Ampelius: LUCIUS AMPELIUS LIBER MEMORIALIS

Volenti tibi omnia nosse scripsi hunc librum memorialem, ut noris quid sit mundus, quid elementa, quid orbis terrarum ferat, vel quid genus humanum peregerit.

To you desiring to know all I have written this memorial book, that you may know what the world is, what the elements are, what the orb of the lands bears, or what the human race has accomplished.

I. DE MVNDO

CHAPTER 1. ON THE WORLD

Mundus est universitas rerum, in quo omnia sunt et extra quem nihil; qui Graece dicitur cosmos. Elementa mundi quattuor: ignis ex quo est caelum, aqua ex qua mare Oceanum, aer ex quo venti et tempestates, terra quam propter formam eius orbem terrarum appellamus. Caeli regiones sunt quattuor: oriens occidens meridies septentrio.

The world is the universitas of things, in which all things are and outside of which nothing is; which in Greek is called cosmos. The elements of the world are four: fire, from which is the caelum (heaven/sky); water, from which are the sea and Ocean; air, from which are winds and tempests; earth, which because of its form we call the orb of lands. The regions of the heavens are four: oriens, occidens, meridies, septentrio.

Caelum dividitur in circulos quinque: arcticum et antarcticum, qui ob nimiam vim frigoris inhabitabiles sunt; aequinoctialem cui <quae> subiacet regio catacecaumene dicitur neque incolitur ob nimiam vim ardoris; brumalem et solstitialem sub quibus habitatur (sunt enim temperatissimi); per quos oblicus circulus vadit cum duodecim signis, in quibus sol annuum conficit cursum.

The sky is divided into five circles: the Arctic and the Antarctic, which are uninhabitable because of the excessive force of cold; the equinoctial, to which <quae> beneath lies the region called catacecaumene and which is not inhabited because of excessive heat; the winter and the summer-solstitial, under which one lives (for they are most temperate); through these goes the oblique circle with twelve signs, in which the sun completes his annual course.

II. DE DVODECIM SIGNIS

2. ON THE TWELVE SIGNS

Signa sunt in caelo duodecim. Aries beneficio Liberi, quod is cum exercitum in Indiam per Libyam duceret per loca sicca et arenosa, qua aquae inopia esset et exercitus eius siti adfligeretur, aries eis aquam demonstravit; et ob id a Libero Iovis Ammon est appellatus, eique fanum magnificum fecit ad eum locum ubi aquam invenit; quod abest ab Aegypto et Alexandria milia passuum novem. Ob eam rem a Iove petit ut in<ter> sidera reciperetur.

There are twelve signs in the sky. Aries, by the favor of Liber, because when he was leading an army into India through Libya by dry and sandy places, where there was a lack of water and his army was being afflicted by thirst, showed them water; and on that account by Liber he was called Jupiter Ammon, and a magnificent shrine was made to him at that place where he found the water; which is distant from Egypt and Alexandria nine miles. For this reason he asked of Jupiter that he be received in the stars.

Alii putant eum esse qui Hellen et Phryxum vexerit. Taurus beneficio Iovis, quem Iuppiter a Neptuno fratre per gratiam abduxit; qui sensum humanum figura tauri continebat hisque Iovis iussu Europam Agenoris filiam Sidonia adludens decepit et eam Cretam deportavit. Ob eam rem Iuppiter in sideribus eum dignatus est immortali memoria.

Others think him to be the one who harried Hellen and Phryxus. Taurus, by the favor of Iupiter, whom Iupiter, as a kindness, led away from his brother Neptune; who in the figure of a bull contained a human sense and by Iupiter’s command, playing with Europa, Agenor’s daughter the Sidonian, deceived her and carried her off to Crete. For this reason Iupiter deemed him worthy in the stars of immortal memory.

Gemini, qui <dii> Samothraces nominantur [esse]; quorum argumentum nefas est pronuntiare praeter eos qui mi<ste>riis prae[sto]sunt. Alii Castorem et Pollucem dicunt, quod hi principes mare tutum a praedonibus praestitissent. Sunt qui dicant Herculem et Theseum, quod similia athla sint adepti.

The Gemini, who are called Samothracian gods; the identity of whom it is nefas to pronounce except to those who are present for the mysteries. Others say they are Castor and Pollux, because these princes made the sea safe from pirates. There are those who say Hercules and Theseus, because they achieved similar athla (feats).

Cancer, καρκίνος, receptus beneficio Iunonis, quod eius iussu, cum Hercules missus esset ad hydram Lernaeam (quam nos excetram dicimus) interficiendam, <i>s carcinus ingressus Herculis pedes et crura lanians incommodiorem faciebat eum quam ipsa excetra; idque malum Hercules difficillimum habuit, carcinumque [cancrum] ob id factum Iuno sideribus est dignata. Leo, λέων, qui educatus est [Nemeae] Iunonis consilio ad Herculis interitum, missus in terram in Argiva diu spelunca latitavit; quem Hercules dicitur interfecisse cum Molorcho hospite suo, cuius clavam ei tributam tum principio est adeptus; qua leonem interfecit, eiusque pellem postea pro tegumento habuit. ob id factum Iunoni odio esse coepit, leonemque caelesti dignitate est honorata.

Cancer, καρκίνος, received by the favor of Juno, because at her command, when Hercules was sent to slay the Lernaean hydra (which we call the excetra), the crab entered Hercules’ feet and tearing at his legs made him more inconvenienced than the very excetra; and this evil Hercules found most difficult, and for that deed Juno deemed the crab (cancrum) worthy of the stars. The lion, λέων, which was reared [Nemeae] by Juno’s counsel for the destruction of Hercules, was sent into the land and long lurked in a cave in Argos; which Hercules is said to have killed with his guest Molorchus, whose club he received from him at the first; by which he killed the lion, and afterwards wore its pelt as a covering. Because of that deed it began to be hateful to Juno, and the lion was honored with celestial dignity.

Virgo, quam nos Iustitiam dicimus, fuit cum hominibus; sed postquam homines malefacere coeperunt, Iovis eam inter signa posuit. Sunt qui Erigonam Icari filiam Atheniensem dicunt; cuius patri Liber vinum dedit, ut hominibus ad suavitatem daret: quibus dedit ebriati sunt et lapidibus eum occiderunt. Canis qui cum illo erat vidit dominum occisum, et cum ululatu ad Erigonem rediit; quem ut maestum et singularem vidit, sollicita proficiscitur cum eo. Venere ad locum ubi Icarius iacebat.

Virgo, whom we call Justice, was among men; but after men began to do evil, Jupiter set her among the signs. Some say (she is) Erigona, the Athenian daughter of Icarius; to whose father Liber gave wine, that he might give it to men for sweetness: they, made drunk, stoned him to death. The dog that was with him saw his master slain, and with a howl returned to Erigona; when she saw him sorrowful and solitary, she, anxious, set out with him. They came to the place where Icarius lay.

Vidit corpus patris, magna lamentatione in Hymetto monte sepelivit, ipsa vero se suspendit laqueo. Canis ad pedes eius discumbens diutius et sine alimentis deficiens, post aquam anhelans in puteum se proiecit. Tum Liber a Iove petit, quod suo imperio deficerent, ut inter siderum cursus ponere[n>tur.

She saw her father's body, and with great lamentation buried him on Mount Hymettus; she herself hanged herself with a noose. The dog, lying down at her feet and wasting away longer without food, after gasping for water threw himself into a well. Then Liber was entreated of Jove that, by his authority, they be set among the courses of the stars.

<Erigone> Virgo, Icarius autem Arcturus nominatus est (cuius stella cum exoritur, continuas tempestates facit), canis Canicula. Libra, quam Graeci ζυγόν appellant, virile nomen est adeptus summa clementia et iustitia; <Stath>muchos <est> dictus, qui<a> primus dicitur libram et pondus [hominibus] invenisse, quae utilissima mortalibus aestimantur; ideoque in numerum stellarum est receptus [est] et Libra est dictus. Scorpius.

<Erigone> a maiden, Icarius however is named Arcturus (whose star, when it rises, brings on continuous tempests), the dog Canicula. Libra, which the Greeks call ζυγόν, has gained a virile name through supreme clemency and justice; <Stath>muchos <est> is said, who<a> is reported to have first found the scale and weight [hominibus], which are judged most useful to mortals; and therefore he was received into the number of the stars and is called Libra. Scorpius.

Qui dicitur ad perniciem Orionis in insula Chio in monte Pelinaeo voluntate Dianae natus. Orion autem dum venatur, visa Diana stuprare eam voluit. Illa scorpionem subiecit, qui eum vita privaret.

Who is said to have been born for the ruin of Orion on the island of Chios on Mount Pelinaeus by the will of Diana. Orion, however, while he hunted, having seen Diana wished to ravish her. She set beneath him a scorpion, which deprived him of life.

Iuppiter et scorpionem et Orionem inter sidera recepit. Sagittarius, Crotos, filius nutricis Musarum; que<m> Musae semper dilexerunt eo quod plausu et lusu sagittarum eas oblectaret. Alii Chironem dicunt, quod iustus et pius [doctus] <atque> hospitalis fuerit.

Jupiter received both the scorpion and Orion among the stars. Sagittarius, Crotos, son of the nurse of the Muses; whom<m> the Muses always loved because by the applause and play of his arrows he delighted them. Others call (him) Chiron, because he was just and pious [doctus] <atque> hospitable.

Ab eo Aesculapius <doctus> medicinam, Achilles citharam et alia multa. Capricornus, cui nomen Pan. Quo tempore Python speluncas incolens in monte Tauro Aegyptum profectus est ad bellum, Pan se in caprae figuram convertit.

From him Aesculapius <doctus> learned medicine, Achilles the cithara and many other things. Capricorn, whose name is Pan. At the time when Python, dwelling in caves on Mount Taurus, set out to Egypt for war, Pan transformed himself into the figure of a goat.

igitur dii immortales postquam Pythonem digna poena affecerunt, Pana astrorum memoria decoraverunt. Aquarius, qui putatur esse Ganymedes; dicitur Deucalion Thessalus; qui <cum> maximo cataclysmo cum uxore Pyrrha solus evasisset, hic pietatis causa inter sidera locatus est. Pisces, ideo [pisces] quia bello Gigantum Venus perturbata in piscem se transfiguravit.

Therefore the immortal gods, after they dealt Python a worthy punishment, decked Pan with a remembrance among the stars. Aquarius, who is thought to be Ganymedes; Deucalion the Thessalian is said — who, when he alone with his wife Pyrrha had escaped the greatest cataclysm, was placed among the stars for the sake of pietas. Pisces, therefore [fish], because, disturbed in the war of the Giants, Venus transformed herself into a fish.

Nam dicitur et in Eufrate fluvio ovum piscis in ora fluminis columba adsedisse dies plurimos et exclusisse deam benignam et misericordem hominibus ad bonam vitam. Vtrique memoriae causa pisces inter sidera recepti.

For it is said that in the river Euphrates a fish’s egg at the river’s mouth a dove sat upon for very many days and barred the goddess, kind and merciful to men, from a good life. For the sake of the memory of both, the fishes were received among the stars.

III. DE SIDERIBVS

CHAPTER 3. ON THE STARS

Praeter duodecim signa potentissima sidera in caelo: Septemtriones duo, maior et minor, qui numquam merguntur ideoque navium cursus regunt. Quorum alter Cynosura dicitur, <alter > Bootes, idem Arcturus. Orion, qui magnitudine sua dimidiam caeli obtinet partem.

Besides the twelve most powerful signs, there are stars in the sky: two Septentriones, greater and lesser, which never sink and therefore govern the courses of ships. One of which is called Cynosura, <alter > Bootes, the same Arcturus. Orion, who by his magnitude occupies half the sky.

Pliades, quae latine Virgiliae dicuntur. Hyades, quae a nobis Subuculae dicuntur; quarum ortus et occasus a nautis et ab agricolis observantur. Canicula, cuius vis praecipue solstitio est.

Pleiades, which in Latin are called Virgiliae. Hyades, which by us are called Subuculae; whose rising and setting are observed by sailors and by farmers. Canicula, whose power is especially at the solstice.

Stellae potentissimae in caelo sunt septem: Saturnus Sol Luna Mars Mercurius Iuppiter Venus. Quae a Graecis planetae, a nobis erraticae dicuntur, qui<a> ad arbitrium suum vagantur et motu suo hominum fata moderantur. Item adverso cursu contra caelum feruntur.

The most powerful stars in the sky are seven: Saturn, the Sun, the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus. Which by the Greeks are called planetae, by us erratic ones, which <a> wander at their own arbitrium and by their motion govern the fates of men. Likewise they are borne in a course contrary to the heavens.

[IV. QVIBVS PARTIBVS SEDEANT XII SIGNA DVODECIM VENTORVM]

[4. IN WHICH PARTS SIT THE 12 SIGNS OF THE 12 WINDS]

Aries in aphelioten, Taurus in caeciam, Gemini in aquilonem, Cancer in septentrionem, Leo in thraciam, Virgo in argesten, Libra in zephyron, Scorpius in africum, Sagittarius in austrum et africum, Capricornus in austrum, Aquarius in eurum et notum, Pisces in eurum.

Aries toward Apheliotes, Taurus toward Caecias, Gemini toward Aquilo, Cancer toward Septentrio, Leo toward Thracia, Virgo toward Argestes, Libra toward Zephyrus, Scorpius toward Africus, Sagittarius toward the South and Africus, Capricorn toward the South, Aquarius toward Eurus and Notus, Pisces toward Eurus.

V. DE VENTIS

5. ON THE WINDS

Venti fiunt ex aeris motu et inclinatione. Sunt autem generales quattuor: eurus, idem apheliotes, idem vulturnus ab oriente; ab occidente zephyrus, idem corus, idem favonius; aquilo, idem boreas <et> aparctias <a> septentrione; notus, idem libs et auster et africus a meridie. Hi sunt quattuor generales; ceteri speciales his tribuuntur, ut iapyx zephyro, qui a<b Ia>phygio Apuliae promontorio flat; leuconotus noto, cum serenior flat; circius aquiloni, cum vehementior Gallias perflat; item etesiae, qui a statis diebus flant per aestatem.

Winds arise from the motion and inclination of the air. There are moreover four general ones: Eurus, the same Apheliotes, the same Vulturnus from the east; from the west Zephyrus, the same Corus, the same Favonius; Aquilo, the same Boreas <et> Aparctias <a> the north; Notus, the same Lips and Auster and Africanus from the south. These are the four generals; the others are special and are assigned to these, as Iapyx to Zephyrus, who blows from the Iaphygian promontory of Apulia; Leuconotus to Notus, when it blows more serene; Circius to Aquilo, when it blows more violently across the Gauls; likewise the Etesiae, which blow on fixed days through the summer.

