pact, while they were still alive, for the selling of military service having been entered with them, for those to whom such conventions pertain; provided, however, that these same most eloquent men, when they shall have judged those same men to be offered, shall know that two thousands of solidi for each, and nothing more, are to be paid to the most magnificent counts of the most devoted domestics , that is, for the horse indeed for him who is going to serve among the horse, but for the foot for him who is to be inserted among the foot: the customary stipends, namely, immediately, and likewise the other solaces (allowances) to be assigned to the same recruits, without any other expense. <a 519 d. k. dec. constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

CJ.2.7.25.4: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.25.4: Emperor Justin

Aliis etiam privilegiis potiantur, quae diversis temporibus consecuti sunt sive per augustos apices seu dispositiones et sententias amplissimae tuae sedis. nam qui novis digni iudicati sunt, ii multo magis in anterioribus quoque sunt adiuvandi. <a 519 d. k. dec.

Let them also obtain other privileges, which they have acquired at various times, whether through august apices or through the dispositions and sentences of your most ample See. For those who have been judged worthy of new ones must by much more be aided also in the earlier ones. <a 519 d. k. dec.

constantinopoli ipso a. et eutherico conss.>

At Constantinople, with the Augustus himself and Euthericus as consuls.>

CJ.2.7.26pr.: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26pr.: Emperor Justin

Per hanc legem decernimus, ne, antequam in octuaginta tantum virorum numerum fori tui culminis togatorum collegium deductum fuerit, adspirare quis qualibet arte concedatur aut possit, nisi vel eorum filii, qui triginta priorum obtinent numerum, facundiae studiis eruditi, gratis videlicet et sine ullo suffragio, aut fortasse exteri non ultra duos per annos singulos, facundia et ipsi conspicui taxati fuerint: nullo deinceps, postquam in octuaginta virorum numerum redacti fuerint, superare qualibet rursus ambitione vel astutia quantitatem ausuro. * iustinus a. theodoto pu. * <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

By this law we decree that, before the collegium of the togati of the pinnacle of your forum has been brought down to only the number of eighty men, it be permitted or possible for anyone to aspire by whatever artifice, unless either the sons of those who hold the number of the first thirty, trained in the studies of eloquence—gratis, that is, and without any canvassing—or perhaps outsiders, not more than two for each single year, provided that they too have been assessed as conspicuous in eloquence: with no one thereafter, after they have been reduced into the number of eighty men, daring by any ambition or cunning to surpass the quantity again. * justin the emperor to theodotus, urban prefect. * <year 524 on the 2nd day before the Ides of February, at Constantinople, justin the emperor, 2, and opilio, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.26.1: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26.1: Emperor Justin

Interdicenda quoque cunctis licentia praevertendi progressus seriem, quam ipsius temporis ordo suppeditat, et ut in mercatorum contractibus loca permutandi et adhuc tirones iam interesse veteribus. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

The license of preempting the sequence of advancement which the order of time itself supplies must also be interdicted to all, and, as in merchants’ contracts, the swapping of places, and that those still recruits should already be joining the veterans. <a 524 on the Ides of Feb., at Constantinople, Justinus Aug. 2 and Opilio, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.26.2: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26.2: Emperor Justin

Hoc etiam pronuntiandum censemus, ne quis ex his in aliis degat regionibus relicta observatione glorificae tuae sedis. noverint etenim, qui post nomen impetratum patroni litium ultra trium annorum spatium ex sacratissiama hac urbe morandum duxerit, nec nuncupationem togati nec privilegia virorum eiusmodi concedenda sibi, ut nec repetitis ex industria praedictae sedis auctoritatibus protrahatur aut multiplicetur peregrinationis excursus. <a 524 d. id. febr.

We also judge this to be proclaimed, that none of these should dwell in other regions, the observance of your glorious see having been left behind. For let them know that whoever, after the name of patron of litigations has been obtained, has deemed it proper to remain away from this most sacred city beyond a span of three years, neither the nuncupation of a togatus nor the privileges of men of such a kind are to be granted to him, so that, with the authorities of the aforesaid see intentionally sought anew, the excursion of peregrination may neither be prolonged nor multiplied. <in the year 524, on the Ides of February.

constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

At Constantinople, in the consulship of Justinus Augustus for the 2nd time and of Opilio, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.26.3: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26.3: Emperor Justin

Quorum omnium si quid vel minimum quocumque tempore fuerit violatum, viginti primates eiusdem ordinis et qui pro tempore sollicitudinem ab actis in amplitudinis tuae gerent officio, adiutores etiam eorum denis singuli libris auri ferientur, quod adversus imperialia consulta serenitatis nostrae tendentibus non statim obiecerint intercessionem legis praesentis aut non restiterint et omni nisu prohibuerint, ne quid temptetur contrarium: cum nec in administratores sublimissimae tuae sedis, si non intente custodierint disposita salutaria et, ut non temerentur, prospexerint, poena deerit decem auri librarum. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

If anything at all of all these, even the least, should at any time be violated, the twenty primates of the same order and those who for the time shall bear the solicitude as “ab actis” in the office of your Highness, and their assistants as well, shall each be struck with a fine of ten pounds of gold, because they did not immediately oppose to those tending against the imperial consulta of our Serenity the intercession of the present law, or did not resist and by every effort prevent that anything contrary be attempted; nor shall there be lacking a penalty of ten pounds of gold upon the administrators of your most exalted see, if they have not carefully guarded the healthful provisions and have not provided that they be not violated. <a in the year 524, on the Ides of February, at Constantinople, Justinus Augustus 2 and Opilio, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.26.4: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26.4: Emperor Justin

Sescenti autem aurei, quibus pro tempore fisci patronus fori tuae celsitudinis ad exemplum priorum temporum ex arca tui iudicii consolatur, ne post decursum celerem advocationis et labores gloriosos egenus exeat, non, ut saepe contigit, incerto die praestentur, sed cum medium iter pervenerint patrocinii rerum fiscalium, id est kalendis octobribus, per annos singulos sine cunctatione solventur. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

However, six hundred aurei, with which for the time the patron of the fisc of the forum of Your Highness, after the example of earlier times, is consoled from the chest of your tribunal, lest after the swift course of advocacy and glorious labors he depart needy, shall not, as has often happened, be paid on an uncertain day, but, when they have reached the midpoint of the course of the patronage of fiscal matters, that is, on the Kalends of October, shall be paid each year without delay. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

CJ.2.7.26.5: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26.5: Emperor Justin

Quidquid insuper privilegiorum retro principum sacris adfatibus vel auctoritate tribunalis cuius interest huic eidem ordini datum ostenditur, inviolatum servari. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

Whatever moreover of the privileges is shown to have been given to this same order by the sacred addresses of former princes or by the authority of the tribunal whose concern it is, is to be kept inviolate. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

CJ.2.7.26.6: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.26.6: Emperor Justin

Cumque lite quisquam eorum pulsatus fuerit seu civilis causae certaminis aut criminalis quaestionis obtentu, hic vel in provinciis, cum per concessum tempus eorum adesse quemquam evenit, nullos exsecutores sportulas adsequi nec, qui controversiis movendis inserviunt aut excipiendo seu praeparando vel officio quolibet alio, quocumque nomine sumptum exigendum censere. <a 524 d. id. febr. constantinopoli iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

And whenever any one of them shall have been sued in litigation, whether under the pretext of a civil cause of contest or a criminal inquiry, here or in the provinces, when, within the time granted to them, it happens that any one of them is present, let no enforcers obtain sportulae, nor those who serve for the stirring up of controversies or for taking down or preparing, or in any other office, under whatever name, deem that any expense is to be exacted. <a 524, on the Ides of February, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Justinus Augustus 2 and Opilio, consuls.>

CJ.2.7.27: Imperator Justinus

CJ.2.7.27: Emperor Justin

Nemo excepta menandri fisci patroni persona speret de cetero permutationum saltibus superiore gradu captato fruiturum se beneficiis, quae patronis aerarii seu dum officium exhibent causis fiscalibus aut post expletum agmen impertita monstrantur. * iustinus a. archelao pp. * <a 524 d. xii k. sept. iustino a. ii et opilione conss.>

Let no one, the person of Menander, patron of the fisc, excepted, hope henceforth, by the leaps of permutations (transfers), after a higher grade has been seized, to enjoy the benefits which are shown as imparted to the patrons of the treasury either while they render service in fiscal causes or after the course has been completed. * Justinus Augustus to Archelaus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 524 d. 12 k. sept. iustino a. 2 et opilione conss.>

CJ.2.7.29pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.7.29pr.: Emperor Justinian

De constitutione divinae recordationis iustini patris nostri super togatis amplissimae tuae sedis prolata illyriciani advocati postulaverunt a nobis eis clarum fieri, si locum etiam circa eos possit habere, sive cum commeatu sive sine commeatu iudicio eiusdem sublimitatis afuerint. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 - 534 >

Concerning the constitution of the divine memory Justin, our father, promulgated regarding the togati of your most ample see, the Illyrician advocates asked of us that it be made clear to them whether it may also have application with respect to those who have been absent from the court of that same Sublimity, whether with leave or without leave. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531 - 534 >

CJ.2.7.29.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.7.29.1: Emperor Justinian

Sancimus itaque talem legem generaliter in persona eorum tenere, ut, si quis sine commeatu ultra continuum biennium afuerit vel cum commeatu ultra quinquennium , de matricula penitus aboleatur: nulla licentia ei danda gradum suum vindicare nec iterum viris disertissimis togatis eiusdem sedis adsistere. perfruantur igitur advocati eiusdem sublimitatis hac nostra generali sanctione. <a 531 - 534 >

We sanction, therefore, that such a law be generally maintained regarding their person, that, if anyone without leave has been absent beyond a continuous two-year period or with leave beyond five years , he shall be utterly removed from the matricula: no license is to be given him to vindicate his grade nor to stand again beside the most eloquent advocates (togati) of the same seat. Let the advocates, therefore, of the same Sublimity enjoy this our general sanction. <a 531 - 534 >

CJ.2.8.0. De advocatis fisci.

CJ.2.8.0. On the advocates of the fisc.

CJ.2.8.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.8.1: Emperor Antoninus

Cum te fisci causam agitasse proponas, quamvis te salarium percepisse neges, tamen placitis adquiesce. eos enim, qui causam fisci egissent, prohibitum est adversus fiscum patrocinium praestare. * ant.

Since you allege that you have pleaded the fisc’s cause, although you deny that you received a salary, nevertheless acquiesce in the decrees. For those who have pleaded the fisc’s cause are prohibited from furnishing advocacy against the fisc. * Antoninus.

a. claudio. * <a 213 pp. xiii k. ian. antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

to Claudius. * <A.D. 213, 13 days before the Kalends of January, Antoninus Augustus for the 4th time and Balbinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.8.2: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.8.2: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Potes auctoribus nobis adversus fiscum quoque patrocinium exhibere privatis, dum eam scilicet causam, quam tu, cum fisci advocatus fueras, forte tractasti, suscipere declines. * valer. et gallien.

You may, with us as authorities, also furnish advocacy against the fisc on behalf of private persons, provided that you decline to take up that case which you, when you were advocate of the fisc, perhaps happened to handle. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. frequenti. * <a 254 pp. vi k. mart. valeriano ii et gallieno aa. conss.>

the emperors, with a full attendance. * <in the year 254, on the 6th day before the Kalends of March (February 24), when Valerian, for the 2nd time, and Gallienus, the emperors, were consuls.>

CJ.2.8.3: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.8.3: Emperor Constantine

Fisci advocatus poenam metuens caveat, ne fiscalia commoda occultet neve nullo negotio existente fisci nomine privatis audeat calumnias commovere. * const. a. aeliano procons.

Let the advocate of the fisc, fearing the penalty, beware not to conceal fiscal advantages nor, when no case exists, dare in the name of the fisc to stir up calumnies against private persons. * const. a. to aelianus, proconsul.

africae. * <a 313 d. vi id. nov. treviris constantino a. iii et licinio c. iii conss.>

Africa. * <in the year 313, on the 6th day before the Ides of November, at Trier, when Constantine, Augustus for the 3rd time, and Licinius, Caesar for the 3rd time, were consuls.>

CJ.2.8.4: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.2.8.4: The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Rationales privatae rei causis vel sacri aerarii praesidentes examen praesente fisci advocato suscipiant. * grat. valentin.

Let the Rationales presiding over the cases of the Private Property or of the Sacred Treasury undertake the examination, with the advocate of the fisc present. * grat. valentin.

et theodos. aaa. ad ammianum com.

and Theodosius, the Emperors, to Ammianus, count.

rer. p * <a 383 pp. xvii k. ian. merobaude ii et saturnino conss.>

private estate * <in 383, 17 days before the Kalends of January, under the consuls merobaude 2 and saturninus.>

CJ.2.9.0. De errore advocatorum vel libellos seu preces concipientium.

CJ.2.9.0. On the error of advocates or of those composing libels or petitions.

CJ.2.9.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.9.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ea, quae advocati praesentibus his quorum causae aguntur adlegant, perinde habenda sunt, ac si ab ipsis dominis litium proferantur. * alex. a. aureliae.

Those things which advocates, in the presence of those whose cases are being conducted, allege, are to be regarded just as if they were put forward by the very masters of the suits. * Alexander Augustus to Aurelia.

* <a 227 pp. k. mart. albino et maximo conss.>

* <in the year 227, on the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Albinus and Maximus.>

CJ.2.9.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.9.2: Emperor Gordian

Errores eorum, qui desideria ( id est preces) scribunt, veritati praeiudicium adferre non posse manifestum est. et ideo si condemnationem, cuius mentionem libello insertam esse proponis, manifeste probare potes non intercessisse, adlegationes tuas laedi non oportere is, qui super negotio disceptaturus est, non ignorat. * gord.

It is manifest that the errors of those who write desiderata ( that is, petitions) cannot bring prejudice to the truth. And therefore, if you can plainly prove that the condemnation, mention of which you propose to have been inserted in the libellus, did not intervene, he who is about to adjudicate upon the business is not unaware that your allegations ought not to be harmed. * gord.

a. rogato mil. * <a 238 pp. x k. iul. pio et pontiano conss.>

at the request of a soldier. * <a in the year 238, posted on the 10th day before the Kalends of July, under Pius and Pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.9.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.9.3: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Sententiis finita negotia rescriptis revocari non oportet. nec enim quae constituta sunt, ut advocatorum error litigatoribus non noceat, tibi etiam opitulari possunt, cum te praesentem neque causae palam ex continenti, id est triduo proximo, contradixisse neque post sententiam appellationis remedio, si tibi haec displicebat, usam proponas. * diocl.

Matters finished by sentences (judgments) ought not to be recalled by rescripts. For neither can those provisions which have been established, that the error of advocates not harm litigants, assist you as well, since, though present, you neither openly objected to the case immediately, that is, within the next three days, nor do you allege that after the sentence you used the remedy of appeal, if this displeased you. * Diocletian.

et maximin. aa. et cc ulpiae. * <a 294 d. vi k. sept.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Ulpia. * in the year 294, given on August 27.

viminacii cc. conss.>

at viminacium, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.10.0. Ut quae desunt advocationi partium iudex suppleat.

CJ.2.10.0. That the judge should supply what is lacking to the advocacy of the parties.

CJ.2.10.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.10.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non dubitandum est iudici, si quid a litigatoribus vel ab his qui negotiis adsistunt minus fuerit dictum, id supplere et proferre, quod sciat legibus et iuri publico convenire. * diocl. et maxim.

The judge must not hesitate, if anything has been less fully stated by the litigants or by those who attend the proceedings, to supply and bring forward what he knows to be in accord with the laws and with public law. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. ad honoratum. * <a 290 s. xvi k. mart. diocletiano iiii et maximiano iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Honoratus. * <a 290 on the 16th day before the Kalends of March; with Diocletian 4 and Maximian 3, the Augusti, as consuls.>

CJ.2.11.0. De causis, ex quibus infamia alicui inrogatur.

CJ.2.11.0. On the causes from which infamy is imposed upon someone.

CJ.2.11.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.11.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Infamiae detrimentum minime tibi adfertur ob id solum, quod in carcerem coniectus es vel vincula tibi iussu legitimi iudicis iniecta sunt. * sev. et ant.

No detriment of infamy is in no way brought upon you for this alone, that you were cast into prison or that bonds were imposed upon you by the order of a lawful judge. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. manilio. * <pp. sine die et consule.>

the augusti. to manilius. * <pp. without date and consul.>

CJ.2.11.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.11.2: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Neque furti neque vi bonorum raptorum neque peculatus damnatus intellegi potest, qui, cum plus debiti nomine tributorum exegisset, in duplum a praeside condemnatus est. * sev. et ant.

He cannot be understood to have been convicted of theft, nor of rapine (violent carrying‑off of goods), nor of peculation, who, although he had exacted more than was owed under the name of taxes, was condemned in double by the governor. * sev. et ant.

aa. verennio. * <a 197 pp. v id. ian. laterano et rufino conss.>

the emperors to Verennius. * <in the year 197, on the 5th day before the Ides of January, Lateranus and Rufinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.11.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.11.3: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Etsi severior sententia dici debuit, tamen, cum proconsul vir clarissimus certis rationibus motus mitiorem sententiam dixerit et ordine decurionum te biennio abstinere iussit, transacto tempore non esse te in numero infamium palam est eo, quod ex antidiastolys post biennium remisisse tibi prohibitionem decurionatus iudex videtur. * sev. et ant.

Although a more severe sentence ought to have been pronounced, nevertheless, since the proconsul, a most distinguished man, moved by certain reasons, pronounced a milder sentence and ordered you to abstain from the order of the decurions for two years, once the time has elapsed it is clear that you are not in the number of the infamous, because from the antidiastoles the judge appears, after the two-year period, to have remitted to you the prohibition of the decurionate. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. metrodoro. * <a 197 pp. x k. ian. laterano et rufino conss.>

the emperors to Metrodorus. * <in the year 197, on the 10th day before the Kalends of January, Lateranus and Rufinus being consuls.>

CJ.2.11.4: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.11.4: Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si posidonium in tempus anni relegatum secundum sententiam non excessisse proconsulis probaveris, quinque annis exilio temporario damnandum inter infames haberi non oportet, quando sententiae severitas cum ceteris damnis transigere videatur. * sev. et ant.

If you shall have proved that Posidonium, relegated for the period of a year, has not exceeded the proconsul’s sentence, he ought not to be held among the infamous as one to be condemned to temporary exile for five years, since the severity of the sentence seems to transact/settle along with the other damages. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. venustiano. * <a 198 pp. vi k. mart. saturnino et gallo conss.>

the emperors to venustianus. * <in 198, on the 6th day before the kalends of march, saturninus and gallus consuls.>

CJ.2.11.5: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.11.5: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Decuriones quidem, item filios decurionum fustibus castigari prohibitum est: verum si iniuriam te fecisse proconsul vir clarissimus pronuntiavit, ignominia notatus es. * sev. et ant. aa. ambrosio.

It has been prohibited that decurions, likewise the sons of decurions, be chastised with rods: but if the proconsul, a most illustrious man, has pronounced that you have committed an injury, you are marked with ignominy. * Severus and Antoninus, emperors, to Ambrosius.

* <a 198 pp. k. iul. saturnino et gallo conss.>

* <in the year 198, the day before the Kalends of July; Saturninus and Gallus, consuls.>

CJ.2.11.6: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.11.6: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Ad tempus in opus publicum dati pristinum quidem statum retinent, sed damno infamiae et post impletum tempus subiciuntur. * sev. et ant.

Those assigned for a time to public works indeed retain their former status, but they are subjected to the penalty of infamy even after the term has been completed. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. .To. * <a 203 pp. vii id. dec. geta et plautiano conss.>

the Emperors. To. * <year 203, pp., December 7, when Geta and Plautianus were consuls.>

CJ.2.11.7: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.11.7: Emperor Antoninus

Nemo ob id, quod bonis paternis se abstinuit, infamis est. * ant. a. demetrio.

No one is infamous on the ground that he has abstained from his paternal goods. * Antoninus Augustus to Demetrius.

* <a 205 pp. v id. ian. antonino a. et geta utrisque ii conss.>

* <in 205, on the 5th day before the Ides of January (January 9), under Antoninus Augustus and Geta, both consuls for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.11.8: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.11.8: Emperor Antoninus

Furti si condemnata es, citra verbera quoque fustium famae damnum subisti. quod si res furtiva, quam alter subripuit apud te ignorantem comperta est, non laesit existimationem tuam sententia durior. * ant.

If you have been condemned for theft, even without beatings by cudgels, you have undergone damage to your reputation. But if the stolen property, which another person purloined, was discovered with you while you were unaware, a harsher sentence did not injure your reputation. * Antoninus.

a. ulpiae. * <a 205 pp. x k. mart. antonino a. et geta utrisque ii conss.>

at the Ulpian basilica. * <in 205, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, when Antoninus Augustus and Geta were each consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.11.9: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.11.9: Emperor Antoninus

Neminem sequitur infamia ob defensa negotia publica patriae suae. * ant. a. laeto.

No one incurs infamy on account of defending the public affairs of his own fatherland. * Antoninus Augustus to Laetus.

* <a 208 pp. xii k. mart. antonino a. et geta utrisque iii conss.>

* <in the year 208, posted on the 12 Kalends of March (February 18), with Antoninus Augustus and Geta, both consuls for the 3rd time.>

CJ.2.11.10: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.11.10: Emperor Antoninus

Iniuriarum ex persona quoque servi damnatus infamia notatur. * ant. a. severo.

One convicted of injuries, even arising from the person of a slave, is marked with infamy. * previously by Severus.

* <a 208 pp. iiii k. aug. isdem conss.>

* <a in the year 208, posted on the 4th day before the Kalends of August (July 29), with the same consuls.>

CJ.2.11.11: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.11.11: Emperor Alexander Severus

Debitores qui bonis cesserint, licet ex ea causa bona eorum venierint, infames non fiunt. * alex. a. irenaeo.

Debtors who have ceded their goods, although on that account their goods have been sold, do not become infamous. * Alexander Augustus to Irenaeus.

* <a 223 pp. x k. maias maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <A.D. 223, posted on the tenth day before the Kalends of May, in the consulship of Maximus II and Aelianus.>

CJ.2.11.12: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.11.12: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si te expilasse hereditatem sententia praesidis constitit, non ex eo, quod non et alia tibi poena inrogata est, furti improbioris infamiam evitasti. * alex. a. donato.

If by the sentence of the governor it has been established that you have plundered an inheritance, you have not, on that account—that no further penalty was imposed upon you—avoided the infamy of the more shameless theft. * Alexander Augustus to Donatus.

* <a 224 pp. k. iul. iuliano ii et crispino conss.>

* <a 224 the second day before the Kalends of July, under the consuls Julian 2 and Crispinus.>

CJ.2.11.13: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.11.13: Emperor Alexander Severus

Ea, quae pater testamento suo filios increpans scripsit, infames quidem filios iure non faciunt, sed apud bonos et graves opinionem eius, qui patri displicuit, onerant. * alex. a. iuventio.

Those things which a father, rebuking his sons, wrote in his testament do not, indeed, make the sons infamous in law, but among the good and the grave they burden the opinion of him who displeased his father. * alexander augustus to juventius.

* <a 229 xiii k. nov. ipso a. iii et dione conss.>

* <a 229 the 13th day before the Kalends of November, with the emperor himself (in his 3rd consulship) and Dio as consuls.>

CJ.2.11.14: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.11.14: Emperor Gordian

Nullam existimationis infamiam avunculus tuus pertimescat, ictibus fustium subiectus ob crimen habita quaestione, si sententia non praecessit ignominiae maculam inrogans. * gord. a. iovino.

Let your uncle fear no infamy of reputation, though subjected to cudgel-blows on account of a charge, an inquiry having been held, if no sentence has previously preceded imposing the blot of ignominy. * Gordian Augustus to Jovinus.

* <a 238 pp. vi k. sept. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, published on the 6th day before the Kalends of September, in the consulship of Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.11.15: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.11.15: Emperor Gordian

Decreto amplissimi ordinis luctu feminarum deminuto tristior habitus ceteraque hoc genus insignia mulieribus remittuntur, non etiam intra tempus, quo lugere maritum moris est, matrimonium contrahere permittitur, cum etiam, si nuptias alias intra hoc tempus secuta est, tam ea quam is, qui sciens eam duxit uxorem, etiam si miles sit, perpetuo edicto labem pudoris contrahit. * gord. a. sulpiciae.

By decree of the most distinguished Order, the mourning of women having been diminished, the sadder attire and the other insignia of this kind are remitted to women; yet it is not permitted to contract marriage within the time in which it is the custom to mourn a husband, since even if she has entered other nuptials within this time, both she and the man who knowingly took her as wife, even if he is a soldier, incur by a perpetual edict a stain of modesty. * Gordian Augustus to Sulpicia.

* <a 239 pp. xvii k. iul. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, published on the 17th day before the kalends of july, gordian augustus and aviola, consuls.>

CJ.2.11.16: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.11.16: Emperor Gordian

Fustibus caesum, cui per praeconem ita dictum est: " katygorian aneu tinos dikaias hupostasews ohutws agenes huparchwn my enistaso " ut calumniatorem videri notatum ideoque esse famosum manifestum est. * gord. a. domitiano.

Beaten with clubs, to whom through a crier it was thus said: " do not bring an accusation without any just foundation, being thus ignoble as you are " it is manifest that he is seen to have been marked as a calumniator and therefore to be infamous. * Gordian Augustus to Domitianus.

* <a 240 pp. iii k. aug. sabino et venusto conss.>

* <AD 240, on July 30, in the consulship of Sabinus and Venustus.>

CJ.2.11.17: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.11.17: Emperor Gordian

Verbum precibus insertum potius verecundiam onerare quam ullam existimationis maculam videtur adspergere. etenim cum non causa cognita dictum est sukophanteis , sed ad postulatum patroni interlocutione iudicis responsum sit, nequaquam hoc infamiam inrogat. * gord.

A word inserted into petitions seems rather to burden modesty than to sprinkle any stain upon reputation. For since sukophanteis was not said with the cause having been examined, but was the judge’s answer by an interlocution to the advocate’s request, this in no way imposes infamy. * gord.

a. magno. * <a 242 pp. viii k. oct. attico et praetextato conss.>

to Magnus. *

CJ.2.11.18: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.11.18: Emperor Gordian

Non damnatos quidem dumtaxat iniuriae, sed pactos quoque perpetuum infamat edictum. verum pactos eos demum, qui ullos adversariis nummos pro mala conscientia ex transactione numerassent, in hac causa placuit intellegi. ceterum simplex eius rei gratia integram existimationem illibatamque conservat.

Not only those convicted of injury, but those who have made a pact as well are branded with infamy by the perpetual edict. However, by “those who have made a pact” are to be understood only those who, by reason of a bad conscience, have counted out any coins to their adversaries from a transaction/settlement. Otherwise, a mere gratuity in that matter preserves one’s entire reputation unimpaired and unsullied.

quod si iureiurando decisa contentio est, nemo dubitaverit, quin religionem absolutio iudicantis sequatur. * gord. a. antiocho.

But if the dispute has been decided by an oath, let no one doubt that the acquittal of the judge follows the religious obligation. * Gordian Augustus to Antiochus.

* <a 260 pp. xiiii k. ian. saeculare ii et donato conss.>

* <in the year 260, posted, on the 14th day before the Kalends of January, in the consulship of Saecularis for the 2nd time and Donatus.>

CJ.2.11.19: Imperatores carinus, numer.

CJ.2.11.19: Emperors carinus, numer.

Interlocutio praesidis, quae indicta est, infamem eum de quo quaeris fecisse non videtur, cum non specialiter ob iniuriam vel admissam vim condemnatus, sed ita praesidis verbis gravatus est et admonitus, ut ad melioris vitae frugem se reformet. * carinus et numer. aa. aristocrati.

The interlocutory ruling of the governor, which has been pronounced, does not seem to have made infamous the man about whom you inquire, since he was not condemned specifically for an injury or for violence committed, but was burdened and admonished by the governor’s words in such a way that he reform himself to the fruit of a better life. * Carinus and Numerian, Augusti, to Aristocrates

* <a 284 pp. xvii k. febr. carino ii et numeriano aa. conss.>

* <a in the year 284, on the 17th day before the Kalends of February, with Carinus for the 2nd time and Numerian, the Augusti, as consuls.>

CJ.2.11.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.11.20: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Improbum fenus exercentibus et usuras usurarum illicite exigentibus infamiae macula inroganda est. * diocl. et maxim.

Upon those practicing improper usury and illicitly exacting interest upon interest, a stain of infamy is to be imposed. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. fortunato. * <a 290 pp. xvi k. mart. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the emperors to fortunatus. * <a 290 published 16 k. Mar., the same emperors being consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.11.21: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.11.21: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si fratres tui minores dumtaxat aetate in ludicrae artis ostentatione spectaculum sui populo praebuerunt, inviolatum existimationem obtinent. * diocl. et maxim.

