Justinian: DIGESTA

Et commodati et depositi fideiussor accipi potest et tenetur, etiamsi apud servum vel pupillum depositum commodatumve fuerit, sed ita demum, si aut dolo malo aut culpa hi fecerunt, pro quibus fideiussum est.

And for a loan for use and for a deposit a surety may be accepted and is liable, even if the deposit or the loan for use was with a slave or a pupil (ward), but only if those persons for whom suretyship was given acted either with fraud or with fault.

Dig. 46.1.3

Digest 46.1.3

Ulpianus 43 ad sab.

Ulpian 43 on Sabinus.

Qui satisdare promisit, ita demum implesse stipulationem satisdationis videtur, si eum dederit accessionis loco, qui obligari potest et conveniri: ceterum si dederit servum aut filium familias, ex quibus causis de peculio actio non datur, vel mulierem, quae auxilio senatus consulti utitur, dicendum est non esse impletam satisdationis stipulationem. plane si non idoneum fideiussorem dederit, magis est, ut satisfactum sit, quia qui admisit eum fideiubentem, idoneum esse comprobavit.

He who has promised to furnish security seems to have fulfilled the stipulation of suretyship only if he has given, by way of accession, someone who can be obligated and convened (sued); but if he has given a slave or a son under paternal power, in cases in which an action de peculio is not granted, or a woman who avails herself of the aid of the senatus consultum, it must be said that the stipulation for furnishing security has not been fulfilled. Clearly, if he has given an inadequate surety (fideiussor), the better view is that satisfaction has been rendered, since he who admitted him as guaranteeing (fideiubens) has verified him to be adequate.

Dig. 46.1.4pr.

Digest 46.1.4, preface.

Ulpianus 45 ad sab.

Ulpian book 45 on Sabinus.

Potest accipi fideiussor eius actionis, quam habiturus sum adversus eum, pro quo fideiussi, vel mandati vel negotiorum gestorum.

A surety can be accepted for that action which I shall have against the one for whom I stood surety, whether the action on mandate or on the conduct of affairs.

Dig. 46.1.4.1

Digest 46.1.4.1

Ulpianus 45 ad sab.

Ulpian 45 on Sabinus.

Fideiussor et ipse obligatur et heredem obligatum relinquit, cum rei locum optineat.

The guarantor is himself obligated and leaves his heir obligated, since he holds the place of the principal debtor.

Dig. 46.1.5

Digest 46.1.5

Ulpianus 46 ad sab.

Ulpian, 46 on Sabinus.

Generaliter iulianus ait eum, qui heres exstitit ei, pro quo intervenerat, liberari ex causa accessionis et solummodo quasi heredem rei teneri. denique scripsit, si fideiussor heres extiterit ei, pro quo fideiussit, quasi reum esse obligatum, ex causa fideiussionis liberari: reum vero reo succedentem ex duabus causis esse obligatum. nec enim potest repperiri, quae obligatio quam peremat: at in fideiussore et reo repperitur, quia rei obligatio plenior est.

Generally Julian says that he who has become heir to him for whom he had intervened (as surety) is freed by reason of the accessory cause and is only held as though the heir of the principal debtor. Finally he wrote that, if a surety has become heir to him for whom he stood surety, he is obligated as if he were the principal debtor and is released from the cause of suretyship; whereas a debtor succeeding to a debtor is obligated on two causes. For neither can it be discovered which obligation should annihilate which; but in the case of a surety and a principal debtor it can be discovered, because the debtor’s obligation is fuller.

nam ubi aliqua differentia est obligationum, potest constitui alteram per alteram peremi: cum vero duae eiusdem sint potestatis, non potest repperiri, cur altera potius quam altera consumeretur. refert autem haec ad speciem, in qua vult ostendere non esse novum, ut duae obligationes in unius persona concurrant. est autem species talis.

for where there is some difference of obligations, it can be constituted that the one be extinguished through the other; but when two are of the same power, no reason can be found why the one rather than the other should be consumed. He refers this to a case (species), in which he wishes to show that it is not something novel for two obligations to concur in a single person. The case is of this sort.

si reus promittendi reo promittendi heres exstiterit, duas obligationes sustinet: item si reus stipulandi exstiterit heres rei stipulandi, duas species obligationis sustinebit. plane si ex altera earum egerit, utramque consumet, videlicet quia natura obligationum duarum, quas haberet, ea esset, ut, cum altera earum in iudicium deduceretur, altera consumeretur.

if a promissor becomes heir to a promissor, he bears two obligations; likewise, if a stipulator becomes heir to a stipulator, he will bear two species of obligation. Clearly, if he proceeds on one of them, he will consume both, namely because the nature of the two obligations that he would have is such that, when one of them is brought into judgment, the other is consumed.

Dig. 46.1.6pr.

Digest 46.1.6pr.

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Stipulatus sum a reo nec accepi fideiussorem: postea volo adicere fideiussorem: si adiecero, fideiussor obligatur.

I have stipulated from the defendant and did not receive a surety: afterwards I wish to add a surety: if I shall have added one, the surety is obligated.

Dig. 46.1.6.1

Digest 46.1.6.1

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Et parvi refert, utrum pure fideiussorem obligem an ex die an sub condicione.

And it matters little whether I obligate the surety unconditionally, or from a fixed day, or under a condition.

Dig. 46.1.6.2

Digest 46.1.6.2

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Adhiberi autem fideiussor tam futurae quam praecedenti obligationi potest, dummodo sit aliqua vel naturalis futura obligatio.

However, a surety (fideiussor) can be adjoined both to a future and to a preceding obligation, provided that there is some future obligation, even a natural one.

Dig. 46.1.7

Digest 46.1.7

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julianus 53 Digest.

Quod enim solutum repeti non potest, conveniens est huius naturalis obligationis fideiussorem accipi posse.

For, since what has been paid cannot be reclaimed, it is congruent that a surety of this natural obligation can be accepted.

Dig. 46.1.8pr.

Digest 46.1.8pr.

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, 47 on Sabinus.

Graece fideiussor et ita accipitur: ty emy pistei keleuw legw velw sive boulomai: sed et si fymi dixerit, pro eo erit atque si dixerit legw.

In Greek, for a surety, it is taken thus: “by my own faith I command, I say, I will,” or “I wish”; but even if he should say “fymi,” it will be as if he had said “legw.”

Dig. 46.1.8.1

Digest 46.1.8.1

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, 47 on Sabinus.

Praeterea sciendum est fideiussorem adhiberi omni obligationi posse, sive re sive verbis sive consensu.

Moreover, it should be known that a fidejussor (surety) can be employed for any obligation, whether by the thing, or by words, or by consent.

Dig. 46.1.8.2

Digest 46.1.8.2

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Pro eo etiam, qui iure honorario obligatus est, posse fideiussorem accipi sciendum est.

It is to be understood that a surety can also be accepted for one who is obligated by honorary law.

Dig. 46.1.8.3

Digest 46.1.8.3

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Et post litem contestatam fideiussor accipi potest, quia et civilis et naturalis subest obligatio: et hoc et iulianus admittit eoque iure utimur. an ergo condemnato reo exceptione uti possit, quaeritur: nam ipso iure non liberatur. et si quidem iudicati actionis acceptus non est, sed tantum litis exercitationis, rectissime dicetur uti eum exceptione posse: si vero acceptus fuerit etiam totius causae, cessabit exceptio.