VI. DE ORBE TERRARVM

CHAPTER 6. ON THE ORB OF THE LANDS

Orbis terrarum qui sub caelo est quattuor regionibus incolitur. Vna pars eius est in qua nos habitamus; altera huic contraria, quam qui incolunt vocantur anticthones; quarum inferiores duae ex contrario harum sitae, quas qui incolunt vocantur antipodes. Orbis terrarum quem nos colimus in tres partes dividitur, totidemque nomina: Asia, quae est inter Tanain et Nilum; Libya, quae est inter Nilum et Gaditanum sinum; Europa, quae est inter fretum et Tanain.

The globe of lands that is under the sky is inhabited in four regions. One part of it is that in which we dwell; another, opposite this, whose inhabitants are called Antichthones; of which the two lower ones are situated opposite those, whose inhabitants are called Antipodes. The world of lands which we inhabit is divided into three parts, and given as many names: Asia, which lies between the Tanain and the Nile; Libya, which is between the Nile and the Gaditanian Gulf; Europe, which is between the strait and the Tanain.

In Asia clarissimae gentes: Indi, Seres, Persae, Medi, Parthi, Arabes, Bithyni, Phryges, Cappadoces, Cilices, Syri, Lydi. In Europa clarissimae gentes: Scythae, Sarmatae, Germani, Daci, Moesi, Thraci, Macedones, Dalmatae, Pannoni, Illyrici, Graeci, Itali, Galli, Spani. In Libya gentes clarissimae: Aethiopes, Mauri, Numidae, Poeni, Gaetuli, Garamantes, Nasamones, Aegyptii.

In Asia the most renowned peoples: Indians, Seres, Persians, Medes, Parthians, Arabs, Bithynians, Phrygians, Cappadocians, Cilicians, Syrians, Lydians. In Europa the most renowned peoples: Scythians, Sarmatians, Germans, Dacians, Moesians, Thracians, Macedonians, Dalmatians, Pannonians, Illyrians, Greeks, Italians, Gauls, Spaniards. In Libya the most renowned peoples: Ethiopians, Moors, Numidians, Phoenicians, Gaetuli, Garamantes, Nasamones, Egyptians.

Clarissimi montes in orbe terrarum: Caucasus in Scythia, Emodus in India, Libanus in Syria, Olympus in Macedonia, Hymettus in Attica, Taygetus Lacedaemonia, Cithaeron et Helicon in Boetia, Parnasos [et] <in Phocide,> Acroceraunia in Epiro, Maenalus in Arcadia, Apenninus in Italia, Eryx in Sicilia, Alpes inter Galliam <et Italiam>, Pyrenaeus inter Galliam et Spaniam, Athlans in Africa, Calpe in freto Oceani. Clarissima flumina in orbe terrarum: Indus Ganges Hydaspes in India, Araxes in Armenia, Thermodon et Phasis in Colchide, Tanais in Scy<thi>a, Strymon et Hebrus in Thracia, Sperchios in Thessalia, Hermus et Pactolus auriferi Maeander et Caystrus in Lydia, Cydnus in Cilicia, Orontes in Syria, Simois et Xanthus in Phrygia, Eurotas Lacedaemone, Alpheus in Elide, Ladon in Arcadia, Achelous et Inachus in Epiro, Savus et Danubius qui idem Ister cognominatur in Moesia, Eridanus et Tiberinus in Italia, Timavus in Illyrico, Rhodanus in Gallia, Hiberus et Baetis in Spania, Bagrada in Numidia, Triton in Gaetulia, Nilus in Aegypto, Tigris et Eufrates in Parthia, Rhenus in Germania. Clarissimae insulae: in mari nostro duodecim: Sicilia, Sardinia, Crete, Cypros, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodos, duae Baleares, Ebusus, Corsica, Gades; in Oceano: ad orientem Taprobane, ad occidentem Brittanni<a>, ad septentrionem Thyle, ad meridiem Insulae Fortunatae; praeter has in Aegaeo mari Cyclades undecim: Delos, Gyaros, Myconos, Andros, Paros, <Ol>earos, Tenos, Cythnos, Melos, Naxos, Donusa; praeter has Sporades innumerabiles, ceterum celeberrimae Aegina, Salamina, Coos, Chios, Lemnos, Samothracia; in Ionio: Echinades, Strophades, Ithace, Cephalenia, Zacynthos; in Adriatico Crateae circiter mille; in Siculo Aeoliae octo; in Gallico Stoechades tres; in Syrtibus Cercina et Menix <quae> et Girba.

Most celebrated mountains in the world: Caucasus in Scythia, Emodus in India, Libanus in Syria, Olympus in Macedonia, Hymettus in Attica, Taygetus in Lacedaemonia, Cithaeron and Helicon in Boeotia, Parnasus <in Phocide,> Acroceraunia in Epirus, Maenalus in Arcadia, Apenninus in Italia, Eryx in Sicily, the Alpes between Gallia <and Italia>, Pyrenaeus between Gallia and Hispania, Athlans in Africa, Calpe in the strait of the Ocean. Most celebrated rivers in the world: Indus, Ganges, Hydaspes in India; Araxes in Armenia; Thermodon and Phasis in Colchis; Tanais in Scythia; Strymon and Hebrus in Thrace; Sperchios in Thessaly; Hermus and the golden Pactolus, Maeander and Caystrus in Lydia; Cydnus in Cilicia; Orontes in Syria; Simois and Xanthus in Phrygia; Eurotas in Lacedaemon, Alpheus in Elis, Ladon in Arcadia, Achelous and Inachus in Epirus; Savus and Danubius, which is likewise called Ister, in Moesia; Eridanus and Tiberinus in Italia; Timavus in Illyricum; Rhodanus in Gallia; Hiberus and Baetis in Hispania; Bagrada in Numidia; Triton in Gaetulia; Nilus in Aegyptus; Tigris and Euphrates in Parthia; Rhenus in Germania. Most celebrated islands: in our sea twelve: Sicilia, Sardinia, Crete, Cyprus, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes, the two Baleares, Ebusus, Corsica, Gades; in the Ocean: to the east Taprobane, to the west Brittannia, to the north Thyle, to the south the Fortunate Islands; besides these in the Aegean Sea the Cyclades eleven: Delos, Gyaros, Myconos, Andros, Paros, <Ol>earos, Tenos, Cythnos, Melos, Naxos, Donusa; besides these innumerable Sporades, moreover very famous Aegina, Salamis, Cos, Chios, Lemnos, Samothrace; in the Ionian: the Echinades, Strophades, Ithaca, Cephallenia, Zacynthus; in the Adriatic about a thousand Crataeae; in the Sicilian waters eight Aeolian islands; in the Gallic sea three Stoechades; in the Syrtes Cercina and Menix <which> and Girba.

VII. DE MARIS AMBITV

CHAPTER 7. ON THE AMBIT OF THE SEA

Mare quo cingimur universum vocatur Oceanum. Hoc quattuor regionibus inrumpit in terras: a septentrione vocatur Caspium, ab oriente Persicum, a meridie Arabicum, idem Rubrum et Erythraeum, ad occasum magnum mare, idem Athlanticum; quod commerciis totius generis humani peragratur. Hoc intrat in fretum Gaditanum inter duos montes clarissimos Abinnam et Calpem ob impositas Herculis Columpnas, dein latissime simul et longissime <ef>fusum medium terrarum orbem inundat et nomina adquirit: Balearicum, quod Hispaniam adluit; Gallicum, quod Gallias tangit; Ligusticum, quod Liguribus infunditur; Tuscum, Tyrrhenum, idem inferum, quod dextrum Italiae latus circuit; Hadriaticum, idem superum, quod sinistrum Italiae latus circuit; Siculum, in quo Sicilia; Creticum, in quo insula est Creta; Ionium et Aegaeum, quae Achaiam [idem Peloponnesum] it<a> ambiunt ut in<ter>veniente Isthmo paene insulam faciant; Myrtoum et Icarium, quae adhaerent Aegaeo mari, illud a Myrtilo hoc ab Icaro cognominatum; Ponticum, quod ingenti sinu Scythis infunditur; Hellesponticum, fauce transmissum inter duas celeberrimas urbes, Seston Asiae, Abydon Europae; Tanaiticum, quo Asia alluitur; Aegyptium ab Aegypto, Libycum a Libya cognominatur; Syrticum a duabus Syrtibus reciprocis aestibus retorquetur.

The sea by which we are surrounded as a whole is called the Ocean. This breaks into lands in four regions: on the north it is called the Caspian, on the east the Persian, on the south the Arabian, the same called the Red and Erythraean, to the west the Great Sea, the same Atlantic; which is traversed by the commerce of all humankind. This enters the Strait of Gades between two very famous mountains, Abinna and Calpe, because of the imposed Columns of Hercules; then, poured forth most widely and farthest <ef>fusum, it inundates the middle of the orb of lands and acquires names: the Balearic, which washes Spain; the Gallic, which touches the Gauls; the Ligustic, which is poured upon the Ligurians; the Tuscan, Tyrrhenian, the same lower sea, which runs along the right flank of Italy; the Adriatic, the same upper, which runs along the left flank of Italy; the Sicilian, in which Sicily lies; the Cretan, in which the island Crete is; the Ionian and Aegean, which surround Achaia [the same Peloponnesus] and, the Isthmus intervening, make it almost an island; the Myrtoan and the Icarian, which adhere to the Aegean sea, the former named from Myrtus, the latter from Icarus; the Pontic, which pours into the Scythians with a great gulf; the Hellespontic, passed through by a throat between two very celebrated cities, Sestos of Asia, Abydos of Europe; the Tanaitic, by which Asia is washed; the Egyptian from Egypt, the Libyan from Libya; the Syrtic, twisted back by two reciprocal sands, the Syrtes, with its tides.

[VIII. MIRACVLA MVNDI.] MIRACVLA QVAE IN TERRIS SVNT

[8. MIRACLES OF THE WORLD.] MIRACLES WHICH ARE ON THE EARTH

Apollonia<e in> Athamantia <a mari> milia passus quinque in monte nymphaeum; ibi ignis est, et de terra exit flamma. In silva Panis symphonia in oppidum auditur. Item sub eo monte in campo lacus aquae pleni; inde pix exit et bitumen; cum manibus subplodas, pix alte attollitur et quasi ab aqua bullescit.

At Apollonia<e in> Athamantia <a mari> five miles up on a mountain is a nymphaeum; there is fire there, and flame issues from the earth. In the wood Pan’s symphony is heard in the town. Likewise beneath that mountain, in the plain, are lakes full of water; from them pitch and bitumen come forth; when you clap your hands beneath, the pitch is lifted up high and seems to boil as if from the water.

Ambraciae in Epiro in pariete sunt picti Castor et Pollux et Helena manu autocthonis, et nemo neque invenire potest quis pinxerit. Argis in Epiro quod ippaton appellatur: ibi pons magnus columpnatus duplex, quem Medea aedificari imperasse fertur. Ibi picta sunt gubernacula Argonautarum quae cepta navis.

At Ambracia in Epirus on a wall are painted Castor and Pollux and Helena by the hand of an autochthon, and no one can discover who painted them. At Argis in Epirus, which is called Ippaton: there is a great double colonnaded bridge, which Medea is said to have ordered to be built. There are painted there the rudders (gubernacula) of the Argonauts, which the ship took.

Ibi Iovis templum Typhonis, unde est ad inferos descensus ad tollendas sortes; in quo loco dicuntur qui descenderunt Iovem ipsum videre. Leucade mons unde se Sappho deiecit propter virum. In summo monte fanum est Apollinis, ubi sacra fiunt; et cum homo inde desiluit, statim excipitur lintribus.

There is there a temple of Jupiter of Typhon, from which there is a descent to the underworld to take up the lots; in that place those who have descended are said to see Jupiter himself. Leucas, the mountain from which Sappho threw herself because of a man. On the summit of the mountain there is a shrine of Apollo, where sacred rites are performed; and when a man leaps down from there, he is immediately taken up by small boats.

Sicyone in Achaia in foro aedis Apollinis est. In ea sunt posita Agamemnonis clipeus et machaera, Ulixis chlamys et thoracium, Teucri sagittae et arcus, Adrasti arca [quam deposuit] in qua quid sit ignoratur; sed et olla aerea, <quam Medea posuit>, in qua Pelias coctus dicitur; item Palamedis litterae, Marsyae <tibiae> itemque corium, remi Argonautarum <cum> [et] gubernaculis <et> brachia, cauculus quo Minerva sortita est de Oreste ceravit una percomparasit <ibi> palla pendet; quam si quis halitu afflaverit, tota patefit; <item> Penelopae tela. Ibi de terra oleum scaturrit.

Sicyon in Achaia, in the forum, has a shrine of Apollo. In it are placed Agamemnon’s clipeus and machaera, Ulysses’ chlamys and thorax, the Trojans’ sagittae and arcus, Adrastus’ arca [which he deposited] in which what is contained is unknown; and also a bronze olla, <which Medea placed>, in which Pelias is said to have been boiled; likewise the letters of Palamedes, Marsyas’ <pipes> and also a hide, the oars of the Argonauts <with> [and] the rudders <and> the arms, the little cup by which Minerva cast lots about Orestes she sealed with wax and kept together; <there> a palla hangs; if anyone breathes upon it, it entirely unfolds; <likewise> Penelope’s weave. There from the earth oil gushes forth.

Argis in Achaia Iunonis templum magnifice ornatum, quod asylum vocant. Olympiae templum Iovis nobile, ubi athletae initiantur. Corintho ballaenae costa est magna secundum mare, quam homo complecti non potest.

In Argis in Achaia a magnificently adorned temple of Juno, which they call an asylum. At Olympia a noble temple of Jupiter, where athletes are initiated. At Corinth there is a great rib of a whale beside the sea, which a man cannot embrace.

Eodem in loco fanum est Veneris, in quo vas marmoreum Laidos. Boetiae lacus sacer ubi Amphiaraus devoratus. In eo lacu est urceus fictilis fractus pendens testa inter se composita; unde autem pendeat non apparet, nisi a vento moveatur.

In the same place is a shrine of Venus, in which is the marble vase of Laidos. A sacred lake of Boeotia where Amphiaraus was devoured. In that lake is a broken earthenware urn hanging, its fragments fitted together; but from what it hangs does not appear, unless it be moved by the wind.

Athenis Minervae aedes nobilis; cuius ad sinistra[m> clipeus appositus quem digito tangit; in quo clipeo medio Daedali est imago ita colligata: quam si quis imaginem <e> clipeo velit tollere, perit totum opus; solvitur enim signum. Ipsa autem dea habet hastam de gramine. Ilio lapis est quadratus, ubi Cassandra fuit alligata; quem si ante [tangas id est aut] fricueris, lac demittit; ex altera autem parte similiter si frices, [ac si] sanguinem demittit.