If your brothers, younger only in age, have, in an ostentation of the histrionic art, provided a spectacle of themselves to the people, they retain an inviolate reputation. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. statio. * <a 290 d. v k. sept. ipsis aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Statio. * <in the year 290, on the 5th day before the Kalends of September, when the Augusti themselves were consuls.>

CJ.2.11.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.11.22: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Fidem rumpens societatis cum infamiae periculo suo nomine pro socio conventus ad faciendum satis urguetur. * diocl. et maxim.

Breaking the faith of partnership, with the peril of infamy, he, when convened, is pressed in his own name, on behalf of his partner, to make satisfaction. * diocletian and maximian

aa. et cc. domitiano. * <a 294 d. vi id. dec. nicodemiae cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to domitianus. * <in the year 294, given on the 6th day before the ides of december (december 8), at nicomedia, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.12.0. De procuratoribus.

CJ.2.12.0. On Procurators.

CJ.2.12.1: Imperator pius

CJ.2.12.1: The pious emperor

Cautio ratihabitionis tunc exigitur a procuratore, quotiens incertum est, an ei negotium mandatum est. * divus pius severo. * <a 150 pp. iiii id. oct.

Security for ratihabition is then demanded from a procurator, whenever it is uncertain whether the business has been mandated to him. * the deified Pius to Severus. * <a 150 pp. 4 id. Oct.

gallicano et vetere conss.>

in the consulship of gallicanus and vetus.>

CJ.2.12.2: Imperator divi fratres

CJ.2.12.2: The Emperors, the divine brothers

Cum rem pecuniariam esse dicas, potes per maritum tuum sollemnibus impletis appellationi adversariae respondere, cum appellationes pecuniariae etiam per procuratores exerceri ab utraque parte litigantium possunt. * divi fratres sextiliae. * <a 161 accepta viii k. aug.

Since you say the matter is pecuniary, you can, once the solemnities have been completed, answer your adversary’s appeal through your husband, since pecuniary appeals can also be conducted by procurators on either side of the litigants. * the deified brothers to Sextilia. * <a 161 received on the 8th day before the Kalends of August.

ipsis iii et ii conss.>

they themselves being consuls for the 3rd and 2nd time.>

CJ.2.12.3pr.: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.12.3pr.: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Eum, qui res agit heredum, a quibus tibi deberi fideicommissum dicis, evoca ad praetorem virum clarissimum, qui aut respondere tibi cogetur aut administratione negotiorum secundum formam iurisdictionis prohibebitur. * sev. et ant.

Summon before the praetor, a Most Illustrious man, the one who manages the affairs of the heirs, by whom you say a fideicommiss is owed to you; he will either be compelled to respond to you or will be prohibited from the administration of the affairs according to the form of the jurisdiction. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. pomponio. * <a 204 pp. x k. sept. cilone et libone conss.>

the Emperors to Pomponius. * <in the year 204, publicly posted on the 10th day before the Kalends of September, in the consulship of Cilo and Libo.>

CJ.2.12.3.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.12.3.1: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Deliberabit autem praetor, si non defandat heredes, debeatne te mittere in possessionem, secutus iurisdictionem, quae exerceri adversus indefensos solet. <a 204 pp. x k. sept. cilone et libone conss.>

However, the praetor will deliberate, if the heirs do not make a defense, whether he ought to send you into possession, following the jurisdiction which is wont to be exercised against undefended persons. <in the year 204, the 10th day before the Kalends of September, cilo and libo consuls.>

CJ.2.12.4: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.12.4: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Quia absente te iudicatum dicis, aequum est restitui tibi causae defensionem: nec oberit tibi, quod uxor tua interfuit iudicio aut etiam adquievit sententiae, cum aliena negotia per mulieres non aliter agi possunt, nisi in rem suam et proprium lucrum mandatae sunt eis actiones. * sev. et ant.

Because you say judgment was rendered with you absent, it is equitable that the defense of your cause be restored to you: nor will it be detrimental to you that your wife was present at the trial or even acquiesced in the sentence, since other people’s business cannot otherwise be transacted by women, unless actions have been mandated to them for their own interest and proper profit. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. saturnino. * <a 207 pp. prid. non.

the emperors to saturninus. * <in the year 207, on the day before the Nones.

ian. apro et maximo conss.>

jan. in the consulship of Aper and Maximus>

CJ.2.12.5: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.5: Emperor Antoninus

Actionem ei, qui absentis nomine agere vult, si non eum defendat, denegari oportere iam edicto perpetuo expressum est. * ant. a. pancratiae.

It has already been expressed in the perpetual edict that an action ought to be denied to him who wishes to act in the name of an absent person, if he does not defend him. * Antoninus Augustus to Pancratia.

* <a 212 pp. iii k. mart. duobus aspris conss.>

* <a 212, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of March, under the consulship of the two Aspri.>

CJ.2.12.6: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.6: Emperor Antoninus

Reum criminis constitutum defensionem causae suscipere non posse, antequam purgarit innocentiam suam, incognitum non est. * ant. a. marciano.

It is not unknown that one arraigned as a defendant for a crime cannot undertake the defense of a cause before he has cleared his innocence. * Antoninus Augustus to Marcianus.

* <a 223 d. vi k. mart. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <a 223 given on the 6th day before the Kalends of March, under the consulship of Maximus 2 and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.7: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.7: Emperor Antoninus

Militem nec pro patre vel matre vel uxore nec ex sacro rescripto procuratorio nomine experiri oportet, cum neque defensionem alienam suscipere vel redimere negotia vel quasi suffragatorem accedere utilitate publica permittatur. * ant. a. macrino mil.

A soldier ought not to litigate either on behalf of his father or mother or wife, nor, on the basis of a sacred rescript, to proceed in the name of a procurator, since by public utility he is permitted neither to undertake another’s defense nor to redeem business affairs nor to come forward as a sort of suffragator. * antoninus to macrinus, soldier.

* <a 223 pp. viii id. mart. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <A.D. 223, eight days before the Ides of March, in the consulship of Maximus (2nd time) and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.8: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.8: Emperor Antoninus

Quod quis sibi debitum exigere tibi mandavit, ante litis contestationem tu alii petendum mandare non potes. * ant. a. mansueto.

What someone has mandated you to exact as a debt owed to himself, before the contestation of the suit you cannot mandate to another to demand. * antoninus augustus to mansuetus.

* <a 223 pp. viii k. sept. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <a 223 pp. 8 days before the Kalends of September, under the consulship of Maximus (2) and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.9: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.9: Emperor Antoninus

Qui stipendia merent, suis negotiis superesse inoffensa disciplina possunt: nec potest dici eum, qui honesta et verecunda praecedente causa mandatas sibi actiones exercuerit, alieno negotio fungi, cum, licet intentio ex persona alterius bona fide sumatur, hunc tamen rem suam gerere non ambigitur. quod militibus meis interdici non modo absurdum, verum etiam iniquum est. * ant.

Those who earn stipends can, without offense to discipline, attend to their own business; nor can it be said that he who, with an honorable and seemly cause preceding, has exercised actions mandated to him, is performing another’s business, since, although the intention (claim) may be taken in good faith from the person of another, nevertheless it is not doubted that this man conducts his own affair. For this to be interdicted to my soldiers is not only absurd but also iniquitous. * ant.

a. aufidio. * < sine die et consule.>

to A. Aufidius. * < without date and consul.>

CJ.2.12.10: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.10: Emperor Antoninus

Si procurator ad unam speciem constitutus officium mandati egressus est, id quod gessit nullum domino praeiudicium facere potuit. quod si plenam potestatem agendi habuit, rem iudicatam rescindi non oportet, cum, si quid fraude vel dolo egit, convenire eum more iudiciorum non prohiberis. * ant.

If a procurator appointed for a single species has gone beyond the duty of the mandate, what he transacted could cause no prejudice to the owner. But if he had full power of acting, the res judicata ought not to be rescinded, since, if he did anything by fraud or dolus, you are not prohibited from proceeding against him in the manner of the courts. * ant.

a. castriciae. * <a 227 pp. iii k. mart. albino et maximo conss.>

to Castricia. * <in the year 227, published on the 3rd day before the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Albinus and Maximus.>

CJ.2.12.11pr.: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.11pr.: Emperor Antoninus

Neque tutores neque curatores ex sua persona in re pupilli vel adulescentis procuratorem facere possunt, sed actorem constituere debent. * ant. a. sebastiano.

Neither tutors nor curators can, from their own person, appoint a procurator in the matter of the ward (pupil) or the adolescent, but they ought to constitute an actor. * Antoninus Augustus to Sebastianus.

* <a 229 pp. prid. id. mai. alexandro a. iii et dione conss.>

* <in the year 229, publicly posted, on the day before the Ides of May, Alexander Augustus for the 3rd time and Dio, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.11.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.11.1: Emperor Antoninus

Pupillus autem vel pupilla vel adultus vel adulta tam ad agendum quam ad defendendum tutore seu curatore interveniente procuratorem ordinare possunt. <a 229 pp. prid. id. mai.

But a ward, whether male or female, or an adult, whether male or female, both for prosecuting and for defending, with a tutor or curator intervening, can appoint a procurator. <a 229 posted the day before the Ides of May.

alexandro a. iii et dione conss.>

in the consulship of Alexander for the 3rd time and of Dion, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.11.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.11.2: Emperor Antoninus

Ipsi autem tutores et curatores post litis contestationem a se factam ad exemplum procuratorum, qui litem contestati sunt, dare procuratores non prohibentur. <a 229 pp. prid. id. mai.

But the tutors and curators themselves, after the contestation of the suit made by themselves, after the example of procurators who have contested the suit, are not prohibited to appoint procurators. <a 229 pp. prid. id. mai.

alexandro a. iii et dione conss.>

under Alexander, Augustus, for the 3rd time, and Dio, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.12pr.: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.12pr.: Emperor Antoninus

Exigendi a filio tuo mandati, qui se defensioni tuae offerebat, duplici ratione necessitas non fuit, aut quod defendere quis sive libertus sive extraneus sine mandato potest ( satisdatione tamen pro defensione praestita et alia procul dubio observatione subiecta), aut quod filius, etiamsi ultro actionem patris nomine dirigat, mandatum probare non cogitur. * ant. a. frontino mil.

There was no necessity, for a twofold reason, of demanding from your son a mandate, when he was offering himself for your defense: either because anyone, whether a freedman or an outsider, can defend without a mandate (with surety nevertheless furnished for the defense and, without doubt, subject to another observance), or because a son, even if of his own accord he directs an action in his father’s name, is not compelled to prove a mandate. * Antoninus to Frontinus, a soldier.

* <a 230 v k. oct. agricola et clementino conss.>

* <a at 230 v on the 5th day before the kalends of october agricola and clementinus consuls.>

CJ.2.12.12.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.12.12.1: Emperor Antoninus

Sane quod necdum legitimam aetatem idem filius tuus compleverat, ob hoc quidem depellere procuratione eum iudex non iniuste potuit. sed multo iustius fuit vel huiusmodi defensorem audire, quam absentem quasi contumacem et indefensum gravi condemnatione adficere. <a 230 v k. oct.

Indeed, because that same son of yours had not yet completed the legitimate age, on this ground the judge could not unjustly drive him from the procuration. But it was much more just either to hear a defender of this kind, than to afflict the absent, as if contumacious and undefended, with a grave condemnation. <a 230 v k. oct.

agricola et clementino conss.>

Agricola and Clementinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.13: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.12.13: Emperor Gordian

Ita demum super lite persequenda, quam tibi mater mandavit, actionem intendere potes, si, cum primo litem contestareris, non est tibi eo nomine opposita praescriptio militiae: quod nec, cum appellatio agitur, tibi obici poterit. nam si integra res est, ratio perpetui edicti acceptam tibi non permittit alieno nomine actionem intendere. * gord.

Only then, concerning the suit to be pursued, which your mother entrusted to you, can you institute an action, if, when you first joined issue, the prescription of military service was not opposed to you under that title: which likewise cannot be objected to you when an appeal is being conducted. For if the matter is intact, the rationale of the perpetual edict does not permit you, having accepted it, to institute an action in another’s name. * gord.

a. viciano mil. * <a 239 iii id. ian. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

to Vicianus, soldier. * <in the year 239, on the 3rd day before the Ides of January, under the consulship of Gordianus Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.2.12.14: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.12.14: Emperor Gordian

Non hoc minus sententia adversus te lata iuris substiti, quod adversaria tua minor viginti quinque annis constituta causam suam marito sine curatore agendam mandavit. minoribus etenim aetas in damnis subvenire, non in rebus prospere gestis obesse consuevit. * gord.

I have nonetheless upheld as law the sentence pronounced against you, because your adversary, constituted as a minor under twenty-five years, mandated her case to her husband to be conducted without a curator. For indeed age is accustomed to come to the aid of minors in losses, not to be harmful in matters prosperously managed. * gord.

a. sabiniano. * <a 241 pp. iii non. oct.

to Sabinianus. * <in the year 241 pp. 3 days before the Nones of October.

gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

gordian augustus, for the 2nd time, and pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.15: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.12.15: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Litem te redemisse contra bonos mores precibus manifeste professus es, cum procurationem quidem suscipere ( quod officium gratuitum esse debet) non sit res illicita, huiusmodi autem officia non sine reprehensione suscipiantur. * diocl. et maxim.

You have manifestly professed that you have bought off the lawsuit by solicitations, contrary to good morals; since to undertake a procuration (which office ought to be gratuitous) is not an illicit thing, yet offices of this kind are undertaken not without reprehension. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. cornificio. * <a 293 pp. iii non. april.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Cornificius. * <a in the year 293, published on April 3.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.16: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.12.16: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Procuratorem vel actorem praedii, si non specialiter distrahendi mandatum accepit, ius rerum dominii vendendi non habere certum ac manifestum est. unde si non ex voluntate domini vendentibus his fundum comparasti, pervides improbum tuum desiderium esse dominium ex huiusmodi emptione tibi concedi desiderantis. * diocl.

It is certain and manifest that a procurator or agent of an estate, if he has not received a mandate specifically to sell (alienate), does not have the right to sell the owner’s property. Whence, if you bought the farm from these persons not by the will of the owner, you clearly see that your desire is improper—desiring that ownership (dominium) be granted to you from such a purchase. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. paconiae. * <a 293 s. non.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, at paconia. * <a 293 on the nones.

april. byzantii aa. conss.>

April. At Byzantium, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.12.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.12.17: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Invitus procurationem suscipere nemo cogitur nec eandem ultra, nisi provocationis causa, extendere. sed nec defensionem absentis subire compellitur, cum fidem susceptam implere sufficiat. * diocl.

No one is compelled to assume a procuration against his will, nor to extend the same further, unless for the purpose of an appeal. Nor is he compelled to undertake the defense of an absentee, since it suffices to fulfill the faith undertaken. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. mardonio. * <a 293 pp. non.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Mardonius. * <a 293 on the day before the Nones

iun. philippopoli diocletiano v et maximiano iiii aa. conss.>

june, at philippopolis, in the consulship of diocletian for the 5th time and maximian for the 4th, the augusti.>

CJ.2.12.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.12.18: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Alienam suscipere defensionem virile officium est et ultra sexum muliebrem esse constat. filio itaque tuo, si pupillus est, tutorem pete. * diocl.

To undertake another’s defense is a virile office and is held to be beyond the female sex. Therefore, for your son, if he is a minor ward, seek a tutor (guardian). * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. dionysiae. * <a 294 s. xii k. febr.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Dionysia. * <in the year 294, on January 21.>

sirmi cc. conss.>

at sirmium; the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.2.12.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.12.19: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si pretium, quod actoribus alienis fundum vel servum citra mandatum tibi distrahentibus dedisti et neque praecessisse neque secuta contractum domini declaretur voluntas, in rem autem eius id pretium cessisse provinciae praeses causa cognita perspexerit, hoc tibi restitui iubebit. * diocl. et maxim.

If the price which you gave to another’s agents who, without a mandate, were selling off to you an estate or a slave, and it is declared that the owner’s will neither preceded nor followed the contract, but the provincial governor, after the case has been examined, has ascertained that that price has accrued into his estate, he will order this to be restored to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. firmo. * <a 294 s. prid. id. mart.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Firmus. * <a 294 s., the day before the Ides of March.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.20: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.12.20: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Nihil arbitramur interesse, utrum ab initio an coepta iam lite negotium ad personam procuratoris transitum fecerit. * diocl. et maxim.

We judge that it makes no difference whether from the beginning, or with the suit already begun, the matter has made a transition to the person of the procurator. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. ad verinum praes. syriae. * <a 294 d. x k. oct.

the augusti and the caesars to verinus, praeses of syria. * <a 294 on the 10th day before the kalends of october.

demesso cc. conss.>

At Demessus, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.12.21pr.: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.12.21pr.: Emperor Constantine

Maritus citra mandatum in rebus uxoris cum sollemni satisdatione et alia observatione intercedendi habeat liberam facultatem, ne feminae persequendae litis obtentu in contumeliam matronalis pudoris inreverentur inruant nec conventibus virorum vel iudiciis interesse cogantur. * const. a. ad concilium prov.

A husband, without a mandate, in the affairs of his wife, with solemn suretyship and the other observance for interceding, shall have free faculty to intervene, lest women, under the pretext of prosecuting a lawsuit, irreverently rush into contumely of matronal modesty, and be compelled to attend men’s assemblies or courts. * const. a. to the provincial council.

africae. * <a 315 pp. iiii id. mart. hadrumeto constantino a. iiii et licinio iiii conss.>

of Africa. * <in the year 315, on the 4th day before the Ides of March, at Hadrumetum, when Constantine Augustus for the 4th time and Licinius for the 4th were consuls.>

CJ.2.12.21.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.12.21.1: Emperor Constantine

Sin autem mandatum susceperit, licet maritus sit, id solum exsequi debet, quod procuratio emissa praescripserit. <a 315 pp. iiii id. mart. hadrumeto constantino a. iiii et licinio iiii conss.>

But if he has received a mandate, although he is a husband, he must carry out only that which the issued procuration has prescribed. <a 315 posted on the 4th day before the Ides of March (March 12), at Hadrumetum, Constantine Augustus 4 and Licinius 4, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.22: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.12.22: Emperor Constantine

Procuratoribus institutis et post contestatam litem dominis effectis ii qui mandaverant non habeant facultatem negotia persequendi, nisi capitales inimicitiae vel morbus vel alia necessaria causa intercesserit: tunc enim etiam invitis his transferri lis potest. * const. a. ad bassum pu. * <a 319 d. xiii k. iul.

With procurators instituted and, after the suit has been contested, having been made “masters (of the suit),” those who had given the mandate shall not have the faculty of pursuing the business, unless capital enmities or illness or another necessary cause has intervened: for then the suit can be transferred even against their will. * constitution of the Augustus to Bassus, Urban Prefect. * <a 319 d. 13 k. iul.

constantino a. v et licinio c. conss.>

constantine, augustus for the 5th time, and licinius, caesar, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.23: Imperator Julianus

CJ.2.12.23: Emperor Julian

Nulla dubitatio est post causam in iudicio agitatam utpote dominum litis procuratorem effectum etiam post excessum eius, qui agendam vel defendendam litem mandaverat, posse inchoatam causam iurgiumque finire, quippe cum et procuratorem posse eum instituere veteres iuris voluerunt conditores. * iul. a. secundo pp. * <a 363 lecta apud acta prid.

There is no doubt that, after the case has been argued in court, since the procurator has been made the master of the suit, he too can, even after the decease of the one who had mandated that the suit be prosecuted or defended, bring the initiated case and the controversy to an end, inasmuch as the ancient founders of the law also wished that he be able to appoint a procurator. * Jul., the Augustus, to Secundus, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 363 read among the acta the day before.

non. febr. iuliano a. iiii et sallustio conss.>

the Nones of February; Julian Augustus for the 4th time and Sallustius, consuls.>

CJ.2.12.24: Imperatores Gratianus, Valentinianus, Theodosius

CJ.2.12.24: The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, Theodosius

Licet in principio quaestionis persona debet inquiri procuratoris, an ad agendum negotium mandatum a domino litis habeat, tamen si falsus procurator inveniatur, nec dici controversiae solent nec potest esse iudicium. * grat. valentin.

Although at the beginning of the case the person of the procurator ought to be inquired into, whether he has a mandate from the master of the suit for conducting the business, nevertheless, if a false procurator is found, neither are the issues of the controversy usually stated nor can there be a judgment. * grat. valentin.

et theodos. aaa. pancratio pu. * <a 382 d. prid.

and Theodosius, the Augusti, to Pancratius, Urban Prefect. * in 382, on the day before

non. april. constantinopoli antonio et syagrio conss.>

the nones of April, at Constantinople, in the consulship of Antonius and Syagrius.>

CJ.2.12.25: Imperatores Valentinianus, Theodosius, Arcadius

CJ.2.12.25: Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, Arcadius

Quicumque praetorianae vel urbanae praefecturae sublimissimae fastigium vel magisterium militare vel consistorianae comitivae insignia meruerit dignitatis vel proconsulare ius dixerit aut vicarii fuerit administratione subfultus, si quid ab eo vel infertur iurgium vel refertur, procuratoris personam in negotii sui iura substituat. quod si quis sanctionis huius statuta transgressus iudiciis sese iurgaturus ingesserit, careat eius litis sorte, cuius non per procuratorem expectavit eventum. iudex nihilo minus, qui contra fecerit, noverit a se viginti libras auri, ab officio quoque suo tantundem ponderis exigendum.

Whoever shall have merited the most exalted summit of the praetorian or urban prefecture, or the military magistery, or the insignia of the consistorial comitiva of rank, or shall have exercised proconsular jurisdiction, or has been sustained by the administration of a vicarius—if any litigation is either brought by him or against him, let him substitute the person of a procurator for the rights of his own business. But if anyone, transgressing the statutes of this sanction, shall have thrust himself into the courts to litigate, let him be deprived of the lot of that suit, the outcome of which he did not await through a procurator. The judge, nevertheless, who shall have done otherwise, shall know that 20 pounds of gold are to be exacted from himself, and likewise from his office an equal weight is to be exacted.

* valentin. theodos. et arcad.

* valentinian, theodosius, and arcadius.

aaa. tatiano pp. * <a 392 d. xviii k. oct. arcadio a. ii et rufino conss.>

the augusti. to tatianus, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 392, on the 18th day before the kalends of october, when arcadius augustus for the 2nd time and rufinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.12.26: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.2.12.26: Emperors Arcadius, Honorius, Theodosius

In pecuniariis controversiis, etsi specialiter hoc praecepti vel sententiae minime designat auctoritas, passim unicuique, si tamen ita maluerit, per procuratorem respondendi tribuimus facultatem: nisi forte quosdam, iustiores nonnumquam ob causas, vehementior maximi iudicis vocabit auctoritas. * arcad. honor.

In pecuniary controversies, even if the authority of a precept or of a sentence by no means designates this specially, we generally grant to each person, if he should so prefer, the faculty of answering through a procurator; unless perhaps the more forceful authority of the supreme judge, sometimes for more just causes, will summon certain persons. * Arcadius, Honorius.

et theodos. aaa. anthemio pp. * <a 406 d. prid.

and theodosius, the three augusti, to anthemius, praetorian prefect. * <a 406 on the day before.

id. oct. constantinopoli arcadio a. et probo conss.>

on the Ides of October, at Constantinople, under Arcadius Augustus and Probus, consuls.>

CJ.2.13.0. Ne liceat potentioribus patrocinium litigantibus praestare vel actiones in se transferre.

CJ.2.13.0. That it be not permitted for the more powerful to provide patronage to litigants or to transfer actions onto themselves.

CJ.2.13.1pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.13.1pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Divine admodum constituit divus claudius consultissimus princeps parens noster, ut iactura causae adficerentur ii, qui sibi potentiorum patrocinium advocassent, ut hoc proposito metu iudiciariae lites potius suo marte discurrerent, quam potentiorem domorum opibus niterentur. * diocl. et maxim.

Most divinely the deified Claudius, our most judicious princeps, our predecessor, established that those who had invoked the patronage of more powerful men should incur the loss of the case, so that, with this fear set forth, judicial lawsuits might rather proceed by their own mettle than rely on the more powerful by the resources of their houses. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aristobulo salutem. * <a 293 d. iiii id. sept. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to aristobulus, greeting. * <a 293 on 10 september, the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.13.1.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.13.1.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quem palam est in tantum provincialium quaestionibus esse commotum, ut huius sanctionis rectores provinciarium custodes et contemptae rei vindices fecerit, scilicet ut in actores seu procuratores in subsidia negotiorum vel usurpatos gratia vel redemptos severa sententia vindicarent. <a 293 d. iiii id. sept. aa. conss.>

It is evident that he was so stirred concerning the investigations of provincials that, by this sanction, he made the governors of the provinces guardians and avengers of the matter held in contempt, namely, that they should punish with a severe sentence the actors or procurators employed in support of lawsuits, whether installed by favor or purchased. <a 293 on the 4th day before the Ides of September, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.13.1.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.13.1.2: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quare cum intersit et universe omnium et praecipue tenuiorum, qui saepe importunis potentium intercessionibus opprimuntur, inter litigatores audientiam tuam impertire debebis: nec metuas, ne praeiudices clarissimis viris, cum divus claudius huius rei rectorem provinciae et disceptatorem et, si res postularet, ultorem specialiter fecerit. <a 293 d. iiii id. sept. aa. conss.>

Wherefore, since it is in the interest both universally of everyone and especially of the poorer, who are often oppressed by the importunate intercessions of the powerful, you must impart your audience among litigants; nor should you fear that you will prejudice the most illustrious men, since the deified Claudius has specifically made the governor of the province the director of this matter and the adjudicator and, if the matter should require it, the avenger. <a 293 d. 4 id. sept. aa. conss.>

CJ.2.13.2: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.2.13.2: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Si cuiuscumque modi cautiones ad potentium fuerint delatae personas, debiti creditores iactura multentur. aperta enim credentium videtur esse voracitas, qui alios actionum suarum redimunt exactores. * honor.

If securities of whatever kind shall have been transferred to the persons of the powerful, let the creditors of the debt be punished by a forfeiture. For the voracity of lenders seems manifest, who buy others as exactors of their actions. * Honorius.

et theodos. aa. iohanni pp. * <a 422 d. v id. iul. ravenna honorio xiii et theodosio x aa. conss.>

and theodosius, the augusti, to john, praetorian prefect. *

CJ.2.14.0. De his, qui potentiorum nomine titulos praediis adfigunt vel eorum nomina in lite praetendunt.

CJ.2.14.0. Concerning those who affix titles to estates in the name of the more powerful, or put forward their names in litigation.

CJ.2.14.1pr.: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.14.1pr.: The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius

Animadvertimus plurimos iniustarum desperatione causarum potentium titulos et clarissimae privilegia dignitatis his, a quibus in ius vocantur, opponere. * arcad. et honor.

We have observed that very many, in desperation at unjust causes, oppose to those by whom they are summoned into court the titles of the powerful and the most illustrious privileges of dignity. * Arcadius and Honorius.

aa. messalae pp. * <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

the emperors to Messala, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 400, given on the 5th day before the Kalends of December (27 November), at Milan, with Stilicho as consul.>

CJ.2.14.1.1: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.14.1.1: The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Ac ne in fraudem legum adversiorumque terrorem his nominibus abutantur et titulis, qui huiusmodi dolo scientes conivent, adficiendi sunt publicae sententiae nota. <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

And lest they abuse these names and titles to the defrauding of the laws and the terror of adversaries, those who knowingly connive at such deceit are to be subjected to the mark of a public sentence. <a 400, on the 5th day before the Kalends of December, at Milan, with Stilicho as consul.>

CJ.2.14.1.2: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.14.1.2: Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Quod si nullum in hac parte consensum praebuerint, ut libelli aut tituli eorum nominibus aedibus adfigantur alienis, eatenus in eos qui fecerint vindicetur, ut adfecti plumbo perpetuis metallorum suppliciis deputentur. <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

But if they shall have furnished no consent in this matter, that notices or title-boards be affixed in their names to others’ buildings, then let it be exacted to this extent against those who have done it: that, branded with lead, they be assigned to perpetual punishments in the mines. <at Milan, on the 5th day before the Kalends of December, in the year 400, under the consulship of Stilicho.>

CJ.2.14.1.3: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.14.1.3: The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Quisquis igitur lite pulsatus, cum ipse et rei sit possessor et iuris et titulum illatae sollemniter pulsationis exceperit, contradictoriis libellis aut titulis alterius nomen crediderit ingerendum, eius possessionis aut causae, quam sub hac fraude aut retinere aut evitare temptaverit, amissione multetur nec repetendae actionis, etiam si ei probabilis negotii merita suffragantur, habeat facultatem. <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

Whoever therefore, having been haled into litigation, when he himself is possessor both of the thing and of the right and has accepted the title of the formally brought suit, shall have believed that another’s name ought to be inserted into contradictory libels or titles, let him be penalized by forfeiture of that possession or cause which under this fraud he has attempted either to retain or to evade, and let him not have the faculty of renewing the action, even if the merits of a plausible business support him. <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

CJ.2.14.1.4: Imperatores Arcadius, Honorius

CJ.2.14.1.4: Emperors Arcadius, Honorius

Eos sane, qui se sponte alienis litibus inseri patiuntur, cum his neque proprietas neque possessio competat, veluti famae suae prodigos et calumniarum redemptores notari oportebit. <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

Indeed, those who of their own accord allow themselves to be inserted into others’ lawsuits, when neither proprietorship nor possession pertains to them, ought to be marked as prodigals of their own reputation and redeemers of calumnies. <a 400 d. v k. dec. mediolani stilichone cons.>

CJ.2.15.0. Ut nemo privatus titulos praediis suis vel alienis imponat vel vela regalia suspendat.