And even after issue has been joined, a surety (fideiussor) can be accepted, because both a civil and a natural obligation underlie; and Julianus admits this too, and we use that law. Whether, therefore, when the defendant has been condemned, he can use an exception is asked; for he is not freed ipso iure. And if indeed he has not been accepted for the action on the judgment (actio iudicati), but only for the exercise of the suit (litis exercitatio), it will be most correctly said that he can use the exception; but if he has been accepted also for the whole cause, the exception will cease.

Dig. 46.1.8.4

Digest 46.1.8.4

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

A tutore, qui testamento datus est, si fuerit fideiussor datus, tenetur.

As to a tutor who has been appointed by testament, if a surety (fideiussor) has been provided, the surety is liable.

Dig. 46.1.8.5

Digest 46.1.8.5

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Sed et si ex delicto oriatur actio, magis putamus teneri fideiussorem.

But even if an action arises from a delict, we think the surety is all the more held liable.

Dig. 46.1.8.6

Digest 46.1.8.6

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Et generaliter omnium obligationum fideiussorem accipi posse nemini dubium est.

And generally it is doubtful to no one that a surety for all obligations can be accepted.

Dig. 46.1.8.7

Digest 46.1.8.7

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, 47 On Sabinus.

Illud commune est in universis, qui pro aliis obligantur, quod, si fuerint in duriorem causam adhibiti, placuit eos omnino non obligari: in leviorem plane causam accipi possunt, propter quod in minorem summam recte fideiussor accipietur. item accepto reo pure ipse ex die vel sub condicione accipi potest: enimvero si reus sub condicione sit acceptus, fideiussor pure, non obligabitur.

This is common in all cases for those who are obligated on behalf of others: if they have been brought into a harsher position, it has been decided that they are not to be bound at all; plainly, they can be received into a lighter position, for which reason a surety will rightly be accepted for a smaller sum. Likewise, when the principal has been accepted purely, he himself may be accepted from a day (ex die) or under a condition; but indeed, if the principal has been accepted under a condition, the surety, if accepted purely, will not be bound.

Dig. 46.1.8.8

Digest 46.1.8.8

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, 47 on Sabinus.

Si qui stichum stipulatus fuerit, fideiussorem ita acceperit: " stichum aut decem fide tua iubes?", non obligari fideiussorem iulianus ait, quia durior eius fit condicio, utpote cum futurum sit, ut mortuo sticho teneatur. Marcellus autem notat non ideo tantum non obligari, quia in duriorem condicionem acceptus est, sed quia et in aliam potius obligationem acceptus est: denique pro eo, qui decem promiserit, non poterit fideiussor ita accipi, ut decem aut stichum promittat, quamvis eo casu non fit eius durior condicio.

If someone has stipulated for Stichus, and has taken a surety in this way: “Do you, on your faith, oblige yourself for Stichus or ten?”, Julian says the surety is not bound, because his condition becomes harsher, inasmuch as it will come about that he is held even if Stichus dies. Marcellus, however, notes that he is not unbound for this reason only, namely because he has been received into a harsher condition, but also because he has rather been received into a different obligation: finally, for one who has promised ten, a surety cannot be taken so as to promise ten or Stichus, although in that case his condition does not become harsher.

Dig. 46.1.8.9

Digest 46.1.8.9

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian 47 on Sabinus.

Idem iulianus ait: si is, qui hominem aut decem dari stipulatus fuerat, fideiussorem ita acceperit: " hominem aut decem, utrum ego velim?", non obligavit eum, quia durior eius condicio facta est.

The same Julian says: if he who had stipulated that a slave or ten be given has accepted a surety on these terms: " a slave or ten, whichever I wish?", he did not obligate him, because his condition was made more onerous.

Dig. 46.1.8.10

Digest 46.1.8.10

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, 47 On Sabinus.

Contra autem si is, qui hominem aut decem, utrum ipse stipulator volet, stipulatus est, recte fideiussorem ita accipiet: " decem aut hominem, utrum tu voles?" fit enim, inquit, hoc modo fideiussoris condicio melior.

Conversely, if he who has stipulated for “the man or ten, whichever the stipulator himself will wish,” will rightly take a surety thus: “ ten or the man, whichever you will wish?” For, he says, in this way the condition of the surety is made better.

Dig. 46.1.8.11

Digest 46.1.8.11

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, 47 on Sabinus.

Sed et si reum sic interrogavero " stichum et pamphilum?", fideiussorem " stichum aut pamphilum?", recte interrogem, quia levior fideiussoris condicio est.

But also, if I interrogate the defendant thus " stichus and pamphilum?", the surety " stichus or pamphilum?", I interrogate rightly, because the condition of the surety is less onerous.

Dig. 46.1.8.12

Digest 46.1.8.12

Ulpianus 47 ad sab.

Ulpian, Book 47 on Sabinus.

Pro fideiussore fideiussorem accipi nequaquam dubium est.

There is by no means any doubt that a surety may be accepted for a surety.

Dig. 46.1.9

Digest 46.1.9

Pomponius 26 ad sab.

Pomponius, 26 on Sabinus.

Fideiussores et in partem pecuniae et in partem rei recte accipi possunt.

Sureties can rightly be accepted both for a part of the money and for a part of the thing.

Dig. 46.1.10pr.

Digest 46.1.10pr.

Ulpianus 7 disp.

Ulpian 7 Disputations.

Si dubitet creditor, an fideiussores solvendo sint, et unus ab eo electus paratus sit offerre cautionem, ut suo periculo confideiussores conveniantur, in parte dico audiendum eum esse, ita tamen, et si satisdationes offerat et omnes confideiussores, qui idonei esse dicuntur, praesto sint: nec enim semper facilis est nominis emptio, cum numeratio totius debiti non sit in expedito.

If the creditor should doubt whether the sureties are solvent, and one chosen by him is ready to offer a security, so that at his own peril the co-sureties may be proceeded against, I say he must be heard in part, yet only so, if he both offers securities and all the co-sureties who are said to be suitable are present: for the purchase of the claim is not always easy, since the counting out of the whole debt is not ready to hand.

Dig. 46.1.10.1

Digest 46.1.10.1

Ulpianus 7 disp.

Ulpianus Disputations, Book 7.

Ita demum inter fideiussores dividitur actio, si non infitientur: nam infitiantibus auxilium divisionis non est indulgendum.

Only then is the action divided among the fideiussors, if they do not deny; for to those who deny, the aid of division is not to be granted.

Dig. 46.1.10.2

Digest 46.1.10.2

Ulpianus 7 disp.

Ulpian 7 disputations.

Filius familias pro patre poterit fideiubere nec erit sine effectu haec fideiussio, primo quidem, quod sui iuris effectus poterit teneri in id quod facere potest, dein quod et, dum in potestate manet, condemnari potest. sed an pater ex hac causa quod iussu teneatur, videamus: et puto ad omnes contractus quod iussu etiam referri. sed si ignorante patre pro eo fideiusserit, cessat ista actio: tamen quasi in rem patris versum sit, potest agi cum patre.

A filius familias will be able to stand surety on behalf of his father, and this suretyship will not be without effect: first, because once he has become sui iuris he can be held to the extent that he can perform; then also because, while he remains under power, he can be condemned. But whether the father is held on this ground by the actio quod iussu, let us consider: and I think that the quod iussu is to be referred also to all contracts. But if, the father being unaware, he has stood surety for him, that action fails; nevertheless, as though it had been turned to the father’s account (in rem patris versum), an action can be brought against the father.

plane si emancipatus solverit, utilis ei actio debebit competere: in potestate etiam manenti eadem actio competit, si de peculio castrensi pro patre solverit.