A noble temple of Minerva in Athens; to its left a shield is set which one touches with a finger; on that shield in the middle there is an image of Daedalus bound thus: which, if anyone would lift the image from the shield, the whole work perishes; for the sign is loosened. The goddess herself, however, has a spear of grass. At Ilion there is a square stone where Cassandra was bound; which, if you rub it beforehand [you touch it, that is, or], it lets fall milk; but if you rub the other side likewise, [and if] it lets fall blood.

Iuxta autem mare locus qui Rhoeteon vocatur; ibi est Achillis et Patrocli tumulus et flumen Scamandrus. Ephesiae Dianae fanum nobilissimum maximum pulcerrimumque orbis terrarum; introitu dextra sinistra postes marmorei monolithi longi cubitis XX, qua super templum ascensu sunt CXL milia. Samio in templo Iunonis est scyphus factus ex hedera, cuius in ora capita quattuor arietina magna cornibus mirae magnitudinis contortis.

Next to the sea is a place called Rhoeteum; there is the tomb of Achilles and Patroclus and the river Scamander. The shrine of Ephesus’s Diana is most noble, greatest, and most beautiful in the orb of the earth; at the entrance on the right and left are marble monolithic doorposts, twenty cubits long, and on the ascent above the temple there are 140,000. In the Samian temple of Juno is a cup fashioned of ivy, on whose rim are four great ram‑heads with horns twisted of wondrous magnitude.

Pergamo ara marmorea magna alta pedes quadraginta cum maximis sculpturis; continet autem gigantomachiam. Iaso signum Dianae marmoreum pulcerrimum quod stat sub divo [caelo], nec cum pluit aqua tangitur. Bargylo est fanum Veneris super mare; ibi est lucerna super candelabrum posita lucens ad mare sub divo [caelo], quam neque ventus extinguit, nec pluvia aspargit.

At Pergamus a great marble altar, high, its feet forty cubits, with very large sculptures; it contains the Gigantomachy. At Iaso a most beautiful marble image of Diana stands under the open sky, nor is it touched when rain falls. At Bargylus is a shrine of Venus over the sea; there is a lamp set upon a candelabrum shining toward the sea under the open sky, which neither wind extinguishes nor rain sprinkles.

Sed et Herculis aedes antiqua; ibi <e> columpna pendet cavea ferrea rotunda in qua conclusa Sibylla dicitur. Ibi iacent ossa ballaenae quasi lapides quadrati. Magnesiae aput Sipylum columpnae sunt quattuor; inter has columpnas est Victoria ferrea pendens sine aliquo vinculo in aere ludens; sed quotiens ventus aut pluvia fuerit, non movet<ur >. Aedis Dianae Epheso quam constituit Amazon.

But also the ancient temple of Hercules; there <e> a column hangs, a round iron cage in which the Sibyl is said to be enclosed. There lie the bones of a whale like square stones. At Magnesia near Sipylus there are four columns; among these columns is an iron Victory hanging, playing in the air without any bond; but as often as wind or rain has been, it is not movet<ur >. The temple of Diana at Ephesus which the Amazon founded.

Ibi et Sepulcrum in Caria stertentis quasi dormiat mirae magnitudinis ex orichalco et ferro. Rhodi colossi signum Solis altum super columpna marmorea cum quadriga; columpna vero habet cubitis centum. Cypro <signum > Signum Iovis Olympi aereum, facies ex auro, quem fecit Phidias.

There too a Sepulchre in Caria, of snorting as if asleep, of wondrous magnitude, of orichalcum and iron. At Rhodes the Colossus, an image of the Sun, high upon a marble column with a quadriga; the column indeed has a hundred cubits. At Cyprus <signum > the image of Jupiter Olympius, of bronze, the face of gold, which Phidias made.

<Altu>m cubitis centum quinquaginta et latum cubitis sexaginta. <Ecbatanis> domus illic Cyri regis aedi[in Media> ficata lapidibus candidis et nigellis auro vinctis. Vbi sunt columpnae, diversis coloribus et innumerabiles lamnas ferreas, fenestras ex argento et tegulas ex lapide prasino; murus [intus medio] Babyloniae quem Memnon aedificavit.

<Altu> high by 150 cubits and wide by 60 cubits. <Ecbatanis> the house there of King Cyrus, aedi[in Media> built of white and black stones bound with gold. Where are columns, of diverse colours and innumerable iron plates, windows of silver and tiles of green stone; the wall [intus medio] of Babylon which Memnon built.

Lapide cocto [id est calce] et sulfure, ferro intermixtus, ubi sunt iuncturae. latitudo eius cubitis XXX, altus cubitis CXXX; cingitur milia passuum <Alexandriae> XXX. Hunc coepit Samiramis; filius eius perfecit.

Of fired stone [that is, lime] and sulphur, mixed with iron at the joints. Its breadth is 30 cubits, its height 130 cubits; it is girded by 30 thousand paces of <Alexandriae>. Samiramis began this; her son completed it.

Pyramides in Aegypto. Quem aedificavit Agartus. [Oppidum] ibi est Nilus fluvius aere factus plexilisin cubitis trecentis, cuius facies <ex> smaragdo limpido, brachia ex ebore magno; cuius aspectu et bestiae terrentur.

Pyramids in Egypt. Which Agartus built. [Town] there is the Nile, a river made of bronze, plexilisin, three hundred cubits long, whose face of clear emerald, arms of great ivory; at whose sight even beasts are terrified.

Athenis signum Iovis Olympi, Alexandria flumen Nilum maxime colunt.

In Athens they revere the image of Jupiter Olympius; in Alexandria they especially revere the river Nile.

[IX. QVOT FERVNT VEL ESSE IOVIS VEL VBI; IN LOCO DEOS DEASQVE

[9. HOW MANY MAINTAIN BOTH THAT JOVE EXISTS AND WHERE; CONCERNING THE PLACE, GODS AND GODDESSES]

Ioves fuere tres: primus in Arcadia Aetheris filius, cui etiam Aetherius cognomen fuit; hic primum Solem procreavit. Secundus ibidem in Arcadia qui Saturnius cognominatur; qui ex Proserpina Liberum patrem procreavit vini inventorem. Tertius Cretae Saturni et Opis filius, Optimus Maximus qui est appellatus.

There were three Joves: the first, in Arcadia, a son of Aether, who also bore the cognomen Aetherius; he first begot the Sun. The second likewise in Arcadia, who is surnamed Saturnius; who by Proserpina begot Liber, the father and inventor of wine. The third, of Crete, a son of Saturn and Opis, who is called Optimus Maximus.

Martes fuere duo: primus ex enoposte, ut Euhemerus ait, et noster Mars seu Marspiter et aliter Mars Enyus; secundus ex Iove et Iunone. Soles fuere quinque: primus Iovis filius; secundus Hyperionis; tertius Nili filius, cui Aegyptus est consecrata; quartus qui Rhodi natus est, cuius etiam Zmintheus est filius; quintus Colchi filius, ex quo Circe et Medea et Phaeton nati sunt. Volcani fuere quattuor: primus Caelo et Ope natus; secundus Nili filius; tertius Saturni et Iunonis; quartus in Sicilia Melites filius.

There were two Marses: the first from Enopostus, as Euhemerus says, and our Mars, or Marspiter, and otherwise Mars Enyus; the second from Jove and Juno. There were five Suns: the first a son of Jove; the second of Hyperion; the third a son of the Nile, to whom Egypt is consecrated; the fourth who was born at Rhodes, whose son Zmintheus also is; the fifth a son of Colchis, from whom Circe and Medea and Phaethon were born. There were four Vulcans: the first born of Caelus and Ops; the second a son of the Nile; the third of Saturn and Juno; the fourth in Sicily a son Melites.

Mercurii quattuor: primus Caeli et Diei filius; secundus Iovis et Croniae filius vel Proserpinae; tertius Croni filius et Maiae, qui est inventor lyrae; quartus Cylleni filius qui Aegyptiis litteras et numerum dixit. Apollines quinque: primus Vulcani et Minervae; secundus ex Corybante; tertius Iovis filius ex Latona; quartus Sileni filius in Arcadia; quintus Ammonis filius <in> Libya natus. Dianae tres: prima Iovis Croni filia ex Proserpina; quae est Liberi soror; secunda Iovis et Latonae Apollinis soror; tertia quae vocatur Ops de Glauce.

Four Mercuries: the first, son of Caelus and Day; the second, son of Jove and Cronia or Proserpina; the third, son of Cronus and Maia, who is the inventor of the lyre; the fourth, son of Cyllene, who taught the Egyptians letters and numbers. Five Apollos: the first, son of Vulcan and Minerva; the second, of a Corybant; the third, son of Jove by Latona; the fourth, son of Silenus in Arcadia; the fifth, son of Ammon, born in Libya. Three Dianas: the first, daughter of Jove and Cronus by Proserpina, who is the sister of Liber; the second, sister of Apollo, daughter of Jove and Latona; the third, who is called Ops of Glauce.

Aesculapi tres: primus Apollo dictus Vulcani filius; secundus Elati filius; tertius Aristeti et Alcippes filius. Veneres quattuor: prima Caeli et Diei filia; secunda quae ex spuma nata esse dicitur Aetheris et Oceani<dos> filia; tertia quae Vulcano nupsit, quae cum Marte se miscuit unde Cupido natus esse dicitur; quarta Cypri et Syriae filia quam Adon habuit. Minervae quinque: prima Vulcani filia unde Athenarum est civitas; secunda Nili filia, quam Aegypti colunt; tertia Iovis filia, quae in bellicis rebus se exercuit; quarta Solis filia, <quae> quadrigas invenit; quinta Pallantis et Titanidos filia; haec patrem occidit pro suae virginitatis observatione qui<a> eius cupidus fuit; unde et Pallas dicta est.

Aesculapii 3: the first called Apollo, son of Vulcan; the second son of Elatus; the third son of Aristeus and Alcippe. Venuses 4: the first daughter of Caelus and Dies; the second said to have been born from the foam, the daughter of Aether and Oceanus<dos>; the third she who married Vulcan, who mingled with Mars whence Cupid is said to have been born; the fourth the daughter of Cyprus and Syria whom Adonis had. Minervae 5: the first the daughter of Vulcan, whence the city of Athens; the second the daughter of Nilus, whom the Egyptians worship; the third the daughter of Jupiter, who exercised herself in warlike affairs; the fourth the daughter of Sol, <quae> invented the quadriga; the fifth the daughter of Pallas and a Titanid; she killed her father for preserving her virginity who had lusted after her; whence she is also called Pallas.

Liberi quinque: primus ex Iove et Proserpina; hic agricola et inventor vini; cuius soror Ceres; secundus Liber ex Melone et Flora cuius nomine fluvius est Granicus; tertius de Cabiro qui regnavit in Asia; quartus ex Saturnio et Semela dicunt; quintus Nisi et Thyonae filius. Hercules sex: primus Iovis [et] Aetherii filius; secundus Nili filius quem principem colunt Aegypti; tertium conditorem loci sui Hellenes dicunt; quartus Croni filius et Carteres quem Carthaginenses colunt, unde Carthago dicta est; quintus Ioab filius qui cum rege Medorum pugnavit; sextus Iovis filius ex Alcemena qui Atlanta domuit.

Five Liberi: first from Jove and Proserpina; he a farmer and inventor of wine; whose sister Ceres; second, Liber, from Melon and Flora, whose name is the river Granicus; third, from Cabirus, who reigned in Asia; fourth, they say, from Saturnius and Semela; fifth, the son of Nisi and Thyone. Six Hercules: first, son of Jove and Aetherius; second, son of the Nile, whom the Egyptians honour as their prince; the third, whom the Hellenes call the founder of his place; fourth, son of Cronus and Carteres, whom the Carthaginians worship, whence Carthage is named; fifth, Ioab the son, who fought with the king of the Medes; sixth, son of Jove by Alcmena, who subdued Atlas.

X. DE IMPERIIS

10. ON EMPIRES

Imperia ab ineunte aevi memoria fuerunt septem: primi rerum potiti s<unt> Assyrii, deinde Medi, postea Persae, tum Lacedaemonii, dein Athenienses, post hos inde Macedones, sic deinde Romani.

There were seven imperia from the beginning of the age’s memory: first the Assyrians became masters of affairs, then the Medes, afterwards the Persians, then the Lacedaemonians, next the Athenians, after these thence the Macedonians, and so thereafter the Romans.

XI. REGES ASSYRIORVM

11. KINGS OF THE ASSYRIANS

Belus rex Iovis filius, cuius posteri per Ninum Asiae regnaverunt, per Aegyptum Libyae, per Danaum Europae. Ninus rex qui primus exercitu prope totam Asiam sub se redegit et clarissimam urbem nominis sui condidit Ninon. Samiramis Dercetis nymphae filia, <a> columbis educta, uxor Nini regis, cuius post mortem regnum Nini ampliavit armis; Indiam quoque parum prospera expeditione temptavit.

Belus, king, son of Jove, whose descendants through Ninus ruled Asia, through Aegyptus Libya, through the Danaans Europe. Ninus, king, who first by his army reduced nearly all Asia under himself and founded the very famous city bearing his name, Ninon. Samiramis, daughter of Dercetis the nymph, <a> reared by doves, wife of King Ninus, who after his death enlarged Ninus’s realm by arms; she also attempted India with a rather unsuccessful expedition.

Haec urbem pulcherrimam omnium quae unquam fuerunt Babylona constituit supra flumen Eufraten. Sardanapallus qui ob nimias delicias et luxuriam perdito regno, ne in potestate<m> hostium veniret, cum exoletis suis venenum bibit et igni subiecto cum regia sua conflagravit.

She founded this most beautiful of cities that ever were, Babylon, above the river Euphrates. Sardanapallus, who through excessive delights and luxury had ruined his kingdom, lest he fall into the power of the enemies, drank poison with his concubines and, the palace being set on fire, burned up together with his royal house.

XII. REGES MEDORVM

12. KINGS OF THE MEDES

Arbaces primus rex qui eversas Assyriorum opes luxuria Sardanapalli transtulit <ad Medos > eosque iustissime rexit. Astyages vir fortis et iustus qui per insidias victus a Cyro est, et dissolutum est Mediae regnum.

Arbaces the first king, who transferred the overthrown opes of the Assyrians by the luxury of Sardanapallus and ruled them most justly. Astyages, a brave and just man, who was overcome by Cyrus through treachery, and the kingdom of Media was dissolved.

XIII. REGES PERSARVM

CHAPTER 13. KINGS OF THE PERSIANS

Cyrus rex fortissimus qui maiore parte Asiae subacta Europam quoque inrupisset, ni a Tomyri Scytharum regina victus oppressusque esset. Cambyses filius nequam Cyri qui cum LXX milia hostium subegisset in Aegypto et regem eius Amasin, Aethiopiam profectus magna parte militum per famem amissa inritus rediit; urbem tamen ibi condidit Meroen. Is qui<a> Apin sacrum bovem interfici iusserat, ira deorum ex equo praeceps super gladium suum ruit extinctusque est.