CJ.2.15.0. That no private person place titles upon his own or others’ estates, or suspend regal awnings.

CJ.2.15.1: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.2.15.1: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Regiae maiestatis est, ut nostrae tantum domus et patrimonia titulorum inscriptione legantur. omnes igitur intellegant publico iuri esse deputandum id, cui nomen dominicum praescribitur. * honor.

It is of royal majesty that only our house and patrimonies be read by the inscription of titles. Let all therefore understand that that to which the dominical name is prescribed is to be assigned to public law. * honor.

et theodos. aa. flaviano pp. * <a 408 d. iii k. dec. ravennae basso et philippo conss.>

and Theodosius, the Emperors, to Flavianus, Praetorian Prefect. * <AD 408, on 29 November, at Ravenna, under the consuls Bassus and Philippus.>

CJ.2.15.2pr.: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.15.2pr.: The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinianus

Ne quis vela regia suspendere vel titulum audeat sine praeceptione iudicis competentis rebus alienis imponere, quas quocumque modo qualiscumque persona possideat, licet non dominus, licet iniustus possessor ac temerarius invasor qui possidet doceatur. * theodos. et valentin.

Let no one dare to hang the royal awnings or to impose a title upon another’s property without the precept of the competent judge, property which, in whatever manner whatsoever person may possess it, even if not the owner, even if an unjust possessor and a rash invader—let the one who possesses be informed. * theodosius and valentinian.

aa. ad florentium pp. * <a 439 d. xv k. iul. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>

the emperors to florentius, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 439, on the 15th day before the kalends of july, at constantinople, in the consulship of theodosius augustus for the 17th time and festus, consuls.>

CJ.2.15.2.1: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.15.2.1: The Emperors Theodosius, Valentinianus

Eum autem, qui hoc facere ausus fuerit, si plebeius est, ultimo subdi supplicio, si clarissimus vel curialis vel miles vel clericus, proscribendum deportandumque non solum civitate romana, sed etiam libertate privari censemus, exsecutoresque huius legis omnes iudices esse oportere. <a 439 d. xv k. iul. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>

But the one who shall have dared to do this—if he is a plebeian, let him be subjected to the ultimate punishment; if a clarissimus (of senatorial rank) or a curialis (city councilor) or a soldier or a cleric, we decree that he is to be proscribed and deported and to be deprived not only of Roman citizenship but even of liberty; and that all judges ought to be the executors of this law. <a 439, June 17, at Constantinople; Theodosius in his 17th [year as Augustus] and Festus, consuls.>

CJ.2.15.2.2: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.15.2.2: The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian

Deponendi autem vel frangendi titulos vel etiam conscindendi vela non solum eis, ad quorum praeiudicium tale aliquid contra fas contraque leges committitur, sed omnibus tam liberis quam servis sine metu calumniae vel accusatione criminis licentiam ministramus, decernentes iudices eorumque officia tricenis libris auri multari, si talem accusationem vel admittant vel depositam scribi concedant. <a 439 d. xv k. iul. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>

We grant license for taking down or breaking titles, and even for tearing to pieces veils, not only to those to whose prejudice something of this sort is committed against divine right and against the laws, but to all, both free and slave, without fear of calumny or a criminal accusation; decreeing that judges and their staffs be fined 30 pounds of gold, if they either admit such an accusation or allow a filed one to be written. <a 439 d. xv k. iul. constantinopoli theodosio a. xvii et festo conss.>

CJ.2.16.0. Ut nemini liceat sine iudicis auctoritate signa imprimere rebus, quas alius tenet.

CJ.2.16.0. That no one may, without a judge’s authority, impress seals upon things which another holds.

CJ.2.16.1: Imperator probus

CJ.2.16.1: Emperor Probus

Saepe rescriptum est ante sententiam signa rebus, quas aliquis tenebat, imprimi non oportere. et ideo ea rebus aut fructibus apud te constitutis illicite imposita poteris ipse licite detrahere, ut amotis his causa, quae ex officio tibi infertur, terminetur. * probus a. octaviano.

It has often been stated by rescript that, before sentence, seals ought not to be imprinted upon things which someone was holding. And therefore those seals illicitly imposed upon the things or the fruits placed in your possession you yourself may licitly remove, so that, these removed, the cause which is brought against you ex officio may be terminated. * Probus A. to Octavianus.

* <a 278 d. iiii k. iul. probo a. ii et lupo conss.>

* <in the year 278, on the 4th day before the Kalends of July, Probus Augustus for the 2nd time and Lupus, consuls.>

CJ.2.16.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.16.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Rebus, quas alius detinet, imprimere signa nemini licet, etiam si suas vel obligatas sibi eas esse aliquis adfirmet. * diocl. et maxim.

It is permitted to no one to impress seals upon things which another detains, even if someone affirms that they are his own or pledged to him. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. craugasio. * <>

the Augusti to Craugasius. * <>

CJ.2.17.0. Ne fiscus vel res publica procurationem alicui patrocinii causa in lite praestet.

CJ.2.17.0. Let the fisc or the commonwealth not provide procuration to anyone, for the sake of patronage, in litigation.

CJ.2.17.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.17.1: The Emperor Gordian

Rei publicae viribus adiuvari te sub obtentu quantitatis, quam eidem rei publicae debes, contra iuris rationem desideras. * gord. a. legitimo et aliis.

You desire to be aided by the Republic’s resources under the pretext of the sum which you owe to that same Republic, contrary to the rationale of law. * gordian the emperor to legitimus and others.

* <a 241 pp. viii id. ian. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

* <in the year 241, on January 6, in the consulship of Gordian, Augustus for the 2nd time, and Pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.17.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.17.2: Emperor Gordian

Cum adlegas partem rerum vel actionum dimidiam fisco, quo magis viribus eius protegaris, velle te donare, huiusmodi litium donationem admitti temporum meorum disciplina non patitur. unde ius tuum, si quod tibi competit, citra invidiam fisci mei tueri sollemniter cura. * gord.

Since you allege that you wish to donate to the fisc a half share of the goods or of the actions, in order that you may be the more protected by its strength, the discipline of my times does not allow a donation of lawsuits of this kind to be admitted. Wherefore, in due form take care to protect your right, if any belongs to you, without provoking the ill‑will of my fisc. * gord.

a. tertullo. * <a 241 s. vi non. aug.

to Tertullus. * <in 241, on the 6th day before the Nones of aug.

gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

gordian, augustus, for the 2nd time, and pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.17.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.17.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Abhorret saeculo nostro sub praetextu debiti procurationem contra privatos fiscum praestare. * diocl. et maxim.

It is repugnant to our age that, under the pretext of a debt, the fisc should furnish procuration against private persons. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. amphioni. * <a 293 d. viii k. ian. philippopoli aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Amphion. * <in 293, on the 8th day before the Kalends of January (25 December), at Philippopolis, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.17.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.17.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ad fraudem creditoribus faciendam invidiam fiscalem contra creditoribus faciendam invidiam fiscalem contra saeculi nostri tranquillitatem implorari non decet. redde itaque fisco nostro quod debes, ac si conventus velut a creditore fueris, quem tibi numerasse pecuniam negas, exceptione non numeratae pecuniae secundum leges uti potes. * diocl.

For the purpose of perpetrating fraud upon creditors, it is not fitting that the fiscal odium be implored against creditors, against the tranquility of our age. Therefore render to our fisc what you owe; and if you should be sued as though by a creditor, whom you deny to have counted out money to you, you can use, according to the laws, the exception of money not counted. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. achilli. * <a 294 d. xvi k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Achilles. * <a in the year 294, given on the 16th day before the Kalends of January.

sirmi cc. conss.>

At Sirmium, the most illustrious consuls.>

CJ.2.18.0. De negotiis gestis.

CJ.2.18.0. On the Management of Affairs.

CJ.2.18.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.18.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Cum tutores filiorum tuorem suspectos faceres eisdemque tutores seu curatores peteres, munere pietatis fungebaris: quae causa non admittit negotiorum gestorum actionem, ut sumptus, quos in ea lite fecisti, repetere possis, cum etiam, si quis pro adfectione eos petere potest. * sev. et ant.

When you made the tutors of your sons suspect and asked tutors or curators for them, you were discharging the duty of piety: which ground does not admit the action of business transacted (actio negotiorum gestorum), so that you might recover the expenses which you incurred in that lawsuit, since indeed even one who seeks them on account of affection can. * sev. et ant.

aa. sopatrae. * <a 196 pp. iii non. oct.

the Emperors to Sopatra. * <a 196 present 3rd day before the Nones of October.

dextro et prisco conss.>

in the consulship of Dexter and Priscus, consuls.>

CJ.2.18.2: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.18.2: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Contra impuberes quoque, si negotia eorum urguentibus necessitatis rationibus utiliter gerantur, in quantum locupletiores facti sunt, dandam actionem ex utilitate ipsorum receptum est. quae tibi quoque iure decernetur, quod sumptus in pupillum, quem romae tutorum petendorum gratia duxisti, fecisse te adlegas, si non matertera eiusdem se facere paratam propriis impendiis ostenderit. * sev.

Also against minors, if their affairs are conducted usefully, with urgent reasons of necessity pressing, it is established that an action is to be granted, insofar as they have been made more wealthy, on account of their own utility. This will also rightly be decreed to you, because you allege that you incurred expenses for the ward, whom you brought to Rome for the sake of petitioning for guardians, unless his maternal aunt shows herself prepared to do it at her own expense. * sev.

et ant. aa. rufinae. * <a 197 pp. xv k. febr.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Rufina. * <a 197 pp. 15 k. Feb.

laterano et rufino conss.>

under Lateranus and Rufinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.18.3: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.18.3: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Sive pro fratre coherede pecuniam solvisti, negotiorum gestorum actione experiri potes, sive pignoris liberandi gratia debitum universum solvere coactus es, actionem eandem habebis vel iudicio familiae herciscundae, si non est inter vos redditum, eam quantitatem adsequeris. * sev. et ant.

Whether you have paid money on behalf of your brother, a coheir, you can proceed by the action for business transacted; or whether you were compelled to pay the entire debt for the sake of freeing the pledge, you will have the same action, or by the action for partitioning the family estate; if it has not been settled between you, you will obtain that amount. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. hadriano. * <a 199 pp. viii k. febr. anullino et frontone conss.>

the Emperors to Hadrianus. * <a 199 on the eighth day before the Kalends of February (January 25), in the consulship of Anullinus and Fronto.>

CJ.2.18.4: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.18.4: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Qui pupillae negotia tutoris mandato suscepit, pro tutore negotia non videtur gessisse, sed negotiorum gestorum actione pupillae tenebitur. * sev. et ant.

He who has undertaken a female ward’s affairs at the tutor’s mandate is not deemed to have managed the affairs in the tutor’s stead, but will be liable to the female ward by the action for management of affairs (negotiorum gestorum). * sev. et ant.

aa. claudio. * <a 201 pp. iii non. dec.

the Emperors to Claudius. * <a 201 pp. 3 days before the Nones of December.

fabiano et muciano conss.>

in the consulship of fabianus and mucianus.>

CJ.2.18.5: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.18.5: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Officio nec minus obsequio liberti functus negotiorum gestorum actionem contra patroni filias pupillas habere non potes. * sev. et ant.

Having discharged the duty, and no less the obedience, of a freedman, you cannot have the action of management of affairs against the patron’s daughters who are wards. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. trophimo . * <a 203 pp. xiii k. iul. geta et plautiano conss.>

The Emperors to Trophimus. * <in the year 203, on the 13th day before the Kalends of July, in the consulship of Geta and Plautianus.>

CJ.2.18.6: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.18.6: Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Curatorem tibi quidem patris testamento datum dicis: quod non potest videri iure factum. quod si, ut proponis, administrationi se miscuit, negotiorum gestorum actio tam adversus eum quam contra heredes eius tibi competit. * sev.

You say that a curator was given to you by your father’s testament: which cannot be considered to have been done according to law. but if, as you set forth, he involved himself in the administration, the actio negotiorum gestorum is available to you both against him and against his heirs. * sev.

et ant. aa. gallo. * <a 207 pp. apro et maximo conss.>

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Gallus. * <in 207 pp. Apro and Maximus, consuls.>

CJ.2.18.7: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.18.7: Emperor Antoninus

Si ab eo, qui negotia tua gessit, heres ex duabus unciis institutus es, etiamsi adeas hereditatem, in reliquis decem unciis adversus coheredem competit tibi petitio, si quam adversus defunctum habuisti actionem. * ant. a. euphratae.

If by him who managed your affairs you were instituted heir for two twelfths, even if you enter upon the inheritance, as to the remaining ten twelfths a claim lies for you against the coheir, if you had any action against the deceased. * Antoninus Augustus to Euphrates.

* <a 216 pp. vi id. mart. romae sabino ii et anullino conss.>

* <in the year 216, published on the 6th day before the Ides of March, at Rome, under the consuls Sabinus for the 2nd time and Anullinus.>

CJ.2.18.8: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.18.8: Emperor Antoninus

Adversus eos, qui negotia tua gesserunt, negotiorum gestorum iudicio civiliter consiste: nec tibi oberit, si propter occupationes militares eam litem tardius fuisses exsecutus, cum hoc genus actionis longi temporis praescriptione excludi non possit. * ant. a. severo.

Against those who have managed your business, proceed civilly by the action for business transacted; nor shall it harm you if, on account of military duties, you have prosecuted that suit more slowly, since this kind of action cannot be barred by a prescription of long time. * Antoninus to Severus.

* <a 218 pp. vi k. aug. antonino a. et advento conss.>

* <in the year 218, on the 6th day before the Kalends of August, under the consulate of Antoninus Augustus and Adventus.>

CJ.2.18.9: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.18.9: The Emperor Antoninus

Si pecuniam a debitore tuo iulianus exegit eamque solutionem ratam habuisti, habes adversus eum negotiorum gestorum actionem. * ant. a. sallustio.

If Julianus exacted money from your debtor and you ratified that payment, you have against him an action for business managed (negotiorum gestorum). * antoninus augustus to sallustius.

* <a 217 pp. viii k. mart. praesente et extricato conss.>

* <in the year 217, on the 8th day before the Kalends of March, with Praesens and Extricatus as consuls.>

CJ.2.18.10: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.18.10: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si servum alienum non inutilem domino constitutum aegrum curastis et negotium utiliter gessistis, competenti vobis actione sumptus recuperare potestis. * alex. a. secundo et aliis.

if you have cared for another’s slave, established as not useless to his master, when sick, and have managed the business usefully, you can recover your expenses by a competent action. * alexander augustus to secundus and others.

* <a 222 pp. xii k. dec. alexandro a. cons.>

* <in the year 222, on the 12th day before the Kalends of December, with Alexander Augustus as consul.>

CJ.2.18.11: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.18.11: Emperor Alexander Severus

Alimenta quidem, quae filiis tuis praestitisti, reddi tibi non iusta ratione postulas, cum id exigente materna pietate feceris. si quid autem in rebus eorum utiliter et probabili more impendisti, si non et hoc materna liberalitate, sed recipiendi animo fecisse ostenderis, id negotiorum gestorum actione consequi potes. * alex.

Indeed, the maintenance which you have furnished to your sons you ask to have repaid to you not on a just basis, since you did it as maternal pietas required. But if you have expended anything usefully and in a reasonable manner upon their affairs, if you show that you did this not also from maternal liberality but with the intention of receiving it back, you can obtain it by the action of negotiorum gestorum. * alex.

a. herenniae. * <a 227 pp. xii k. febr. albino et maximo conss.>

To Herennia. * <a 227, posted 12 days before the Kalends of February, in the consulship of Albinus and Maximus.>

CJ.2.18.12: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.18.12: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si filius pro patre suo debitum solvit, nullam actionem ob eam solutionem habet, sive in potestate patris, cum solveret, fuit, sive sui iuris constitutus donandi animo pecuniam dedit. si igitur pater tuus sui iuris constitutus pro patre suo negotium gerens non praecedente mandato debitum eius solvit, negotiorum gestorum agere cum patruis tuis potes. * alex.

If a son pays a debt on behalf of his father, he has no action on account of that payment, whether he was under his father's power when he paid, or, having been constituted in his own right, he gave the money with the intent to donate. Therefore, if your father, constituted in his own right, managing business on behalf of his father without a prior mandate, paid his debt, you can bring an action of negotiorum gestorum against your paternal uncles. * alex.

a. theophilo. * <a 230 pp. k. aug. agricola et clemente conss.>

to theophilus. * <in the year 230, on the day before the Kalends of August, with agricola and clemens as consuls.>

CJ.2.18.13: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.18.13: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quod in uxorem tuam aegram erogasti, non a socero repetere, sed adfectioni tuae debes expendere. in funus sane eius si quid eo nomine quasi recepturus erogasti, patrem, ad quem dos rediit, iure convenis. * alex.

What you have disbursed on your sick wife you ought not to recover from your father-in-law, but to charge to your own affection. For her funeral, however, if you expended anything on that account as though you were to receive it back, you rightly proceed against the father, to whom the dowry has returned. * alex.

a. aquilae. * <a 230 pp. viii k. nov. agricola et clemente conss.>

to aquila. * <in the year 230, posted on the 8 kalends of november, agricola and clemens, consuls.>

CJ.2.18.14: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.18.14: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si mandatum solius mariti secutus tam ipsius quam uxoris eius negotia gessisti, tam tibi quam mulieri invicem negotiorum gestorum competit actio. ipsi sane qui mandavit adversus te mandati actio est: sed et tibi adversus eum contraria, si quid forte supererogasti. * alex.

If, having followed the mandate of the husband alone, you have managed the affairs both of himself and of his wife, an action for business transacted lies reciprocally both to you and to the woman. To the very one who gave the mandate, indeed, an action of mandate lies against you; but also to you against him a contrary action, if perchance you have expended anything over and above. * alex.

a. rufo. * <a 234 pp. x k. mart. maximo ii et urbano conss.>

to A. Rufus. * <year 234, pp., 10 days before the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Maximus 2 and Urbanus.>

CJ.2.18.15: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.18.15: Emperor Gordian

Si paterna adfectu privignas tuas aluisti seu mercedes pro his aliquas magistris expendisti, eius erogationis tibi nulla repetitio est. quod si ut repetiturus ea, quae in sumptum misisti, aliquid erogasti, negotiorum tibi gestorum intendenda actio est. * gord.

If with paternal affection you have maintained your stepdaughters, or have expended some fees to teachers on their behalf, there is no repetition (recovery) to you of that disbursement. But if you made an outlay with the intention of recovering those sums which you put to expense, an action of negotiorum gestorum must be brought by you. * gord.

a. muciano. * <a 239 pp. vi id. iul. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

to mucianus. * <in 239 publicly posted on the 6th day before the Ides of July (July 10), when Gordianus Augustus and Aviola were consuls.>

CJ.2.18.16: Imperatores gallus, volus.

CJ.2.18.16: The Emperors Gallus, Volusianus.

Si negotium sororis tuae gerens pro ea tributa solvisti, vel mandante ea vel rogante id fecisti, negotiorum gestorum actione vel mandati id, quod solvisse te constiterit, recipere poteris. * gallus et volus. aa. eutychiano.

If, while managing your sister’s business, you paid the tributes for her, whether you did this at her order or at her request, you will be able to recover, by the action on business transacted or on mandate, that which it is established you paid. * Gallus and Volusian, Augusti, to Eutychianus.

* <a 252 pp. xi k. mai. gallo et volusiano conss.>

* <in the year 252, pp., the 11th day before the Kalends of May, with gallus and volusianus as consuls>

CJ.2.18.17: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.17: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Curatoris etiam successores negotiorum gestorum utili conventos actione tam dolum quam latam culpam praestare debere nec ad eos officium administrationis transire ideoque nullam alienandi eos res adultae potestatem habere convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

Also the successors of a curator, when convened by the useful action for management of affairs, ought to be answerable for both fraud and gross fault (negligence), and the office of administration does not pass to them; and therefore they have no power of alienating the adult’s property. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. claudiae. * <a 293 d. xiii k. ian. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to claudia. * <in the year 293, dated on December 20, at Sirmium, when the augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.18.18: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.18: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ob negotium alienum gestum sumptuum factorum usuras praestari fides bona suasit: quo iure contra eos etiam, quorum te necessitate compulsum negotium gessisse proponis, per iudicium negotiorum gestorum uteris. * diocl. et maxim.

On account of business transacted on another’s behalf, good faith has counseled that interest be paid on expenses incurred: by which right you also employ the action for business transacted against those as well, whose necessity you allege compelled you to conduct the business. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. pomponio. * <a 293 d. viiii k. ian. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Pomponius. * <in the year 293, on the 9 Kalends of January, the Augusti being consuls>

CJ.2.18.19: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.19: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ab uno herede pro solido re veluti communi venumdata de pretio coheres venditoris negotiorum gestorum ratam faciens venditionem agere potest. * diocl. et maxim.

When by one heir, for the whole, a thing as if common has been sold, the coheir of the seller, by making the vendition ratified, can bring the action of negotiorum gestorum concerning the price. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. alexandro. * <a 294 d. id. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

The emperors and the caesars to Alexander. * <a 294 on the Ides of February, at Sirmium, the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.18.20pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.20pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Tutori vel curatori similis non habetur, qui citra mandatum negotium alienum sponte gerit, quippe superioribus quidem muneris necessitas administrationis finem , huic autem propria voluntas facit ac satis abunde sufficit, si cui vel in paucis amici labore consulatur. * diocl. et maxim.

One who, without a mandate, of his own accord manages another’s business is not considered similar to a tutor or curator, since, for the former, the necessity of the office sets the limit of the administration, whereas for this one his own will does; and it is quite more than sufficient if someone is cared for, even in small matters, by a friend’s labor. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. octaviae. * <a 294 d. viii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Octavia. *

CJ.2.18.20.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.20.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Secundum quae super his quidem, quae nec tutor nec curator constitutus ultro quis administravit, cum non tantum dolum et latam culpam, sed et levem praestare necesse habeat, a te conveniri potest et ea, quae tibi ab eo deberi patuerit, cum usuris compelletur reddere. <a 294 d. viii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

According to which, in regard to those matters which someone, with neither tutor nor curator appointed, managed of his own accord, since he must be answerable not only for fraud and gross fault but also for slight fault, he can be proceeded against by you, and he will be compelled to restore, with interest, those things which shall have been evident to be owed to you by him. <a 294 d. viii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

CJ.2.18.20.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.20.2: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

De ceteris vero, quae ab aliis tui constituta iuris detenta exacta non sunt, ab hoc, qui nec agendi quidem propter exceptionis obstaculum facultatem habere potuit, exigi non potest: et idcirco adversus eos, quos res tuas tenere dicis, detorquere tuas petitiones debes. <a 294 d. viii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

But as to the rest, which, being of your right, have been constituted by others and are detained and have not been exacted, they cannot be demanded from this man, who could not even have had the faculty to act because of the obstacle of an exception; and therefore you ought to redirect your petitions against those whom you say hold your property. <a 294 d. 8 k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

CJ.2.18.21: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.21: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si cognati tui servos suos manumiserunt, hoc, quod eos administrasse res vestras contendis, eorum impedimentum libertati fieri non potuit. quin autem ex actu praecedenti post manumissionem, si utriusque temporis administratio non conexa, sed separata sit, conveniri non posse procul dubio sit. * diocl.

If your kinsmen manumitted their own slaves, the fact that you contend they administered your property could not be made an impediment to their liberty. Moreover, as to a preceding act, after the manumission, if the administration of the two periods is not connected but separate, it is beyond doubt that they cannot be sued. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. mitrae. * <a 294 d. vi k. oct.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, at Mitrae. * <a 294 given on the 6th day before the Kalends of October.

viminacii cc. conss.>

at Viminacium, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.18.22: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.22: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Negotium gerentes alienum non interveniente speciali pacto casum fortuitum praestare non compelluntur. * diocl. et maxim.

Those managing another’s business, no special pact intervening, are not compelled to answer for a fortuitous event. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. eulogio. * <a 294 d. xi k. dec. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to eulogius. * <at antioch, 294, given on the 11th day before the kalends of december, under the consuls.>

CJ.2.18.23: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.18.23: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Negotiis gestis non in rem, sed in personam est actio. * diocl. et maxim.

In affairs managed (negotia gesta), the action is not in rem, but in personam. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. theodoro. * <a 294 d. xii k. dec. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Theodorus. * <Given on November 20, 294, at Nicomedia; the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.18.24pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.18.24pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Si quis nolente et specialiter prohibente domino rerum administrationi earum sese immiscuit, apud magnos auctores dubitabatur, si pro expensis, quae circa res factae sunt, talis negotiorum gestor habeat aliquam adversus dominum actionem. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. xv k. dec.

If anyone, the owner being unwilling and expressly forbidding, has intermeddled in the administration of his property, it was doubted among great authorities whether such a manager of affairs (negotiorum gestor) has any action against the owner for the expenses that were incurred about the property. * Justinian Augustus to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 530 on the 15th day before the Kalends of December.

constantinopoli lampadio et oreste conss.>

At Constantinople, in the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes.>

CJ.2.18.24.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.18.24.1: Emperor Justinian

Quam quibusdam pollicentibus directam vel utilem, aliis negantibus, in quibus et salvius iulianus fuit, haec decidentes sancimus, si contradixerit dominus et eum res suas administrare prohibuerit, secundum iuliani sententiam nullam esse adversus eum contrariam actionem, scilicet post denuntiationem, quam ei dominus transmiserit nec concedens ei res eius attingere, licet res bene ab eo gestae sint. <a 530 d. xv k. dec. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste conss.>

Which, some promising it as a direct or an utile one, others denying it—among whom was also Salvius Julianus—we, settling these matters, sanction that, if the master has contradicted and has prohibited him from administering his affairs, then, according to Julian’s opinion, no contrary action exists against him, namely after the denunciation which the master has transmitted to him and not granting him to touch his property, although the matters have been well managed by him. <a 530 d. 15 k. dec. at Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, consuls.>

CJ.2.18.24.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.18.24.2: Emperor Justinian

Quid enim, si dominus adspexerit ab administratore multas expensas utiliter factas et tunc dolosa adsimulatione habita eum prohibuerit, ut neque anteriores expensas praestet? quod nullo patimur modo: sed ex quo die attestatio ad eum facta est vel in scriptis vel sine scriptis, sub testificatione tamen aliarum personarum, ex eo die pro faciendis meliorationibus nullam ei actionem competere, super anterioribus autem, si utiliter factae sunt, habere eum actionem contra dominum concedimus sua natura currentem. <a 530 d. xv k. dec.

For what, if the master has observed that many expenses have been usefully made by the administrator and then, adopting a deceitful dissimulation, has prohibited him, so that he does not even satisfy the prior expenses? This we allow in no way: but from the day on which attestation has been made to him, either in writings or without writings, yet under the testimony of other persons, from that day no action shall lie to him for improvements to be made; but as to the prior ones, if they have been usefully made, we grant that he has an action against the master, running by its own nature. <a 530 d. xv k. dec.

constantinopoli lampadio et oreste conss.>

at constantinople, in the consulship of lampadius and orestes.>

CJ.2.19.0. De his quae vi metusve causa gesta sunt.

CJ.2.19.0. On those things which have been done by force or by reason of fear.

CJ.2.19.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.19.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Persecutionem eorum, quae vi vel furto ablata sunt, etiam si postea interciderunt, integram esse iure responsum est. * alex. a. felici.

It has been answered in law that the prosecution for those things which have been taken away by force or by theft remains unimpaired, even if they have afterwards perished. * alexander, augustus, to felix.

* <a 223 pp. x k. dec. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the 10th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of Maximus (2) and Aelianus.>

CJ.2.19.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.19.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Cum te non solum cavisse, verum etiam solvisse pecuniam confitearis, qua ratione ut vim passus restitui quod illatum est postules, perspici non potest, quando verisimile non sit ad solutionem te properasse omissa querella de chirographo utpote per vim extorto, nisi et in solvendo vim te passum dicis. * alex. a. alexandro.

Since you confess that you have not only given security but have even paid the money, by what reasoning you, as one who has suffered force, demand that what was exacted be restored cannot be perceived, since it is not likely that you hastened to payment, the complaint about the chirograph, as having been extorted by force, being omitted, unless you also say that in paying you suffered force. * alex. a. to alexander.