Plainly, if an emancipated son has paid, a useful action (actio utilis) ought to be available to him; to one remaining in the power (in potestate) as well the same action lies, if he has paid on behalf of his father from the peculium castrense.

Dig. 46.1.11

Digest 46.1.11

Iulianus 12 Dig.

Julianus 12 Dig.

Qui contra senatus consultum filio familias crediderit, mortuo eo fideiussorem a patre accipere non potest, quia neque civilem neque honorariam adversus patrem actionem habet nec est ulla hereditas, cuius nomine fideiussores obligari possent.

He who, contrary to a senatorial decree, has given credit to a son under paternal power, upon his death cannot take a guarantor from the father, because he has neither a civil nor an honorary (praetorian) action against the father, nor is there any inheritance in whose name guarantors could be bound.

Dig. 46.1.12

Digest 46.1.12

Iulianus 43 Dig.

Julianus 43 Digest.

Plane eius actionis nomine, quae de peculio adversus eum competit, fideiussor recte accipitur.

Clearly, under the head of that action which lies de peculio against him, a surety (fideiussor) is rightly accepted.

Dig. 46.1.13

Digest 46.1.13

Iulianus 14 Dig.

Julian 14 Digest

Si mandatu meo titio decem credideris et mecum mandati egeris, non liberabitur titius: sed ego tibi non aliter condemnari debebo, quam si actiones, quas adversus titium habes, mihi praestiteris. item si cum titio egeris, ego non liberabor, sed in id dumtaxat tibi obligatus ero, quod a titio servare non potueris.

If at my mandate you have entrusted Titius with ten and have proceeded with me by the action on mandate, Titius will not be released; but I ought to be condemned to you only if you have assigned to me the actions which you have against Titius. Likewise, if you have proceeded with Titius, I shall not be released, but I shall be obligated to you only to the extent that you have not been able to recover from Titius.

Dig. 46.1.14

Digest 46.1.14

Iulianus 47 Dig.

Julianus 47 Digest

Cum reus promittendi fideiussori suo heres exstitit, obligatio fideiussoria peremitur. quid ergo est? tamquam a reo debitum petatur et, si exceptione fideiussori competente usus fuerit, in factum replicatio dari debebit aut doli mali proderit.

When the principal debtor becomes heir to his surety, the fideiussory obligation is extinguished. What then? It is as though the debt were being demanded from the principal debtor; and if he should use the exception competent to the surety, a replication in factum ought to be granted, or the plea of dolus malus (fraud) will avail.

Dig. 46.1.15pr.

Digest 46.1.15 pr.

Iulianus 51 Dig.

Julianus 51 Digest.

Si stipulatus esses a me sine causa et fideiussorem dedissem et nollem eum exceptione uti, sed potius solvere, ut mecum mandati iudicio ageret, fideiussori etiam invito me exceptio dari debet: interest enim eius pecuniam retinere potius quam solutam stipulatori a reo repetere.

If you had stipulated from me without cause and I had given a fideiussor, and I were unwilling that he use the exception, but rather that he pay, so that he might proceed against me with an action of mandate, the exception ought to be granted to the fideiussor even against my will: for it is in his interest to retain the money rather than, once paid to the stipulator, to seek it back from the defendant.

Dig. 46.1.15.1

Digest 46.1.15.1

Iulianus 51 Dig.

Julianus 51 Digest.

Si ex duobus, qui apud te fideiusserant in viginti, alter, ne ab eo peteres, quinque tibi dederit vel promiserit, nec alter liberabitur et, si ab altero quindecim petere institueris, nulla exceptione summoveris: reliqua autem quinque si a priore fideiussore petere institueris, doli mali exceptione submoveris.

If, out of two who had stood surety with you for twenty, the one, that you might not claim from him, has given or promised you five, the other will not be released; and, if you set about to demand fifteen from the other, you will be removed by no exception: but if you set about to demand the remaining five from the former surety, you will be removed by the exception of dolus malus.

Dig. 46.1.16pr.

Digest 46.1.16, beginning.

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julianus 53 Dig.

Fideiussor obligari non potest ei, apud quem reus promittendi obligatus non est. quare si servus communis titii et sempronii nominatim titio dari stipulatus fuerit et fideiussorem ita interrogaverit: " titio aut sempronio id dare spondes?", titius quidem petere a fideiussore poterit, sempronii vero persona in hoc solum interposita videbitur, ut solvi ei ante litem contestatam et ignorante vel invito titio possit.

A surety cannot be obligated to one before whom the promissor is not obligated. Wherefore, if a slave common to Titius and Sempronius has stipulated that it be given expressly to Titius, and has questioned the surety thus: " do you promise to give that to Titius or to Sempronius?", Titius indeed will be able to demand from the surety, but the person of Sempronius will seem to have been interposed for this alone: that it may be paid to him before suit is joined and with Titius being unaware or unwilling.

Dig. 46.1.16.1

Digest 46.1.16.1

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julian 53 Dig.

Qui certo loco dari promisit, aliquatenus duriori condicioni obligatur, quam si pure interrogatus fuisset: nullo enim loco alio, quam in quem promisit, solvere invito stipulatore potest. quare si reum pure interrogavero et fideiussorem cum adiectione loci accepero, non obligabitur fideiussor.

He who has promised that it be given in a certain place is to some extent bound to a harsher condition than if he had been questioned purely: for he can discharge in no place other than that which he promised, against the stipulator’s will. Therefore, if I have questioned the principal debtor purely and have accepted a surety with an addition as to place, the surety will not be bound.

Dig. 46.1.16.2

Digest 46.1.16.2

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julian 53 Dig.

Sed et si reus, romae constitutus, capuae dari promiserit, fideiussor ephesi, perinde non obligabitur fideiussor, ac si reus sub condicione promisisset, fideiussor autem in diem certam vel pure promisisset.

But also, if the defendant, situated at Rome, has promised to be paid at Capua, and the surety is at Ephesus, the surety will likewise not be obligated, just as if the defendant had promised under a condition, while the surety had promised for a fixed day or purely.

Dig. 46.1.16.3

Digest 46.1.16.3

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julian 53 Digest.

Fideiussor accipi potest, quotiens est aliqua obligatio civilis vel naturalis, cui applicetur.

A surety can be accepted whenever there is some civil or natural obligation to which it may be applied.

Dig. 46.1.16.4

Digest 46.1.16.4

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julian 53 Digest.

Naturales obligationes non eo solo aestimantur, si actio aliqua eorum nomine competit, verum etiam cum soluta pecunia repeti non potest: nam licet minus proprie debere dicantur naturales debitores, per abusionem intellegi possunt debitores et, qui ab his pecuniam recipiunt, debitum sibi recepisse.

Natural obligations are not assessed only on this ground, if some action lies in their name, but also when, once money has been paid, it cannot be sought back: for although natural debtors are said to owe less properly, by an abuse (of language) they can be understood as debtors, and those who receive money from them as having received what was owed to them.