Cyrus, a most brave king, who with the greater part of Asia subdued would also have burst into Europe, had he not been conquered and overwhelmed by Tomyris, queen of the Scythians. Cambyses, the wicked son of Cyrus, who, when he had subdued 70,000 enemies in Egypt and its king Amasis, having gone into Ethiopia returned in vain with a great part of his soldiery lost to famine; yet he founded there the city of Meroe. He who<a> had ordered the sacred Apis bull to be slain, by the wrath of the gods fell headlong from his horse upon his own sword, and was destroyed.

Darius rex unus ex septem Persis hinnitu equi regnum adsecutus cum CCLXX milibus <militum in> Europam transivit. Victus ab Atheniensibus ducente Miltiade apud [pseudo] Marathona recessit. Xerses Darii filius, cum decessisset pater eius, aliquantis navibus armatis [militibus] in Europam transivit contabulato Hellesponto et forato Atho monte, nec quicquam aliud egit quam ut Athenas incenderet.

Darius, king, one of the seven Persians, having obtained the kingdom by the neighing of a horse, crossed into Europe with 270,000 . Defeated by the Athenians under Miltiades at [pseudo] Marathon, he retired. Xerxes, son of Darius, when his father had died, crossed into Europe with a considerable number of armed ships [militibus], by the Hellespont planked and Mount Athos bored through, and he did nothing else but burn Athens.

Mari victus a Lacedaemoniis et Atheniensibus in Asiam rediit ibique suorum fraude interfectus est.

Mardonius, defeated by the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, returned into Asia and there was slain by the treachery of his own men.

XIV. DVCES ET REGES LACEDAEMONIORVM

CHAPTER 14. DUKES AND KINGS OF THE LACEDAEMONIANS

Eurysthenes et Procles gemini qui genus ab Heraclidis deducentes primi Spartae [regna] regnaverunt. Lycurgus legum lator quibus Lacedaemonii principes Graeciae per annos septin<gentos>innisi fuerunt. Theopompus et Polydorus reges qui Messenium bellum XX annis gesserunt.

Eurysthenes and Procles, twins who, tracing their lineage from the Heraclids, were the first to rule Sparta [kingdoms]. Lycurgus, the lawgiver, whose laws the Lacedaemonians, princes of Greece, relied upon for 700 years. Theopompus and Polydorus, kings who waged the Messenian war for 20 years.

Othryades vir bellator qui Messenio bello quo <trecenti> [id est centeni quinquageni] concertaverunt [et] trophaeum suo sanguine <in>scripsit. Tyrtaeus qui Messenio bello ex oraculo Apollinis dux ab Atheniensibus per ludibrium missus poemate suo ita militum animos concitavit, ut tam diuturnum proelium victoria consu<m>marent. Leonidas dux qui Persico bello [qui] cum trecentis Lacedaemoniis apud Thermopylas totam vim Persici belli morte sua <ac> suorum comminuit.

Othryades, a warrior who in the Messenian war, in which <three hundred> [that is one hundred and fifty] fought together, contended and inscribed the trophy with his own blood. Tyrtaeus, who in the Messenian war, chosen by the oracle of Apollo as leader and sent by the Athenians as a mockery, so aroused the soldiers’ spirits by his poem that they finished so long a battle by victory. Leonidas, a commander who in the Persian war, who, with three hundred Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae, by his own death and that of his men diminished the whole force of the Persian war.

Pausanias qui Persico bello Mardonium praefectum Xersis cum pedestribus copiis aput Asopum Boetiae flumen debellavit; mox [proditionis] a rege susceptus [idem Mardonius] ideoque <proditionis> accusatus in asylum Minervae confugit et ibi fame confectus est. Lysander dux qui dominantem toto mari classem Atticam aput Aegos potamos oppressit et victis Atheniensibus XXX tyrannos inposuit. Xanthippus vir Lacedaemoniorum fortissimus qui bello Punico primo Carthaginiensibus dux missus Regulum cepit.

Pausanias, who in the Persian War routed Mardonius, prefect of Xerxes, with infantry forces at the Asopus river of Boeotia; soon the same Mardonius, accused of treachery and therefore charged with betrayal, fled into the asylum of Minerva and there, consumed by hunger, perished. Lysander, a commander who crushed the Attic fleet that dominated the whole sea at Aegospotami and, with the Athenians defeated, imposed 30 tyrants upon them. Xanthippus, the most valiant man of the Lacedaemonians, who, sent as general to the Carthaginians in the First Punic War, captured Regulus.

Agesilaus cuius inventum est in hostili quam in sua terra pugnare; ideoque in Asiam missus vastata ea cum iam regi immineret revocatus Athenienses aput Coroneam vicit. Postea aput Corinthios flevit, quod decem milia Graecorum occisa cognovisset, nec voluit Corinthum delere cum posset.

Agesilaus, whose practice was to fight more on hostile than on his own soil; and therefore, having been sent into Asia, when those regions had been ravaged and already threatened the king he was recalled, he defeated the Athenians at Coronea. Afterwards he wept among the Corinthians, because he had learned that ten thousand Greeks had been slain, and he would not destroy Corinth when he could have.

XV. CLARISSIMI REGES ET DVCES ATHENIENSIVM

15. MOST DISTINGUISHED KINGS AND GENERALS OF THE ATHENIANS

Cecrops rex qui urbem condidit Athenas et ex suo nomine Cecropidas appellavit cives; idem fabulose quia indigena fuit ab inguinibus serpens fuisse narratur. Ericthonius rex, cui misteria Eleusinae constituit Celeus hospite Eumolpo sacerdote, filiabus virginibus ministris, Triptolemo frugum praefecto qui fame laborantem Graeciam circumlato frumento restituit. Pandion rex qui filias suas Procnen et Philomelam Thraciae regibus tradidit, ut barbaras sibi gentes adfinitate sociaret.

Cecrops, the king who founded the city of Athens and from his name called the citizens Cecropidae; the same, fabulously, because he was indigene, is said to have been a serpent from the loins. Ericthonius, a king who established the Eleusinian mysteries, Celeus being host and Eumolpus priest, with virgin daughters as ministers; Triptolemus, prefect of the crops, who restored Greece—then laboring under famine—by carrying grain around the land. Pandion, a king who gave his daughters Procne and Philomela to the kings of Thrace, so that he might bind barbarian peoples to himself by alliance of kinship.

Theseus Aegei filius qui Minotaurum interfecit. Demophon Thesei filius qui cum Graecis Ilium expugnavit. Codrus rex qui pro salute et victoria patri[ci]ae secundum oraculum Apollinis bello Peloponnesio se devovit.

Theseus, son of Aegeus, who killed the Minotaur. Demophon, son of Theseus, who with the Greeks captured Ilium. Codrus, king, who for the safety and victory of the father[land], according to the oracle of Apollo, devoted himself in the Peloponnesian War.

Pisistratus vir fortis et sapiens, qui adversus principes populari causa tyrannidem invasit eamque iustissime administravit. Harmodius et Aristogypton homines plebei qui Hippiam et Hipparchum Pisistrati filios saeve dominantes facta coniuratione oppresserunt, ideoque ut conservatoribus divini honores eis sunt constituti. Miltiades dux qui LXXX milia militum Persarum Dari regis praefectis Date et Tisapherne in saltu Marathonio superavit.

Pisistratus, a man strong and wise, who against the princes for the popular cause assailed tyranny and administered it most justly. Harmodius and Aristogytpon, plebeian men who, by a conspiracy, struck down Hippias and Hipparchus, Pisistratus’s sons, fiercely ruling, and therefore were established with divine honors as preservers. Miltiades, a general who routed 80,000 soldiers of the Persians under King Darius’s prefects Datis and Tisaphernes in the Marathonian grove.

Aristides Dicaeos qui hoc agnomen moribus est consecutus <et> ob <id> ipsum exilio multatus est. Cimon dux qui Persico bello [et] Xersis copias pedestris simul atque navalis in ipsa Asia aput Eurymedonta fluvium uno die vicit. Alcibiades dux, vir genere copia opibus illustris, qui propter detruncatos nocte Mercurios reus factus ad Lacedaemoniorum confugit <exercitum> Peloponnens bello et cum fecisset eos superiores adflictorum civium misertus rediit in patriam, et dux creatus iterum victores Athenienses fecit.

Aristides Dicaeos, who obtained this agnomen by his morals, and for that very thing was punished with exile. Cimon, a general who in the Persian war routed Xerxes’ land and naval forces in Asia at the river Eurymedon in a single day. Alcibiades, a leader illustrious by birth, abundance, and resources, who, charged because the Hermes statues had been mutilated by night, fled to the Lacedaemonians with the Peloponnesian army in the war; and when he made them superior, and, moved with pity for the afflicted citizens, returned to his fatherland, and, being appointed commander again, made the Athenians victorious.

Thrasybulus qui triginta magistratus Lacedaemonios tyrannidis dominatione saevientis facta coniuratione adflixit et libertatem Atheniensibus reddidit. Conon dux qui omnes Lacedaemoniorum copias aput Cnidum insulam cepit et imperium maris Athenis restituit. Dion qui octo onerariis navibus Dionysium regem Siciliae centum rostratas habentem dum in Italiam abest regno expulit occupatis Syracusis.

Thrasybulus, who, by a conspiracy made against thirty Lacedaemonian magistrates raging under the domination of tyranny, afflicted them and restored freedom to the Athenians. Conon, a general who took all the Lacedaemonian forces near the island of Cnidus and restored to Athens the command of the sea. Dion, who, with eight merchant ships, expelled from the kingdom Dionysius, king of Sicily—who possessed a hundred beaked ships—while he was away in Italy, the Syracuses being occupied.

Iphicrates rei militaris peritissimus, qui arma habiliore pondere et modo fecit. Phocion qui vir bonus cognominatus est neque ulla pecunia a Philippo potuit sollicitari ut ad eum discederet; qui admonentibus amicis ut liberis suis consuleret, 'si boni' inquit 'erunt, hic agellus eis sufficiet, si mali, nihil.' Chabrias dux qui gladiatoria arte pugnare militem docuit, Cypron et Naxon et omnes Asiaticas insulas Athenis adiunxit, et circa Chion navali bello occidi maluit quam abiectis armis enatare. Demetrius Phalereus <qui> vir bonus existimatus ob insignem iustitiam ideoque statuis CCC est honoratus, quas ei pro libertate posuerunt in facie publica.

Iphicrates, most skilled in military art, who made arms of a lighter weight and fashion. Phocion, who was called a good man and whom no money could induce to desert to Philip; who, when friends warned him to provide for his children, said, "if they are good, this little field will suffice them; if bad, nothing." Chabrias, a commander who taught the soldier to fight with gladiatorial art, annexed Cypros and Naxos and all the Asiatic islands to Athens, and preferred to be slain near Chios in a naval battle rather than to swim with discarded arms. Demetrius Phalereus, who was esteemed a good man and on account of his outstanding justice was therefore honored with 300 statues, which they set up for him as a mark of liberty in public view.

XVI. REGES MACEDONVM

CHAPTER 16. KINGS OF MACEDON

Philippus Amyntae filius primus Macedonum obtinuit Thraciam redegitque in suam potestatem; et cum transire in Asiam vellet, sub ipso belli apparatu in theatro a Pausania est interfectus. Alexander Philippi et Olympiadis filius ex urbe Pella Macedoniae cum milibus XL militum <cum> in Asiam transisset, Darium regem Persarum primum aput Granicum flumen tum aput Issum Ciliciae tertio apud Arbela tribus proeliis trecenta peditum quinquaginta equitum duo milia falcatorum curruum vicit. Mox regem Indorum et omnes Asiae gentes sub potestate[m> sua<m> redegit et nobilissimas urbes Asiae cepit Sardes Bactra Susa Babyloniam; ubi etiam defunctus dubium a<n> vinolentia an veneno, cum tamen prius et Africam peragrasset usque ad Iovem Ammonem et Oceanum primus omnium navigasset.

Philip, son of Amyntas, first obtained Macedonia and reduced Thrace under his power; and when he wished to cross into Asia, he was slain by Pausanias in the theatre while the preparations for war were underway. Alexander, son of Philip and Olympias, from the city of Pella in Macedonia, when he had crossed into Asia with 40,000 soldiers, defeated King Darius of the Persians first at the river Granicus, then at Issus in Cilicia, and third at Arbela—in three battles he overcame 300 infantry, 50 cavalry, and 2,000 scythed chariots. Soon he brought the king of the Indians and all the peoples of Asia under his dominion and took the most noble cities of Asia: Sardis, Bactra, Susa, Babylon; there he also died, doubtfully from drunkenness or from poison, although before that he had traversed Africa as far as Jupiter Ammon and the Ocean and had been the first of all to sail.

Philippus qui post Alexandrum [Macedoniam] septimo gradu Macedoniam regnavit, invectus in Graeciam cum saeve dominaretur a Sulpicio consule in Phocide victus est, mox a Flamini<n>o in [Macedonia] Thessalia aput Cynocephalas ubi dato obside filio Demetrio regni parte multatus est. Perses [Philippus] Philippi filius cum maximis copiis Macedoniis et cum impetum in Graeciam fecisset, cum inanibus elephantorum simulacris a Marcio consule aput Ascyridam paludem victus praecipitatis in mare thesauris profugit; mox ab Aemilio Paulo tota Macedonia fugatus Samothracam confugit in asylum; unde data fide cum se Paulo commisisset, ante currum eius in triumphum productus mox libera custodia in Albano consenuit. Pseudophilippus vir plebeius et degener cum ex similitudine formae Philippi filium se persuasisset et Macedonas in bellum excitasset, inter initia tumultus comprehensus sub custodia missus est Romam; ubi cum ex custodia aufugisset, concitata rursus Macedonia Thraciam bello recepit.

Philip, who after Alexander [Macedonia] in the seventh degree reigned over Macedonia, having marched into Greece and ruling cruelly was defeated by the consul Sulpicius in Phocis; soon afterwards by Flaminius in [Macedonia], in Thessaly at Cynocephalae, where, a hostage having been given, his son Demetrius was punished with a portion of the kingdom. Perses [Philippus], Philip’s son, with the greatest Macedonian forces, when he had made an attack on Greece, with the hollow effigies of elephants was defeated by the consul Marcius at the marsh of Ascyris and, hurled headlong, fled into the sea with his treasures; soon driven from all Macedonia by Aemilius Paulus, he fled to Samothrace for asylum; whence, having given his pledge when he committed himself to Paulus, being led before his chariot into triumph, he soon grew old in free custody at Alba. Pseudo‑Philip, a plebeian and degenerate man, when by the resemblance of Philip’s countenance he had persuaded people that he was his son and had stirred the Macedonians to war, was seized at the outset of the tumult and sent to Rome under guard; where, when he escaped from custody, he, with Macedonia again aroused, took up war and recovered Thrace.