* <a 226 pp. vi k. iul. alexandro a. ii et Marcello conss.>

* <in the year 226, posted on the 6th day before the Kalends of July; Alexander Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Marcellus, consuls.>

CJ.2.19.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.19.3: Emperor Gordian

Si vi vel metu fundum avus tuus distrahere coactus est, etiamsi maxime emptor eum alii vendidit, si tamen tu avo tuo heres extitisti, ut tibi reddito a te pretio restituatur, postquam placuit in rem quoque dari actionem, secundum formam perpetui edicti adito praeside provinciae poteris postulare, si modo qui secundo loco comparavit longae possessionis praescriptione non fuerit munitus. * gord. a. gaio.

If your grandfather was compelled by force or fear to alienate a landed estate, even if the purchaser sold it to another, nevertheless, if you have become heir to your grandfather, you can petition the provincial governor, according to the form of the perpetual edict, that it be restored to you upon your returning the price, after it has been resolved that an action in rem also be granted, provided that the one who bought it second has not been fortified by the prescription of long possession. * Gordian Augustus to Gaius.

* <a 238 pp. vi id. aug. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, publicly posted on the 6th day before the Ides of August, in the consulship of Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.19.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.19.4: Emperor Gordian

Si per vim vel metum mortis aut cruciatus corporis venditio vobis extorta est et non postea eam consensu roborastis, iuxta perpetui formam edicti intra annum quidem agentes, quo experiundi potestas est, si res non restituatur, quadrupli referetis condemnationem, scilicet reddito a vobis pretio: post annum vero causa cognita eadem actio in simplum permittitur: quae causae cognitio eo pertinet, ut ita demum decernatur, si alia actio non sit. * gord. a. primo et eutycheti.

If by force or by fear of death or of bodily torment a sale to you was extorted, and you did not afterwards ratify it by consent, then, according to the form of the perpetual edict, if an action is brought within a year—the period during which there is power to seek trial—if the thing is not restored, you will incur condemnation in fourfold, namely with the price returned by you; but after a year, upon inquiry into the cause, the same action is permitted for the simple amount; and this inquiry into the cause has this scope, that it be decreed only if there is no other action. * Gordian the Augustus to Primus and Eutyches.

* <a 239 pp. iii non. aug. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <year 239, publicly posted Aug. 3, Gordian the Augustus and Aviola, consuls.>

CJ.2.19.5: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.19.5: Emperor Gordian

Non interest, a quo vis adhibita sit patri et patruo tuo, utrum ab emptore an vero sciente emptore ab alio, ut vi metuve possessionem vendere cogerentur. nam si adhibita vi compulsi sunt possessiones suas quae maiore valebant minimo distrahere, iurisdictionis tenore, ut id quod improbe factum est in priorem statum revolvatur, impetrabunt. * gord.

It is immaterial by whom force was applied to your father and your paternal uncle, whether by the purchaser or, indeed, by another with the purchaser aware, so that by force or fear they were compelled to sell the holding. For if, force having been applied, they were compelled to sell off their possessions, which were worth more, for the least price, by the tenor of the jurisdiction they will obtain that what was improperly done be reverted to its prior state. * Gordian.

a. rufo mil. * <a 239 pp. vi k. ian. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

to a. rufus, soldier. * <in the year 239, published on the 6th day before the kalends of january, in the consulship of gordianus augustus and aviola.>

CJ.2.19.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.19.6: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ad invidiam alicui nocere nullam dignitatem oportet. unde intellegis, quod ad metum arguendum, per quem dicis initum esse contractum, senatoria dignitas adversarii tui sola non est idonea. * diocl.

No dignity ought to harm someone by stirring up ill‑will. Whence you understand that, for alleging fear, through which you say the contract was entered, the senatorial dignity of your adversary alone is not adequate. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. pollae. * <a 294 pp. iii k. mai.

and Maxim., the Augusti and the Caesars, at Polla. * <a 294 pp. the 3rd day before the Kalends of May.

heracliae cc. conss.>

at Heraclea, the most illustrious consuls.>

CJ.2.19.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.19.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si donationis vel transactionis vel stipulationis vel cuiuscumque alterius contractus obligationis confectum instrumentum metu mortis vel cruciatus corporis extortum vel capitales minas pertimescendo adito praeside provinciae probare poteris, hoc ratum haberi secundum edicti formam non patietur. * diocl. et maxim.

If you shall be able, by approaching the provincial governor, to prove that an executed instrument of donation or of transaction or stipulation or of any other contractual obligation was extorted by fear of death or of bodily torture, or by dreading capital threats, he will not allow this to be held valid according to the form of the edict. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. cotui. * <a 293 d. ii non. ian.

the Augusti and the Caesars at Cotyaeum. * <a 293, given on January 4.

aa. conss.>

the Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.19.8: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.19.8: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum te domus et horti venditionem fecisse sub spe recipiendi, quod de frumento feceras, instrumentum vel timore, ne ad civilia munera nominareris, proponas et rescindi venditionem veluti metus causa factam desideres, intellegis ad ratum non habendum contractum metum huiusmodi prodesse non posse. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you set forth that you made a sale of a house and garden under the hope of recovering the instrument which you had executed concerning grain, or out of fear lest you be named to civic duties, and you desire that the sale be rescinded as if made by reason of fear, you understand that fear of this kind cannot avail to prevent the contract from being held valid. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. trophimo. * <a 293 d. xi k. sept. viminacii aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to trophimus. * <in the year 293, on the 11th day before the Kalends of September, at viminacium, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.19.9: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.19.9: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Metum non iactationibus tantum vel contestationibus, sed atrocitate facti probari convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

It is proper that fear be proved not by jactations only or by contestations, but by the atrocity of the deed. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. hymnodae. * <a 293 d. k. dec. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars: to the hymnodists. * <in 293, on the kalends of december, the augusti consuls>

CJ.2.19.10: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.19.10: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Accusationis institutae vel futurae metu alienationem seu promissionem factam rescindi postulantis improbum desiderium est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is an unscrupulous desire for someone, from fear of an accusation instituted or future, to petition that an alienation or a promise made be rescinded. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. faustinae. * <a 294 d. vi k. febr. cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Faustina. * <a in the year 294, on the 6th day before the Kalends of February, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.19.11: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.19.11: Emperor Constantine

Si per impressionem quis aliquem metuens saltem in mediocri officio constitutum rei suae in eadem provincia vel loco, ubi tale officium peragit, sub venditionis titulo fecerit cessionem, et quod emptum fuerit reddatur et nihilo minus etiam pecunia retineatur: simili poena servanda, si qui vel coniugis vel amici nominibus abutentes praedam tamen sibi adquirunt. * const. a. ad euagrium pp. * <a 326 d. x k. oct.

If under pressure someone, fearing a person established at least in a middling office, has made a cession of his property under the title of sale in the same province or place where such an office is performed, then that which was “bought” shall be restored, and nonetheless the money also shall be retained; a similar penalty is to be observed if any, abusing the names of a spouse or a friend, nevertheless acquire the booty for themselves. * constitution of the Augustus to Evagrius, praetorian prefect. * <a 326, on the 10 Kalends of October.

aquileiae constantino a. vii et constantio conss.>

at aquileia, when constantine augustus for the 7th time and constantius were consuls.>

CJ.2.19.12: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.2.19.12: Emperors Honorius, Theodosius

Venditiones donationes transactiones, quae per potentiam extortae sunt, praecipimus infirmari. * honor. et theodos.

Venditions, donations, transactions, which have been extorted by power, we order to be invalidated. * honorius and theodosius.

aa. ad pop. * <a 415 d. xiii k. mart. constantinopoli honorio x et theodosio vi aa. conss.>

the emperors to the people. * <in 415, on February 17, at Constantinople, when Honorius for the 10th time and Theodosius for the 6th, Augusti, were consuls.>

CJ.2.20.0. De dolo malo.

CJ.2.20.0. On malicious fraud.

CJ.2.20.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.20.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si fideiussor a creditore pignora emit, oblata quantitate sortis et usurarum tibi dominium cum fructibus, quos bona fide percepit, consultius restituet, ne fidei ruptae gratia de dolo possit actio exerceri. * sev. et ant.

If a guarantor purchases the pledges from the creditor, upon the tender of the amount of principal and interest he will more advisably restore to you ownership together with the fruits which he has received in good faith, lest, on account of breach of faith, an action for fraud can be exercised. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. clementinae. * <a 203 accepta d. iii id. mai. plautiano et geta conss.>

by the emperors’ clemency. * <received in 203 on the 3rd day before the Ides of May, Plautianus and Geta being consuls.>

CJ.2.20.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.20.2: Emperor Antoninus

De dolo actio, cum alia nulla competit, causa cognita permittitur. * ant. a. agrippae.

An action for deceit, when no other is competent, is permitted, the cause having been examined. * Antoninus Augustus to Agrippa.

* <a 211 d. non. nov. gentiano et basso conss.>

* <in the year 211, on the Nones of November, when gentianus and bassus were consuls.>

CJ.2.20.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.20.3: Emperor Gordian

Non possunt obesse tibi tempora, quae in actione de dolo solent computari, quibus rei publicae causa, ut adlegas, occuparis: sed exinde tibi incipiet tempus cedere, ex quo muneribus liberatus facultatem agendi intra praestituta tempora coeperis obtinere. * gord. a. aquilino.

The periods which are customarily computed in the action for fraud cannot harm you for the time during which, as you allege, you were occupied on account of public business; but thereafter time will begin to run against you, from the point at which, once released from duties, you begin to have the capacity to proceed within the prescribed times. * Gordian, Augustus, to Aquilinus.

* <a 240 pp. id. aug. sabino ii et venusto conss.>

* <in the year 240, published on the Ides of August, Sabinus (for the 2nd time) and Venustus, consuls.>

CJ.2.20.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.20.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum proponas inter te et eum, quem in contubernio ancillam tuam sibi coniunxisse memorasti, placuisse, ut tibi pro eadem daret mancipium, intellegis, quod, si manumisisti vel ei tradidisti et ille manumisit, revocandae libertatis potestatem non habes, sed solum, si necdum statutum tempus de dolo tibi decerni actionem. quod si penes te dominium eius remansit, adito praeside provinciae cum natis hanc potes recuperare, si nulla moveatur status quaestio. * diocl.

Since you state that between you and the man whom you recalled to have conjoined your maidservant to himself in contubernium it was agreed that he would give you a mancipium in exchange for the same, you understand that, if you manumitted her or delivered her to him and he manumitted her, you have no power to revoke the liberty, but only that, if the prescribed time has not yet elapsed, an action on deceit (dolus) be decreed to you. But if the ownership of her remained with you, upon approaching the provincial governor you can recover her with her offspring, if no question of status is set in motion. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. menandrae. * <a 294 d. iii k. mai.

and maximian, the augusti and the caesars, to menandra. * <a 294 given on the 3rd day before the Kalends of May.

heracliae cc. conss.>

At Heraclea, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.20.5pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.20.5pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si superstite patre per emancipationem tui iuris effecta matri successisti rebusque tuis per legitimum tutorem patrem eundemque manumissorem administratis postea transegisti cum eo bona fide, perspicis, quod, si pactum tantum factum sit, petitio tua per exceptionem submovetur, si vero novatio legitimo modo intercessit et acceptilatio subsecuta est, nullam tibi iam superesse actionem. * diocl. et maxim.

If, with your father surviving, having been made of your own right (sui iuris) through emancipation you succeeded to your mother, and after your affairs had been administered by a lawful tutor—your father and the same manumitter—you later settled with him in good faith, you perceive that, if only a pact was made, your claim is removed by an exceptio; but if a novation intervened in a legitimate manner and an acceptilation followed, no action now remains to you. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. aphrodisiae. * <a 293 d. id. iun. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars at Aphrodisias. * <in 293, on the day of the Ides of June, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.20.5.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.20.5.1: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Sane si laesa es immodice liberatione sollemniter per novationem atque acceptilationem tributa, non de dolo propter paternam verecundiam, sed in factum actio tibi tribuenda est. <a 293 d. id. iun. aa. conss.>

Assuredly, if you have been harmed immoderately by a release solemnly conferred through novation and acceptilation, not an action for fraud, on account of paternal modesty, but an action in factum is to be granted to you. <a 293 d. id. iun. aa. conss.>

CJ.2.20.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.20.6: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Dolum ex insidiis perspicuis probari convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

It is agreed that fraud is to be proved from evident insidious plots. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. hymnodae. * <a 293 d. k. dec. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to the hymn-singers. * <year 293, on the kalends of dec., the augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.20.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.20.7: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si maior quinque et viginti annis hereditatem fratris tui repudiasti, nulla tibi facultas eius adeundae relinquitur. sane si eius uxoris tibi substitutae dolo factum est, actionem de dolo contra eam exercere potes. * diocl.

If, being over 25 years old, you repudiated your brother’s inheritance, no faculty of entering upon it is left to you. Indeed, if this was brought about by the fraud of his wife, substituted to you, you can exercise an action for fraud against her. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. sebastiano. * <a 294 d. xvi k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Sebastianus. * dated on April 16, 294.

cc. conss.>

the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.20.8: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.20.8: Emperor Constantine

Optimum duximus non ex eo die, quo se quisque admissum dolum didicisse memoraverit, neque intra anni utilis tempus, sed potius ex eo die, quo adseritur commissus dolus, intra continuum biennium de dolo actionem moveri, sive afuerit sive praesto est is, qui dolum se passum esse conqueratur. omnes igitur sciant neque incipiendae post biennium neque ante completum biennium coeptae, post biennium finiendae doli actionis concessam licentiam. * const.

We have judged it best that an action for fraud be brought, not from that day on which each person may recall that he learned a fraud had been committed, nor within the time of a “useful year,” but rather from that day on which the fraud is asserted to have been committed, within a continuous biennium, whether the one who complains that he has suffered the fraud was absent or is present. Therefore let all know that license has been granted neither to begin an action for fraud after the biennium, nor, if begun before the biennium is completed, to bring it to an end after the biennium. * const.

a. ad symmachum vic. * <a 319 d. viii k. aug. naisso constantino a. v et licinio c. conss.>

a. to Symmachus, the vicar. * <in the year 319, on the 8th day before the Kalends of August (25 July), at Naissus, when Constantine, Augustus, for the 5th time, and Licinius, Caesar, were consuls.>

CJ.2.21.0. De in integrum restitutione minorum viginti quinque annis.

CJ.2.21.0. On restitution in integrum for minors under twenty-five years.

CJ.2.21.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.21.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Illud inspiciendum est, num inofficiosi querellae vel palam vel tacita dissimulatione sit renuntiatum. nec hoc autem in personam tuam cadere posse auxilium quod aetati impertitur ostendit. * alex.

It must be examined whether there has been a renunciation of the complaint of inofficiousness either openly or by tacit dissimulation. Moreover, it shows that the aid which is imparted to age cannot be applicable to your person. * alex.

a. plotianae. * <a 223 d. v id. iul. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

to Plotiana. * <in the year 223, on the 5th day before the Ides of July, under Maximus for the 2nd time and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.21.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.21.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Eo tempore, quo soror tua auxilio iuvabatur aetatis, si patris intestati bonorum possessionem accipere debuit, licet quinque filios superstites habuerit, non tamen ideo minus ad edicti praerogativam pertinet, scilicet si nunc per aetatem beneficium restitutionis largitur. * alex. a. alexandro.

At the time when your sister was aided by the benefit of age, if she ought to have accepted the possession of the estate of her intestate father, although she had five surviving sons, nevertheless for that reason it pertains no less to the prerogative of the edict—namely, if now on account of age it grants the benefit of restitution. * Alexander Augustus to Alexander.

* <a 238 pp. viii id. aug. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the 8th day before the Ides of August, under the consuls Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.21.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.21.3: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si curatorem habens minor quinque et viginti annis post pupillarem aetatem res venum dedisti, hunc contractum servari non oportet, cum non absimilis ei habeatur minor curatorem habens, cui a praetore curatore dato bonis interdictum est. si vero sine curatore constitutus contractum fecisti, implorare in integrum restitutionem, si necdum tempora praefinita excesserint, causa cognita non prohiberis. * diocl.

If, having a curator, a minor after the pupillary age, under twenty-five years, has sold property, this contract ought not to be upheld, since a minor having a curator is considered not unlike one for whom, a curator having been given by the praetor, there has been an interdict from his goods. if, however, being without a curator you made the contract, you are not prohibited, the case having been examined, from imploring restitution in integrum, if the pre-fixed time limits have not yet been exceeded. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. attiano. * <a 293 d. xiiii k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Attianus. * given in the year 293, on the 14th day before the Kalends of May.

heracliae aa. conss.>

at Heraclea, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.21.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.21.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si minorem te quinque et viginti annis fuisse, cum contraheres, ostenderis, et tempora restitutionis praestituta excessisse ab adversario tuo comprobatum non fuerit, praeses provinciae in integrum restitutionis dare tibi auxilium debeat. * diocl. et maxim.

If you show that you were less than twenty-five years old when you contracted, and it has not been proved by your adversary that the preappointed times for restitution were exceeded, the provincial governor ought to give you the aid of restitution in integrum. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. isidoro. * <a 293 d. v k. mai. heracliae aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to isidore. * <in 293, on 27 april, at heraclea, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.21.5pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.21.5pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Minoribus in integrum restitutio, in quibus se captos probare possunt, etsi dolus adversarii non probetur, competit. * diocl. et maxim.

Restitution in integrum for minors lies, in those matters in which they can prove themselves to have been overreached, even if the adversary’s fraud is not proven. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. rufo. * <a 293 d. v k. mai. heracliae aa. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Rufus. *

CJ.2.21.5.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.21.5.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ante impletum etiam quintum et vicesimum annum de his, in quibus se minores captos existimant, posse in integrum restitutionem implorare certissimi iuris est. <a 293 d. v k. mai. heracliae aa. conss.>

It is a matter of the most certain law that, even before the twenty-fifth year is completed, in those matters in which minors deem themselves to have been overreached, they are able to implore restitution in integrum. <in the year 293, on the fifth day before the Kalends of May, at Heraclea, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.21.6: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.21.6: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si intra aetatem, cui succurri solet, in integrum restitutionis lis inchoata est nec ei a te renuntiatum est, mors eius, contra quem haec fuerat implorata, fraudi tibi esse non potest. * diocl. et maxim.

If, within the age which is customarily succored, an action for restitution in integrum has been inchoated, and no notice thereof has been given by you to him, the death of the one against whom this had been implored cannot be to your prejudice. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. sententiae. * <a 294 d. v k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

the sentences of the Augusti and of the Caesars. * <in the year 294, on the 5th day before the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, with the consuls in office.>

CJ.2.21.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.21.7: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

De tutela avunculi eiusdemque tutoris, cui falso aetate probata praestitisti liberationem, quem ignarum aetatis tuae non fuisse tam officium tutelae quam sanguinis proximitas arguit, si necdum statutum tempus excessit, ex causa in integrum restitutionis heredes eius convenire potes. * diocl. et maxim.

Concerning the tutelage of your maternal uncle and likewise your tutor, to whom, with age falsely proven, you furnished release, and whom not so much the office of tutelage as the proximity of blood demonstrates not to have been ignorant of your age: if the appointed time has not yet elapsed, you can proceed against his heirs on the ground of restitutio in integrum. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. et cc. severae. * <a 294 d. xi k. aug. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Severa. * <in 294, on the 11th day before the Kalends of August, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.21.8: Imperatores Honorius, Theodosius

CJ.2.21.8: The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius

Minoribus in his, quae vel praetermiserint vel ignoraverint, innumeris auctoritatibus constat esse consultum. * honor. et theodos.

For minors, in those matters which they have either overlooked or been ignorant of, it is established by innumerable authorities that provision has been made. * Honorius and Theodosius.

aa. iuliano procons. africae. * <a 414 d. prid.

the emperors to Julianus, proconsul of Africa. * year 414, the day before

non. mart. ravennae constantio vc. cons.>

the Nones of March, at Ravenna, with Constantius, a most distinguished man, as consul.>

CJ.2.21.9: Imperator Zeno

CJ.2.21.9: Emperor Zeno

Non videtur circumscriptus esse minor, qui iure sit usus communi. * zeno a. aeliano pp. * <a 480 d. k. ian. basilio cons.>

He is not considered to have been overreached as a minor who has made use of the common law. * Zeno Augustus to Aelianus, Praetorian Prefect. * <in the year 480, on the Kalends of January, in the consulate of Basilius.>

CJ.2.22.0. De filio familias minore.

CJ.2.22.0. On a minor son under paternal power.

CJ.2.22.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.22.1: Emperor Gordian

Si frater tuus, cum mutuam pecuniam acciperet, in patris fuit potestate nec iussu eius nec contra senatus consultum contractum est, propter lubricum aetatis adversus eam cautionem in integrum restitutionem potuit postulare. * gord. a. candiano mil.

If your brother, when he received money as a loan (mutuum), was under his father’s power, and the contract was neither by his order nor contrary to the senatus consultum, on account of the slipperiness of age he could petition for in integrum restoration against that security. * Gordian Augustus to Candianus, soldier.

* <a 238 pp. iii non. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the 3 Nones of October, under the consuls Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.22.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.22.2: Emperor Gordian

Filius familias, si minor viginti quinque annis pro extraneo fideiussit, in integrum restitutionem postulare non prohibetur. sed et si pro patre suo fideiussor extitit eique diem suum functo non successit, in integrum restitutionem postulare potest. * gord.

A son of the household, if under twenty-five years and has stood as surety for a stranger, is not forbidden to petition for restitutio in integrum. But likewise, if he has been a surety for his own father and did not succeed to him at his death, he can petition for restitutio in integrum. * gord.

a. tryphoni mil. * <a 241 d. k. iul. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

to tryphon, a soldier. * <in the year 241, on the Kalends of July, gordian augustus 2 and pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.23.0. De fideiussoribus minorum.

CJ.2.23.0. On fideiussors of minors.

CJ.2.23.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.23.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Postquam in integrum aetatis beneficio restitutus es, periculum evictionis emptori, cui praedium ex bonis paternis vendidisti, praestare non cogeris. sed ea res fideiussores, qui pro te intervenerint, excusare non potest. quare mandati iudicio, si pecuniam solverint aut condemnati fuerint, convenieris, modo si eo quoque nomine restitutionis auxilio non iuvaris.

After you have been restored in full by the benefit of age, you are not compelled to warrant against eviction to the purchaser to whom you sold an estate from your paternal goods. But this circumstance cannot excuse the sureties who have intervened on your behalf. Therefore, by the action of mandate, if they have paid the money or have been condemned, you will be proceeded against—provided that you are not aided by the help of restitution under that head as well.

* sev. et ant. aa. myroni.

* severus and antoninus, the emperors, to myron.

* <a 194 pp. vi k. oct. severo a. et albino conss.>

* <in the year 194, posted on the 6th day before the Kalends of October, under the consuls Severus Augustus and Albinus.>

CJ.2.23.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.23.2: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si ea, quae tibi vendidit possessiones, interposito decreto praesidis aetatis tantummodo auxilio adiuvatur, non est dubium fideiussorem ex persona sua obnoxium esse contractui. verum si dolo malo apparuerit contractum interpositum esse, manifesti fideiussores consulendum esse. * diocl.

If she who sold you the possessions, a decree of the governor having been interposed, is aided only by the assistance of age, there is no doubt that the surety is, from his own person, liable to the contract. But if it shall appear that the contract was interposed by dolus malus (fraud), it is manifest that the sureties must be given relief. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. curioni. * <a 287 s. vi k. mai.

and Maximian, the Augusti, to Curio. * <in the year 287, on the sixth day before the Kalends of May.

diocletiano iii et maximiano aa. conss.>

diocletian for the 3rd time and maximian, the augusti, consuls>

CJ.2.24.0. Si tutor vel curator intervenerit.

CJ.2.24.0. If a tutor or curator has intervened.

CJ.2.24.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.24.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si iam puberes utriusque sexus parentium hereditatem adistis, sed etiam nunc in ea aetate estis, ut eo, quod paternae hereditati vos obligastis, in integrum restitutionis auxilium accipere debeatis, adite per procuratores vestros praesidem provinciae. quod si legitimam aetatem implestis idque tempus, quo in integrum restitui possitis, excessit, curatores vestros, si adversus eos nondum experti estis, iudicio secundum formam iuris convenite. * ant.

If, already puberes of either sex, you have entered upon the inheritance of your parents, but are even now in such an age that, for that whereby you bound yourselves with respect to the paternal inheritance, you ought to receive the aid of in integrum restitution, approach the governor of the province through your procurators. But if you have completed the legal age and the time in which you could be restored in full has passed, sue your curators, if you have not yet proceeded against them, by an action according to the form of law. * ant.

a. marcianae. * <a 215 pp. ii non. april.

to Marciana. * <a 215 pp. the 2nd day before the Nones of April.

laeto et cereale conss.>

laetus and cerealis, consuls.>

CJ.2.24.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.24.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Minoribus annis viginti quinque etiam in his, quae praesentibus tutoribus vel curatoribus in iudicio vel extra iudicium gesta fuerint, in integrum restitutionis auxilium superesse, si circumventi sunt, placuit. * alex. a. marcianae.

It has been decided that for minors under 25 years, the aid of in integrum restitution remains available even in those matters which were transacted, with their tutors or curators present, in court or outside court, if they have been overreached. * Alexander Augustus to Marciana.

* <a xxx >

CJ.2.24.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.24.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Etiam in his, quae minorum tutores vel curatores male gessisse probari possunt, licet personali actione a tutore vel curatore suum consequi possint, in integrum restitutionis auxilium eisdem minoribus dari iam pridem placuit. * diocl. et maxim.

Even in those matters which the tutors or curators of minors can be proved to have mismanaged, although they may obtain what is their due from the tutor or curator by a personal action, it has long been decided that the same minors are to be given the aid of restitutio in integrum. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. nicomedi. * <a 286 d. iiii non. mai.

the emperors at Nicomedia. * <in the year 286, on the 4th day before the Nones of May.

maximo ii et aquilino conss.>

maximus 2 and aquilinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.24.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.24.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si creditor non vestram personam, sed curatorum secutus cum ipsis contractum habuit et ab ipsis stipulatus est, nullam ei prorsus adversus vos actionem competere manifestum est. * diocl. et maxim.

If the creditor did not pursue your person, but, following the curators, entered into a contract with them and took a stipulation from them, it is manifest that no action at all lies for him against you. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. isidoro. * <a 293 v k. mai. heracliae aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Isidore. * <in the year 293, 5 days before the Kalends of May, at Heraclea, the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.24.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.24.5: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Etiam tutoribus vel curatoribus distrahentibus vel alias contrahentibus minores tam restitui rebus propriis quam tutorum vel curatorum damna sequi, nullo eis praeiudicio per electionem generando, placuit. * diocl. et maxim.

Even when tutors or curators alienate or otherwise contract, it has been decreed that minors are both to be restored to their own property and to pursue damages from the tutors or curators, with no prejudice being generated for them by an election. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. valentino. * <a 294 vi id. dec. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Valentino. * <in the year 294, on the 6th day before the Ides of December, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.25.0. Si in communi eademque causa in integrum restitutio postuletur.

CJ.2.25.0. If, in a common and the same cause, restitution in integrum is petitioned.

CJ.2.25.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.25.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Nec si maior quinque et viginti annis soror vestra fuit, vobis non mandantibus nec ratam transactionem habentibus de iure vestro quicquam minuere potuit. nam si cognitis quae gesserit his consensum post viginti et quinque annos aetatis commodastis, quamvis illa minor pro portione propria restitutionis auxilium implorare possit, vobis tamen ad communicandum edicti perpetui beneficium eius aetas patrocinari non potest. * diocl.

Nor, even if your sister was over twenty-five years old, could she, without your authorizing and without your having the settlement as ratified, diminish anything of your right. For if, after learning what she did, you furnished consent to these acts after twenty-five years of age, although she, as a minor, might be able to implore the aid of restitution for her own portion, nevertheless her age cannot advocate for you in order to share the benefit of the Perpetual Edict. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. domitio aphobio. * <a 294 s. iii id. aug.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Domitius Aphobius. * <year 294, at Sirmium, the 3rd Ides of August.

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.26.0. Si adversus rem iudicatam.

CJ.2.26.0. If against a res judicata.

CJ.2.26.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.26.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Minus ex tutelae iudicio consecuti de superfluo habere actionem ita potestis, si tempore iudicii minores annis fuistis et nunc beneficium aetatis vobis largitur. ceterum si post legitimam aetatem sententia prolata est, iterato eandem actionem de isdem speciebus inferre non potestis. * alex.

Having obtained less from the guardianship judgment, you can have an action for the surplus in this way, if at the time of the judgment you were minors in years and now the benefit of age is granted to you. But if the sentence was pronounced after lawful age, you cannot bring again the same action concerning the same particulars. * Alexander.

a. iuliis. * <a 231 pp. v k. febr. pompeiano et peligniano conss.>

at Juliis. * <in 231, on the 5th day before the Kalends of February, when Pompeianus and Pelignianus were consuls.>

CJ.2.26.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.26.2: Emperor Gordian

Si, cum pater tuus te in sua potestate esse minimeque emancipationem a se factam valere diceret, pro consule super causa cognoscens te eius potestati subiectam pronuntiaverit, cum adversus eam sententiam in integrum restitui postules, is qui provinciam regit in impertienda cognitione suas partes secundum leges exhibebit. * gord. a. serenae.