Dig. 46.1.16.5

Digest 46.1.16.5

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julian 53 Digest

Stipulatione in diem concepta fideiussor si sub condicione acceptus fuerit, ius eius in pendenti erit, ut, si ante diem condicio impleta fuerit, non obligetur, si concurreret dies et condicio vel etiam diem condicio secuta fuerit, obligetur.

When a stipulation conceived in diem has been made, if a fideiussor (surety) has been accepted under a condition, his right will be in suspense, so that, if the condition has been fulfilled before the day, he is not obligated; but if the day and the condition concur, or even if the condition has followed the day, he is obligated.

Dig. 46.1.16.6

Digest 46.1.16.6

Iulianus 53 Dig.

Julian 53 Digest.

Cum fideiussor hoc modo acceptus esset: " si reus quadraginta, quae ei credidi, non solverit, fide tua esse iubes?", verisimile est id actum, ut, cum appellatus reus non solvisset, fideiussor teneretur. sed et si reus, antequam appellaretur, decessisset, fideiussor obligatus erit, quia hoc quoque casu verum est reum non solvisse.

When a surety had been accepted in this manner: "if the defendant shall not pay the forty which I credited to him, do you bid it to be on your faith?", it is likely that the transaction was such that, when, upon demand, the defendant did not pay, the surety would be held liable. But even if the defendant had died before he was called upon, the surety will be obligated, because in this case too it is true that the defendant did not pay.

Dig. 46.1.17

Digest 46.1.17

Iulianus 89 Dig.

Julian 89 Dig.

Fideiussoribus succurri solet, ut stipulator compellatur ei, qui solidum solvere paratus est, vendere ceterorum nomina.

Relief is regularly afforded to sureties, such that the stipulator is compelled to sell the names of the others to the one who is prepared to pay the entire amount.

Dig. 46.1.18

Digest 46.1.18

Iulianus 90 Dig.

Julian 90 Dig.

Qui debitorem suum delegat, pecuniam dare intellegitur, quanta ei debetur: et ideo si fideiussor debitorem suum delegaverit, quamvis eum, qui solvendo non erat, confestim mandati agere potest.

He who delegates his debtor is understood to give money, in the amount that is owed to him; and therefore, if a surety has delegated his debtor, although he was not solvent, he can forthwith bring the action on mandate.

Dig. 46.1.19

Digest 46.1.19

Iulianus 4 ex minic.

Julian 4 from Minicius.

Servus inscio domino pro quodam fideiusserat et eo nomine pecuniam solverat: quaerebatur, dominus possetne ab eo, cui soluta esset, repetere. respondit: interest, quo nomine fideiusserit: nam si ex causa peculiari fideiussit, tunc id, quod ex peculio solverit, repetere dominus non poterit, quod ex dominica causa solverit, vindicabitur: si vero extra causam peculii fideiusserit, quod ex pecunia dominica solverit, aeque vindicabitur, quod ex peculio, condici poterit.

A slave, his master unaware, had stood as fideiussor for a certain person and, under that title, had paid money; the question was raised whether the master could recover it from the one to whom it had been paid. He answered: it matters under what designation he had stood as fideiussor. For if he stood surety on account of the peculium, then the master will not be able to recover what he paid out of the peculium, but what he paid on a dominical account (i.e., on the master’s behalf) will be vindicated. If, however, he stood surety outside the cause of the peculium, what he paid out of the master’s money will likewise be vindicated, and what was out of the peculium may be pursued by condictio.

Dig. 46.1.20

Digest 46.1.20

Iavolenus 13 epist.

Iavolenus 13 Letters.

Sed et si servi dominus pecuniam solverit, repetere eam non ab eo pro quo fideiussit, sed ab eo cui numeravit poterit, cum servus fideiussionis nomine obligari non possit. sequitur ergo, ut ab eo, pro quo fideiusserat, repeti non possit, cum ipse aere alieno obligatus sit nec solutione liberari eius pecuniae nomine potuerit, cuius obligatio ad servum non pertinuit.

But also, if the master of a slave has paid the money, he will be able to seek to recover it not from him for whom the slave stood surety, but from him to whom he counted it out, since a slave cannot be bound under the name of suretyship. It follows, therefore, that it cannot be recovered from him for whom he had stood surety, since he himself is indebted and could not be freed by a payment on account of that sum whose obligation did not pertain to the slave.

Dig. 46.1.21pr.

Digest 46.1.21pr.

Africanus 7 quaest.

Africanus 7 Questions.

Heres a debitore hereditario fideiussorem accepit, deinde hereditatem ex trebelliano restituit: fideiussoris obligationem in suo statu manere ait idemque in hac causa servandum, quod servaretur, cum heres, contra quem emancipatus filius bonorum possessionem accepit, fideiussorem accepit. ideoque in utraque specie transeunt actiones.

The heir accepted a surety from the hereditary debtor, then restored the inheritance under the Trebellianum: he says that the obligation of the surety remains in its status, and that the same is to be observed in this case as is observed when an heir, against whom an emancipated son has received possession of the goods, accepted a surety. And therefore in both kinds the actions pass over.

Dig. 46.1.21.1

Digest 46.1.21.1

Africanus 7 quaest.

Africanus Book 7 of Questions.

Non est novum, ut fideiussor duabus obligationibus eiusdem pecuniae nomine teneatur: nam si in diem acceptus mox pure accipiatur, ex utraque obligatur, et si fideiussor confideiussori heres exstiterit, idem erit.

It is not novel that a surety be held under two obligations in the name of the same money: for if, having been accepted in diem, he is soon after accepted purely (absolutely), he is bound under both; and it will be the same if a surety has become heir to a co‑surety.

Dig. 46.1.21.2

Digest 46.1.21.2

Africanus 7 quaest.

Africanus 7 questions.

Servo tuo pecuniam credidi: eum tu manumisisti: deinde eundem fideiussorem accepi. si quidem in eam obligationem fideiubeat, quae adversus te intra annum sit, obligari eum ait: sin vero in naturalem suam, potius ut nihil agatur: non enim intellegi posse, ut quis pro se fideiubendo obligetur. quod si hic servus manumissus fideiussori suo heres existat, durare causam fideiussionis putavit et tamen nihilo minus naturalem obligationem mansuram, ut, si obligatio civilis pereat, solutum repetere non possit.

I lent money to your slave; you manumitted him; thereafter I accepted the same man as surety. If indeed he should stand surety for that obligation which would lie against you within a year, he says he is bound; but if rather for his own natural obligation, rather that nothing is effected: for it cannot be understood that someone is bound by standing surety for himself. But if this slave, once manumitted, should become heir to his surety, he thought the cause of the suretyship would endure and nevertheless that the natural obligation would remain, so that, if the civil obligation should perish, he cannot reclaim what has been paid.

nec his contrarium esse, quod, cum reus fideiussori heres existat, fideiussoria obligatio tollatur, quia tunc duplex obligatio civilis cum eodem esse non potest. retro quoque si fideiussor servo manumisso heres exstiterit, eadem adversus eum obligatio manet, quamvis et naturaliter teneatur nec pro se quis fideiubere possit.

nor is it contrary to these things that, when the principal debtor becomes heir to the surety, the suretyship obligation is removed, because then a double civil obligation with the same person cannot exist. conversely also, if the surety has become heir to the manumitted slave, the same obligation remains against him, although he is also held naturally, and no one can stand surety for himself.

Dig. 46.1.21.3

Digest 46.1.21.3

Africanus 7 quaest.