In arce regni paludatus ius dixit. Mox a Caecilio Metello ingenti proelio victus cum profugisset in Thraciam, a regibus deditus et in triumphum deportatus.

In the citadel of the kingdom, clad in the paludamentum, he administered justice. Soon, having been defeated by Caecilius Metellus in a mighty battle, when he fled into Thrace he was surrendered by the kings and carried off in a triumph.

XVII. REGES [ET DVCES] ROMANORVM

17. KINGS [AND LEADERS] OF THE ROMANS

Romulus qui urbem condidit. Numa Pompilius qui sacra constituit. Tullus Hostilius qui Albam diruit.

Romulus, who founded the city. Numa Pompilius, who established the sacred rites. Tullus Hostilius, who razed Alba.

Ancus Marcius qui leges plurimas tulit et Ostiam coloniam constituit. Priscus Tarquinius qui insignibus magistratus adornavit. Servius Tullius qui primum censum egit.

Ancus Marcius, who brought forth very many laws and established the colony of Ostia. Priscus Tarquinius, who adorned the insignia of the magistracies. Servius Tullius, who first conducted the census.

Tarquinius Superbus qui ob nimiam superbiam regno pulsus est.

Tarquinius Superbus, who, on account of excessive arrogance, was expelled from the kingdom.

XVIII. CLARISSIMI DVCES ROMANORVM

18. MOST ILLUSTRIOUS LEADERS OF THE ROMANS

Brutus qui pro libertate publica liberos suos interfecit. Valerius Publicola qui propter eamdem libertatem adversus Tarquinios bellum exercuit; idem ius libertatis dando populum ampliavit. Mallius Torquatus qui ad confirmandam castrorum disciplinam filium suum interfecit.

Brutus who, for the public liberty, killed his own children. Valerius Publicola who, for that same liberty, waged war against the Tarquins; he likewise enlarged the right of liberty by granting it to the people. Mallius Torquatus who, to confirm the discipline of the camps, killed his son.

Quinctius Cincinnatus [item Serranus] cui aranti dictatura delata est. Camillus qui Senonum gente deleta Gallorum incensam ab eis urbem restituit. Fabi duo quorum alter una pugna Etruscos Samnitas Umbros Gallosque subegit, libertinos e tribubus repurgavit, ideoque Maximus cognominatus; alter Fabius Hannibalem mora fregit ex quo Cunctator est cognominatus.

Quinctius Cincinnatus [also Serranus], to whom the dictatorship was conferred while ploughing. Camillus, who, the Senones people having been destroyed, restored the city burned by the Gauls. The two Fabii, one of whom in a single battle subdued the Etruscans, Samnites, Umbrians and Gauls, purified the tribes of libertini, and was therefore surnamed Maximus; the other Fabius broke Hannibal by delay, from which he was surnamed Cunctator.

Papirius Cursor: hic Samnites qui Romanos sub iugum pugnando miserant victos ignominia pari adfecit et a velocitate Cursor est appellatus. Curius cum in foco rapas torreret, <legatis Samnitum aurum> offerentibus 'malo' inquit 'in fictilibus meis <esse> et aurum habentibus imperare.' Fabricius Luscinus qui Cornelium Rufinum consularem virum senatu amovit luxuriae et avaritiae damnatum, quod decem pondo argenti possideret. Claudius Marcellus qui Hannibalem primus in Campania proelio vicit; idemque docuit in bello quomodo equites sine fuga cederent.

Papirius Cursor: this man, after the Samnites who had sent the Romans under the yoke had been beaten in battle, afflicted them with an equal ignominy and was called Cursor from his swiftness. Curius, when he was roasting spoils on the hearth, to the <legatis Samnitum aurum> offering the Samnite gold said, 'malo,' he said, '<esse> in my earthenware and for those having gold to rule.' Fabricius Luscinus, who removed Cornelius Rufinus, a consular man, from the senate, condemned for luxury and avarice because he possessed ten pounds of silver. Claudius Marcellus, who first defeated Hannibal in battle in Campania; and he likewise taught in war how cavalry should withdraw without flight.

Scipiones duo; quorum alter prior Africanus qui Hannibalem et in eo Africam debellavit; alter Scipio minor Numantinus qui Carthaginem et Numantiam diruendo [et] in hac Africam in illa Hispaniam fregit. Quintus Nero qui Hannibale[m] in Apulia relicto venientem ab Hispania Hasdrubalem excepit copia[s>que eius uno die apud Metaurum flumen devicit; qui si se cum Hannibale iunxisset, dubitari non potest paria eis populum <Romanum> facturum non fuisse. Paulus qui cum Macedoniam vicisset et Graeciam liberasset et opulentissimum triumphum reportasset, inter ipsos triumphi dies amissis duobus liberis pro contione dixit gratias se agere fortunae, quod in suam potius domum quam in rem publicam saevisset.

Two Scipios; of whom the one, the earlier Africanus, who routed Hannibal and in him subdued Africa; the other, Scipio the Younger, the Numantine, who by demolishing Carthage and Numantia broke them — in the one case Africa, in the other Spain he shattered. Quintus Nero, who, Hannibal having been left in Apulia, met Hasdrubal coming from Spain and defeated his forces in one day at the Metaurus river; who, if he had joined himself to Hannibal, it cannot be doubted that he would have made the Roman people equal to them. Paulus, who when he had conquered Macedonia and liberated Greece and had brought back a most opulent triumph, on the very days of that triumph, his two children having been lost, publicly in the assembly said that he gave thanks to Fortune because she had ravaged his own house rather than the republic.

Duo Metelli; quorum alter Macedonicus devictis Macedonibus qui Contrebiam inexpugnabilem Hispaniae civitatem iussis testamenta scribere et vetitis redire nisi vicissent militibus occupavit; alter Numidicus victa Numidia qui, cum perniciosas rei publicae leges ferret Apuleius tribunus plebis totusque senatus in eas iurasset, maluit in exilium ire quam iurare. Huius filius Pius cognominatus est, quod patrem in exilium secutus est. Gaius Marius qui in Africa Numidis in Gallia Cimbris Teutonibusque superatis a caliga pervenit usque septimum consulatum.

Two Metelli; of whom the one, Macedonicus, after defeating the Macedonians, seized Contrebia, an impregnable city of Spain, having ordered the soldiers to write their testaments and forbidding their return unless they had conquered; the other, Numidicus, after Numidia was conquered, when Apuleius the tribune of the plebs was carrying laws pernicious to the res publica and the whole senate had sworn to them, preferred to go into exile rather than swear. His son was surnamed Pius, because he followed his father into exile. Gaius Marius, who in Africa over the Numidians and in Gaul with the Cimbri and Teutones overcome, rose from the caliga to reach the seventh consulship.

Sylla qui bello civili victoria perpotitus Romanum primus invasit imperium solusque deposuit. Sertorius qui proscriptus a Sylla cum in exilium profugisset, quam brevissimo tempore prope totam Hispaniam redegit in suam potestatem et ubique adversante fortuna insuperabilis fuit. Lucullus qui Asia<ti>cae provinciae spoliis maximas opes est consecutus et aedificiorum tabellarumque pictarum studiosissimus fuit.

Sylla who, having achieved victory in the civil war, first assailed Roman imperium and alone deposed it. Sertorius who, proscribed by Sylla when he had fled into exile, in very short time reduced nearly all Hispania into his power and, with fortune opposing him everywhere, was unconquerable. Lucullus who by the spoils of the Asiatic province attained very great opes and was most devoted to edifices and painted tablets.

Pompeius qui Armenios sub rege Tigrane Ponticos sub rege Mithridate Cilicas toto mari dominantis intra quadrag<es>imum diem vicit et magnam partem Asiae inter Oceanum Caspium Rubrumque <mare> victoriis suis triumphisque peragravit. Gaius Caesar qui Gallias Germaniasque subegit et primus Romanorum navigavit Oceanum, in quo Brittanniam invenit et vicit. Iulius Caesar Augustus qui perpacatis omnibus provinciis exercitus toto orbe terrarum disposuit et Romanum imperium ordinavit; post cuius consecrationem perpetua Caesarum dictatur<a> dominatur.

Pompey, who defeated the Armenians under King Tigranes, the Pontic forces under King Mithridates, the Cilicians dominating the whole sea within the fortieth day, and traversed with his victories and triumphs a great part of Asia between the Ocean, the Caspian and the Red <sea>. Gaius Caesar, who subdued the Gauls and the Germans and was the first of the Romans to sail the Ocean, in which he found and conquered Britain. Julius Caesar Augustus, who, with all provinces very completely pacified, marshalled armies throughout the whole world and ordered the Roman empire; after whose consecration the perpetual domination of the Caesars’ dictatur rules.

XIX. ROMANI QVI IN TOGA FVERVNT ILLVSTRES

CHAPTER 19. ROMANS WHO IN THE TOGA WERE ILLUSTRIOUS

Manius Agrippa qui dissidentem populum senatui conligavit atque conciliavit. Appius Caecus qui pacem Pyrrhi diremit, ne populus qui suis parere noluerat sub externis regibus regeretur. Tiberius Gracchus qui Scipionem Asiaticum quamvis inimicum haberet non est passus <a> tribunis in carcere<m> duci, quo<d> diceret nefas ibi esse Scipionem ubi captivi illius adhuc alligati tenerentur.

Manius Agrippa, who bound together and conciliated a dissident people to the senate. Appius Caecus, who broke the peace of Pyrrhus, that the people who would not obey their own might not be ruled under foreign kings. Tiberius Gracchus, who, although he held Scipio Asiaticus as an enemy, did not permit <a> the tribunes to lead him into the prison <m>, saying thereby <d> that it was unlawful for Scipio to be there where the captives of that man were still held bound.

Hic est Gracchorum pater qui in tribunatu cum agrariis legibus seditiones excitarent interfecti sunt. Decimus Brutus Callaecius qui <C.> Gracchum generum agraris legibus <re>i p<ublicae s>tatum turbantem cum Opimio consule oppressit. M. Brutus qui Pompei partes secutus mox a Caesare restitutus in mortem eius coniuravit, quod affectare nomen regium videretur.

This is the father of the Gracchi, who, in the tribunate, when they stirred up seditions with agrarian laws, were killed. Decimus Brutus Callaecius, who suppressed <C.> Gracchus, his son‑in‑law, disturbing the state (<re>i p<ublicae s>tatum) with agrarian laws, when Opimius was consul. M. Brutus, who having followed Pompey’s party was soon restored by Caesar, conspired to bring about his death, because he seemed to aspire to the royal name.

Livius Drusus qui agraris legibus promulgatis summum p<opuli> Ro<mani> favorem consecutus, ne promissa perficeret, per insidias a Philippo consule domi suae interfectus est. Lutatius Catulus qui Lepidum acta Syllae rescindere volentem admoto exercitu Italia fugavit et solus omnium sine sanguine bellum civile confecit. Cato Censorius qui totiens accusatus [est] quoad vixit nocentis accusare non destitit.

Livius Drusus, who, with the agrarian laws promulgated, having won the highest favor of the Roman people, and, lest he should fulfill the promised reforms, was assassinated at his own house by Philip, the consul, through an ambush. Lutatius Catulus, who, when Lepidus, desiring to rescind the acts of Sulla, advanced an army, drove him out of Italy and alone of all brought the civil war to a close without bloodshed. Cato the Censor, who, accused so often, as long as he lived did not cease to indict the guilty.

Hic est omnium rerum peritissimus et ut Sallustio Crispo videtur Romani generis disertissimus [Cato]. Cato Praetorius qui bello civili partes Pompei secutus mori maluit quam superstes esse rei <publicae> servienti. Scaurus qui vetuit filium in conspectum suum venire, quia bello Cimbrico deseruerat. Scipio Nasica <qui> quia non rite inauguratus consul es<se> videretur, consulatu se abdicavit et domitis Dalmatis oblatum a senatu triumphum repudiavit statuasque quas sibi quisque in publico posuerat in censura sua sustulit.

This is Cato, most skilled in all things and, as Sallustius Crispus thinks, the most eloquent of the Roman stock. Cato the Praetor, who having followed Pompey’s party in the civil war preferred to die rather than live serving the res publica. Scaurus, who forbade his son to come into his presence because he had deserted in the Cimbrian War. Scipio Nasica, who because he seemed not to have been duly inaugurated as consul, abdicated the consulship and, with the Dalmatians subdued, repudiated the triumph offered by the senate and in his censorship removed the statues which anyone had set up for him in public.

Censuit in senatu tamen Carthaginem non esse delendam; propterea optimus iudicatus. Cornelius Cettegus qui fratrem suum Cettegum quod cum Catilina coniurasset morte multandum censuit. Tullius Cicero qui in consulatu suo Catilinae coniurationem fortissime oppressit.

He judged in the senate, however, that Carthage was not to be destroyed; for that reason he was judged the best. Cornelius Cettegus, who judged that his brother Cettegus, because he had conspired with Catiline, ought to be punished with death. Tullius Cicero, who in his consulship most bravely crushed Catiline’s conspiracy.

XX. QVI PRO SALVTE SE OPTVLERVNT

CHAPTER 20. WHO OFFERED THEMSELVES FOR THE SAFETY

Horatius trigeminus qui adversus Curiatios Albanorum [qui] de summo imperio dimicaverunt. Fabii trecenti qui cum omnes patriciae stirpis essent, bellum Veiens peculiariter sibi depoposcerunt. Mucius Cordus qui[a] ignibus manus imposuit.

Horatius the triplet, who fought against the Curiatii of the Albans, who contended for the supreme power. The three hundred Fabii, who, although all of patrician stock, claimed the war against Veii as peculiarly their own. Mucius Cordus, who once placed his hands into the flames.

Horatius Cocles qui ponte rescisso Tiberis armatus transiit natans. Trecenti sub Calpurnio Flamma contra Poenos; qui in Siciliensi saltu morte sua exercitum populi Romani liberaverunt, ut plane CCC Lacedaemoniorum aput Thermopylas gloriam adaequarent. Duo Decii quorum alter Latino bello alter Samnitico diis manibus se devoverunt.

Horatius Cocles, who, the bridge having been cut away, crossed the Tiber armed by swimming. 300 under Calpurnius Flamma against the Poeni; who in the Sicilian pass by their death freed the army of the Roman people, so that plainly they equaled the glory of the 300 Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae. Two Decii, one of whom in the Latin war, the other in the Samnite, devoted themselves by the hands of the gods.

Fabius pontifex qui urbe a Gallis Senonibus incensa se aliosque senes diis manibus devovit. Regulus qui tormenta Carthaginiensium maluit pati quam <ut> inutilis pax cum eis fieret aut ipse iurisiurandi fidem falleret. Curtius qui se in hiatu<m> terrae immisit, cum ex oraculo quod optimum esset in urbe Romana posceretur.