If, when your father asserted that you were under his power and that an emancipation carried out by him was in no way valid, the proconsul, upon cognizing the case, has pronounced you subject to his power, then, when you petition to be restored in integrum against that sentence, the one who governs the province will fulfill his role in imparting cognition in accordance with the laws. * Gordian the Augustus to Serena.

* <a 238 pp. xv k. dec. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the 15th day before the Kalends of December, under the consuls Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.26.3: Imperator Philippus

CJ.2.26.3: Emperor Philip

Adversus sententiam eius, qui tunc vice principis iudicavit, in integrum restitutionis auxilium apud praetorem seu praesidem provinciae clarissimum virum flagitare nequaquam potes: nam adversus eius sententiam, qui vice principis cognovit , solus princeps restituet. * philipp. a. et philipp.

Against the sentence of him who then judged in the stead of the Princeps, you can by no means demand before the praetor or the provincial governor, a most distinguished man, the aid of restoration in full (restitutio in integrum): for against the sentence of him who has heard the case in the stead of the Princeps, the Princeps alone will grant restitution. * Philip the Augustus and Philip.

c. aelianae. * <a 245 pp. xviii k. nov. philippo a. et titiano conss.>

to Aeliana. * <in the year 245, posted on the 18th day before the Kalends of November, with Philip the Augustus and Titianus as consuls.>

CJ.2.26.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.26.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum et minores vos esse adfirmetis et indefensos, nullum vobis praeiudicium fieri praeses provinciae pro sua gravitate curabit. nam si iusta defensione tutorum vel curatorum vobis adsistente aliquid statutum est, intellegitis in integrum restitutionis auxilium vobis esse necessarium: eodem obtinente etiam, si per procuratorem vestrum legitime ordinatum lis agitata est. * diocl.

Since you assert that you are both minors and undefended, the governor of the province, in keeping with his gravity, will take care that no prejudice is done to you. For if something has been decreed with the just defense of tutors or curators standing by you, you understand that the aid of in integrum restitution is necessary for you: the same holding also if the suit has been prosecuted through your lawfully appointed procurator. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. urbano. * <a 286 d. xvi k. mai.

and maximian, the augusti, to urbanus. * <year 286, given on the 16th day before the kalends of may.

maximo et aquilino conss.>

in the consulship of Maximus and Aquilinus.>

CJ.2.26.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.26.5: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

In rem pupilli vel adulti contra tutores seu curatores a praeside lata sententia restitutionis auxilium non minus, quam si quid adversus eos fuisset statutum, implorare minores posse constat. * diocl. et maxim.

In a matter of a pupil or an adult (minor), when a sentence has been delivered by the governor against tutors or curators, it is established that minors can implore the aid of restitution no less than if something had been decreed against them. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. marciano. * <a 294 d. k. nov. nicomediae cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Marcianus. * <in 294, on the Kalends of November, at Nicomedia, with the Caesars as consuls.>

CJ.2.27.0. Si adversus venditionem.

CJ.2.27.0. If against a sale.

CJ.2.27.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.27.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si minor annis viginti quinque emptori praedii cavisti nullam de cetero te esse controversiam facturum, idque etiam iureiurando corporaliter praestito servare confirmasti, neque perfidiae neque periurii me auctorem futurum sperare tibi debuisti. * alex. a. florentino mil.

If, being under twenty-five years of age, you gave security to the purchaser of a landed estate that you would make no further controversy, and you also confirmed that you would observe this by a corporal oath duly sworn, you ought not to have expected me to be an author of either perfidy or perjury for you. * alexander augustus to florentinus, soldier.

* <d. vi k. sept.>

* <on the 6th day before the kalends of september>

CJ.2.27.2: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.27.2: Emperor Constantine

In integrum restitutione minoribus adversus commenticias venditiones et adversus tutorum seu curatorum insidias sanctionum praesidio cautum esse non dubium est. * const. a. ad pop.

It is not doubtful that, by the in integrum restitution, provision has been made for minors against commentitious sales and against the snares of tutors or curators, by the safeguard of sanctions. * a constitution addressed to the people.

* <a 326 d. id. mart. sirmi ipso a. vii et c. conss.>

* <at Sirmium, on the Ides of March, 326; the Augustus himself in his 7th consulship and the Caesar as consuls.>

CJ.2.28.0. Si adversus venditionem pignoris.

CJ.2.28.0. If against the sale of a pledge.

CJ.2.28.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.28.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Etiam adversus venditiones pignorum, quae a creditoribus fiunt, minoribus subveniri, si tamen magno detrimento adficiantur, iam pridem placuit. si igitur pignori captis praediis ac distractis enorme damnum ex huiusmodi venditione passos vos ostenderitis, praesertim cum hodieque vos minores esse adfirmetis, auxilium restitutionis vobis impertietur. * diocl.

Even against sales of pledges which are made by creditors, it has long since been decided that minors be succored, if indeed they are affected with great detriment. If therefore, with the estates seized in pledge and sold off, you show that you have suffered enormous damage from a sale of this kind, especially since you affirm that even today you are minors, the aid of restitution will be imparted to you. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. sabinae et aliis. * <a 290 d. x k. dec.

and Maximian, the Augusti, to Sabina and others. * <a 290 given on the 10th day before the Kalends of December.

sirmi ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

at Sirmium, the Emperors themselves, as consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.28.2pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.28.2pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Rem, quam a patre vestro quondam creditor eius obligatam sibi distraxit, per aetatem vestram postulantium revocari desiderium non habet rationem. * diocl. et maxim.

The property which, pledged by your father, his creditor once sold to himself—the desire of you petitioners to have it recalled on account of your age has no rationale. * diocletian and maximian.

aa. et cc. severae et clementianae. * <a 294 d. xiii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars: the severe and the clementian. * <in the year 294, on the 13th day before the Kalends of May, at sirmium, the caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.28.2.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.28.2.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quod iuris est et si extraneo successistis: nam si creditor non bona fide versatus est, ipsum magis vel tutores sive curatores vestros, qui hanc venumdari passi sunt, convenite. <a 294 d. xiii k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

That is what the law provides even if you have succeeded to a stranger: for if the creditor has not acted in good faith, bring suit rather against him, or against your tutors or curators, who allowed this to be vended. <a 294 d. 13 k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

CJ.2.29.0. Si adversus donationem.

CJ.2.29.0. If against a donation.

CJ.2.29.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.29.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si quae res ante nuptias congruenti moderatione a minore annis marito sponsaliorum tempore, etiam curatore praesente, tibi donatae sunt, obtentu aetatis non revocabuntur. * diocl. et maxim.

If any things before the nuptials, with congruent moderation, were donated to you by a husband minor in years at the time of the sponsals, even with a curator present, they will not be revoked on the pretext of age. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. theodotae. * <a 285 s. iii non. nov.

The Emperors to Theodota. * <a 285 on the 3rd day before the Nones of November.

diocletiano a. et aristobulo conss.>

in the consulship of diocletian augustus and aristobulus.>

CJ.2.29.2pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.29.2pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si in te ac fratrem tuum emancipatos pater vester fecit donationem, in alium postea transferendo portionem eius nihil vobis abstulit: nec, si frater tuus sibi quaesiti praedii rustici partem donanti patri consensit, dominium ab eo discedere potuit propter senatus consulti auctoritatem, nec auxilium in integrum restitutionis in hac re necessarium est. * diocl. et maxim.

If your father made a donation to you and your brother after you had been emancipated, by later transferring his portion to another he took nothing from you; nor, even if your brother consented, when the father was making a donation, to a part of a rustic estate acquired for himself, could ownership depart from him by reason of the authority of the senatus consultum, nor is the aid of restitution in integrum necessary in this matter. * Diocl. and Maxim.

aa. et cc. midae. * <a 293 d. viii k. ian. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Midas. * <a 293 on the 8th day before the Kalends of January, the Augusti consuls.>

CJ.2.29.2.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.29.2.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

In aliis vero rebus, quae etiam sine decreti recitatione alienari possunt, si, postquam sibi donatae fuerint, postea alii donanti eandem patri voluntatem in minore aetate accommodavit nec praestituta tempora restitutionis excessit, hoc auxilium implorare potest. <a 293 d. viii k. ian. aa. conss.>

But in other matters, which can be alienated even without the recitation of a decree, if, after they have been donated to him, he later, while of lesser age, accommodated to another donor the same will as toward his father, and has not exceeded the times prescribed for restitution, he can implore this aid. <a 293 on the 8th day before the Kalends of January, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.30.0. Si adversus libertatem.

CJ.2.30.0. If against freedom.

CJ.2.30.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.30.1: Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si post decretum praetoris viri clarissimi, qui fideicommissariam libertatem deberi pronuntiavit, secundus, quem condicioni non paruisse conquereris, manumissus non est, aetas tua litis instaurationem admittit. quod si libertatem quamvis indebitam dedisti, non posse eam revocari intellegis, sed damnum, quod ob eam causam illatum est, iudicio negotiorum gestorum a curatoribus tuis esse sarciendum. * sev.

If, after the decree of the praetor, a most distinguished man, who pronounced that a fideicommissary freedom was owed, Secundus—whom you complain did not comply with the condition—was not manumitted, your age admits a renewal of the suit. But if you granted liberty, although not owed, you understand that it cannot be revoked, but the damage which was inflicted on that account is to be made good by an action of negotiorum gestorum by your curators. * sev.

et ant. aa. anniae. * <a 197 pp. ii k. iul.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Annia. * <in the year 197, on the 2nd day before the Kalends of July.

laterano et rufino conss.>

in the consulship of lateranus and rufinus.>

CJ.2.30.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.30.2: Emperor Gordian

Etsi minor annis, ut adlegas, constituta servum tuum ab eo circumscripta in consilio manumisisti, tamen vindictae impositio, qua libertas iusta munitur, nec obtentu quidem aetatis rescindi potest. indemnitati vero tuae, a manumisso scilicet sarciendae, ab eo cuius iurisdictio est, quatenus iuris ratio permittit, consuli debet. * gord.

Although you are a minor in years, as you allege, and, having been overreached by him in counsel, you manumitted your slave, nevertheless the imposition of the vindicta, by which just liberty is fortified, cannot be rescinded even on the pretext of age. But your indemnity—namely, to be repaired from the manumitted person—ought to be provided for by him whose jurisdiction it is, insofar as the reason of the law permits. * Gordian.

a. solanae. * <a 241 pp. vi id. mart. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

to solana. * <in the year 241, posted on the sixth day before the ides of march, in the consulship of gordian augustus for the 2nd time and pompeianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.30.3pr.: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.30.3pr.: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus

Quos retrahi in servitutem postulatis, si non in consilio causa cognita, cum minores annis viginti fuissetis, manumisistis, non per in integrum restitutionem, sed ipso iure persequi potestis. quod si probata causa libertas praestita est, restitutio in integrum contra libertatem locum habere non potest. * valer.

Those whom you seek to have drawn back into slavery, if you manumitted them without the cause having been examined in council, when you were under twenty years of age, you can pursue not through restitutio in integrum, but by the law itself. But if liberty has been afforded upon proof of the cause, restitutio in integrum can have no place against liberty. * Valerian.

et gallien. aa. marthonae et sabinillae. * <a 260 pp. viii k. oct.

Valerian and Gallienus, the Augusti, to Marthona and Sabinilla. * Given in the year 260, on the 8th day before the Kalends of October (September 24).

saeculare ii et donato conss.>

Saecularis for the 2nd time and Donatus, consuls.>

CJ.2.30.3.1: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.30.3.1: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Si tamen in ea re culpa seu fraude liberti eiusdemque curatoris ratio vestra laesa sit, sarciri damnum ab eo qui hoc intulit praeses provinciae curabit, non dubitaturus etiam graviorem exsecutionem adhibere, si quid tam aperta fraude commissum est, ut puniendum in liberto crimen deprehendatur. <a 260 pp. viii k. oct. saeculare ii et donato conss.>

If, however, in this matter your interest has been harmed by the fault or fraud of the freedman and his curator as well, the governor of the province will take care that the loss is repaired by the one who inflicted it, not hesitating also to apply more severe execution, if anything has been committed by so open a fraud that a punishable crime is detected in the freedman. <a in the year 260 pp. 8 days before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Secularis 2 and Donatus.>

CJ.2.30.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.30.4: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

In iudicio de liberali causa sententiam pro libertate latam ne quidem praerogativa minoris aetatis sine appellatione posse rescindi ambigi non potest. * diocl. et maxim.

It cannot be doubted that, in a proceeding concerning freedom, a sentence delivered in favor of liberty cannot be rescinded without an appeal, not even by the prerogative of minority. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. tatiano. * <a 303 pp. viii id. ian. nicomediae diocletiano viii et maximiano vii conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Tatianus. *

CJ.2.31.0. Si adversus transactionem vel divisionem minor restitui velit.

CJ.2.31.0. If a minor wishes to be restored against a transaction (settlement) or a division (partition).

CJ.2.31.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.31.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Cum in integrum pupilla restituta rescindi transactionem vel divisionem placuit, tu quoque actionibus, quas pridem habuisti, utaris. * sev. et ant.

When, after the female ward has been restored to her former condition, it has been decided that the transaction or the division be rescinded, you likewise may use the actions which you formerly had. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. honorato. * <>

to honoratus. * <>

CJ.2.31.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.31.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si ex persona minorum in integrum restitutio adversus transactum propter aetatis auxilium imploretur, tibi quoque agenti ex integro vel replicatione contra exceptionem pacti vel, si peremptam constet pristinam obligationem, ex instauratione negotii tributa actione consulendum est. * diocl. et maxim.

If, on behalf of minors, restitution in integrum is implored against a settlement by reason of the aid of age, you too, suing afresh, must be afforded relief either by a replication against the exception of the pact, or, if it is established that the former obligation has been extinguished, by an action granted from the renewal of the transaction. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. hymnodae. * <a 294 d. k. dec. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars. hymn-singers. *

CJ.2.32.0. Si adversus solutionem a debitore vel a se factam.

CJ.2.32.0. If against a payment made by the debtor or by himself.

CJ.2.32.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.32.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Exemplo ceterorum debitorum tutores etiam quae ex administratione tutelae debent curatoribus solventes liberantur, sed ante tempus in integrum restitutioni praestitum edicto perpetuo permissum beneficium implorari et, an sit tribuendum, per causae cognitionem aestimari potest. * diocl. et maxim.

Following the example of other debtors, tutors also, by paying to curators what they owe from the administration of the tutelage, are released; but the beneficium permitted by the Perpetual Edict—of imploring relief before the time in place of in integrum restitutio—may be invoked, and whether it should be granted can be assessed through a cognition of the case. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. soteri. * <a 294 d. vi id. febr. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to Soter. * <in the year 294, on 8 February, when the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.32.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.32.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Indebito legato, licet per errorem iuris a minore soluto, repetitionem ei decerni, si necdum tempus, quo restitutionis tribuitur auxilium, excesserit, rationis est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is reasonable that, in the case of an undue legacy, although paid by a minor through an error of law, repetition (recovery) be decreed to him, if the time during which the aid of restitution is granted has not yet expired. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. laurinae. * <a 294 d. xv k. april. sirmi cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars, to laurina. *

CJ.2.33.0. Si adversus dotem.

CJ.2.33.0. If against the dowry.

CJ.2.33.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.33.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quoniam circumventam dicis sororem tuam omnia bona in dotem dedisse, an veritas adlegationi adsistat, si ad te hereditas sorosis tuae vel bonorum possessio pertinuit et tempora nondum praeterierint, intra quae legibus conceditur ex persona defuncti postulare in integrum restitutionem, praeses provinciae praesente diversa parte examinabit. * alex. a. valenti.

Since you say that your sister, having been circumvented, gave all her goods into a dowry, whether truth supports the allegation—if the inheritance of your sister or the possession of the goods has pertained to you, and the periods have not yet elapsed within which by the laws it is permitted, on behalf of the deceased’s person, to request restitution in integrum—the governor of the province will examine it with the opposing party present. * Alexander Augustus to Valens.

* <a 233 d. vi id. iul. maximo et paterno conss.>

* <a 233 on the 6th day before the Ides of July, in the consulship of Maximus and Paternus.>

CJ.2.34.0. Si adversus delictum suum.

CJ.2.34.0. If against his own delict.

CJ.2.34.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.34.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

In criminibus quidem aetatis suffragio minores non iuvantur: etenim malorum mores infirmitas animi non excusat. sed cum delictum non ex animo, sed ex contractu venit, noxa non committitur, etiamsi poenae causa pecuniae damnum inrogatur: et ideo minoribus et in hac causa in integrum restitutionis auxilium competit. * sev.

In criminal matters indeed minors are not aided by the suffrage of age: for the infirmity of spirit does not excuse evil morals. But when the delict comes not from intention, but from contract, no wrong is committed, even if for the sake of penalty a loss of money is inflicted: and therefore for minors also in this case the aid of in integrum restitution is available. * sev.

et ant. aa. longino. * <a 200 d. id. oct.

and Severus and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Longinus. * in the year 200, on the Ides of October.

severo ii et victorino conss.>

in the consulship of Severus II and Victorinus.>

CJ.2.34.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.34.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Licet in delictis aetate neminem excusari constet, matri tamen, quae filiis tutorem aetatis lubrico lapsa non petiit, eorum minime denegari successionem convenit, cum hoc in maioribus matribus tantum obtineat. * diocl. et maxim.

Although it is established that in delicts no one is excused by age, nevertheless to a mother who, slipping through the slippery condition of age, did not petition a guardian for her sons, it is proper that the succession from them not be denied, since this holds only for grandmothers. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. proculae. * <a 294 v non. mart.

the Augusti and the Caesars to Procula. * <a 294 5 days before the Nones of March

cc. conss.>

the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.35.0. Si adversus usucapionem.

CJ.2.35.0. If against usucapion.

CJ.2.35.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.35.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Contra eos, qui res minorum tenent, si usucapione dominium adquisierunt, restitutionis auxilium eis decerni debet. * diocl. et maxim.

Against those who hold the property of minors, if they have acquired dominion by usucapion, the aid of restitution ought to be decreed for them. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. isidorae. * <a 294 d. k. mai. sirmi cc. conss.>

The Augusti and the Caesars to Isidora. * <in 294, on the Kalends of May, at Sirmium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.36.0. Si adversus fiscum

CJ.2.36.0. If against the fisc

CJ.2.36.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.36.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Si probus in minore aetate constitutus circumventus a rufino dispensatore nostro venditionem rei praecipiti animo pretio longe minore contrahere festinavit, iuris publici fiscus noster in iure restitutionis sequetur auctoritatem. * sev. et ant.

If an upright man, being a minor, having been circumvented by Rufinus, our dispensator, hastened with a precipitate mind to contract a sale of the property for a price far lower, our fiscus, as a matter of public law, will follow the authority in the law of restitution. * Severus and Antoninus.

aa. longino. * <a 200 d. id. oct. severo et victorino conss.>

the emperors to Longinus. * <in the year 200, on the Ides of October, Severus and Victorinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.36.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.36.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si adversus privatos in integrum restitutionem tam tu quam fratres tui desideratis, praesidis provinciae viri clarissimi notio est isque causa cognita aestimabit, an auxilium quod imploratis conferri in vos debeat. quod si adversus fiscum id postulatis, intellegitis procuratorem meum una cum praeside, praesente fisci patrono, adire vos debere. * alex.

If, against private persons, both you and your brothers desire restitution in integrum, the cognizance is that of the governor of the province, a most distinguished man, and he, the case having been considered, will assess whether the aid which you implore ought to be conferred upon you. but if you request this against the fisc, you understand that you ought to approach my procurator together with the governor, with the patron of the fisc present. * alex.

a. antiocho et aliis. * <a 226 d. k. aug. alexandro a. ii et Marcello conss.>

to Antiochus and others. * <a in the year 226, on the Kalends of August, with Alexander Augustus for the 2nd time and Marcellus as consuls.>

CJ.2.36.3pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.36.3pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Edicto quidem divi marci parentis nostri res minorum exceptae nihil tuum adiuvant desiderium, si quidem debiti causa patris minoris vel etiam ipsius praedia venumdata quinquennii praescriptionis nullam admittunt quaestionem. * diocl. et maxim.

Indeed, by the edict of the deified Marcus, our ancestor, the exemptions for minors do not assist your desire at all, since estates sold on account of the debt of a minor’s father, or even of the minor himself, admit no question under the five-year prescription. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. laurentio. * <a 294 d. id. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Laurentius. * <in the year 294, the day before the Ides of February, at Sirmium, the Caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.36.3.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.36.3.1: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sed quoniam per collusionem sive fraudem tunc temporis procuratoris nostri nimis exiguo pretio fundum tuum cum mancipiis venumdatum adseveras, si aditus rationalis noster tuis adlegationibus adesse fidem nec servatam sollemnitatem hastarum animadverterit, fisco te satisfaciente revocata venditione fundum tibi restitui iubebit. <a 294 d. id. febr. sirmi cc. conss.>

But since you assert that, through the collusion or fraud of our procurator at that time, your estate with slaves was sold for too meager a price, if, when approached, our Rationalis shall observe that credence is due to your allegations and that the solemnity of the spear-auctions was not observed, he will, with you satisfying the fisc, order the sale to be revoked and the estate to be restored to you. <in the year 294, on the day of the Ides of February, at Sirmium, the consuls.>

CJ.2.37.0. Si adversus creditorem.

CJ.2.37.0. If against a creditor.

CJ.2.37.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.37.1: Emperor Antoninus

Cum et ipse confitearis cum zenodora minore viginti quinque annis contraxisse nec docere potuisse praetori viro clarissimo ex eo contractu locupletiorem factam , intellegis eam merito in integrum restitutam. * ant. a. prunico.

Since you yourself also confess that you contracted with zenodora, a minor under twenty-five years, and that you were not able to show to the praetor, a most distinguished man, that she had been made more wealthy from that contract , you understand that she was deservedly restored in integrum. * antoninus augustus to prunicus.

* <a 214 d. vi non. mai. messala et sabino conss.>

* <in the year 214, on the 6th day before the Nones of May, when Messala and Sabinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.37.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.37.2: Emperor Gordian

Si, ut adlegas, minor annis pecuniam fenori accepisti nec ea in rem tuam versa est, adversus cautionem, per quam eo nomine te obligasti, in integrum restitutionis auxilium potes sollemniter postulare. * gord. a. gaiano.

If, as you allege, being a minor you received money at interest and it was not turned into your estate, you can formally request, against the bond by which you bound yourself on that account, the aid of restitution in integrum. * Gordian the Augustus to Gaianus.

* <a 238 pp. iii non. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, published on the 3rd day before the Nones of October, under Pius and Pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.38.0. Si ut se hereditate abstineat.

CJ.2.38.0. If that he abstain from the inheritance.

CJ.2.38.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.38.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si vos paternae hereditati non miscuistis, ob eam rem testificatio necessaria non fuit, cum fides veritatis verborum adminicula non desideret. quod si pro herede gessistis vel bonorum possessionem accepistis, propter aetatem, cui subveniri solet, in integrum restitutionis auxilium accipere debetis. * sev.

If you did not mix yourselves with your father’s inheritance, for that reason testimony was not necessary, since the credibility of the truth of the words does not require supports. But if you acted as heir or accepted possession of the goods, on account of your age, which is wont to be assisted, you ought to receive the aid of in integrum restitution. * sev.

et ant. aa. florentio et aliis. * <a 198 pp. v non.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Florentius and others. * <a 198 upon petition, the 5th day before the Nones.

mart. saturnino et gallo conss.>

March. Saturninus and Gallus, consuls.>

CJ.2.38.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.38.2: Emperor Gordian

Si, cum avi tui testamento te heredem reliquissent, hereditates eorum non adisti , liberum tibi est repudiata paterna successione per in integrum restitutionis auxilium, quo te aetatis iure dicis esse munitam, hereditatem parentum tuorum, licet antea non adisti, nunc obtinere. * gord. a. herodotae.

If, when by your grandfathers’ will they had left you heir, you did not enter upon their inheritances , it is open to you—after repudiating the paternal succession—through the aid of restitution in integrum, by which you say you are fortified by the right of age, to obtain now the inheritance of your parents, although you did not previously enter upon it. * Gordian Augustus to Herodota.

* <a 241 pp. iii non. febr. gordiano a. ii et pompeiano conss.>

* <in the year 241, published on the 3rd Nones of February, with Gordian Augustus for the 2nd time and Pompeianus as consuls.>

CJ.2.39.0. Si ut omissam hereditatem vel bonorum possessionem vel quid aliud adquirat.

CJ.2.39.0. If, in order that he may acquire an omitted inheritance or the possession of goods or something else.

CJ.2.39.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.39.1: Emperor Gordian

Minores viginti quinque annis non tantum in his, quae ex bonis propriis amiserunt, verum etiam si hereditatem sibi delatam non adierint, posse in integrum restitutionem postulare iam dudum placuit. * gord. a. protae.

It has long been decided that minors under twenty-five years are able, not only in respect of those things which they have lost from their own goods, but also, if they have not entered upon an inheritance tendered to them, to petition for restitutio in integrum. * Gordian the Augustus to Protas.

* <a 238 pp. id. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the day before the Ides of October, Pius and Pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.39.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.39.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ad bonorum possessionem in paternis rebus omissam minores in integrum restitutionis admitti beneficio iam pridem placuit. restituti autem decreto bona, quae habuerunt mortis tempore patris, debent conferre. * diocl.

To the bonorum possessio in paternal matters, when it has been omitted, minors have long since been deemed to be admitted by the benefit of restitutio in integrum. But those restored by decree must contribute the goods which they had at the time of their father’s death. * Diocletian.

et maxim. aa. et cc. sarapiadi. * <a 294 d. xvi k. nov.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Sarapiades. * <a 294 dated the 16th day before the Kalends of November.

sirmi cc. conss.>

at Sirmium, when the Caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.40.0. In quibus causis in integrum restitutio necessaria non est.

CJ.2.40.0. In what cases restitutio in integrum is not necessary.

CJ.2.40.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.40.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Minoribus quinque et viginti annis, praesertim qui per tutores vel curatores non defenduntur, non obesse, si mortem defuncti non ulciscantur, innumeris divorum parentum meorum ac meis rescriptis continetur. * alex. a. mutato.

That it is not to the detriment of minors under 25 years, especially those who are not defended by tutors or curators, if they do not avenge the death of the deceased, is contained in countless rescripts of my deified parents and of my own. * Alexander Augustus, with a change.

* <a 229 v id. mai. alexandro a. iii et dione conss.>

* <a in the year 229, on May 11, in the consulship of Alexander the Augustus for the 3rd time and Dion, consuls.>

CJ.2.40.2: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.40.2: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Adulescentiae tempus non imputari in id quinquennium liberis, cuius praescriptio seram inofficiosi moventibus quaestionem opponi solet, manifeste ante rescripsimus. impleta igitur aetate legitima non est in integrum restitutio necessaria, quia non integratio amissae causae his datur, sed integra ipsa causa servatur. * valer.

We have plainly previously rescripted that the time of adolescence is not counted within that five-year period for children, the prescription of which is usually opposed to those bringing a late question of inofficiousness. Therefore, once the lawful age has been completed, restitution in full is not necessary, because what is given to them is not the reintegration of a lost cause, but the cause itself, intact, is preserved. * Valerian.

et gallien. aa. et valer. c. theodotae.

The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus, the Augusti, and Valerian, Caesar, to Theodota.

* <a 258 pp. ii id. aug. tusco et basso conss.>

* <a in the year 258, published 2 days before the Ides of August, under the consuls tuscus and bassus.>

CJ.2.40.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.40.3: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

In minorum persona re ipsa et ex solo tempore tardae pretii solutionis recepto iure moram fieri creditum est, in his videlicet, quae moram desiderant, id est in bonae fidei contractibus et fideicommissis et in legato. * diocl. et maxim.

In the case of minors, it has been held by received law that default (mora) arises by the thing itself and from the mere time of a tardy payment of the price, namely in those matters which require mora, that is, in good‑faith contracts, in fideicommissa, and in a legacy. * diocl. et maxim.

aa. decimo caplusio. * <a 290 pp. xii k. oct. ipsis iiii et iii aa. conss.>

the Augusti to Decimus Caplusius. * <in the year 290, on the 12th day before the Kalends of October, when the same Augusti were consuls for the 4th and 3rd time.>

CJ.2.40.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.40.4: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si tutor tuus, qui pro tutelari officio non caverat, iudicio expertus est, contra eum lata sententia iuri tuo officere non potuit, nec ea quae ab eo gesta sunt ullam firmitatem obtinent. frustra igitur in integrum restitutionis auxilium desideras, quando ea, quae ab eo gesta sunt, qui legitimae administrationis personam sustinere non potuit, ipso iure irrita sunt. * diocl.