Africanus 7 questions.

Quod si stipulator reum heredem instituerit, omnimodo fideiussoris obligationem peremit, sive civilis sive tantum naturalis in reum fuisset, quoniam quidem nemo potest apud eundem pro ipso obligatus esse. quod si idem stipulator fideiussorem heredem scripserit, procul dubio solam fideiussoris obligationem peremit. argumentum rei, quod, si possessio rerum debitoris data sit creditori, aeque dicendum est fideiussorem manere obligatum.

But if the stipulator has instituted the defendant (reus) as heir, he in every way extinguishes the obligation of the surety (fideiussor), whether it had been civil or only natural against the defendant, since indeed no one can be bound, with the same person, on his own behalf. But if the same stipulator has written the surety as heir, without doubt he extinguishes only the obligation of the surety. A confirmation of the point is that, if possession of the debtor’s goods has been given to the creditor, it must likewise be said that the surety remains bound.

Dig. 46.1.21.4

Digest 46.1.21.4

Africanus 7 quaest.

Africanus 7 Questions.

Cum et tu et titius eiusdem pecuniae rei essetis, eum, qui pro te fideiussit, posse et pro titio fideiubere respondit, quamvis eandem pecuniam eidem debiturus sit: nec tamen inanem eam creditori futuram: nonnullis enim casibus emolumentum habituram, veluti si ei, pro quo ante fideiussisset, heres existat: tunc enim confusa prima obligatione posteriorem duraturam.

Since both you and titius were liable in respect of the same money, he responded that the one who stood surety for you can also become surety for titius, although he will be going to owe the same money to the same person; nor, however, will it be empty for the creditor: for in some cases it will have an emolument, for instance if he becomes heir to him for whom he had previously stood surety; for then, the first obligation being confounded by confusion, the later will endure.

Dig. 46.1.21.5

Digest 46.1.21.5

Africanus 7 quaest.

Africanus Questions 7.

Cum fideiussor reo stipulandi heres exstiterit, quaeritur, an, quasi ipse a se exegerit, habeat adversus reum mandati actionem. respondit, cum reus obligatus maneat, non posse intellegi ipsum a se fideiussorem pecuniam exegisse: itaque ex stipulatu potius quam mandati agere debebit.

When the surety has become the heir of the stipulator against the debtor, the question arises whether, as though he had exacted it from himself, he has against the debtor an action of mandate. He replied that, since the debtor remains obligated, it cannot be understood that the surety has exacted the money from himself; therefore he ought to sue ex stipulatu rather than on mandate.

Dig. 46.1.22

Digest 46.1.22

Florus 8 inst.

Florus 8 institutes.

Mortuo reo promittendi et ante aditam hereditatem fideiussor accipi potest, quia hereditas personae vice fungitur, sicuti municipium et decuria et societas.

Upon the defendant’s death, a surety for promising can be accepted even before the inheritance has been entered upon, because the inheritance functions in the stead of a person, just as a municipium and a decury and a societas.

Dig. 46.1.23

Digest 46.1.23

Marcianus 4 reg.

Marcianus Rules, book 4.

Si " mihi aut titio decem ?" stipulatus fuerim, titius fideiussorem accipere non potest, quia solutionis tantum causa adiectus est.

If " to me or to titius ten ?" I have stipulated, titius cannot accept a surety, because he has been added only for the cause of payment.

Dig. 46.1.24

Digest 46.1.24

Marcellus l.S. resp.

Marcellus, in the single book of Responses.

Lucius titius cum pro seio fratre suo apud septicium intervenire vellet, epistulam ita emisit: " si petierit a te frater meus, peto des ei nummos fide et periculo meo": post quam epistulam septicius seio pecuniam numeravit: deinde titius inter reliquos et seium fratrem pro tertia parte reliquit heredem. quaero, an, quia adversus seium debitorem septicii confusa sit actio pro tertia parte, qua titio fratri suo heres exstitit, cum coheredibus eius agere in solidum possit. Marcellus respondit cum coherede seii non pro maiore quam hereditaria parte mandati agi posse.

Lucius titius, when he wished to intercede with Septicius on behalf of his brother Seius, sent a letter as follows: " if my brother shall ask from you, I ask that you give him money on my credit and at my peril": after which letter Septicius counted out money to Seius: then titius left, among the rest, his brother Seius as heir for a third part. I ask whether, because the action against Seius, Septicius’s debtor, is confounded for the third part in which he became heir to his brother Titius, he can proceed against his coheirs for the whole. Marcellus answered that against Seius’s coheir one can sue on mandate for no more than the hereditary share.

Dig. 46.1.25

Digest 46.1.25

Ulpianus 11 ad ed.

Ulpian, 11 on the Edict.

Marcellus scribit, si quis pro pupillo sine tutoris auctoritate obligato prodigove vel furioso fideiusserit, magis esse, ut ei non subveniatur, quoniam his mandati actio non competit.

Marcellus writes that, if anyone has stood surety for a pupil bound without the tutor’s authority, or for a prodigal or a madman, it is rather the case that no relief is afforded him, since for these the action of mandate does not lie.

Dig. 46.1.26

Digest 46.1.26

Gaius 8 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 8 on the Provincial Edict.

Inter fideiussores non ipso iure dividitur obligatio ex epistula divi hadriani: et ideo si quis eorum ante exactam a se partem sine herede decesserit vel ad inopiam pervenerit, pars eius ad ceterorum onus respicit.

Among sureties the obligation is not divided by the law itself, on the authority of an epistle of the Deified Hadrian: and therefore, if any one of them, before the portion due from him has been exacted, dies without an heir or comes to indigence, his share falls upon the burden of the rest.

Dig. 46.1.27pr.

Digest 46.1.27, preface.

Ulpianus 22 ad ed.

Ulpian, 22 on the edict.

Si plures sint fideiussores, unus pure, alius in diem vel sub condicione acceptus, succurri oportet ei, qui pure acceptus est, dum existere condicio potest, scilicet ut interim in virilem conveniatur. sed si, cum condicio exstitit, non est solvendo qui sub condicione acceptus est, restituendam actionem in pure acceptum pomponius scribit.

If there are several sureties, one accepted purely (unconditionally), another “to a day” (for a term) or under a condition, aid ought to be afforded to him who was accepted purely, while the condition can yet come to exist, namely that in the meantime he be proceeded against for a virile (pro rata) share. But if, when the condition has arisen, he who was accepted under the condition is not solvent, Pomponius writes that the action is to be restored against the one accepted purely.

Dig. 46.1.27.1

Digest 46.1.27.1

Ulpianus 22 ad ed.

Ulpian 22 on the Edict.

Praeterea si fideiussor exstiterit fideiussori sive plures, aeque hic quoque pertinebit ad eandem causam: in quorum persona aeque locum habebunt ea, quae sunt a divo hadriano constituta.

Furthermore, if a surety has arisen for a surety, or several, this likewise will pertain to the same cause: in whose person those things established by the deified Hadrian will likewise have place.

Dig. 46.1.27.2

Digest 46.1.27.2

Ulpianus 22 ad ed.

Ulpian 22 on the Edict.

Praeterea si quaeratur, an solvendo sit principalis fideiussor, etiam vires sequentis fideiussoris ei adgregandae sunt.

Furthermore, if it is asked whether the principal surety is solvent, the resources of the subsequent surety are also to be aggregated to him.