Fabius the pontifex, who, when the city was set on fire by the Senone Gauls, devoted himself and other old men by the hands of the gods. Regulus, who preferred to endure the torments of the Carthaginians rather than that a useless peace be made with them or that he himself should betray the faith of his oath. Curtius, who threw himself into a chasm of the earth, when by the oracle it was asked what was best for the city of Rome.

Spurius Postumius qui a Pontio Telesino Samnitum duce sub iugum missus cum exercitu auctor fuit rumpendi foederis seque hostibus censuit esse dedendum. Gaius Metellus pontifex <qui ex> ardente[m] templo Vestae Palladium extulit et oculos amisit.

Spurius Postumius, who, having been sent under the yoke by Pontius Telesinus, leader of the Samnites, with his army, was the author of breaking the treaty and judged that he himself ought to be surrendered to the enemies. Gaius Metellus pontifex, who from the burning temple of Vesta carried off the Palladium and lost his eyes.

XXI. QVI SPOLIA OPIMA RETTVLERVNT

CHAPTER 21. WHO BROUGHT BACK THE SPOLIA OPIMA

Romulus de Agrone Caeninensium rege. Cossus Cornelius de Larte Tolumnio Veientium rege. Claudius Marcellus de Viridomaro rege Gallorum.

Romulus, from Agron, king of the Caeninenses. Cossus Cornelius, from Lartus Tolumnius, king of the Veientes. Claudius Marcellus, from Viridomarus, king of the Gauls.

XXII. QVI PROVOCATI AB HOSTIBVS MANV CONTENDERVNT

22. WHO, HAVING BEEN PROVOKED BY THE ENEMY, FOUGHT HAND-TO-HAND

Mallius Torquatus qui Gallo torquem detraxit eumque sibi circumdedit. Valerius Corvinus [qui] a Gallo provocatus cum pugnaret, corvus galeam eius insedit et hostem perturbavit. Scipio Aemilianus cum esset legatus sub Lucullo imperatore, aput Intercatiam Vaccaeorum urbem provocatorem barbarum occidit.

Mallius Torquatus, who tore a torque from a Gaul and girded it about himself. Valerius Corvinus [who], challenged by a Gaul while he was fighting, had a raven settle upon his helmet and throw the enemy into confusion. Scipio Aemilianus, when he was legate under the commander Lucullus, at the Vaccaean city Intercatia killed the barbarian challenger.

Lucius Opimius sub Lutatio Catulo consule in saltu Tridentino provocatorem Cimbrum interfecit.

Lucius Opimius, under Lutatius Catulus as consul, in the Tridentine grove killed a Cimbrian challenger.

<XXIII. QVI MAGNIS REBVS GESTIS COGNOMINATI SVNT> [QVI PRO ROMANIS GENTES SVPERAVERVNT]

<23. WHO ARE SURNAMED FOR GREAT DEEDS DONE> [WHO OVERCAME PEOPLES FOR THE ROMANS]

Scipio Africanus, Scipio Numantinus, Scipio Asiaticus, Mummius Achaicus, Servilius Isauricus, Brutus Callaecius, Paulus Macedonicus, Metellus Creticus, Caesar German<ic>us, Caesar Dacicus.

Scipio Africanus, Scipio Numantinus, Scipio Asiaticus, Mummius Achaicus, Servilius Isauricus, Brutus Callaecius, Paulus Macedonicus, Metellus Creticus, Caesar Germanicus, Caesar Dacicus.

XXIV. QVOT ILLVSTRES SCIPIONES [QVI MAGNIS REBVS GESTIS COGNOMINATI SVNT]

24. HOW MANY ILLUSTRIOUS SCIPIOS [WHO, FOR GREAT DEEDS, ARE COGNOMINATED]

Scipio magnus Africanus qui vicit Hannibalem. Scipio minor Numantinus qui Numantiam et Carthaginem diruit. Scipio Asiaticus qui de Antiocho triumphavit.

Scipio the Great Africanus, who defeated Hannibal. Scipio the Younger Numantinus, who razed Numantia and Carthage. Scipio Asiaticus, who triumphed over Antiochus.

Scipio Nasica qui a senatu vir optimus est iudicatus. Scipio qui occiso Pompeio partes restituit et victus se interfecit. Secessiones plebis a patribus fuerunt quattuor: prima secessio propter impotentiam faeneratorum, cum in <sacrum> montem plebs armata secessit; secunda propter impotentiam decemvirum, cum interfecta filia sua Virginius Appium et totam eius factionem in Aventino monte circumvenit effecitque ut abdicato magistratu accusati atque dampnati variis suppliciis punirentur; tertia propter matrimonia plebei ne patriciis nuberent, quam Canuleius concitavit in monte Ianiculo; quarta secessio in foro propter magistratus ut plebei consules fierent, quam Sulpicius Stolo concitavit.

Scipio Nasica, whom the senate judged to be a most excellent man. Scipio who, with Pompey slain, restored the party and, defeated, put an end to himself. The secessions of the plebs from the patres were four: the first secession because of the usurers’ oppression, when the plebs, armed, withdrew to the <sacrum> hill; the second because of the power of the decemvirs, when, his daughter having been killed, Virginius circumvented Appius and his whole faction on the Aventine Hill and brought it about that, the magistracy having been abdicated, the accused and convicted were punished with various torments; the third because of the plebeians’ marriages, lest they marry the patricians, which Canuleius stirred up on the Janiculan hill; the fourth secession in the forum was over the magistracies so that plebeians might become consuls, which Sulpicius Stolo incited.

Seditiones in urbe quattuor: Prima seditio Tiberi Gracchi quem de iudiciariis et agrariis legibus statum civitatis moventem Scipio Nasica facta manu in Capitolio oppressit; secunda seditio <C.> Gracchi fratris eius quem ob similes largitiones novos motus excitantem Opimius consul cum Decimo Bruto Callaecio socero eius convocatis ad pilleum servis in Aventino monte oppressit; tertia seditio Apulei Saturnini tribuni plebis et Glauciae consulis, quos comitia in campo caedibus perturbantes Marius in Capitolium persecutus obsedit, et conficiendos fustibus saxisque curavit; quarta seditio fuit Livi Drusi et Quinti Caepionis cum ille senatum <hic> equestrem ordinem adsereret; praecipua tamen ad motus excitandos fuit causa, quod Drusus civitatem omnibus Italicis pollicebatur, sed tum a Philippo consule in domo sua interfectus.

There are four seditions in the city: The first, the sedition of Tiberius Gracchus, whom, for agitating the state by his judicial and agrarian laws, Scipio Nasica, by an act of force, suppressed on the Capitol; the second, the sedition of <C.> Gracchus, his brother, whom, because he excited new movements by similar largesses, the consul Opimius, with Decimus Brutus Callaecus, his father‑in‑law, having summoned the slaves to the pilleus, crushed on the Aventine Hill; the third, the sedition of the tribune of the plebs Apuleius Saturninus and of the consul Glaucia, whom, their elections having been thrown into disorder by the slaughter in the field, Marius pursued into the Capitol, besieged, and caused to be finished off with clubs and stones; the fourth was the sedition of Livius Drusus and Quintus Caepio, when the former asserted the senatorial <hic> equestrian order; yet the chief cause of the unrest was that Drusus promised citizenship to all the Italic peoples, but then was slain by the consul Philip in his house.

XXV. QVI ADVERSVS PATRIAM NEFARIA INIRE CONSILIA

25. WHO AGAINST THE FATHERLAND DEVISE NEFARIOUS COUNSELS

Coriolanus ob asperiorem annonam in exilium actus Vulscorum exercitu admoto patriam expugnare voluit, sed Veturiae matris precibus victus tum ab exercitu suo confossus est. [Marcus] Maelius frumentaria largitione cum <affectare regnum> videretur, iussu Quincti Cincinnati dictatoris a magistro equitum in rostris occisus est. Spurius cum agrariis legibus factione<m et> dominationem pararet, Manlius Capitolinus cum pecunia conturbatores liberaret, suspectus regni affectati de Tarpeio saxo praecipitatus est.

Coriolanus, driven into exile by the harsher grain-supply, with the army of the Volsci brought up, wished to assault his native country, but, overcome by the pleas of his mother Veturia, was then pierced by his own army. [Marcus] Maelius, when he seemed by his distribution of grain to be , by the order of Quintus Cincinnatus the dictator was killed on the Rostra by the master of the horse. Spurius, while with the faction of agrarian laws preparing domination, Manlius Capitolinus, while with money he freed the disturbers, was, suspected of having aimed at the kingship, hurled from the Tarpeian rock.

Catilina cum in caedem senatus in incendium urbis in direptionem aerarii coniurasset et in id facinus Allobrogas sollicitasset, a Cicerone in senatu accusatus, ab Antonio in Apulia debellatus est.

Catiline, when he had conspired for the slaughter of the senate, for the burning of the city, and for the plundering of the treasury, and had enticed the Allobroges to that crime, was accused by Cicero in the senate and was defeated by Antonius in Apulia.

XXVI. POPVLVS ROMANVS CVM QVIBVS GENTIBVS BELLA CONSERVIT ET QVIBVS DE CAVSIS

26. THE ROMAN PEOPLE WITH WHICH NATIONS IT WAGED WARS AND FOR WHAT CAUSES

Populus Romanus sub Romulo pugnavit cum Sabinis prius propter virgines raptas; sub Tullo cum Albanis Pontius Telesinus dux Samnitum qui ad Caudinas Furculas Romanos sub iugum misit. Pyrrhus rex Epirotarum qui pro Tarentinis bellum cum Romanis gessit vastataque Campania ad vicesimum ab urbe <lapidem> pervenit; mox a Curio et Fabricio victus in patriam concessit, et cum Achaiam armis sub se redegisset, Macedoniam quoque Antigono regi eripuit, sed dum Argos expugnat occisus est. Omnium Graecorum sapientissimus et militaris disciplinae peri<ti>ssimus fuit.

The Roman People under Romulus fought with the Sabines first because of the virgins carried off; under Tullus with the Albans; Pontius Telesinus, leader of the Samnites, who at the Caudine Forks sent the Romans under the yoke. Pyrrhus, king of the Epirotes, who waged war with the Romans on behalf of the Tarentines and, having laid waste Campania, reached the twentieth mile-marker from the city <lapidem>; soon, defeated by Curio and Fabricius, he withdrew to his homeland, and when by arms he had reduced Achaea under his rule he also wrested Macedonia from King Antigonus, but while he attacked Argos he was slain. He was the wisest of all the Greeks and most expert in military discipline (peri<ti>ssimus).

Hannibal qui novem annorum patrem in Hispaniam secutus, minor annorum XXV imperator factus triennio in Hispania vicit, et <cum> eversione Sagunti rupto foedere per Pyrenaeum et Alpes in Italiam venisset, Scipionem <aput> Ticinum Tiberium Claudium aput Trebiam Flaminium aput Trasimennum Paulum et Varronem aput Cannas Gracchum in Lucania Marcellum in Campania superavit.

Hannibal, who at nine years of age followed his father into Hispania, having become commander under 25 years of age, for three years conquered in Hispania; and when, with the overthrow of Saguntum, the treaty broken, he had come over the Pyrenees and the Alps into Italy, he defeated Scipio at the Ticinus, Tiberius Claudius at the Trebia, Flaminius at Trasimene, Paulus and Varrus at Cannae, Gracchus in Lucania, and Marcellus in Campania.

XXVII. STATVS POPVLI ROMANI QVAS COMMVTATIONES HABVIT

27. THE STATE OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE WHAT COMMUTATIONS IT UNDERWENT

Populus Romanus primum sub regibus fuit; deinde propter superbiam Tarquini et inlatum Lucretiae stuprum expulsis regibus tutelam sui consulibus praetoribus tribunis plebis commisit. Deinde tribunicis seditionibus agitatus abdicatis omnibus magistratibus decemviros legum ferendarum et rei publicae constituendae causa paravit. Horum quoque dominationem et libidinem detestatus rursus ad consules rediit, donec exortis bellis civilibus inter Caesarem et Pompeium et oppressa per vim libertate sub unius Caesaris potestatem redacta sunt omnia.

The Roman people were at first under kings; then, on account of the arrogance of the Tarquins and the outrage done to Lucretia, having expelled the kings they entrusted their protection to consuls, praetors, and tribunes of the plebs. Thereafter, troubled by tribunic seditions and with all magistracies abolished, they appointed ten men (decemviri) for the making of laws and the establishment of the res publica. Hating also the domination and license of these men, they returned again to consuls, until, with civil wars having arisen between Caesar and Pompey and liberty crushed by force, all things were reduced under the power of one Caesar.

Ex eo perpetua Caesarum dictatura dominatur.

From that time a perpetual dictatorship of the Caesars has dominated.

XXVIII. INITIVM REGNI MITHRIDATIS

CHAPTER 28. THE BEGINNING OF THE KINGDOM OF MITHRIDATES

Cyrus rex Persarum primus imperium Medis ademit; duos filios reliquit Cambysen et Smerden. Horum Cambyses defuncto patre quod maior esset <rex factus> Smerden in solio sedentem capite caelum pulsare <somniavit> <et> occidendum eum curavit; ipse [et] deinde revertens ab Aethiopia rebus per <famem> fractis cum in Aegyptum <Memphin> venisset incolasque eius loci laetantes advertisset, ratus [est] illos adversis suis insultare Apin in femine vulneravit eodemque ictu occidit. Interim magus quidam Smerdes Patibiatae frater abutens nomine ex formae similitudine filium se Cyri professus [est] regnum Persicum invaserat.

Cyrus, king of the Persians, first deprived the Medes of power. He left two sons, Cambyses and Smerdis. When, on their father’s death, Cambyses, because he was the elder, had been made king, Smerdis, sitting on the throne, dreamed that he struck the sky with his head and contrived that he be killed; then Cambyses himself, returning from Ethiopia, his affairs broken by famine, when he had come into Egypt, to Memphis, and had perceived the inhabitants of that place rejoicing, thinking that they were exulting over his misfortunes, wounded the Apis and with the same stroke killed it. Meanwhile a certain magus, brother of Smerdis of Patibatae, abusing the name because of a likeness of form, proclaimed himself son of Cyrus and invaded the Persian kingdom.

Quod ubi <Camby>si nuntiatum est, regredi in patriam maturans oblitus est gladium quo Apin interfecerat vaginae reddere; quod cum conaretur efficere, femen suum vulneravit et eam partem qua Apin vulneraverat; ex eodem vulnere in paucis diebus obiit. De cuius morte postquam certior nuntius ad Persas venit, Potanes Phaedymam filiam suam quacum Smerdes consuetudinem habebat edocuit, ut cum ille sopitus esset utrum aures tectas com[it]is haberet periclitaretur; sciebat enim a Cyro Smerdi mago ademtas aures. Illa falsum esse Smerden confirmavit.