If your tutor, who had not furnished security for the tutelary office, was sued in court, a judgment rendered against him could not prejudice your right, nor do the acts transacted by him obtain any validity. Therefore you desire in vain the aid of in integrum restitution, since the acts done by one who could not sustain the person of lawful administration are by the law itself null. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. stratonicae. * <a 294 s. xviii k. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Stratonica. * <a 294 s. 18th day before the Kalends of January.

nicomediae cc. conss.>

At Nicomedia, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.40.5pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.40.5pr.: Emperor Justinian

Sancimus favore imperfectae aetatis exceptionem non numeratae pecuniae ab initio minoribus non currere, ne, dum in integrum restitutionem expectamus, aliquod emergat obstaculum, per quod huiusmodi beneficio minor uti non potest, ne substantia eius subvertatur. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. nov.

We sanction, in favor of imperfect age, that the exception of non-enumerated money shall not run from the beginning for minors, lest, while we await restitution in integrum, some obstacle arise whereby a minor cannot use such a benefit, lest his substance be overthrown. * Just. to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531 on the Kalends of Nov.

constantinopoli post cons. lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

at constantinople after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.40.5.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.40.5.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed humanius et latius eandem legis interpretationem extendere, in omnibus casibus, in quibus vetera iura currere quidem temporales praescriptiones adversus minores concesserunt, per in integrum autem restitutionem eis subveniebant, eas ipso iure non currere. melius etenim est intacta iura eorum servari, quam post causam vulneratam remedium quaerere. videlicet exceptionis triginta et quadraginta annorum in suo statu remanentibus.

But it is more humane and broader to extend the same interpretation of the law, that in all cases in which the ancient laws indeed permitted temporal prescriptions to run against minors, but aided them through restitution in integrum, these do not run ipso iure. For it is better that their rights be preserved intact than to seek a remedy after the cause has been wounded. Namely, with the thirty- and forty-year exception remaining in its own condition.

CJ.2.41.0. Qui et adversus quos in integrum restitui non possunt.

CJ.2.41.0. Who, and against whom, restitution in integrum cannot be granted.

CJ.2.41.1pr.: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.41.1pr.: Emperor Alexander Severus

In consilio quidem cognoscentis de restitutione in integrum esse oportet, num is , qui se minorem annis laesum esse dicat, diligens pater familias fuerit actibusque publicis industrium se docuerit, ut lapsum eum per aetatem verisimile non sit. * alex. a. cononidi.

Indeed, in the council of the one taking cognizance concerning restitution in integrum, it ought to be examined whether he, who says that, being under age, he was harmed, has been a diligent paterfamilias and has shown himself industrious in public acts, so that it is not likely that he slipped by reason of age. * Alexander Augustus to Cononidus.

* <a 232 pp. x k. oct. lupo et maximo conss.>

* <in the year 232, published on the 10th day before the Kalends of October, under the consuls Lupus and Maximus.>

CJ.2.41.1.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.41.1.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Verum si causa cognita circumventus deprehendatur, propter hoc solum velut praescriptione a solito auxilio removeri non debet, quod urguentibus patriae necessitatibus decurio minor annis creatus sit vel propagandae suboli liberorum educatione prospexerit. <a 232 pp. x k. oct. lupo et maximo conss.>

But if, the case having been examined, he is found to have been circumvented, he ought not for this reason alone, as by a prescription, to be removed from the customary aid, namely because, with the necessities of the fatherland pressing, he was created a decurion under age, or he has provided for the education of children for the propagation of issue. <a 232 on the 10th day before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Lupus and Maximus.>

CJ.2.41.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.41.2: Emperor Justinian

Cum apud veteres dubitabatur, an liberi parentes suos vel liberti patronos in querimoniam deducere possint quasi non rite in eos versatos, et quidam existimabant nullam esse contra huiusmodi personas in integrum restitutionem, pondere naturali vel patronali reverentia huiusmodi petulantiae refragante, nisi vel ex magna causa vel adversus turpem eorum personam, alii autem personarum quidem vel causae distinctionem respuendam esse censuerunt, tunc autem tantummodo dandam esse restituionem putaverunt, cum minor ex sua simplicitate se deceptum, non ex dolo patris vel patroni circumscriptum esse dicat: quod, ut maneat in omnibus honor parentibus et patrono vel patronae illibatus atque intactus, sancimus nullo modo neque adversus parentes utriusque sexus neque adversus patronum vel patro nam dari restitutionem. nam personarum reverentia omnem eis excludit restitutionem, cum procul dubio est etiam ipsas personas cavere, ne quid suae opinioni contrarium existat. * iust.

When among the ancients it was doubted whether children could bring their parents, or freedmen their patrons, into complaint as if they had not conducted themselves rightly toward them, and some considered that there was no in integrum restitution against persons of this sort, the weight of natural or patronal reverence resisting such petulance, unless either for a grave cause or against their disgraceful person; but others judged that any distinction of persons or of cause ought to be rejected, and thought that restitution ought to be given only then when a minor says he was deceived by his own simplicity, not overreached by the fraud of his father or patron: we enact, in order that in all things the honor toward parents and toward a patron or patroness may remain unsullied and untouched, that in no way is restitution to be given either against parents of either sex or against a patron or patroness. For reverence for such persons excludes all restitution as against them, since beyond doubt it is for those very persons also to take care that nothing exist contrary to their own good repute. * Justin.

a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

to john the pope. * <in the year 531, on the kalends of september, at constantinople, after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.42.0. Si minor se maiorem dixerit vel probatus fuerit.

CJ.2.42.0. If a minor has declared himself to be of full age or has been proven so.

CJ.2.42.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.42.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si, cum minor annis viginti quinque esses, tabulis quae sunt tuarum professionum oblatis tibi aetatem quasi maior annis viginti quinque decepta probasti, in integrum restitutionem intra statutum legibus tempus etiam post impletam aetatem de omnibus intra aetatem adversus te gestis postulare apud eum, cuius de ea re iurisdictio est, potes. * alex. a. maximianae.

If, when you were under twenty-five years, with the tablets of your professions presented to you, you, being deceived, proved your age as if greater than twenty-five years, you can petition for restitution in integrum within the time fixed by the laws, even after attaining full age, concerning all things transacted against you during your minority, before him who has jurisdiction over that matter. * alexander augustus to maximiana.

* <a 223 pp. xii k. april. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, published on the 12th day before the Kalends of April, under Maximus (2) and Aelianus as consuls.>

CJ.2.42.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si is, qui nunc minorem se adseverat, fallaci maioris aetatis mendacio te decepit, iuxta statuta iuris, cum errantibus, non etiam fallentibus minoribus publica iura subvenerunt, in integrum restitui non debet. * diocl. et maxim.

If he who now asserts himself to be a minor deceived you by the fallacious lie of being of full age, then, according to the statutes of law, since the public laws have come to the aid of minors who err, not also minors who deceive, he ought not to be restored in integrum. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. vitalio. * <a 287 d. ii k. dec. diocletiano iii et maximiano aa. conss.>

the augusti to vitalius. * <in the year 287, dated on november 30, in the consulship of diocletian for the 3rd time and maximian, the augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.42.3pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.3pr.: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Si alterius circumveniendi causa minor aetate maiorem te probare adspectu laboraveris, cum malitia suppleat aetatem, restitutionis auxilium tam sacris constitutionibus quam rescriptorum auctoritae denegari statutum est. * diocl. et maxim.

If, for the purpose of circumventing another, you, being younger in age, have endeavored to prove yourself older by appearance, since malice makes up for age, it has been established that the aid of restitution is denied both by the sacred constitutions and by the authority of rescripts. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. theodotae. * <a 293 d. xiii k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to theodota. * <a 293 on the 13th day before the kalends of october, at sirmium, the augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.42.3.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.3.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quod si per iniuriam vel circumventionem adversarii hoc fuerit factum, durat beneficium, quo minoribus causa cognita subveniri solet. <a 293 d. xiii k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

But if this has been done through injury or the circumvention of an adversary, the benefit endures, by which, once the case has been examined, minors are wont to be aided. <a 293 d. 13 k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

CJ.2.42.3.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.3.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Aditus itaque praeses provinciae probationis aetatis examinata causa, si tuum dolum non reppererit intercessisse, ac te minorem tunc fuisse probaveris, causa cognita in integrum restitui providebit. <a 293 d. xiii k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

Therefore, when the governor of the province is approached, once the matter of the proof of age has been examined, if he does not find that your deceit intervened, and you have proved that you were then a minor, he will, the case being considered, provide for restitution in integrum. <a 293 d. xiii k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

CJ.2.42.3.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.3.3: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si tamen in instrumento per sacramenti religionem maiorem te esse adseverasti, non ignorare debes exclusum tibi esse in integrum restitutionis beneficium, nisi palam et evidenter ex instrumentorum prolatione, non per testium depositiones te fuisse minorem ostenderis. <a 293 d. xiii k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

If, however, in the instrument you asserted, under the religion of an oath, that you were of full age, you ought not to be ignorant that the benefit of restitution in integrum is excluded to you, unless you show openly and evidently from the production of the instruments, not through the depositions of witnesses, that you were a minor. <a 293, on the 13th day before the Kalends of October, at Sirmium, the Augusti as consuls.>

CJ.2.42.3.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.3.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Huiusmodi autem sacramento corporaliter praestito nullum tibi superesse auxilium perspicui iuris est. <a 293 d. xiii k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

However, with a sacrament of this kind having been performed bodily, it is the clear law that no assistance remains for you. <a 293 d. 13 k. oct. sirmi aa. conss.>

CJ.2.42.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.42.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Cum circa probandum annorum numerum apud rectorem provinciae erratum esse proponas et in huiusmodi causis etiam filiis familias minoribus subveniri admissum sit, ea, quae in prece contulisti, praesidem provinciae examinare convenit: qui se aestimata aetate tua maiorem annis falsa opinione te praesumpsisse ex probationum luce cognoverit, erga minoris personam fidem veri sequetur. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you propose that an error was made, before the rector of the province, in proving the number of years, and since in causes of this kind it has been admitted that even minor sons in paternal power are given relief, it is fitting that the governor of the province examine the things which you set forth in your petition: if, your age having been assessed, he shall have learned from the light of the proofs that, as though greater in years, you presumed by a false opinion, he will follow the credit of the truth with respect to the person of a minor. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. livio. * <a 293 d. vi id. dec. aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Livius. * <in 293, on the 6th day before the Ides of December, when the Augusti were consuls.>

CJ.2.43.0. Si saepius in integrum restitutio postuletur.

CJ.2.43.0. If restitutio in integrum is petitioned repeatedly.

CJ.2.43.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.43.1: The Emperors Severus, Antoninus

Si post sententiam proconsulis contra vos latam desiderastis in integrum restitui nec obtinuistis, frustra, ut rursum ea quaestio in integrum restitutionis agitetur, desideratis: appellare enim debuistis, si vobis sententia displicebat. sed si adhuc in ea aetate estis, cui subveniri solet, appellandi ius vobis restituimus. * sev.

If, after a sentence of the proconsul was delivered against you, you desired to be restored in integrum and did not obtain it, you desire in vain that the same question of in integrum restitution be litigated again; for you ought to have appealed, if the sentence displeased you. But if you are still in that age which is wont to receive relief, we restore to you the right of appealing. * sev.

et ant. aa. romano et aliis. * <a 204 pp. v k. aug.

and Antoninus, the Augusti, to Romanus and others. * given on July 28, in the year 204.

cilone et libone conss.>

under the consulship of Cilo and Libo.>

CJ.2.43.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.43.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quamquam curatores pupillae victi sunt, cum in integrum restitui pupillam desiderabant, cum tamen novis defensionibus causam instrui posse dicas, adeant curatores uxoris tuae et petant, ut causas in integrum restitutionis agant. * alex. a. .To mil.

Although the curators of the ward were defeated, when they desired that the ward be restored in integrum, yet since you say that the case can be equipped with new defenses, let them approach your wife’s curators and ask that they prosecute the causes of in integrum restitution. * Alexander Augustus. .To Mil.

* <a 226 pp. v k. aug. alexandro a. ii et Marcello conss.>

* <year 226; posted on the 5th day before the Kalends of August (July 28); under the consuls Alexander, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Marcellus.>

CJ.2.43.3: Imperator Philippus

CJ.2.43.3: Emperor Philip

In una eademque causa iteratum in integrum restitutionis auxilium non iure, nisi novae defensiones praetendantur, posci saepe rescriptum est. * philipp. a. et philipp.

In one and the same case, it has often been rescripted that a repeated aid of in‑integrum restitution is not lawfully to be sought, unless new defenses are put forward. * Philip the Augustus and Philip

c. aniciae. * <a 244 pp. ii k. iul. peregrino et aemiliano conss.>

to Anicia. * <in the year 244, on the 2nd day before the Kalends of July, under the consulship of Peregrinus and Aemilianus.>

CJ.2.44.0. De his qui veniam aetatis impetraverunt.

CJ.2.44.0. On those who have obtained the privilege of age.

CJ.2.44.1: Imperator aurel.

CJ.2.44.1: Emperor Aurelian.

Eos, qui veniam aetatis impetraverunt, etiamsi minus idonee rem suam administrare videantur, in integrum restitutionis auxilium impetrare non posse manifestissimum est, ne qui cum eis contraheret principali auctoritate circumscriptus esse videatur. * aurel. a. agathocleti.

Those who have obtained the license of age, even if they seem less fit to administer their own affairs, it is most manifest that they cannot obtain the aid of restitution in integrum, lest anyone who contracted with them should seem to have been circumvented by imperial authority. * aurelian augustus to agathocles.

* <a 274 pp. k. iul. aureliano a. et capitolino conss.>

* <in the year 274, on the day before the Kalends of July, Aurelianus augustus and Capitolinus, consuls.>

CJ.2.44.2pr.: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.44.2pr.: Emperor Constantine

Omnes adulescentes, qui honestate morum praediti paternam frugem vel avorum patrimonia gubernare cupiunt et super hoc imperiali auxilio indigere coeperint, ita demum aetatis veniam impetrare audeant, cum vicesimi anni metas impleverint, ita ut post impetratam aetatis veniam idem ipsi per se principale beneficium adlegantes non solum praescriptorum annorum numerum probent, sed etiam testibus idoneis advocatis morum suorum instituta probitatemque animi et testimonium vitae honestioris edoceant. * const. a. ad verinum pu. * <a 321 pp. iii k. iun.

All adolescents who, endowed with the honesty of morals, desire to govern the paternal substance or the patrimonies of their grandfathers, and beyond this have begun to need imperial aid, should then and only then dare to obtain a grant of age when they have completed the goals of the 20th year, such that after the grant of age has been obtained these same persons, alleging the princely benefice on their own, not only prove the number of the prescribed years, but also, with suitable witnesses summoned, make known the institutes of their morals and the probity of their mind and the testimony of a more honorable life. * Constantine Augustus to Verinus, Prefect of the City. * <in the year 321, posted on the 3rd day before the Kalends of June.>

romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>

At Rome, under the consulship of Crispus 2 and Constantine 2, Caesars.>

CJ.2.44.2.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.44.2.1: Emperor Constantine

Feminas quoque, quas morum honestas mentisque sollertia commendat, cum octavum et decimum annum egressae fuerint, veniam aetatis impetrare sancimus. sed eas propter pudorem ac verecundiam feminarum in coetu publico demonstrari testibus non cogimus, sed percepta aetatis venia annos tantum probare testibus vel instrumentis, misso procuratore, concedimus, ut etiam ipsae in omnibus negotiis tale ius habeant, quale mares habere praescripsimus, ita tamen, ut praedia sine decreto non alienent. <a 321 pp. iii k. iun.

We also sanction that women whom the honesty of morals and the skill of mind commends, when they have passed the eighteenth year, obtain the indulgence of age. But on account of the modesty and bashfulness of women we do not compel them to be shown to witnesses in a public assembly; rather, once the indulgence of age has been received, we grant that they prove only their years by witnesses or instruments, by sending a procurator, so that they too may have in all transactions such a right as we have prescribed males to have; yet in such a way that they do not alienate estates without a decree. <a 321 pp. 3 k. iun.

romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>

at rome, crispus 2 and constantine 2, caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.44.2.2: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.44.2.2: Emperor Constantine

Sed senatores quidem clarissimi viri in hac regia urbe commorantes apud sublimitatem tuam, ceteri vero apud praetorem, in provinciis autem omnes apud earum rectores de suis moribus et honestae perdoceant. <a 321 pp. iii k. iun. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>

But let the senators—indeed, most illustrious men—dwelling in this royal city make full disclosure about their conduct and honesty before Your Sublimity, the others, however, before the praetor; and in the provinces, let all do so before their governors. <a 321 published on the 3rd day before the Kalends of June, at Rome, when Crispus and Constantine, Caesars, were consuls for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.44.2.3: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.44.2.3: Emperor Constantine

Hi vero, qui contra memoratam dispositionem veniam aetatis impetraverint, sciant eam nullas vires obtinere. <a 321 pp. iii k. iun. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>

But those, who contrary to the aforementioned disposition shall have obtained a dispensation of age, should know that it has no force. <a 321 pp. iii k. iun. romae crispo ii et constantino ii cc. conss.>

CJ.2.44.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.44.3: Emperor Justinian

Eos, qui veniam aetatis principali clementia impetraverunt vel impetraverint, non solum alienationem, sed etiam hypothecam minime posse sine decreti interpositione rerum suarum immobilium facere iubemus, in quarum alienatione vel hypotheca decretum illis necessarium est, qui necdum veniam aetatis meruerunt, ut similis sit in ea parte condicio minorum omnium, sive petita sive non sit aetatis venia. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 529 d. viii id. april.

We order that those who have obtained or shall obtain a pardon of age by imperial clemency are not at all able to make, without the interposition of a decree, not only an alienation but even a hypothec of their immovable property; in the alienation or hypothec of which a decree is necessary for those who have not yet deserved a pardon of age, so that the condition of all minors may be similar in that respect, whether the pardon of age has been sought or not. * Justinian Augustus to Mena, praetorian prefect. * <a 529 on the 8th day before the ides of april.

decio vc. cons.>

to decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.2.44.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.44.4: Emperor Justinian

Si quis aliquid dari vel fieri voluerit et legitimae aetatis fecerit mentionem vel sic absolute dixerit 'perfectae aetatis', illam tantummodo aetatem intellectam esse videri volumus, quae ex viginti quinque annorum curriculis completur, non ab imperiali beneficio suppletur. et praecipue quidem in substitutionibus vel restitutionibus hoc intellegi sancimus: nihilo minus autem et in aliis, nisi specialiter quisquam addiderit ex venia aetatis velle aliquid procedere. * iust.

If anyone should have wished something to be given or done and has made mention of the legitimate age, or has thus absolutely said 'of perfected age', we will that only that age be understood to be meant which is completed by the course of 25 years, not supplied by an imperial benefaction. And we sanction that this be understood especially indeed in substitutions or restitutions; nonetheless also in other matters, unless someone has specially added that he wishes something to proceed from the indulgence of age. * iust.

a. ad senatum. * <a 530 d. xi k. aug. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

a. to the Senate. * <in the year 530, on the 11th day before the Kalends of August, at Constantinople, when Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men, were consuls.>

CJ.2.45.0. Si maior factus ratum habuerit.

CJ.2.45.0. If, having become of full age, he has ratified.

CJ.2.45.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.45.1: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Si inter minores quinque et viginti annis vel scriptura interposita vel sine scriptura facta sine dolo divisio est eamque post legitimam aetatem ratam fecerunt , manere integram debere convenit. * diocl. et maxim.

If, among persons under twenty‑five years of age, a division was made—either with a writing interposed or made without writing—without fraud; and after lawful age they ratified it , it is agreed that it ought to remain intact. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. eutychiano. * <a 293 s. viii k. mai. aa. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to eutychianus. * <in 293 at Sirmium on the eighth day before the Kalends of May the Augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.45.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.45.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Qui post vicesimum quintum annum aetatis ea quae in minora aetate gesta sunt rata habuerunt, frustra rescissionem eorum postulant. * diocl. et maxim.

Those who, after the twenty-fifth year of age, have ratified the things that were done in their minority, vainly seek their rescission. * diocl. and maxim.

aa. et cc. soteri. * <a 294 d. id. febr. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Soter. * <a 294, on the Ides of Feb., the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.46.0. Ubi et apud quem cognitio restitutionis agitanda sit.

CJ.2.46.0. Where and before whom the judicial inquiry (cognitio) concerning restitution is to be conducted.

CJ.2.46.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.46.1: The Emperor Antoninus

Si quid a procuratore meo iudicatum est, id per in integrum restitutionem praesidis sententia non potest rescindi. princeps enim solus contra sententiam procuratorum suorum in integrum restituere solet. * ant.

If anything has been adjudged by my procurator, that cannot be rescinded by the sentence of the praeses through an in integrum restitution. For the princeps alone is accustomed to restore in integrum against the sentences of his procurators. * ant.

a. severo. * <a 215 pp. vi k. dec. laeto ii et cereale conss.>

Antoninus to Severus. * <in the year 215, on the 6th day before the Kalends of December, Laetus for the 2nd time and Cerealis, consuls.>

CJ.2.46.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.46.2: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Quoniam ea, quae in transactione dari placuerat, te tradidisse proponas, consequens est, si de his repetendis per in integrum restitutionem vel quacumque aliam causam putaveris agendum, eius adire te provinciae praesidem, in qua domicilium habent quos convenis. * diocl. et maxim.

Since you allege that you have delivered the things which it had been agreed in the settlement should be given, it follows that, if you think action must be brought for recovering them by restitutio in integrum or on whatever other ground, you should approach the governor of that province in which those whom you sue have their domicile. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. aquilinae. * <>

the Augusti to Aquilina. * <>

CJ.2.46.3pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.46.3pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum scimus esse dubitatum de restitutionibus, quae in integrum postulantur, sive tantummodo apud iudicem, cui aliqua iurisdictio est, examinari eas oportet, sive et apud pedaneos iudices, sive eas minores viginti quinque annis petierint sive maiores, secundum quod anterioribus sanctionibus vel veteris iuris vel nostris declaratum est: sancimus non solum apud iudices pro tribunali huiusmodi causae cognitiones proponi, sed etiam apud eos iudices, quos augusta dederit maiestas aut nostrae rei publicae administratores vel in hac regia civitate vel in provinciis, ut videatur ipse, qui iudicem destinaverit, utpote pro tribunali cognoscens et in integrum dare restitutionem et causas eius examinare: sic etenim non difficilis erit causarum examinatio. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. iii k. sept.

Since we know there has been doubt about restitutions that are sought in integrum—whether they ought to be examined only before a judge who has some jurisdiction, or also before pedanei judges, whether those under twenty-five years request them or those over, according to what has been declared by earlier sanctions either of the old law or of ours—we ordain that not only are the hearings of cases of this kind to be brought before judges sitting pro tribunali, but also before those judges whom the August majesty or the administrators of our commonwealth shall have appointed, either in this royal city or in the provinces, so that the very one who has designated the judge may himself be seen, as it were sitting pro tribunali, both to grant restitution in integrum and to examine its grounds: thus indeed the examination of cases will not be difficult. * justinian augustus to john, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 531, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of September.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

at constantinople, after the consulate of lampadius and orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.46.3.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.46.3.1: Emperor Justinian

Sed ne quis ita effuse intellectum nostrae constitutionis audeat esse trahendum, ut etiam apud compromissarios iudices vel arbitros ex communi sententia electos vel apud eos, qui dantur a iudicibus, qui propriam iurisdictionem non habent, sed tantummodo iudicandi facultatem, putet huiusmodi extendi sanctionem, cum hos generaliter volumus tales causas dirimere, qui vel certae administrationi, cui et iurisdictio adhaeret, praepositi sunt vel ab his fuerint dati, et multo magis si a nostra maiestate delegata eis causarum sit audientia. <a 531 d. iii k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

But lest anyone should dare to draw the understanding of our constitution so extravagantly as to think that a sanction of this kind is extended even to compromissary judges or to arbitrators chosen by common consent, or to those who are assigned by judges who do not have their own jurisdiction but only the faculty of judging, since we will in general that such causes be decided by those who either are set over a certain administration, to which jurisdiction also adheres, or have been appointed by these—and much more so if the hearing of causes has been delegated to them by our majesty. <a 531 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of September, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.46.3.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.46.3.2: Emperor Justinian

Sed ne quid penitus dubitandum relinquatur, et hoc addendum esse censemus, ut eis fuerit mandatum, quod et veteribus non fuerat incognitum, vel si generaliter iudices dati sunt, vel in aliis speciebus, inciderit autem quaedam quaestio restitutionis. <a 531 d. iii k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

But lest anything be left utterly to be doubted, we also judge that this must be added: that it has been mandated to them—which was not unknown even to the ancients—whether judges have been appointed generally, or in other kinds, if, however, a certain question of restitution should arise. <a 531, the 3rd day before the Kalends of September, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.47.0. De reputationibus, quae fiunt in iudicio in integrum restitutionis.

CJ.2.47.0. On reconsiderations which are made in the action for restitution in full.

CJ.2.47.1pr.: Imperator Severus

CJ.2.47.1pr.: Emperor Severus

Qui restituitur in integrum, sicut in damno morari non debet, ita nec in lucro: et ideo quidquid ad eum pervenit vel ex emptione vel ex venditione vel ex alio contractu, hoc debet restituere. * sev. a. tatiano.

He who is restored in full, just as he ought not to delay in loss, so neither in lucre; and therefore whatever has come to him either from purchase or from sale or from another contract, this he must restore. * severus augustus to tatianus.

* < sine die et consule.>

* < without day and consul.>

CJ.2.47.1.1: Imperator Severus

CJ.2.47.1.1: Emperor Severus

Sed et si intercessor minor viginti quinque annis intervenit, in veterem debitorem debet restitui actio. < sine die et consule.>

But also, if an intercessor under twenty-five years intervenes, the action ought to be restored against the original debtor. < without day and consul.>

CJ.2.47.1.2: Imperator Severus

CJ.2.47.1.2: Emperor Severus

Sed et cum adiit minor hereditatem et restituitur, mox quidquid ad eum ex hereditate pervenit, debet praestare. < sine die et consule.>

But also when a minor has entered upon the inheritance and is restored, then at once he must render whatever has come to him from the inheritance. < sine die et consule.>

CJ.2.47.1.3: Imperator Severus

CJ.2.47.1.3: Emperor Severus

Verum et si quid dolo eius factum est, hoc eum praestare convenit. < sine die et consule.>

But indeed also if anything has been done by his fraud, it is fitting that he make this good. < without day and consul.>

CJ.2.48.0. Etiam per procuratorem causam in integrum restitutionis agi posse.

CJ.2.48.0. That the case for restitutio in integrum can also be prosecuted through a procurator.

CJ.2.48.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.48.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Causam in integrum restitutionis, si qua competit, etiam per procuratorem agi posse placet. * alex. a. liciniano.

It is decreed that the cause of restitution in integrum, if any is applicable, can also be pursued by a procurator. * Alexander Augustus to Licinianus

* <a 231 d. xiii k. oct. pompeiano et peligno conss.>

* <a 231 on the thirteenth day before the Kalends of October (September 19), under the consulate of Pompeianus and Pelignus.>

CJ.2.49.0. In integrum restitutione postulata ne quid novi fiat.

CJ.2.49.0. Upon in integrum restitution being petitioned, let nothing new be done.

CJ.2.49.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.49.1: Emperor Gordian

Postulata in integrum restitutione omnia in suo statu esse debere, donec res finiatur, perspicui iuris est, idque curabit is, ad cuius partes ea res pertinet. * gord. a. secundino mil.

When restitutio in integrum has been petitioned, it is clear law that everything must remain in its present state until the matter is concluded, and this shall be cared for by the one to whose department that matter pertains. * gordian augustus to secundinus, soldier.

* <a 239 pp. xii k. iul. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <in the year 239, posted on the 12th day before the Kalends of July, under the consuls Gordianus Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.2.50.0. De restitutione militum et eorum qui rei publicae causa afuerunt.

CJ.2.50.0. On the restitution of soldiers and of those who were absent for the cause of the Republic.

CJ.2.50.1: Imperatores Severus, Antoninus

CJ.2.50.1: The Emperors Severus and Antoninus

Si valerianus centurio cohortis duodecimae alpinorum ante vita decessit, quam possessionem acciperet, heres eius ex persona defuncti restitutionis auxilium intra annum utilem ita recte implorabit, si valerianus post exactos dies, quibus bonorum possessio defertur, in militia defunctus est. * sev. et ant.

if valerianus, centurion of the 12th cohort of the alpini, died before he received possession, his heir, in the persona of the deceased, will thus rightly invoke the aid of restitution within the useful year, if valerianus died in military service after the days have elapsed in which the possession of the goods is conferred. * severus and antoninus.

aa. chiloni. * <a 197 pp. k. nov. laterano et rufino conss.>

the emperors to chilo. * <in the year 197, on the day before the Kalends of November, when Lateranus and Rufinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.50.2: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.50.2: Emperor Alexander Severus

Si quid de bonis eorum, qui rei publicae causa absentes sunt, deminutum est actioneve qua competente eis aliquis liberatus fuit, in integrum restitutio perpetua iurisdictione intra annum utilem permittitur. * alex. a. petronio centurioni.