Dig. 46.1.27.3

Digest 46.1.27.3

Ulpianus 22 ad ed.

Ulpian, book 22 on the Edict.

Sicut ipsi fideiussori, ita heredibus quoque eorum succurrendum pomponius scribit.

Just as relief must be afforded to the surety himself, so too to their heirs, Pomponius writes.

Dig. 46.1.27.4

Digest 46.1.27.4

Ulpianus 22 ad ed.

Ulpian 22 on the Edict.

Si fideiussor fuerit principalis et fideiussor fideiussoris, non poterit desiderare fideiussor, ut inter se et eum fideiussorem, pro quo fideiussit, dividatur obligatio: ille enim loco rei est nec potest reus desiderare, ut inter se et fideiussorem dividatur obligatio. proinde si ex duobus alter fideiussorem dederit, adversus eum quidem non dividitur obligatio, pro quo intervenit: adversus confideiussorem magis est ut dividatur.

If there be both a surety for the principal and a surety for a surety, the surety cannot demand that the obligation be divided between himself and that surety for whom he stood surety: for that man is in the place of the debtor, nor can a debtor demand that the obligation be divided between himself and his surety. Accordingly, if out of two one has provided a surety, the obligation is not divided against the one on whose behalf he intervened: rather, it is to be divided against the co-surety.

Dig. 46.1.28

Digest 46.1.28

Paulus 25 ad ed.

Paulus 25 on the edict.

Si contendat fideiussor ceteros solvendo esse, etiam exceptionem ei dandam " si non et illi solvendo sint".

If the surety contends that the others are solvent, an exception also should be granted to him: " si non et illi solvendo sint".

Dig. 46.1.29

Digest 46.1.29

Paulus 18 ad ed.

Paulus 18 on the Edict.

Si sub impossibili condicione stipulatus sim, fideiussor adhiberi non potest.

If I have stipulated under an impossible condition, a surety cannot be employed.

Dig. 46.1.30

Digest 46.1.30

Gaius 5 ad ed. provinc.

Gaius 5 on the provincial edict.

Fideiubere pro alio potest quisque, etiamsi promissor ignoret.

Anyone may stand surety for another, even if the promisor is unaware.

Dig. 46.1.31

Digest 46.1.31

Ulpianus 23 ad ed.

Ulpian 23 on the Edict.

Si fideiussor vel quis alius pro reo ante diem creditori solverit, exspectare debebit diem, quo eum solvere oportuit.

If a surety or anyone else, on behalf of the debtor, pays the creditor before the due date, he will have to wait for the day on which it was proper for him (the debtor) to pay.

Dig. 46.1.32

Digest 46.1.32

Ulpianus 76 ad ed.

Ulpian 76 on the edict.

Ex persona rei et quidem invito reo exceptio ( et cetera rei commoda) fideiussori ceterisque accessionibus competere potest.

From the person of the debtor, and indeed even with the debtor unwilling, the exception ( and the other advantages of the debtor) can be available to the fideiussor and the other accessories.

Dig. 46.1.33

Digest 46.1.33

Ulpianus 77 ad ed.

Ulpian 77 on the edict.

Si eum hominem, quem a titio petieram, pro quo satis de lite acceperam, titius liberum heredemque reliquerit: si quidem re vera ipsius fuit, dicendum est iudicium in eum transferri et, si non patiatur id fieri, committi stipulationem: si autem meus petitoris fuit neque iussu meo hereditatem adierit, fideiussores tenebuntur ob rem non defensam: si autem adierit me iubente, stipulatio evanescit. plane si meus fuerit et idcirco differam aditionem, ut, cum vicero, tunc eum iubeam adire et interim ob rem non defensam agere velim, non committitur stipulatio, quia vir bonus non arbitraretur.

If that man, whom I had sought from Titius, for whom I had received surety with respect to the lawsuit, Titius has left free and as heir: if indeed he was truly his, it must be said that the action is transferred onto him and, if he does not allow that to be done, the stipulation is incurred: but if he was mine, the petitioner’s, and he did not enter upon the inheritance by my order, the fideiussors will be held on account of the matter not defended: but if he entered at my bidding, the stipulation vanishes. Clearly, if he was mine and for that reason I defer the adition of the inheritance, so that, when I shall have won, then I order him to enter upon it, and in the meantime I wish to proceed on account of the matter not defended, the stipulation is not incurred, because a good man would not so judge.

Dig. 46.1.34

Digest 46.1.34

Paulus 72 ad ed.

Paul 72 on the Edict.

Hi, qui accessionis loco promittunt, in leviorem causam accipi possunt, in deteriorem non possunt. ideo, si a reo mihi stipulatus sim, a fideiussore mihi aut titio, meliorem causam esse fideiussoris iulianus putat, quia potest vel titio solvere. quod si a reo mihi aut titio stipulatus, a fideiussore mihi tantum interrogem, in deteriorem causam acceptum fideiussorem iulianus ait.

Those who promise in the capacity of an accessory can be accepted into a lighter condition, but cannot be accepted into a worse one. Therefore, if I have stipulated from the debtor for payment to me, and from the surety for payment to me or to Titius, Julian thinks the surety’s condition is better, because he can pay to me or to Titius. But if, having stipulated from the debtor for payment to me or to Titius, I put the question to the surety for payment to me only, Julian says the surety is taken into a worse condition.

quid ergo, si a reo stichum aut pamphilum, a fideiussore stichum interrogem? utrum in deteriorem causam acceptus est sublata electione? an in meliorem, quod et verum est, quia mortuo eo liberari potest?

What then, if from the defendant I stipulate for Stichus or Pamphilus, and from the surety I stipulate for Stichus? Is he received into a worse condition, the choice having been removed? Or into a better, which is also true, because, if that one dies, he can be released?

Dig. 46.1.35

Digest 46.1.35

Paulus 2 ad plaut.

Paulus 2 to Plautius.

Cum fideiubeat aliquis pro servo, in solidum tenetur, etiamsi nihil in peculio sit. plane si pro domino fideiubeat, cum quo de peculio est, dumtaxat de peculio tenebitur, quod tunc erit, cum res iudicatur.

When someone becomes surety for a slave, he is liable in solidum (for the whole), even if there is nothing in the peculium. Clearly, if he becomes surety for the master, against whom the action de peculio lies, he will be liable only out of the peculium, which will be that which exists when the matter is adjudged.

Dig. 46.1.36

Digest 46.1.36

Paulus 14 ad plaut.

Paulus 14 on Plautius.

Cum is qui et reum et fideiussores habens ab uno ex fideiussoribus accepta pecunia praestat actiones, poterit quidem dici nullas iam esse, cum suum perceperit et perceptione omnes liberati sunt. sed non ita est: non enim in solutum accipit, sed quodammodo nomen debitoris vendidit, et ideo habet actiones, quia tenetur ad id ipsum, ut praestet actiones.

When one who holds both the defendant and the sureties, after money has been received from one of the sureties, grants the actions, it could indeed be said that there are now none, since he has received what is his, and by the receipt all are released. But it is not so: for he does not receive in satisfaction, but has in a certain manner sold the debtor’s “name,” and therefore he has the actions, because he is bound to that very thing, to grant the actions.

Dig. 46.1.37

Digest 46.1.37

Paulus 17 ad plaut.

Paulus book 17 on Plautius.