When this was reported to Cambyses, hastening to return to his fatherland he forgot the sword with which he had slain Apin, to return it to its scabbard; and when he attempted to do so he wounded his wife in the very place by which he had wounded Apin; from that same wound she died within a few days. After the Persians were made certain of whose death, Potanes instructed his daughter Phaedyma, with whom Smerdes had kept company, that when he was asleep she should try whether he had his ears covered by his attendants; for he knew that Cyrus, by the magus, had had Smerdes’ ears removed. She confirmed that Smerdes was false.

Tunc septem nobilissimi Persae inter se coniuraverunt; eorum nomina haec sunt: Potanes Hydarnes Aspathines Saphernes Megaboius Gobries Darius. Deinde mago Smerde interfecto constituerunt uti excepto posthac Potane ex illis regnaret cuius equus primus in loco quem delegissent hinnisset. Tunc Hiberes agaso Dari equum domini ad locum praedictum duxit; ille alio loco abscondit tunc equus Darii magnum hinnitum dedit.

Then seven most noble Persians conspired among themselves; their names are these: Potanes, Hydarnes, Aspathines, Saphernes, Megaboius, Gobries, Darius. Then, with the magus Smerdes slain, they resolved that, he excepted, Potanes from among them should reign, whose horse first had neighed in the place which they had chosen. Then Hiberes, the agaso of Darius, led his lord’s horse to the aforesaid spot; he hid it in another place; then Darius’s horse gave a great neigh.

Ita Darius regnum optinuit; a quo Artabazes originem ducit, quem conditorem regni Mithridatis fuisse confirmat Sallustius Crispus.

Thus Darius obtained the kingdom; from him Artabazes traces his origin, whom Sallustius Crispus affirms to have been the founder of the kingdom of Mithridates.

XXIX. REGES PARTHORVM

29. REGES PARTHORUM

Seleucus Alexandri Macedonis amicus; cuius post mortem ab Arrhida<eo> fratre eius iussus Babylonem optinere finitimos sub se redegit (unde Nicator est appellatus) et tres validissimas urbes constituit Antiochiam Seleuciam Laodiciam. Arsaces forma et virtute praecipuus, cuius posteri Arsacidae cognominati sunt; qui pacem cum Sylla imperatore fecit. Orodes qui foedus cum Cn. Pompeio percussit <et> Crassum cum legionibus aput Carrhas funesta clade delevit.

Seleucus, friend of Alexander the Macedonian; after whose death by Arrhidaeus, his brother, he was ordered to hold Babylon and brought the neighboring peoples under him (whence he was called Nicator), and he founded three very strong cities, Antioch, Seleucia, Laodicea. Arsaces, preeminent in form and virtue, whose descendants were surnamed the Arsacidae; who made peace with the emperor Sulla. Orodes, who struck a treaty with Cn. Pompey and destroyed Crassus with his legions at Carrhae by a disastrous slaughter.

Pacorus qui filium suum eiusdem nominis misit in Syriam, ut Romanas provincias popularetur, atque ipse a Ventidio legato Iulii Caesaris occisus est.

Pacorus, who sent his son of the same name into Syria, that the Roman provinces might be laid waste, and he himself was slain by Ventidius, legate of Julius Caesar.

XXX. REGES CAPPADOCIAE ET ARMENIAE

30. KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA AND ARMENIA

Tigranes qui iam scriptus est. Qui tertio Punico bello perdomuit sub Mancino consule et Scipione Aemiliano Bellus rex Armeniae qui cum impetum in Graeciam fecisset et Pythi Apollinis templum incendisset, tempestate et frigore exercitum amisit. Polycrates rex Cappadociae qui somniavit solem et lunam uri.

Tigranes, who has already been written of. Who in the 3rd Punic War was subdued under Mancinus, consul, and Scipio Aemilianus. Bellus, king of Armenia, who, when he had made an attack into Greece and had set fire to the Pythian temple of Apollo, lost his army by storm and by cold. Polycrates, king of Cappadocia, who dreamed that the sun and the moon were burning.

Qui a praefecto Dari regis occisus est. Epaminon<das> eius filius rex qui Thebas Graecorum pugnando vicit. Periandrus rex qui Corinthi regnavit.

Who was killed by the prefect of King Darius. Epaminondas, his son, a king who by fighting conquered the Thebans of the Greeks. Periander, a king who reigned at Corinth.

Omnia terra et mari Romanis subiugavit. Ti<m>oleon qui Corinthi fratrem suum regnantem interfecit; idem et Dionysium Syriae regem expulit neque ipse ab offerentibus regnum accepit, sed arcem quoque demolitus est. Hic cum convitia mala audiret ait: tota vita mea id egi ut omnes liberi essemus.

He subdued all land and sea to the Romans. Ti<m>oleon, who at Corinth killed his brother who was reigning; the same man also expelled Dionysius, king of Syria, and he himself did not accept the kingdom from those offering it, but even demolished the citadel. This man, when he heard the evil insults, said: “All my life I have done this, that we all might be free.”

XXXI. REGES ASIAE ET PERGAMI

CHAPTER 31. KINGS OF ASIA AND OF PERGAMUM

Eumenes Cardianus Philippi Alexandri armiger bellicosissimus, sed parum prospera fortuna usus, adeo tamen terribilis ut vivente eo nemo ausus sit rex appellari. Antiochus <qui> iam scriptus est. Eumenes alius qui Romanos Macedonico bello iuvit cum milite suo.

Eumenes of Cardia, the most warlike armiger of Philip and Alexander, though he enjoyed but little prosperous fortune, yet so formidable that while he lived no one dared to be called king. Antiochus, who has already been written of. Another Eumenes who aided the Romans in the Macedonian war with his soldier.

Attalus qui pro Romanis saepe pugnavit; nam testamento suo populum Romanum heredem fecit.

Attalus, who often fought for the Romans; for by his testament he made the Roman people his heir.

XXXII. REGES PONTI ET BITHYNIAE

CHAPTER 32. KINGS OF PONTUS AND BITHYNIA

Pharnaces rex Bithyniae filius Mithridatis qui bello civili quod in Pharsalia gestum est mabrae patris suis Syriam invasit et adventu Caesaris antequam in congressum eius veniret ipso terrore nominis [sui] victus refugit in Pontum. Prusias rex amicus populi Romani ad quem Hannibal victo Antiocho confugit et cum a rege exposceretur per legatos veneno se liberavit. Nicomedes socius et amicus populi Romani in cuius amicitia prima aetate Caesar fuit, qui moriens testamento et ipse populum Romanum heredem dimisit.

Pharnaces, king of Bithynia, son of Mithridates, who, in the civil war fought at Pharsalus, invaded his father’s Syria, but at Caesar’s coming, before he could meet him, overcome by the very terror of his name [sui], fled back into Pontus. Prusias, a king and friend of the Roman people, to whom Hannibal, defeated by Antiochus, fled, and when demanded by the king through envoys, freed himself by poison. Nicomedes, an ally and friend of the Roman people, in whose friendship Caesar was in his youth, who, dying, by testament likewise made the Roman people his heir.

XXXIII. REGES ALEXANDRIAE

33. KINGS OF ALEXANDRIA

Post mortem Alexandri Macedonis regnaverunt Alexandriae Aegyptum [octo] Ptolomaei nomine multi clarissimi viri. Ptolomaeus Soter qui Alexandrum aput Oxydracas obiecto clipeo protexit. Ptolomaeus <eius> filius Philadelphus litteratissimus qui plurimos libros Graecos scripsit.

After the death of Alexander the Macedonian, at Alexandria in Egypt there reigned [8] very renowned men named Ptolemy. Ptolemy Soter, who protected Alexander at Oxydracae by placing a shield before him. Ptolemy, <eius> son Philadelphus, most learned, who wrote very many Greek books.

Ptolomaeus Euergetes qui ingenti classe Rhodios vicit. Ptolomaeus Physcon qui seditiosos in theatro sagittis occidit alios flammis dedit. Huius filius Cyprius pro Romanis multa bella gessit adversus Garamantas et Indos.

Ptolomaeus Euergetes, who with a mighty fleet defeated the Rhodians. Ptolomaeus Physcon, who killed seditious men in the theatre with arrows and gave others to the flames. His son Cyprius waged many wars for the Romans against the Garamantes and the Indians.

Ptolomaeus Pupillus dictus qui Pompeium tutorem a senatu accepit donec pubesceret et postea civili bello <a> Pothino interfectus est.

Ptolomaeus called Pupillus, who received from the senate Pompeius as his guardian until he reached adulthood, and afterwards in the civil war was killed by Pothinus.

XXXIV. DVCES ET REGES CARTHAGINIENSIVM

34. DUKES AND KINGS OF THE CARTHAGINIANS

Hanno et Mago qui <primo> Punico bello Cornelium consulem aput Liparas ceperunt. Hamilcar qui Boccor cognominatus est primo Punico bello magnam partem Hispaniae sub imperium Carthaginiensium redegit relictis filiis quattuor: Hasdrubale Hannibale Hamilcare et Magone. Hasdrubal frater Hannibalis qui secundo Punico bello cum ingentibus copiis ab Hispania veniens antequam se fratri coniungeret a Claudio Nerone expoliatus est.

Hanno and Mago, who in the First Punic War took the consul Cornelius at Lipara. Hamilcar, surnamed Boccor, in the First Punic War brought a great part of Hispania back under the imperium of the Carthaginians, leaving behind four sons: Hasdrubal, Hannibal, Hamilcar, and Mago. Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, who in the Second Punic War, coming from Spain with vast forces and before he could join his brother, was deprived by Claudius Nero.

XXXV. REGES NVMIDIAE

35. KINGS OF NUMIDIA

Syphax quem Scipio Africanus victum in triumphum traxit; regno eius imposuit Masinissam. Masinissa rex qui Scipionem adversus Carthaginem et Syphacem equitatu adiuvit; ab eo inter praemia commilitii donatus est et Numidiae regnavit. Iugurtha qui scriptus est.

Syphax, whom Scipio Africanus, having conquered, dragged in triumph; to his kingdom he imposed Masinissa. Masinissa, a king who aided Scipio with cavalry against Carthage and Syphax; by him he was granted among the rewards of a comrade-in-arms and reigned over Numidia. Iugurtha, who is recorded.

XXXVI. REGES MAVRITANIAE

36. KINGS OF MAURITANIA

Iuba rex qui Curionem legatum Caesaris oppressit; mox occiso Pompeio Catonis et Scipionis partes firmare conatus cum se in regiam recepisset post magnificam cenam interficiendum se dedit. Iuba rex litteratissimus qui Caesaris Augusti iussu regnavit et magnificentissimam urbem Caesaream condidit.

Iuba, a king who crushed Curio, Caesar’s legate; then, Pompey having been slain, having sought to strengthen the factions of Cato and Scipio, when he had withdrawn into the royal palace after a magnificent dinner, gave himself up to be slain. Iuba, a most learned king who reigned by the command of Caesar Augustus and founded the very magnificent city Caesarea.

XXXVII. QVI ADVERSVS POPVLVM ROMANVM ARMA SVMSERVNT

XXXVII. WHO AGAINST THE ROMAN PEOPLE TAKE UP ARMS

Tatius rex Sabinorum qui occupata arce Tarpeia in ipso foro cum Romulo decertavit et interventu Sabinarum pacem cum Romulo fixit. Mettius Suffetius rex Albanorum qui contra foedus ad Fidenatis destitutis et iussu Tulli Hostili religatus ad currum et in adversa actis equis laceratus est. Porsenna rex Etruscorum qui Romanos ad Ianiculum obsedit propterque Tarquinios Tiridates qui a Corbulone consulari viro victus et restitutus est.

Tatius, king of the Sabines, who, having seized the Tarpeian citadel, fought with Romulus in the very forum and by the intervention of the Sabines established peace with Romulus. Mettius Suffetius, king of the Albans, who, contrary to treaty because the Fidenates had been abandoned, and by order of Tullus Hostilius, was bound to a chariot and torn by horses driven against him. Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, who besieged the Romans at the Janiculum, and on behalf of the Tarquins Tiridates, who was defeated by Corbulone the consular man, was restored.

Civilia bella quattuor mota sunt in urbe a Romanis. civile bellum primum Sulpicius tribunus excitavit, quod sibi ereptam provinciam Mithridaticam Sylla in Marium transferri noluisset. Secundum bellum Lepidus contra Catulum ob metum Siciliae expugnatae.

Four civil wars were stirred up in the city by Romans. The first civil war Sulpicius the tribune incited, because Sulla had not wished that the Mithridatic province, wrested from him, be transferred to Marius. The second war was Lepidus against Catulus on account of the fear that Sicily had been captured.

tertium bellum Caesar et Pompeius: belli species magis quam causa fuit negatus a senatu Caesari consulatus, ceterum utriusque aemulatio et cupiditas imperii occupandi. Nam cum secundum mores legemque maiorum[que] dimisso exercitu venire in urbe<m> Caesar deberet et docere senatum de rebus a se gestis atque ita triumphum consequi, simulans se gratiam timere Pompei negavit se missurum exercitum, nisi consularibus comitiis ratio absentis sui posita fuisset. Quam ob rem hostis a senatu iudicatus statuit id bello vindicare; ac sic non consulatum modo ac triumphum sed totum populi Romani imperium redegit in suam potestatem.

the third war, Caesar and Pompey: the appearance of war rather than the cause was that the senate denied to Caesar the consulship; moreover the emulation of both and the cupidity of occupying imperium. For although according to the mores and the law of the ancients, with his army dismissed he ought to come into the city<m> and to inform the senate of the affairs conducted by him and thus to attain a triumph, feigning that he feared Pompey’s favour he refused that he would send away his army, unless in the consular elections provision for his absence had been made. For which reason, having been judged an enemy by the senate, he resolved to vindicate that by war; and so he reduced not only the consulship and the triumph but the whole imperium of the Roman people into his power.

Quartum bellum Caesar Augustus adversus complures duces: contra Pompeium iuvenem bona paterna repetentem, mox adversus Cassium et Brutum in ultionem interempti patris, deinceps adversus Antonium et Cleopatram ultro bellum patriae inferentis. (Bellorum genera sunt quattuor: gentile quod cum externis geritur <ut Romani ; sociale quod > ut Romani cum Latinis Athenienses cum Lacedaemoniis; servile quod Romani adversus fugitivos gesserunt <et> contra duces eorum Spartacum Crixum et Oenomaum; civile quod inter se certant sicut Marius et Sylla Caesar et Pompeius Augustus et Antoni[n]us.)