If anything from the goods of those who are absent for the sake of the commonwealth has been diminished, or if by an action competent to them someone has been released, restitutio in integrum is permitted, by perpetual jurisdiction, within the useful year. * alex. a. to petronius the centurion.

* <a 222 pp. xiii k. nov. alexandro a. cons.>

* <a in the year 222, publicly posted on the 13th day before the Kalends of November, when Alexander Augustus was consul.>

CJ.2.50.3: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.50.3: Emperor Alexander Severus

Quod tempore militiae de bonis alicuius possessum ab aliquo est, posteaquam is rei publicae causa abesse desiit, intra annum utilem amota praescriptione temporis medii possessionem vindicare permissum est: ultra autem ius possessoris laedere contra eum institutum non oportet. * alex. a. flavio aristodemo mil.

That which, during military service, was possessed by someone from another’s goods, after he ceased to be absent for the sake of the commonwealth, it is permitted to vindicate the possession within a useful year, the prescription of the intervening time being removed: but beyond this, one ought not to impair the possessor’s right by a proceeding instituted against him. * alexander augustus to flavius aristodemus, soldier.

* <a 223 pp. non. ian. maximo ii et aeliano conss.>

* <in the year 223, on the day before the Nones of January, Maximus 2 and Aelianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.50.4: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.50.4: Emperor Gordian

Ignorare non debes eorum, qui rei publicae causa sine dolo malo absunt, si absentes boni viri arbitratu non defenduntur, bona tantum possideri, venditionem autem in id tempus differri, quo rei publicae causa abesse desierint. * gord. a. mestriano.

You ought not to be ignorant that, for those who are absent for the sake of the Republic without malicious intent (dolus malus), if, while absent, they are not defended by the arbitrament of a good man, the goods may only be possessed, but the sale is to be deferred to that time when they have ceased to be absent for the sake of the Republic. * Gordian Augustus to Mestrianus.

* <a 239 d. xii k. ian. gordiano a. et aviola conss.>

* <a 239, on the 12th day before the Kalends of January (December 21), in the consulship of Gordianus Augustus and Aviola.>

CJ.2.50.5: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.50.5: Emperor Gordian

Neque rei publicae causa absentibus nec aliis maioribus ad titulum in integrum restitutionis pertinentibus praescriptionem quadriennii post factam a fisco venditionem obesse posse manifestum est. * gord. a. secundino mil.

It is manifest that the prescription of four years, after a sale made by the fisc, cannot be a bar either to those absent on account of the commonwealth or to other more important cases pertaining to the title on restitution in integrum. * Gordian Augustus to Secundinus, a soldier.

* <a 240 pp. vi id. mai. sabino et venusto conss.>

* <a A.D. 240, on May 10 (the 6th day before the Ides of May), in the consulship of Sabinus and Venustus.>

CJ.2.50.6: Imperatores valer., gallien.

CJ.2.50.6: The Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.

Si, cum militaribus laboribus operam dares, creditoris tui heredes possessiones sibi obligatas distraxerunt, poteris adito praeside provinciae in integrum restitutionem impetrare retractataque venditione recipies possessiones, oblato ante debito vel pretio, si minus debito fuisset. * valer. et gallien.

If, while you were engaged in military service, the heirs of your creditor sold off the properties pledged to them, you can, upon applying to the governor of the province, obtain restoration in entirety; and, the sale having been rescinded, you will recover the properties, upon prior tender of the debt, or of the price, if it had been less than the debt. * Valerian and Gallienus.

aa. germano centurioni. * <a 254 pp. iiii non. april.

the emperors to germanus, centurion. * <a 254 pp. 4 nones of april.

valeriano et gallieno aa. conss.>

Valerian and Gallienus, Augusti, consuls.>

CJ.2.50.7: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.50.7: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Quae a patre geruntur, non decet pro disciplina militari a filiis ad irritum devocari, praesertim cum nec patrem tuum in rebus humanis agentem adfirmes conquestum fuisse super huiusmodi contractu. * diocl. et maxim.

The things conducted by a father ought not, for military discipline, to be called to nullity by sons, especially since you do not affirm that your father, while engaged in human affairs, complained about a contract of this kind. * Diocl. and Maxim.

aa. et cc. marinae. * <a 294 d. non. febr.

the augusti and the caesars to marina. *

cc. conss.>

the caesars, consuls.>

CJ.2.50.8: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.50.8: Emperor Justinian

Sancimus his solis, qui in expeditionibus occupati sunt, ea tantummodo tempora, quae in eadem expeditione percurrunt, tam in exceptionibus declinandis quam in petendis in integrum restitutionibus eis opitulari: illis temporibus, per quae citra expeditionis necessitatem in aliis locis vel in suis aedibus degunt, minime eos ad vindicanda memorata privilegia adiuvantibus. * iust. a. menae pp. * <a 529 d. vi id. april.

We sanction that for these alone, who are occupied in campaigns, only those periods which elapse during the same campaign shall assist them, both in declining exceptions and in seeking restitutions in integrum; but those times during which, apart from the necessity of the campaign, they spend in other places or in their own houses shall by no means assist them in vindicating the aforesaid privileges. * justinian augustus to mena, praetorian prefect. * <a 529 on the 6th day before the Ides of April.

constantinopoli decio vc. cons.>

At Constantinople, in the consulship of Decius, a most distinguished man.>

CJ.2.51.0. De uxoribus militum vel eorum qui rei publicae causa absunt.

CJ.2.51.0. On the wives of soldiers or of those who are absent on account of the republic.

CJ.2.51.1: Imperator Alexander Severus

CJ.2.51.1: Emperor Alexander Severus

Temporalibus actionibus exclusis mulieribus, quae cum maritis rei publicae causa absentibus peregrinatae sunt, ad exemplum militum subveniri solere non est ignotum. * alex. a. secundinae.

It is not unknown that—by the exclusion of temporal (time‑limited) actions—aid is customarily afforded, after the example of the soldiers, to women who have travelled abroad with their husbands, the husbands being absent for the sake of the Republic. * alexander the augustus to secundina.

* <a 226 pp. iii non. dec. alexandro a. ii et Marcello conss.>

* <in the year 226, published on the 3rd day before the Nones of December, under the consuls Alexander Augustus for the 2nd time and Marcellus.>

CJ.2.51.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.51.2: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ei, quae diutissime fuit cum marito qui militiae operam daret, non officit praescriptio longi temporis: sed quia huiusmodi diutinae absentiae commenta callide adhibita atque composita obesse omnino non debent, decernimus, ut, si talis mulier domum ad se pertinere monstraverit, quae in absentia eius vendita est, refuso pretio, quod re vera solutum est, eandem recipiat. * diocl. et maxim.

To her who for a very long time was with a husband who was giving service in the military, the prescription of long time does not prejudice her; but because contrivances of such prolonged absence, cleverly employed and arranged, ought not at all to harm, we decree that, if such a woman shall show that a house belonged to her which was sold during her absence, upon repayment of the price that was in fact paid, she shall receive the same back. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. quintiliano. * <a 290 vel 293 d. viii k. dec. ipsis aa. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars to Quintilianus. * <a 290 or 293, on the 8th day before the Kalends of December, in the consulship of the Augusti themselves.>

CJ.2.52.0. De temporibus in integrum restitutionis tam minorum aliarumque personarum, quae restitui possunt, quam heredum eorum.

CJ.2.52.0. On the time-limits for restitution in integrum both of minors and of other persons who can be restored, as well as of their heirs.

CJ.2.52.1: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.52.1: Emperor Gordian

In his, in quibus laesus es, cum minor annis viginti quinque esses, toto militaris expeditionis tempore auxilium restitutionis postulare potes: tempus etenim post impletam minorem aetatem praestitutum ex die missionis iuxta rationem iuris computari debet. * gord. a. pudenti mil.

In those matters in which you were harmed, since you were under twenty-five years of age, you can request the aid of restitution in integrum for the whole time of the military expedition: for the period prescribed after the completion of minority must be computed from the day of discharge, according to the rationale of law. * gordian augustus to pudens, soldier.

* <a 238 pp. iii non. oct. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, publicly posted on the 3rd day before the Nones of October, under pio and pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.52.2: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.52.2: Emperor Gordian

Si intra legitimam aetatem vel, ea impleta, nondum exacto tempore praestituto pater tuus in fata concessit tuque ei heres extitisti et intra viginti quinque annos vel post eam aetatem intra id tempus, quod ad in integrum restitutionem defuncto supererat, nomen militiae dedisti, praeses provinciae causa cognita per in integrum restitutionem ex persona defuncti subveniri tibi providebit. * gord. a. secundino mil.

If, while within the legitimate age, or, that being completed, before the appointed time had expired, your father departed this life and you became his heir; and, within 25 years, or after that age within that period which for restitutio in integrum remained to the deceased, you gave your name to the soldiery, the governor of the province, the cause having been cognized, will provide that you be aided by restitutio in integrum from the person of the deceased. * Gordian Augustus to Secundinus, a soldier.

* <a 238 d. xi k. nov. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the 11th day before the Kalends of November, Pius and Pontianus, consuls.>

CJ.2.52.3: Imperator Gordianus

CJ.2.52.3: Emperor Gordian

Si intra annos, quibus in integrum restitutionis auxilium indulgetur, constitutus es vel eo tempore nomen militiae dedisti et expeditione occupatus es, continuatum beneficium restitutionis per usucapionem, licet ante militiam suppleta sit , non patitur te dispendio rei familiaris adfligi. * gord. a. muciano mil.

If, within the years during which the aid of restitutio in integrum is granted, you have been enrolled, or at that time you gave your name for military service and are occupied on campaign, the continued benefit of restitution, as regards usucapion—although it had been completed before the military service—does not allow you to be afflicted with loss of your family estate. * gordian to mucianus, soldier.

* <a 238 d. viiii k. nov. pio et pontiano conss.>

* <in the year 238, on the 9th day before the Kalends of November, in the consulship of Pius and Pontianus.>

CJ.2.52.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.52.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Ex persona fratrum, si tibi eorum quaesita successio est, potes contra quem supplicas agere, non ignorans, quod, si minores quinque et viginti annis militaverunt fratres tui atque in militia diem functi sunt, in integrum restitutionis eis tempus non cesserit, sed omne ad successorem transmiserint. * diocl. et maxim.

From the persona of your brothers, if succession from them has been obtained for you, you can proceed against the one against whom you supplicate, not being ignorant that, if your brothers served while under 25 years and died in military service, the time of in integrum restitution did not accrue to them, but they transmitted the whole to the successor. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. dionysio. * <a 294 s. viii k. ian. philippopoli cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to dionysius. * <a 294, on the 8th day before the Kalends of January, at Philippopolis, the caesars as consuls.>

CJ.2.52.5pr.: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.52.5pr.: The Emperor Constantine

Ea, quae de temporibus in integrum restitutionum legibus cauta sunt, custodiri convenit, et si forte quis beneficio nostro aetatis veniam fuerit consecutus, ex eo die, quo indulgentia nostra in iudicio competenti fuerit intimata eique administratio rei propriae permissa, ut ad persequendas in integrum restitutionum finiendasque causas iure tempus habeat praestitutum, ita tamen, ut numquam minoribus viginti quinque annis constitutis de his, quae ante impetratam veniam aetatis gesserunt, auxilium in integrum restitutionis denegetur. * const. a. ad bassum.

Those things which have been provided by the laws concerning the time-limits of restitution in integrum ought to be observed; and if perchance anyone has obtained by our beneficium a remission of age, from the day on which our indulgence has been intimated in the competent court and the administration of his own property has been permitted to him, so that he may by law have the time prescribed for pursuing and concluding causes of restitution in integrum, yet in such a way that never to those constituted as minors under twenty-five years, with respect to the things which they did before the remission of age was obtained, shall the aid of restitution in integrum be denied. * constantine augustus to bassus.

* <a 312 d. non. oct. romae constantino a. et licinio utrisque ii conss.>

* <a 312 on the Nones of October, at Rome, Constantine Augustus and Licinius, both consuls for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.52.5.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.52.5.1: The Emperor Constantine

Si quando sane in minoris iura successerit minor, minime prohibeatur, cum quintum et vicesimum aetatis suae annum transierit, in integrum restitutionis beneficio uti tempore illibato. <a 312 d. non. oct.

If at any time indeed a minor shall have succeeded to the rights of a minor, let him by no means be prevented, when he has passed the twenty-fifth year of his age, from using the benefit of restoration in integrum with the time unimpaired. <a 312 d. non. oct.

romae constantino a. et licinio utrisque ii conss.>

at rome, constantine augustus and licinius, both for the 2nd time, consuls.>

CJ.2.52.5.2: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.52.5.2: Emperor Constantine

Quod si maioris fuerit minor iura nactus, quantum ad eas pertinet causas, quas ex persona maioris fuerit consecutus, tantum temporis ad exponendas in integrum restitutionis decidendasque causas accipere debebit, quantum defuncto, cuius heres aut bonorum possessor docebitur extitisse, reliquum fuerat. <a 312 d. non. oct.

But if a minor has acquired the rights of a maior, so far as it concerns those cases which he has succeeded to from the persona of the maior, he ought to receive as much time for setting forth the grounds of restitution in integrum and for having the cases decided as had remained to the deceased, of whom he will be shown to have been the heir or possessor of the goods. <a 312 on the Nones of October.

romae constantino a. et licinio utrisque ii conss.>

at rome, under constantine augustus and licinius, each consul for the 2nd time.>

CJ.2.52.5.3: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.52.5.3: Emperor Constantine

Cum vero maior successionem fuerit adeptus minoris, si quidem civili iure ab intestato vel ex testamento successerit, mox cum fuerit adita hereditas, si vero honorario iure, ex quo bonorum possessio fuerit accepta, examinando in integrum restitutionis negotio solida sine ulla diminutione tempora supputentur. <a 312 d. non. oct.

When, however, an adult has obtained the succession of a minor, if indeed he has succeeded by civil law either ab intestato or from a testament, then, immediately upon the inheritance being entered; but if by honorary (praetorian) law, from the time that bonorum possessio has been accepted, in examining the matter of in integrum restitution the full periods are to be computed without any diminution. <a 312 d. non. oct.

romae constantino a. et licinio utrisque ii conss.>

at rome, constantine augustus and licinius, both for the 2nd time, consuls.>

CJ.2.52.6pr.: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.52.6pr.: Emperor Constantine

Petendae in integrum restitutionis temporibus observatis, si dilatio ab actore petatur, quae intra metas restitutionis valet artari, eandem quocumque flagitante causis cognitis tribui oportebit. sin vero eiusmodi postulantur curricula, quae intra spatium receptum angustari non queunt ( quippe si in confinio legitimi temporis petantur, et eius terminos prorogabunt), dilationem petitori denegari conveniet: in eius enim arbitrio fuerat tunc inferre litigium, cum petitae dilationis mora spatio superstite posset includi. * const.

With the times for seeking restitutio in integrum observed, if a postponement is requested by the plaintiff, which can be confined within the bounds of the restitutio, the same ought to be granted, once the causes are known, to whoever demands it. But if periods are asked for of such a kind as cannot be narrowed within the accepted span ( for if they are asked on the border of the lawful time, they will prorogue its termini), the postponement ought to be denied to the requester: for it was in his discretion then to bring the litigation at a time when the delay of the requested postponement could be included within the remaining span. * const.

a. ad iulianum pu. * <a 327 d. xiiii k. aug. pp. romae ad senatum constantio et maximo conss.>

a. to Julian, the City Prefect. * <in 327, on the 14th day before the Kalends of August (July 19); published at Rome to the Senate, under the consuls Constantius and Maximus.>

CJ.2.52.6.1: Imperator Constantinus

CJ.2.52.6.1: Emperor Constantine

Quod si defensio rei dilationis suffragium postulaverit, eandem adserta causa citra obstaculum temporis deferri sancimus, quia nequaquam in ipsius steterat potestate, quando litigio pulsaretur. dari igitur debet, etsi impetrata dimensio sese ultra temporis definitionem proferat. qua dilatione, si a reo impetretur, etiam actor in requirendis probationibus uti minime prohibetur.

But if the defense of the defendant should request the benefit of a postponement, we sanction that the same, upon an asserted cause, be deferred without the obstacle of the time-limit, because it by no means stood in his power when he was assailed with litigation. It therefore ought to be granted, even if the obtained extension extends itself beyond the defined limit of time. With which postponement, if it is obtained by the defendant, the plaintiff also is by no means prohibited from using it in seeking proofs.

CJ.2.52.7pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.52.7pr.: The Emperor Justinian

Supervacuam differentiam utilis anni in integrum restitutionis a nostra re publica separantes sancimus et in antique roma et in hac alma urbe et in italia et in aliis provinciis quadriennium continuum tantummodo numerari ex die, ex quo annus utilis currebat, et id tempus totius loci esse commune: ex differentia enim locorum aliquod induci discrimen satis nobis absurdum esse visum est. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. sept.

Removing from our commonwealth the superfluous distinction between the “useful year” and restitution in integrum, we ordain that both in ancient Rome and in this nurturing city and in Italy and in the other provinces a continuous four-year term be counted only from the day on which the useful year was running, and that this period be common for the whole locality: for from a difference of places to introduce any distinction has seemed to us quite absurd. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531 d. k. sept.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

At Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.52.7.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.52.7.1: Emperor Justinian

Quod non solum in minorum restitutionibus, quibus utilis annus incipit currere, ex quo vicesimi sexti anni dies illuxerit, sed etiam in maiorum hoc idem adhiberi sancimus, ut et hic pro utili anno memorata continuatio temporis observetur ad interponendam contestationem finiendamque litem. <a 531 d. k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

That we sanction to be applied not only in restitutions of minors, in which the useful year begins to run from the day on which the twenty-sixth year has dawned, but also that the same be applied in the case of majors, so that here too the aforesaid continuation of time be observed as the useful year, for interposing the contestation and for finishing the suit. <a 531 on the Kalends of September, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.52.7.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.52.7.2: Emperor Justinian

Et quemadmodum omnis minor aetas excipitur in minorum restitutionibus, ita et in maiorum tempus, in quo rei publicae causa afuerint vel aliis legitimis causis, quae veteribus legibus enumeratae sunt, fuerint occupati, omne praecipiatur, et sit non absimilis in hac parte minorum et maiorum restitutio. <a 531 d. k. sept. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae vv. cc.>

And just as every minority age is excepted in restitutions for minors, so also for majors let the whole time be prescribed as excepted in which they were absent for the sake of the commonwealth or were occupied by other lawful causes, which are enumerated by the ancient laws, and let the restitution of minors and majors not be dissimilar in this respect. <a 531 on the Kalends of September, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.53.0. Quibus ex causis maiores in integrum restituuntur.

CJ.2.53.0. On the causes for which majors are restored in full.

CJ.2.53.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.53.1: Emperor Antoninus

Si propter officium legationis ad me bona fide factae absens et indefensus condemnatus es, instaurationem iudicii iure desideras, ut ex integro defensionibus tuis utaris. nam eos quoque, qui legationis officio funguntur, in eo privilegio esse, quo sunt qui rei publicae causa absunt, receptum est. * ant.

If, on account of the duty of a legation to me undertaken in good faith, you were condemned while absent and undefended, you rightly desire a reinstatement of the trial, so that you may make use of your defenses anew. For it is received (established) that those also who discharge the duty of a legation are in that privilege in which are those who are absent for the sake of the republic. * ant.

a. aemiliano. * <a 212 pp. v non. mart.

to aemilianus. * <a 212 pp., on the 5th day before the Nones of March.

duobus aspris conss.>

in the consulship of the two aspri, consuls.>

CJ.2.53.2: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.53.2: Emperor Antoninus

Si idcirco apud arbitrum praesentiam tui facere non potuisti, quod sub custodia militari iussu praesidis detinebaris, idque in veritate esse praesidi provinciae probaveris, accipies causae instaurationem. * ant. a. dionysio.

If for that reason you were not able to make your appearance before the arbiter, because you were being detained under military guard by order of the governor, and you prove to the governor of the province that this is true, you will receive a restoration of the case. * antoninus to dionysius.

* <a 215 pp. xiii k. oct. laeto et cereale conss.>

* <in the year 215, on the 13th day before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Laetus and Cerealis.>

CJ.2.53.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.53.3: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

In contractibus, qui bonae fidei sunt, etiam maioribus officio iudicis causa cognita publica iura subveniunt. * diocl. et maxim.

In contracts which are of good faith, the public laws, once the case has been examined by the judge’s office, come to the aid even of majors. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. proculo decurioni. * <a 285 d. non. aug.

the Emperors to Proculus, a decurion. * <year 285, on the Nones of August.

diocletiano a. ii et aristobulo conss.>

in the consulship of diocletian, a. 2, and aristobulus, consuls.>

CJ.2.53.4: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.53.4: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Res publica minorum iure uti solet ideoque auxilium restitutionis implorare potest. * diocl. et maxim.

The republic is accustomed to make use of the law of minors and therefore can implore the aid of restitution. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. prisciano. * <a 285 d. ii id. nov. diocletiano a. ii et aristobulo conss.>

the emperors to Priscianus. * <in the year 285, on the 2nd day before the Ides of November, Diocletian, Augustus, for the 2nd time, and Aristobulus, consuls.>

CJ.2.53.5: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.53.5: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian.

Si ab hostibus eum patre ac matre captus, post his ibi defunctis legis corneliae beneficio reversus successiones eorum quaesisti, exemplo utilis actionis, quae in integrum restitutis datur, cum exceptionis annuae quae huic obici solet obiectu res vindicare non prohiberis. * diocl. et maxim.

If, having been captured by the enemy together with your father and mother, and after these died there you returned by the benefit of the Lex Cornelia and sought their inheritances, by the precedent of the useful action (actio utilis), which is given to those restored in integrum, you are not prevented, by the objection of the annual exception that is wont to be opposed to this, from vindicating the property (res). * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. liciniano. * <a 294 d. xvi k. mai. cc. conss.>

the augusti and the caesars to licinianus. * <a 294 on the 16th day before the kalends of may, the caesars were consuls.>

CJ.2.54.0. De alienatione iudicii mutandi causa facta.

CJ.2.54.0. On alienation made for the purpose of changing the court.

CJ.2.54.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.54.1: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Cum in rem actioni possessio pariat adversarium, alienatione etiam iudicii mutandi causa celebrata in integrum restitutio edicto perpetuo permittatur, intellegis, quod, si rem, ne secum agatur, qui possidebat venumdedit et emptori tradidit, quem elegeris conveniendi tibi tributam esse iure facultatem. * diocl. et maxim.

Since, in an action in rem, possession begets the adversary, although even when an alienation has been effected for the sake of changing the suit, restitutio in integrum is permitted by the Perpetual Edict, you understand that, if the one who possessed sold the thing and delivered it to the buyer so that suit not be brought against himself, the faculty granted to you by law is to proceed against whichever one you shall have chosen to convene. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. catulo. * <a 294 d. vi k. dec. viminacio cc. conss.>

aa. et cc. catulo. * <a 294 on the 6th day before the Kalends of December (November 26), at Viminacium, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.55.0. De receptis.

CJ.2.55.0. On undertakings.

CJ.2.55.1: Imperator Antoninus

CJ.2.55.1: The Emperor Antoninus

Ex sententia arbitri ex compromisso iure perfecto aditi appellari non posse saepe rescriptum est, quia nec iudicati actio inde praestari potest et ob hoc invicem poena promittitur, ut metu eius a placitis non recedatur. sed si ultra diem compromisso comprehensum iudicatum est, sententia nulla est, nec ullam poenam committit qui ei non paruerit. * ant.

It has often been laid down by rescript that no appeal lies from the decision of an arbiter approached under a compromise perfected in law, because neither can the action on the judgment be afforded from it; and for this reason a penalty is mutually promised, so that, by fear of it, one may not depart from the agreed terms. But if judgment has been given beyond the day included in the compromise, the sentence is null, and he who has not obeyed it incurs no penalty. * ant.

a. nepotianae. * <a 213 pp. viiii k. aug. romae antonino a. iiii et balbino conss.>

a. to Nepotiana. * <in the year 213, posted on the 9th day before the Kalends of August, at Rome, when Antoninus Augustus, for the 4th time, and Balbinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.55.2: Imperatores carus, carinus, numer.

CJ.2.55.2: Emperors carus, carinus, numerian.

Si contra compromissum adversarius tuus apud electum arbitrum praesentiam sui facere detrectavit, placitae poenae videtur obnoxius. * carus carinus et numer. aaa.

If, contrary to the compromise, your adversary has refused to make his appearance before the chosen arbitrator, he is deemed liable to the agreed penalty. * Carus, Carinus, and Numerianus, Augusti.

clementi. * <a 283 pp. viii k. ian. caro et carino conss.>

to Clementius. * <in the year 283, on the 8th day before the Kalends of January, when Carus and Carinus were consuls.>

CJ.2.55.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.55.3: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Arbitrorum ex compromisso sententiae non obtemperans, si sordes vel evidens gratia eorum qui arbitrati sunt intercessit, adversus filiam tuam agentem ex stipulatu exceptione doli mali uti poteris. sed et ex doli clausula, quae compromissi stipulationi subici solet, filiam tuam convenire non vetaberis. * diocl.