Si quis, postquam tempore transacto liberatus est, fideiussorem dederit, fideiussor non tenetur, quoniam erroris fideiussio nulla est.

If anyone, after the time has elapsed and he has been released, should furnish a fidejussor, the fidejussor is not liable, since a fidejussion arising from error is void.

Dig. 46.1.38pr.

Digest 46.1.38pr.

Marcellus 20 Dig.

Marcellus 20 Digest.

Si stichum aut pamphilum stipulatus essem, utrum promissor voluisset, non possum fideiussorem ita accipere stichum aut pamphilum, utrum fideiussor vellet, quia futurum esset in eius potestate alium velle, quam reus voluisset.

If I had stipulated for Stichus or Pamphilus, whichever the promisor had wished, I cannot receive a surety thus—Stichus or Pamphilus, whichever the surety might wish—because it would be in his power to choose someone other than the promisor had wished.

Dig. 46.1.38.1

Digest 46.1.38.1

Marcellus 20 Dig.

Marcellus 20 Digest

A titio, qui mihi ex testamento sub condicione decem debuit, fideiussorem accepi et ei heres extiti: deinde condicio legati exstitit: quaero, an fideiussor mihi teneatur. respondit, si ei, a quo tibi erat sub condicione legatum, cum ab eo fideiussorem accepisses, heres exstiteris, non poteris habere fideiussorem obligatum, quia nec reus est, pro quo debeat, sed nec res ulla, quae possit deberi.

From Titius, who owed me ten under a testament subject to a condition, I accepted a surety and I became his heir; then the condition of the legacy occurred: I ask whether the surety is held to me. He replied that if, to the one by whom a legacy to you was under a condition, after you had accepted a surety from him, you became heir, you cannot have the surety obligated, because there is neither a principal debtor for whom he should be bound, nor any thing at all that could be owed.

Dig. 46.1.39

Digest 46.1.39

Modestinus 2 reg.

Modestinus Rules 2.

Ut fideiussor adversus confideiussorem suum agat, danda actio non est. ideoque si ex duobus fideiussoribus eiusdem quantitatis cum alter electus a creditore totum exsolvit nec ei cessae sint actiones, alter nec a creditore nec a confideiussore convenietur.

A surety is not to be granted an action against his co-surety. And so, if out of two sureties for the same amount one, chosen by the creditor, has paid the whole, and the actions have not been ceded/assigned to him, the other will be sued neither by the creditor nor by the co-surety.

Dig. 46.1.40

Digest 46.1.40

Modestinus 3 reg.

Modestinus Rules 3.

Cum duo rei constituti sunt, sive ab utroque sive ab alterutro fideiussor datus fuerit, in solidum recte accipietur.

When two persons are constituted as principal debtors, whether a surety has been given by both or by either one, he will be properly received in solidum.

Dig. 46.1.41pr.

Digest 46.1.41, beginning.

Modestinus 13 resp.

Modestinus 13 responses.

Respondit, si fideiussores in id accepti sunt, quod a curatore servari non possit, et post impletam legitimam aetatem tam ab ipso curatore quam ab heredibus eius solidum servari potuit et cessante eo, qui pupillus fuit, solvendo esse desierit: non temere utilem in fideiussores actionem competere.

He replied that, if sureties have been accepted for that which cannot be made good by the curator, and, after the completion of the lawful age, the whole could have been made good both by the curator himself and by his heirs, and, the one who had been a ward ceasing, he has ceased to be solvent: a useful action does not readily lie against the sureties.

Dig. 46.1.41.1

Digest 46.1.41.1

Modestinus 13 resp.

Modestinus Responses 13.

Idem respondit, si in solidum condemnatus est unus ex mandatoribus, cum iudicati conveniri coeperit, posse eum desiderare, ut adversus eos, qui idem mandaverunt, actiones sibi mandentur.

He likewise responded that, if one of the mandators has been condemned in solidum, when he begins to be proceeded against on the judgment (iudicati), he can demand that the actions against those who mandated the same be assigned (mandated) to himself.

Dig. 46.1.42

Digest 46.1.42

Iavolenus 10 epist.

Iavolenus 10 epistles.

Si ita fideiussorem accepero: " quod ego decem credidi, de ea pecunia mille modios tritici fide tua esse iubes?", non obligatur fideiussor, quia in aliam rem, quam quae credita est, fideiussor obligari non potest, quia non, ut aestimatio rerum quae mercis numero habentur in pecunia numerata fieri potest, ita pecunia quoque merce aestimanda est.

If I have accepted a surety in this way: "as to the ten which I lent, do you, on your faith, bid that from that money there be a thousand modii of wheat?", the surety is not obligated, because a surety cannot be obligated for a different thing than that which was lent; for just as the appraisal (aestimatio) of things which are held in the number of wares (merchandise) can be made in counted money (pecunia numerata), so money in turn is not to be appraised by merchandise.

Dig. 46.1.43

Digest 46.1.43

Pomponius 7 ex var. lect.

Pomponius 7 from the variant readings.

Si a titio stipulatus fideiussorem te acceperim, deinde eandem pecuniam ab alio stipulatus alium fideiussorem accipiam, confideiussores non erunt, quia diversarum stipulationum fideiussores sunt.

If from Titius, having stipulated, I have accepted you as surety, then, having stipulated the same money from another, I accept another surety, they will not be co-sureties, because they are sureties of different stipulations.

Dig. 46.1.44

Digest 46.1.44

Iavolenus 11 epist.

Javolenus book 11 of Letters.

Stipulatus es opus arbitratu tuo ante certam diem fieri, quod si effectum non esset, quanti ut efficiatur opus locasses, tanti fideiussores cepisti: et quia opus effectum non erat, alii locasti et, cum posterior conductor satis non daret, ipse opus fecisti: quaero, an fideiussor teneatur. respondit: secundum ea verba stipulationis, quae a te proposita sunt, fideiussores non tenentur. non enim id fecisti, quod in stipulatione convenerat, id est opus alii non locasti, tametsi postea locasti: ea enim locatio, quam secutus es, perinde est, ac si interposita non esset et si statim tu opus facere coepisses.

You stipulated that a work be done, at your own discretion, before a fixed day; and that, if it were not brought about, you took sureties for as much as you would have let out the work to be completed for. And because the work was not completed, you let it out to another, and, when the later contractor did not give security, you did the work yourself. I ask whether the surety is bound. He answered: according to the words of the stipulation, as proposed by you, the sureties are not held. For you did not do what had been agreed in the stipulation, that is, you did not let the work to another, although you later did let it out: for that letting which you pursued is just as if it had not been interposed, and as if you had at once begun to do the work yourself.

Dig. 46.1.45

Digest 46.1.45

Scaevola 6 Dig.

Scaevola 6 Digest.

Fideiussor pro venditore fundorum duorum altero evicto conventus ab emptore condemnatus est certam quantitatem: quaesitum est, an cum herede venditoris ante diem, quo iudicatum facere compelleretur, agere possit. respondit agere quidem posse, sed ex iusta causa ad officium iudicis pertinere quo fideiussor aut defendatur aut liberaretur.

A surety for the seller of two estates, one of which was evicted, having been sued by the buyer, was condemned to a certain sum. The question was asked whether he could bring an action against the seller’s heir before the day on which he would be compelled to satisfy the judgment. He answered that he can indeed sue, but that, on a just cause, it pertains to the judge’s office that the surety be either defended or released.