Fourth war of Caesar Augustus against several leaders: against Pompey the Younger reclaiming his father’s goods, soon against Cassius and Brutus in vengeance for his slain father, thereafter against Antony and Cleopatra for voluntarily waging war upon the fatherland. (There are four kinds of wars: gentile, which is waged with foreigners <as the Romans; sociale, which> as the Romans with the Latins, the Athenians with the Lacedaemonians; servile, which the Romans waged against fugitives <and> against their leaders Spartacus, Crixus, and Oenomaus; civil, which they contest among themselves as Marius and Sulla, Caesar and Pompey, Augustus and Antoni[n]us.)

XXXVIII. ORDO BELLI MARIANI

38. ORDER OF THE MARIAN WAR

Inexplebilis honoris Marii cupiditas decretam [a] Syllae Ponticam provinciam voluit eripere per rogationem Sulpici tribuni plebis. Sylla indignatus continuo ad exercitum perrexit et eum urbi admovit et in patriam ingressus Capitolium occupavit; quo terrore victus senatus Mario totique factioni eius interdixit. profecto deinde in Asiam Sylla Marius exul cum profugisset ac primum Minturnis in palude latuisset, tum coniectus in carcerem evasisset, interim Cinna et Octavius in urbe inter ob ; hac occasione data Marius rediit et secum Cinna<m> adduxit.

The insatiable desire for honor of Marius wished to snatch away the Pontic province decreed to Sulla by the rogation of Sulpicius, tribune of the plebs. Sulla, indignant, at once proceeded to the army and brought it to the city, and having entered his fatherland occupied the Capitol; by that terror the senate forbade Marius and his whole faction. Thereafter Sulla went into Asia; Marius, an exile, after he had fled and at first lain hidden in the marshes at Minturnae, then having been thrown into prison escaped; meanwhile Cinna and Octavius were active in the city; upon this occasion Marius returned and brought Cinna with him.

Victis Octavianis partibus septies consul creatus saevissimis caedibus totam urbem funestavit. Sylla interim victo Mithridate in urbem reversus prope totam Italiam in armis invenit sub iuvene Mario Mari filio; sed omnes eius copias partim in Etruria ad Sacriportum partim ad Collinam Portam prostravit et reliquias adversariorum [eorum] qui se dederant in villa publica trucidavit; qui diffugerant in tabula proposuit iure permisso ut interficerentur.

With the Octavian factions having been defeated, he, made consul seven times, laid the whole city waste with most savage slaughter. Sylla meanwhile, Mithridates having been vanquished, returned to the city and found nearly all Italy in arms under the young Marius, son of Marius; but he routed all his forces, partly in Etruria at Sacriportus, partly at the Collina Gate, and massacred the remnants of the enemies who had surrendered in the public villa; those who had fled he set down on a tablet, the law having been permitted, so that they might be put to death.

XXXIX. ORDO BELLI INTER CAESAREM ET POMPEIVM

39. ORDER OF THE WAR BETWEEN CAESAR AND POMPEY

Caesar et Pompeius et Crassus iuncta societate imperium Romanorum possidebant: Caesar Gallicos Crassus Syriacos exercitus habebat, Pompeius horum viribus fretus in senatu dominabatur. Post Crassi mortem aput Parthos emusus Barbarus Asculanus, Quintus Lutatius Catulus.

Caesar and Pompey and Crassus, in a joined partnership, held the command of the Romans: Caesar had Gallic armies, Crassus Syrian armies, Pompey, relying on the strength of these, ruled in the senate. After Crassus’ death among the Parthians — the barbarian Asculanus, Quintus Lutatius Catulus.

XL. [DE BELLO MACEDONICO]

CHAPTER 40. [ON THE MACEDONIAN WAR]

Populus Romanus cum Macedonibus bellum ter gessit: sub Flaminino consule regem eorum Philippum vicit, sub Paulo Persen Philippi filium, sub Metello Macedonico Pseudophilippum. Primi belli causa quod de iniuriis Macedonum Graeci querebantur; secundi quod foedus cum patre suo percussum ruperit Perses; tertii quod falso nomen regium Macedonum Pseudophilippus invasit.

The Roman People waged war with the Macedonians three times: under the consul Flamininus he defeated their king Philip; under Paulus he defeated Perses, the son of Philip; under Metellus Macedonicus, Pseudophilippus. The cause of the first war was that the Greeks complained about the injuries of the Macedonians; of the second that Perses had broken the treaty made with his father; of the third that Pseudophilippus had assumed the royal name of the Macedonians falsely.

<XLI. QVIBVS BELLIS>

<41. BY WHICH WARS>

Etrusco bello cum Porsenna rex Ianiculum obsedit; Gallico bello cum Galli Senones exercitu aput Aliam deleto urbe incensa Capitolium obsederunt; Tarentino bello cum Pyrrhus ad vicesimum lapidem totam Campaniam populatus accessit; Punico bello cum Hannibal Cannensi exercitu fuso ad tertium lapidem castra posuit; Cimbrico bello cum Cimbri Tridentinas Alpes occupaverunt; servili bello cum Spartacus Crixus et Oenomaus gladiatores populata prope <tota> Italia, cum ad incendendam urbem pergerent, in Lucania a Crasso, in Etruria a Pompeio consule opprimuntur.

In the Etruscan war, when King Porsenna besieged the Janiculum; in the Gallic war, when the Gauls, the Senones, with their army destroyed at the Allia and the city burned, besieged the Capitol; in the Tarentine war, when Pyrrhus, having ravaged all Campania, advanced as far as the twentieth milestone; in the Punic war, when Hannibal, his Cannaean army routed, pitched camp at the third milestone; in the Cimbrian war, when the Cimbri occupied the Tridentine Alps; in the servile war, when Spartacus, Crixus, and Oenomaus, gladiators, having laid waste to almost <tota> Italy, as they were proceeding to set the city on fire, were crushed in Lucania by Crassus and in Etruria by the consul Pompey.

XLII. DE TRIBVS PVNICIS BELLIS

CHAPTER 42. OF THE THREE PUNIC WARS

Populus Romanus <ter> cum Carthaginiensibus dimicavit. primum Punicum bellum navalibus copiis gestum est. Causa motus praetendebatur duplex: altera quod Carthaginienses Tarentinis adfuissent, altera quod Mamertini adversus Poenos auxilium poscerent; ceterum re vera praemium fuit Siciliae et Sardiniae possessio fertilissimarum insularum.

The Roman People <ter> fought with the Carthaginians. The First Punic War was waged with naval forces. A twofold cause was pretended for the movement: one, that the Carthaginians had been present at Tarentum; another, that the Mamertines were asking aid against the Poeni; but in reality the prize was the possession of Sicily and Sardinia, the most fertile of the islands.

Appius Claudius bellum in Siculo freto commisit, Manlius et Regulus in ipsa Africa profligaverunt, Duillius consul aput Liparas insulas, Lutatius Catulus aput Aegates mersis hostium classibus consummaverunt. Secundum Punicum bellum longe omnium cruentissimum fuit. Causa quod Hannibal contra foedus Saguntum evertisset.

Appius Claudius waged war in the Sicilian strait; Manlius and Regulus routed the foe in Africa itself; the consul Duillius at the Lipari islands, and Lutatius Catulus at the Aegates, completed victory with the enemy fleets sunk. The Second Punic War was by far the bloodiest of all. The cause was that Hannibal had overthrown Saguntum in breach of the treaty.

Prima cladis huius belli aput Ticinum vulnerato patre Scipione quem Publius Scipio nondum pubes protexit ac liberavit; secunda clades aput Trebiam vulnerato Flacco consule; tertia aput Trasimenum vastato Flamini exercitu; quarta aput Cannas deletis duobus exercitibus Pauli consulis morte Terenti fuga Varronis. Postea vero quattuor duces Punici belli gloriam sibi vindicant: Fabius [sibi] Cunctator qui imminentem urbis excidio Hannibalem mora fregit; Marcellus qui primus Hannibali aput Nolam restitit et inclinata<m> eius aciem penitus trucidavit; Claudius Nero qui venientem ab Hispania Hasdrubalem cum ingentibus copiis priusquam se Hannibali iungeret excepit et ingenti proelio vicit; <Scipio Africanus qui >. Tertium Punicum bellum maioris gloriae quam operis fuit. Nam Manilio consule incoatum excidium Carthaginis Scipio Aemilianus consummavit <et> [una cum Tigrane cum] incensa Carthagine totius Africae vires in perpetuum repressit, quod contra foederis pactionem Carthaginienses reparassent classes et arma finitimis intulissent.

The first disaster of this war was at the Ticinus, with Scipio the father wounded, whom Publius Scipio, not yet of full age, protected and delivered; the second disaster at the Trebia, with Flaccus the consul wounded; the third at Trasimene, with the army of Flaminius destroyed; the fourth at Cannae, the two armies wiped out, the consul Paulus killed, Terentius in flight, Varron. Afterwards indeed four leaders claim the glory of the Punic war for themselves: Fabius [himself] Cunctator, who by delay broke Hannibal’s impending destruction of the city; Marcellus, who first stood against Hannibal at Nola and, his battle-line having been forced over, utterly slaughtered it; Claudius Nero, who intercepted Hasdrubal coming from Spain with vast forces before he could join Hannibal and conquered him in a great engagement;

XLIII. USQVE IMPERIVM TRAIANI QVI VICTI SVNT ET PER QVOS DVCES

43. UP TO THE EMPIRE OF TRAJAN: WHO WERE DEFEATED AND BY WHICH GENERALS

<Populus Romanus> per Flamini<n>um consulem Macedonas vicit; per Paulum consulem <item Macedonas> sub rege Perse <re>bellantes; per Scipiones Africanos Carthaginienses; per Scipionem <Asiaticum> in Syria vicit regem Antiochum; per Scipionem Aemilianum Celtiberos et Numantiam; per eundem Scipionem Lusitaniam et ducem Viriatum; per Decimum Brutum Gallaeciam; per Mummium Achaicum [et] Corinthum et Achaeos; per Fulvium Nobiliorem Aetolos et Ambraciam; per Marium Numidas et Iugurtham; per eundem Marium Cimbros et Teutones; per Syllam Ponticos et Mithridatem; per Lucullum item <Ponticos et Mithridatem; per Pompeium> eosdem Ponticos et Mithridatem, item Cilicas piratas et Armenios cum rege Tigrane et plurimas Asia<ti>cas gentes; sub hoc enim duce ad Indicum Oceanum et Rubrum mare usque pervenit; per Gaium Caesarem Gallias Germanias Britanniam; sub hoc duce non tantum vidit sed etiam navigavit Oceanum; per Caesarem Augustum Dalmat[i]as Pannonios Illyricos Aegyptios Germanos Cantabros totumque orbem perpacavit exceptis Indis Parthis Sarmatis Scythis Dacis quod eos fortuna Traiani principis triumphis reservavit.

<Populus Romanus> by Flaminius consul conquered the Macedonians; by Paulus consul <likewise the Macedonians> rebelling under King Perse<us>; by the Scipiones the Africans, the Carthaginians; by Scipio <Asiaticus> in Syria he defeated King Antiochus; by Scipio Aemilianus the Celtiberians and Numantia; by the same Scipio Lusitania and the leader Viriathus; by Decimus Brutus Gallaecia; by Mummius Achaicum [et] Corinth and the Achaeans; by Fulvius Nobilior the Aetolians and Ambracia; by Marius the Numidians and Iugurtha; by the same Marius the Cimbri and Teutones; by Sylla the Pontic peoples and Mithridates; by Lucullus likewise <the Pontics and Mithridates; by Pompey> the same Pontics and Mithridates, likewise the Cilician pirates and the Armenians with King Tigranes and very many Asiatic peoples; for under this leader he reached even to the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea; by Gaius Caesar the Gauls, the Germans, Britain; under this leader he not only saw but even sailed the Ocean; by Caesar Augustus the Dalmatians, the Pannonians, the Illyrians, the Egyptians, the Germans, the Cantabrians, and he pacified the whole orb except the Indians, the Parthians, the Sarmatians, the Scythians, the Dacians — because Fortune reserved those for the triumphs of Prince Trajan.

XLIV. DE COMITIIS

44. ON THE COMITIA (ASSEMBLIES)

Comitia dicuntur a comitatu et frequentia quod patres et classes ad suffragia vocantur creandorum magistratuum vel sacerdotum causa. Comitiorum autem triplex ratio est: haec curiata haec tributa haec centuriata dicuntur, quia aut per curias aut per tribus <aut per centurias> explicantur. Si translaticium sit et solitum de quo populus curiatis transigitur; si amplius tributis; si in summo discrimine est tum miles ad suffragia vocatur et comitia centuriata dicuntur.

Comitia are called from comitatus and frequentia because fathers and classes are summoned to the suffrages for the purpose of electing magistrates or priests. The constitution of the comitia is threefold: these are called Curiate, Tribal, and Centuriate, because they are convened either by curiae or by tribes or by centuries. If it is translaticium and customary, about which the people transact by curiae; if (it concerns) a larger matter, (they meet) by tribes; if it is a matter of highest crisis, then the soldier is called to the suffrages and they are called the comitia centuriata.

<XLV. DE POPVLI ROMANI DISTRIBVTIONIBVS>

<CHAPTER 45. ON THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE>

Antiquissima populi Romani distributio triplex est quam Romulus fecit: in regem in senatum in populum; qui populus in tres tribus dividebatur: Titiensem Lucerem Ramnetem. Secunda populi Romani distributio sub Servio Tullio rege qui eum in tribus classes centurias divisit [et] variatione census ut optimus et locupletissimus quisque in suffragiis [id est in populo Romano] plurimum valeret. Tertia divisio est in patronos et clientelas, qui<a> inferiores superiorum se fidei committebant.

The most ancient distribution of the Roman people is threefold, which Romulus made: into king, into senate, into people; that people was divided into three tribes: Titiensem, Lucerem, Ramnetem. The second distribution of the Roman people is under King Servius Tullius, who divided it into three classes, into centuries, [et] by a variation of the census so that the best and most wealthy would have the greatest weight in the suffrages [id est in populo Romano]. The third division is into patrons and clientelas, who of the lower entrusted themselves in fidelity to their superiors.

XLVI. DE REBVS PVBLICIS

46. ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Rerum publicarum tria genera sunt: regium optimatum populare. Aut enim sub regum sunt potestate ut Seleucia Parthorum; aut senatus ut Massilia Gallorum; aut se ipsi regunt ut Athenienses solebant. Est et quartum genus quod Romani commenti sunt, ut ex his tribus unum efficerent: nam et regiam potestatem consules habent, et penes senatum consilii publici summa est, et plebs habet suffragiorum potestatem.

There are three kinds of republics: regnal, of the optimates, and popular. For some are under the power of kings, as Seleucia of the Parthians; some under a senate, as Massilia of the Gauls; or they rule themselves, as the Athenians were wont. There is also a fourth kind which the Romans devised, that they might make one out of these three: for the consuls have royal power, and in the senate is the summa of public counsel, and the plebs has the power of suffrages.