Not obeying the arbitrators’ award from a compromise, if corruption or evident favor on the part of those who arbitrated intervened, against your daughter suing on the stipulation (ex stipulatu) you will be able to use the exception of fraud (exceptio doli mali). But also by the fraud-clause, which is usually appended to the stipulation of the compromise, you will not be forbidden to proceed against your daughter. * diocl.

et maxim. aa. et cc. petroniae. * <a 290 vel 293 pp. iii id. ian.

and Maximian, the Augusti and the Caesars, to Petronia. * <a 290 or 293 pp. the 3rd day before the Ides of January.

ipsis aa. conss.>

the same augusti being consuls.>

CJ.2.55.4pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4pr.: Emperor Justinian

Ne in arbitris cum sacramenti religione eligendis periurium committatur et detur licentia perfidis hominibus passim definitiones iudicum eludere, sanctissimo arbitrio et huiusmodi rem censemus esse componendam. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

Lest, in selecting arbitrators under the religion of an oath, perjury be committed and license be given to perfidious men to evade everywhere the determinations of judges, we deem that a matter of this sort is to be settled by a most sacred decision. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, Praetorian Prefect. * <in 529, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November.

decio vc. cons.>

Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.2.55.4.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.1: Emperor Justinian

Si igitur inter actorem et reum nec non et ipsum iudicem fuerit consensum, ut cum sacramenti religione lis procedat, et ipsi quidem litigatores scriptis hoc suis manibus vel per publicas personas scripserint vel apud ipsum arbitrum in actis propria voce deposuerint, quod sacramentis praestitis arbiter electus est, hoc etiam addito, quod et ipse arbiter iuramentum praestitit super lite cum omni veritate dirimenda, eius definitionem validam omnimodo custodiri et neque reum neque actorem posse discedere, sed tenere omnifariam, quatenus oboedire ei compellantur. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

If, therefore, there has been consent among the plaintiff and the defendant, as well as the judge himself, that the suit proceed under the sanctity of an oath, and the litigants themselves have written this, either with their own hands or through public officials, or have declared it in their own voice in the record before the arbitrator himself—that, the oaths having been given, an arbitrator has been chosen—this also being added, that the arbitrator himself has taken an oath concerning the suit, to decide it with all truth, then his decision is in every way to be kept valid, and neither the defendant nor the plaintiff can withdraw, but must uphold it in every respect, inasmuch as they are compelled to obey it. <a 529, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November. Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.2.55.4.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.2: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem de arbitro quidem nihil tale fuerit vel compositum vel scriptum, ipsae autem partes litteris hoc manifestaverint, quod iuramenti nexibus se illigaverint, ut arbitri sententia stetur, et in praesenti casu omnimodo definitionem arbitri immutatam servari, litteris videlicet eorum similem vim obtinentibus, sive ab initio hoc fuerit ab his scriptum vel praefato modo depositum, dum arbiter eligebatur, sive post definitivam sententiam hoc scriptum inveniatur, quod cum sacramenti religione eius audientiam amplexi sunt vel quod ea quae statuta sunt adimplere iuraverunt. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

But if, however, concerning the arbiter nothing of the sort has been either agreed or written, yet the parties themselves have made this clear by letters, that they have bound themselves by the bonds of an oath, that the arbiter’s sentence is to stand, and that in the present case the arbiter’s definition is in every way to be kept unchanged, their letters, namely, obtaining similar force, whether this was written by them from the beginning or deposited in the aforesaid manner while the arbiter was being chosen, or whether after the definitive sentence this is found written—that with the religion of the oath they embraced his hearing, or that they swore to fulfill the things that have been established. <a 529 on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November, Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.2.55.4.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.3: Emperor Justinian

Sed et si ipse solus arbiter hoc litigatoribus poscentibus et vel scriptis vel depositionibus, ut dictum est, manifestum facientibus praestiterit iuramentum, quod cum omni veritate liti libramenta imponat, similem esse etiam in praesenti casu prioribus eius definitionem et eam omnimodo legibus esse vallatam. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

But also, if the arbiter himself alone—at the litigants’ request and with them, as said, making this manifest either by writings or by depositions—shall have taken an oath that he will impose the balance-weights upon the suit with all truth, his definition is likewise in the present case to be similar to the former ones and to be in every way fortified by the laws. <a 529 d. 3 k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.2.55.4.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.4: Emperor Justinian

Et in his omnibus casibus liceat vel in factum vel condictionem ex lege vel in rem utilem instituere, secundum quod facti qualitas postulaverit. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

And in all these cases let it be permitted to institute either an in factum action, or a condiction from law, or a useful in rem action, according as the quality of the fact shall have required. <a 529 d. 3 k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.2.55.4.5: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.5: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem in scriptura quidem aut depositione nihil tale appareat, una autem pars edicat iuramentum esse praestitum, quatenus arbitrali stetur sententia, huiusmodi litigatorum vel solius arbitri sermones minime esse credendos, cum et, si quis iusiurandum datum esse non iudice supposito nec hoc scriptura partium testante concesserit, incerti certaminis compositio, quae inter homines imperitos saepe accidit, non aliquid robur iudicatis inferat, sed in huiusmodi casu haec obtineant, quae veteres super arbitris eligendis sanxerunt. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

But if in the writing or in the deposition nothing of the sort appears, yet one party proclaims that an oath was performed, in order that the arbitral sentence be stood by, the statements of litigants of this kind, or of the arbitrator alone, are by no means to be believed; since also, if someone should concede that an oath was given with no judge presiding and with no writing of the parties attesting this, a composition of an uncertain contest, which often happens among unskilled men, does not bring any strength to matters adjudged; but in a case of this kind those provisions are to prevail which the ancients sanctioned concerning the choosing of arbitrators. <a 529 d. iii k. nov. decio vc. cons.>

CJ.2.55.4.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.6: Emperor Justinian

Si quis autem post arbitri definitionem subscripserit emmenein vel stoichein vel plyrun vel panta poiein vel didonai ( graecis enim vocabulis haec enarrare propter consuetudinem utilis visum est), etsi non adiecerit homologw , et sic omnimodo per actionem in factum eum compelli ea facere quibus consensit. qualis enim differentia est, si huiusmodi verbis etiam homologw adiciatur vel huiusmodi vocabulum transmittatur? <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

But if anyone, after the arbiter’s definition, has subscribed “emmenein” or “stoichein” or “plyrun” or “panta poiein” or “didonai” (for it seemed useful, because of custom, to set these forth with Greek vocables), even if he has not added “homologw”, he is in every way to be compelled by an action in fact to do those things to which he consented. For what difference is there, if to such words even “homologw” be added, or if such a vocable be omitted? <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

decio vc. cons.>

to decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.2.55.4.7: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.4.7: Emperor Justinian

Si enim verba consueta stipulationum et subtilis, immo magis supervacua observatio ab aula concessa est, nos, qui nuper legibus a nobis scriptis multa vitia stipulationum multasque ambages scrupulososque circuitus correximus, cur non et in huiusmodi scriptura totam formidinem veteris iuris amputamus, ut, si quis haec scripserit vel unum ex his, adquiescere eis compellatur et ea ad effectum omnimodo perducere? cum non est verisimile haec propter hoc scripsisse, ut tantum non contradicat, sed ut etiam ea impleat, adversus quae obviam ire non potest. <a 529 d. iii k. nov.

For if the customary words of stipulations and the subtle—nay rather the superfluous—observance have been conceded by the court, we, who have lately by laws written by us corrected many vices of stipulations and many ambages and scrupulous circuits, why should we not also in a writing of this sort amputate the whole timidity of the old law, so that, if anyone shall have written these things or even one of them, he be compelled to acquiesce in them and in every way bring them to effect? since it is not likely that he wrote these for this purpose, that he should only not contradict, but that he should also fulfill them, against which he cannot go to meet. <in the year 529, on the 3rd day before the Kalends of November.

decio vc. cons.>

to Decius, a most distinguished man, consul.>

CJ.2.55.5pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.5pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum antea sancitum fuerat in arbitris eligendis, quos neque poena compromissi vallabat neque iudex dederat, sed nulla praecedente sententia communis electio, ut in illorum sententia stetur, procreabat, si quidem pro parte pulsata forma arbitralis procederet, exceptionem ei veluti pacti generari, sin autem pro actore calculus poneretur, nihil ex eo procedere ei praesidii: sancimus in eos arbitros, quos praediximus et quos talis consensus elegerit sub eo pacto in scriptis vel non in scriptis habito, ut eorum definitioni stetur, si quidem subscripserint, postquam definitio procedit, quod non displicet ambabus partibus eorum sententia, non solum reo exceptionem veluti pacti generari, sed etiam actori ex nostro numine in factum actionem, quatenus possit sententia eius exsecutioni mandari, sed in hac quidem regia civitate ab officio eminentissimae praefecturae vel eius, cuius forum pars sequitur fugientis, in provinciis autem tam per moderato res quam apparitiones eorum, vel per iudices , quorum regimen pars pertimescat pulsata. * iust. a. iuliano pp. * <a 530 d. vi k. april.

Whereas it had previously been ordained, in the choosing of arbitrators whom neither the penalty of a compromise fortified nor a judge had appointed, but whom a common election, with no prior judgment, created, in order that one should stand by their sentence: if indeed the arbitral form proceeded for the side sued, an exception as if of pact was generated for him; but if the ballot was cast for the plaintiff, nothing of defense proceeded to him from this: we ordain that, as to those arbitrators whom we have mentioned and whom such a consensus shall have chosen under that pact held in writing or not in writing, that one should stand by their definition, if indeed they have subscribed, after the award proceeds, that their opinion does not displease both parties; not only shall an exception as if of pact be generated for the defendant, but also for the plaintiff, by our numen, an actio in factum, to the extent that his sentence can be committed to execution—yet in this royal city by the office of the most eminent Prefecture, or by him whose forum the party in flight’s side follows; but in the provinces both through the Moderators and their apparitors, or through the judges whose government the sued party dreads. * Justinian Augustus to Julian, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 530, on the 6th day before the Kalends of April.

constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

at constantinople, lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.2.55.5.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.5.1: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem minime quidem post sententiam subscripserint arbitri formam amplecti, sed silentio eam roboraverint et non intra decem dies proximos attestatio missa fuerit vel iudici vel adversariis ab alterutra parte, per quam manifestum fiat definitionem non esse amplectendam, tunc silentio partium sententiam roboratam esse et fugienti exceptionem et agenti memoratam actionem competere. <a 530 d. vi k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

But if, however, they have by no means, after the sentence, subscribed to embrace the arbitral form, but have corroborated it by silence, and within the next ten days no attestation shall have been sent either to the judge or to the adversaries by either party, through which it becomes manifest that the definition is not to be embraced, then by the silence of the parties the sentence is corroborated, and the exception is available to the evader and the aforementioned action to the plaintiff. <a 530 on the 6th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, when Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men, were consuls.>

CJ.2.55.5.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.5.2: Emperor Justinian

Altera autem parte recusante secundum praefatum modum et implere statuta minime cupiente nihil fieri praeiudicium neque pari vel exceptionem reo vel actori actionem, exceptis videlicet arbitris, qui cum sacramenti religione electi sunt secundum novellam nostri numinis constitutionem: tunc etenim ea omnia servari, quae lege nostra super huiusmodi audientia definita sunt. <a 530 d. vi k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

But if the other party refuses in accordance with the aforesaid manner and is in no way willing to fulfill the statutes, no prejudice is to be wrought, nor is there afforded either to the defendant an exception or to the plaintiff an action—save, namely, for the arbiters, who have been chosen under the sanctity of an oath according to the novella of our divine majesty’s constitution: for then indeed all those things are to be observed which by our law have been defined concerning a hearing of this kind. <a 530 on the 6th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.2.55.5.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.5.3: Emperor Justinian

Licet non ignoramus iulii pauli opinionem et aliorum prudentium certorum, qui tetigerunt quidem huiusmodi quaestionem, quam in praesenti adgredimur, non autem perfectissime peregerunt, sed usque ad quasdam temporales actiones standum esse existimaverunt, plenius tamen et generaliter definimus conventum in scriptis apud compromissum iudicem factum ita temporis interruptionem inducere, quasi in ordinario iudicio lis fuisset inchoata. <a 530 d. vi k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

Although we are not ignorant of the opinion of Julius Paulus and of certain other prudent jurists, who indeed touched upon this kind of question which we are presently addressing, yet did not execute it most perfectly, but thought that one should abide only up to certain temporary actions; nevertheless, we more fully and generally define that an agreement in writing made before a compromise-judge (arbitrator) induces an interruption of time, as if in an ordinary trial the suit had been begun. <a 530, on the sixth day before the Kalends of April [March 27], at Constantinople; Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men, consuls.>

CJ.2.55.5.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.5.4: Emperor Justinian

Ad haec generaliter sancimus in his, quae apud compromissarios acta sunt, si aliquod in factum respiciens vel professum est vel attestatum, posse eo et in ordinariis uti iudiciis. <a 530 d. vi k. april. constantinopoli lampadio et oreste vv. cc. conss.>

In addition we generally sanction that, in matters which have been transacted before compromissory judges, if anything regarding the fact has been either professed or attested, that may likewise be used in ordinary courts. <a 530, on the 6th day before the Kalends of April, at Constantinople, Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men, consuls.>

CJ.2.55.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.55.6: Emperor Justinian

Sancimus mulieres suae pudicitiae memores et operum, quae eis natura permisit et a quibus eas iussit abstinere, licet summae atque optimae opinionis constitutae arbitrium in se susceperint vel, si fuerint patronae, inter libertos suam interposuerint audientiam, ab omni iudiciali agmine separari, ut ex earum electione nulla poena, nulla pacti exceptio adversus iustos eorum conventores habeatur. * iust. a. iohanni pp. * <a 531 d. k. sept.

We decree that women, mindful of their own pudicity and of the works which nature has permitted to them and from which it has commanded them to abstain, even if, being of the highest and best reputation, they have assumed arbitration over themselves, or, if they are patronesses, have interposed their own hearing among their freedmen, are to be separated from all judicial process, so that from their election no penalty, no exception based on a pact shall be had against those who lawfully summon them. * Justinian Augustus to John, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 531 on the Kalends of September.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestae.>

At Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes.>

CJ.2.56.0. De satisdando.

CJ.2.56.0. On giving surety.

CJ.2.56.1pr.: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.56.1pr.: The Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Non est iuris incerti eum, qui apud acta factus est agentis procurator, non compelli ratam rem dominum habiturum satisdare: hoc enim casu veluti praesentis procuratorem intervenire intellegendum est. * diocl. et maxim.

It is not a matter of uncertain law that one who has been made, in the record, the procurator of the acting party (plaintiff) is not to be compelled to give surety that the principal will hold the matter ratified: for in this case he is to be understood to intervene as the procurator of one present. * Diocletian and Maximian.

aa. et cc. * <a 294 d. viiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

the Augusti and the Caesars. * <in the year 294, on 24 October, the Caesars being consuls.>

CJ.2.56.1.1: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.56.1.1: Emperors Diocletian, Maximian

Itaque etsi postea mutata voluntate procuratorem esse noluerit, tamen iudicium, quo quasi procurator expertus est, iudex ratum habere debebit. <a 294 d. viiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

Therefore, even if afterwards, with his intention changed, he should not wish to be a procurator, nevertheless the judgment in which he has litigated as if a procurator the judge ought to hold as valid. <a 294 d. viiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

CJ.2.56.1.2: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.56.1.2: The Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Sin autem ei ab adversario opposita fuerit in ipso litis exordio defensionis adlegatio, etiam ipse quasi absentis in hac parte procurator satisdationem super excipienda lite praestare cogitur, qua non praecedente lis quae ei mandata est ulterius procedere a iudice non conceditur. <a 294 d. viiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

But if at the very exordium of the suit a plea of defense has been opposed to him by the adversary, he too, as the procurator of an absent person in this respect, is compelled to furnish satisdation concerning the taking up of the suit; and if this does not precede, it is not allowed by the judge that the suit which has been mandated to him proceed further. <a 294 d. 9 k. nov. cc. conss.>

CJ.2.56.1.3: Imperatores Diocletianus, Maximianus

CJ.2.56.1.3: Emperors Diocletian and Maximian

Rei autem procurator vel defensor, etiam sub gestorum testificatione factus, in ipso litis limine iudicatum solvi satisdationem in omnibus causis praestare cogitur. <a 294 d. viiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

But the defendant’s procurator or defender, even though constituted under the attestation of the acts, is compelled, at the very threshold of the suit, to furnish in all causes a judicatum solvi surety (security that the adjudged sum will be paid). <a 294 d. viiii k. nov. cc. conss.>

CJ.2.57.0. De formulis et impetratione actionum sublatis.

CJ.2.57.0. On formulas and the impetration of actions, abolished.

CJ.2.57.1: Imperatores Constantius, constans

CJ.2.57.1: Emperors Constantius, constans

Iuris formulae aucupatione syllabarum insidiantes cunctorum actibus radicitus amputentur. * constantius et constans aa. Marcellino praesidi phoenice. * <a 342 d. x k. febr.

Let the formulas of law, laying ambushes for the acts of all by the word-hunting of syllables, be cut off root and branch. * constantius and constans, emperors, to marcellinus, governor of phoenicia. * <a 342 given on the 10th day before the Kalends of February.

constantio iii et constante ii aa. conss.>

in the consulship of constantius 3 and constans 2, the augusti.>

CJ.2.57.2: Imperatores Theodosius, Valentinianus

CJ.2.57.2: The Emperors Theodosius, Valentinian

Nulli prorsus non impetratae actionis in maiore vel minore iudicio agenti opponatur exceptio, si aptam rei et proposito negotio competentem eam esse constiterit. * theodos. et valentin.

Let a plea be denied to no one, whether he is proceeding in the greater or the lesser court, without the action having been obtained, if it has been established that it is apt to the matter and suitable to the business in view. * theodos. et valentin.

aa. hierio pp. * <a 428 d. x k. mart. constantinopoli tauro et felice conss.>

the augusti to hierius, praetorian prefect. * <a 428 on the 10th day before the kalends of march, at constantinople, when taurus and felix were consuls.>

CJ.2.58.0. De iureiurando propter calumniam dando.

CJ.2.58.0. On the oath to be given on account of calumny.

CJ.2.58.1pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.1pr.: Emperor Justinian

In omnibus causis, sive propter litteras fuerit certatum sive propter instrumenta sive propter quicquam aliud, in quo necessitas probationis incumbit, sancimus non aliter easdem probationes praestare compelli, nisi prius qui eas ecit iuramentum de calumnia praestaverit, quod non causa differendi huiusmodi proposuit adlegationes: nam sacramenti timore contentiosa litigantium instantia compescitur. * iust. a. demostheni pp. * <a 529 d. xii k. oct.

In all cases, whether there has been litigation on account of letters or on account of instruments or on account of anything else in which the necessity of proof lies, we ordain that they are not to be compelled to furnish those same proofs otherwise, unless first the one who brings them forward has furnished an oath against calumny, that he did not put forward allegations of this kind for the purpose of delay: for by fear of the oath the contentious insistence of litigants is restrained. * Justinian Augustus to Demosthenes, Praetorian Prefect. * <a 529, on the 12th day before the Kalends of October.

constantinopoli decio vc. cons.>

at Constantinople, in the consulship of Decius, a most distinguished man.>

CJ.2.58.1.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.1.1: Emperor Justinian

Ne autem perperam in quaestionem servorum quidam venientes sui animi crudelitatem exerceant, non aliter concedi eis qui quaestionem servorum ecunt ad hoc venire vel a iudicibus audiri, nisi prius tactis sacrosanctis scripturis deponant, quod non odio servorum vel propter offensas coheredum ad hoc venerunt, sed quia aliter rerum hereditariarum veritatem exquirere vel ostendere non possunt. <a 529 d. xii k. oct. constantinopoli decio vc. cons.>

Lest, however, certain persons coming to the questioning of slaves should wrongly exercise the cruelty of their own mind, it is not otherwise conceded to those who prosecute the questioning of slaves to come for this or to be heard by the judges, unless first, with the sacrosanct Scriptures touched, they depose that they have not come to this out of hatred of the slaves or on account of the offenses of coheirs, but because otherwise they cannot inquire into or demonstrate the truth of hereditary matters. <in the year 529, on the 12th day before the Kalends of October, at Constantinople, Decius, V.C., consul.>

CJ.2.58.2pr.: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2pr.: Emperor Justinian

Cum et iudices non aliter causas dirimere concessimus nisi sacrosanctis evangeliis propositis et patronos causarum in omni orbe terrarum, qui romano imperio suppositus est, prius iurare et ita perferre causas disposuimus: necessarium duximus et praesentem legem ponere, per quam sancimus in omnibus litibus, quae fuerint post praesentem legem inchoatae, non aliter neque actorem neque fugientem in primordio litis exercere certamina, nisi post narrationem et responsionem, antequam utriusque partis advocati sacramentum legitimum praestent, ipsae principales personae subeant iusiurandum. et actor quidem iuret non calumniandi animo litem movisse, sed existimando bonam causam habere: reus autem non aliter suis adlegationibus utatur, nisi prius et ipse iuraverit, quod putans se bona instantia uti ad reluctandum pervenerit: et postea utriusque partis viros disertissimos advocatos, quod iam dispositum est a nobis, iusiurandum praestare, sacrosanctis videlicet evangeliis ante iudicem positis. * iust.

Since we have granted that judges are not to decide cases otherwise than with the sacrosanct Gospels set forth, and have arranged that the patrons of causes throughout the whole orb of lands subject to the Roman empire first swear an oath and thus carry through the causes: we have deemed it necessary also to establish the present law, by which we sanction that in all lawsuits which shall have been initiated after the present law, neither the plaintiff nor the defendant, at the inception of the suit, may otherwise engage in contests, unless, after the narration and the response, before the advocates of each party shall furnish the lawful sacramentum, the principal persons themselves undergo an oath. And let the plaintiff indeed swear that he has not stirred the suit with a spirit of calumny, but in the belief that he has a good cause; but let the defendant not otherwise use his allegations, unless he too shall first have sworn that, thinking he is using good earnestness, he has come to make resistance; and thereafter let the most eloquent advocates of each party, as has already been disposed by us, furnish the oath, the sacrosanct Gospels, namely, having been set before the judge. * JUST.

a. iuliano pp. * <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

to Julian, praetorian prefect. * <in the year 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.1: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.1: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem vel dignitas vel sexus personae non concesserit eam ad iudicem pervenire, in domo litigantis sacramentum procedere, altera videlicet parte vel procuratore eius praesente. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if either the dignity or the sex of the person does not permit her to come before the judge, let the oath proceed in the house of the litigant, namely with the other party or his procurator present. <in the year 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.58.2.2: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.2: Emperor Justinian

Quod observari oportet et si tutores vel curatores vel aliae quaedam sint personae, quae administrationem alienarum rerum auctoritate legitima gerunt. convenit enim et ipsos iureiurando adfici, quia ipsi causam scientes ita ad eam perveniunt. neque enim pupillus neque adultus vel aliae huiusmodi personae, sed ipsi, qui pro eis tutelam vel curam vel aliam legitimam gerunt administrationem, scire possunt causam et ita ad iudicium pervenire eo, quod ex animi sui sententia iurent.

What must be observed also if there are tutors or curators or certain other persons who, by legitimate authority, conduct the administration of others’ affairs. For it is proper that they too be subjected to an oath, since they themselves, knowing the cause, thus come to it. For neither the pupil nor the adult nor other persons of this sort, but those themselves who on their behalf conduct tutelage or care or another legitimate administration, can know the cause and thus come to judgment, because they swear from the conviction of their own mind.

CJ.2.58.2.2a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.2a: Emperor Justinian

Et licet vera causae natura alia forsitan est, tamen quod quisque credit et existimat, hoc esse iurandum: omnibus aliis iuramentis, quae vel ex praeteritis descendunt legibus vel a nobis disposita sunt, in sua firmitate duraturis. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

And although the true nature of the case is perhaps otherwise, nevertheless what each person believes and deems, this is to be sworn: all other oaths, which either descend from prior laws or have been arranged by us, shall remain in their own force. <a 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most illustrious men.>

CJ.2.58.2.3: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.3: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem afuerit alterutra pars et per procuratorem causa agitur, non ante licentiam habeat actor litem exercendam suo procuratori mandare, nisi prius actis intervenientibus in provincia qua degit sacramentum calumniae subeat, similique modo si reus afuerit et forsitan vel per iudicatum solvi stipulationem procuratorem ordinaverit vel defensor pro eo intervenerit, et ipse vel praesente actore per se vel per instructum procuratorem vel etiam absente eo, si hoc iudex perspexerit, inter acta iuramentum praestiterit, quod reum dare antea dispositum est. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if either party is absent and the case is conducted through a procurator, let the plaintiff not have leave to entrust to his procurator the prosecution of the suit before he first, with a record entered, in the province in which he resides, undergoes the oath of calumny; and in like manner, if the defendant is absent and perhaps either has appointed a procurator for the stipulation “to pay what is adjudged” (iudicatum solvi) or a defensor has intervened on his behalf, then he too—whether, with the plaintiff present, by himself or by a briefed procurator, or even with him absent, if the judge has ascertained this—shall have furnished among the acts the oath which it was previously prescribed that the defendant should give.

CJ.2.58.2.4: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.4: Emperor Justinian

Sed quia veremur, ne forsitan quidam collusione aliqua utentes remittere videantur sibi huiusmodi sacramentum et ex praedicta dissimulatione nostram sanctionem deludant, sancimus omnes iudices, licet ex compromisso cognoscant, vigorem suum exercentes, quia non pro commodo privatorum, sed pro communi utilitate praesentem legem posuimus, minime pati tale sacramentum remitti, sed omnimodo hoc et ab actore et a fugiente exigi, ne paulatim videatur huiusmodi res defraudari et sacramentum vel principalium personarum vel advocatorum ex quacumque parte mutilari. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But because we fear lest perhaps certain persons, availing themselves of some collusion, may seem to remit to themselves such an oath, and by the aforesaid dissimulation may elude our sanction, we decree that all judges, even if they are taking cognizance by compromise, exercising their authority—for we have established the present law not for the convenience of private persons but for the common utility—are by no means to allow such an oath to be remitted, but in every way to exact it both from the plaintiff and from the one who is fleeing, lest by degrees such a matter seem to be defrauded and the oath, whether of the principal parties or of the advocates, be mutilated from whatever side. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

CJ.2.58.2.5: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.5: Emperor Justinian

Hoc etiam huic legi addendum esse sancimus, ut, si quis pro alio litem movere voluerit nullo mandato prolato, sed per fideiussionem ratam rem dominum habiturum suam personam firmaverit, ne vel ex hac machinatione lex circumscribi videatur, sancimus si quid tale in posterum emerserit, sive pro una persona quis litem movere voluerit sive pro aliquo corpore vel vico vel alia universitate, fideiussionem quidem solitam praestare, litem autem ulterius minime procedere, nisi intra a iudice statuendum tempus faciat personas principales sacramentum subire, vel praesente adversario, si hoc maluerit, vel alio pro eo agente, vel penitus altera parte cessante inter acta apud defensorem locorum huiusmodi sacramentum vel ab ipso pro quo agitur vel plurima parte vel idonea universitatis procedat. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

We also sanction that this be added to this law: that, if anyone should wish to move a lawsuit on behalf of another with no mandate produced, but has confirmed his own person by a fideiussion that the lord/owner will hold the matter ratified, lest even by this machination the law seem to be circumvented, we sanction that, if anything of this sort shall arise in the future—whether someone should wish to move a suit on behalf of a single person or on behalf of some corpus or vicus or other universitas—he shall indeed furnish the customary fideiussion, but the suit shall by no means proceed further, unless within a time to be set by the judge he causes the principal persons to undergo the sacramentum, either with the adversary present, if he prefers this, or with another acting for him, or, the other side entirely failing to appear, let such sacramentum proceed among the acts before the defensor of the places, either by the very person for whom the action is brought, or by the greater part, or by a suitable universitas. <a 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.6: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.6: Emperor Justinian

Quod si actor noluerit subire sacramentum calumniae et hoc legitime fuerit approbatum, non liceat ei penitus ad litem pervenire, sed cadat ab instituta actione quasi improbus litigator, et tristitia iudicum ei cum sancta interminatione occurrat et ab iudicio eum quam longissime expellat. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if the plaintiff should be unwilling to undergo the oath of calumny and this has been duly approved, let it not be permitted to him at all to come to the suit; rather, let him fall from the instituted action as a dishonest litigant, and let the sternness of the judges, with a solemn threat, confront him and expel him as far as possible from the court. <a 531 on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.7: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.7: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem reus hoc sacramentum subire recusaverit, in his capitulis, quae narratione comprehensa sunt, pro confessio habeatur et liceat iudici sententiam proferre, quemadmodum et ipsa rei qualitas suggesserit. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if, however, the defendant should refuse to undergo this oath, in those chapters which are encompassed by the narration, let it be held as confession, and let it be permitted to the judge to pronounce sentence, just as the very quality of the case shall have suggested. <a 531 on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.8: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.8: Emperor Justinian

Sic enim non lites solum, sed etiam calumniatores minuentur, sic pro iudiciis putabunt sese omnes in sacrariis sisti. si enim et ipsae principales litigantium partes per iuramentum lites exerceant et causarum patroni praebeant sacramentum et ipsi iudices propositis sanctis scripturis tam causae totius faciant examinationem quam suum proferant arbitrium, quid aliud, nisi pro hominibus deum in omnibus causis iudicem esse credendum est? <a 531 pp. x k. mart.

For thus not lawsuits only, but even calumniators will be diminished; thus, instead of courts, all will think themselves set in sanctuaries. For if both the very principal parties of the litigants prosecute their suits by oath, and the patrons of the causes proffer the sacrament (oath), and the judges themselves, with the holy scriptures set forth, make both an examination of the whole cause and bring forth their own arbitrament, what else is to be believed, except that, for men, God is the judge in all causes? <a 531 pp. x k. mart.

constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

at constantinople after the consulship of lampadius and orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.8a: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.8a: Emperor Justinian

Antiqua itaque calumnia quiescente et eius ambagibus constitutio nostra dilucida et compendiosa in terris clareat omnibus et sit maximum dirimendarum causarum remedium. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

Therefore, with the ancient calumny quieted and its ambiguities, let our clear and compendious constitution be evident to all on earth, and let it be the greatest remedy for the settling of causes. <in the year 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.9: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.9: Emperor Justinian

Sed praedictum sacramentum in litibus quidem quae necdum sunt inchoatae praestari volumus in ipso litis primordio. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But as to lawsuits not yet initiated, we will that the aforesaid oath be furnished at the very outset of the suit. <a 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.10: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.10: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem causae adhuc pendentes inveniantur vel post litem contestatam et post solitas iudiciales cautelas iam praestitas, si quidem praesto fuerit utraque persona et in eadem civitate vel in territorio eius moratur, et in his litibus sacramentum locum habere et in primo post hanc legem ingressu compelli iusiurandum praestare. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if, however, causes still pending are found, or after the suit has been joined and after the customary judicial securities have already been furnished, if indeed both parties are present and dwell in the same city or in its territory, then in these suits the sacrament is to have place, and at the first appearance after the entry into force of this law they are to be compelled to render the oath. <a 531 on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulate of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>

CJ.2.58.2.11: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.11: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem una pars afuerit, ne videatur propter absentiam personae lis differri et aliquid contrarium eveniat nostro proposito et, quod pro compendio litium introductum est, in adversariam figuram transformetur, iubemus praesentem quidem personam omnimodo dare sacramentum, absenti autem in pendentibus dumtaxat litibus secundum quod praedictum est hoc concedi. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if one party should be absent, lest the suit seem to be deferred because of the person’s absence and something contrary occur to our purpose and that which was introduced for the abridgment of litigations be transformed into an adversarial shape, we order that the person who is present in every way give the oath, but that to the absent person, in pending suits only, this be granted according to what has been said. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

CJ.2.58.2.12: Imperator Justinianus

CJ.2.58.2.12: Emperor Justinian

Sin autem utraque principalis persona afuerit, ne diutius lites protelentur, etiam sine datione sacramenti lites pendentes suo decurrant tramite. <a 531 pp. x k. mart. constantinopoli post consulatum lampadii et orestis vv. cc.>

But if both principal persons are absent, lest the lawsuits be protracted further, even without the giving of the oath let the pending lawsuits run their own course. <a 531, on the 10th day before the Kalends of March, at Constantinople, after the consulship of Lampadius and Orestes, most distinguished men.>