Dig. 46.1.46

Digest 46.1.46

Iavolenus 10 ex post. lab.

Iavolenus, Book 10, from the Later Books of Labeo.

Cum lex venditionibus occurrere voluerit, fideiussor quoque liberatur, eo magis quod per eiusmodi actionem ad reum pervenitur.

When the law has intended to bar sales, the surety likewise is released, all the more because by an action of this sort one reaches the defendant.

Dig. 46.1.47pr.

Digest 46.1.47 pr.

Papinianus 9 quaest.

Papinian 9 questions.

Si debitori deportatio irrogata est, non posse pro eo fideiussorem accipi scribit iulianus, quasi tota obligatio contra eum extincta sit.

If deportation has been imposed on the debtor, Julian writes that a surety cannot be accepted on his behalf, as if the entire obligation against him had been extinguished.

Dig. 46.1.47.1

Digest 46.1.47.1

Papinianus 9 quaest.

Papinian 9 Questions.

Si filius in causa peculiari ita fideiussorem acceperit: " quantam pecuniam credidero, fide tua esse iubes?" et emancipatus credat, patri quidem, si non est reus obligatus, non tenebitur, filio vero humanitatis intuitu obnoxius esse debet.

If a son, in a peculium matter, has thus taken a surety: "For whatever money I shall have lent, do you bid it to be under your faith?" and, after being emancipated, he lends, the surety will not be held to the father, if the father is not bound as a party; but to the son, out of regard for humanity, he ought to be liable.

Dig. 46.1.48pr.

Digest 46.1.48pr.

Papinianus 10 quaest.

Papinian 10 questions.

Si titius et seia pro maevio fideiusserint, subducta muliere dabimus in solidum adversus titium actionem, cum scire potuerit aut ignorare non debuerit mulierem frustra intercedere.

If Titius and Seia have stood surety on behalf of Maevius, the woman having been withdrawn, we will grant an action for the whole against Titius, since he could have known or ought not to have been ignorant that the woman was interceding in vain.

Dig. 46.1.48.1

Digest 46.1.48.1

Papinianus 10 quaest.

Papinian 10 Questions.

Huic similis et illa quaestio videri potest, ob aetatem si restituatur in integrum unus fideiussor, an alter onus obligationis integrum excipere debeat. sed ita demum alteri totum irrogandum est, si postea minor intercessit, propter incertum aetatis ac restitutionis. quod si dolo creditoris inductus sit minor, ut fideiubeat, non magis creditori succurrendum erit adversus confideiussorem, quam si facta novatione circumvento minore desideraret in veterem debitorem utilem actionem sibi dari.

A question similar to this may also seem to arise: if, on account of age, one surety is restored in integrum, must the other take upon himself the entire burden of the obligation? But only then is the whole to be imposed on the other, if afterward a minor interceded, because of the uncertainty of age and of restitution. And if the minor was induced by the creditor’s fraud to become surety, the creditor is no more to be aided against the co‑surety than if, a novation having been made, with the minor circumvented, he were to desire that a useful action be granted to him against the former debtor.

Dig. 46.1.49pr.

Digest 46.1.49, beginning.

Papinianus 27 quaest.

Papinianus 27 Questions.

Si testamento liberatum debitorem heres omittat, fideiussorem autem eius conveniat, proderit exceptio doli fideiussori propter improbitatem heredis, quae prodesse reo debuerat, si conveniretur.

If the heir passes over the debtor who has been released by the testament, but proceeds against his surety, the exception of fraud will avail the surety on account of the heir’s improbitas, which ought to have availed the defendant if he were sued.

Dig. 46.1.49.1

Digest 46.1.49.1

Papinianus 27 quaest.

Papinian, 27 Questions.

Ex duobus fideiussoris heredibus si per errorem alter solidum exsolvat, quidam putant habere eum condictionem et ideo manere obligatum coheredem: cessante quoque condictione durare obligationem coheredis probant propterea, quod creditor, qui, dum se putat obligatum, partem ei, qui totum dedit, exsolverit, nullam habebit condictionem. quod si duo fideiussores accepti fuerint verbi gratia in viginti et alter ex duobus heredibus alterius fideiussoris totum creditori exsolverit, habebit quidem decem, quae ipso iure non debuit, condictionem: an autem et alia quinque milia repetere possit, si fideiussor alter solvendo est, videndum est: ab initio enim heres fideiussoris sive heredes ut ipse fideiussor audiendi sunt, ut scilicet pro parte singuli fideiussores qui sunt conveniantur. severior et utilior est in utroque casu illa sententia solutionem non indebitae quantitatis non debere revocari, quod etiam epistula divi pii significatur in persona fideiussoris, qui totum exsolverat.

Of two heirs of a surety, if by mistake one pays out the whole, some think that he has a condiction and therefore that the coheir remains obligated; and they also prove that, the condiction failing, the obligation of the coheir endures for this reason: the creditor, who, while he thinks himself obligated, has paid a part to him who gave the whole, will have no condiction. But if two sureties have been accepted, for example for twenty, and one of the two heirs of the other surety has paid out the whole to the creditor, he will indeed have a condiction for ten, which by the law he did not owe; but whether he can also recover another five thousand, if the other surety is solvent, must be examined: for from the beginning the heir of the surety, or the heirs, are to be heard as the surety himself, namely that the several sureties be proceeded against pro parte. The stricter and more serviceable opinion in both cases is that the payment of a not-undue quantity ought not to be revoked, which is also signified by a letter of the deified Pius in the case of a surety who had paid out the whole.

Dig. 46.1.49.2

Digest 46.1.49.2

Papinianus 27 quaest.

Papinian 27 Questions.

Quaesitum est, an fideiussor, qui " capuae pecuniam se daturum" romae promisit, si reus promittendi capuae esset, statim conveniri possit. dixi non magis fideiussorem confestim teneri, quam si ipse capuae spopondisset, cum reus adhuc capuam pervenire non potuisset: nec ad rem pertinere, quod hoc latere nemo dubitet nondum fideiussorem teneri, quia nec ipse reus promittendi teneretur. nam e contrario quoque si quis responderit, quoniam debitor capuae sit, fideiussorem confestim teneri non habita ratione taciti proprii temporis, eventurum, ut eo casu fideiussor conveniatur, quo debitor ipse, si romae fuisset, non conveniretur.

It has been asked whether a surety who at Rome promised " that he would give the money at Capua," if the principal promisor were at Capua, can be sued at once. I said that the surety is no more immediately held than if he himself had promised at Capua, since the principal could not yet have reached Capua. Nor is it to the point that, on this ground, no one doubts that the surety is not yet held, because the principal promisor himself would not be held. For conversely, if someone should reply that, since the debtor is at Capua, the surety is held at once without regard to the tacit proper interval of time, it would result that in that case the surety would be sued when the debtor himself, if he were at Rome, would not be sued.

itaque nobis placet fideiussoriam obligationem condicionem taciti temporis ex utriusque persona reciperare tam rei promittendi quam ipsius fideiussoris, quoniam aliud respondentibus contra iuris formam in duriorem condicionem acceptus intellegetur.

accordingly it pleases us that the fideiussory obligation receive the condition of tacit time from the person of each, both of the principal promisor and of the surety himself, since, if one were to answer otherwise, the surety would be understood to have been accepted into a harsher condition contrary to the form of the law.

Dig. 46.1.50

Digest 46.1.50

Papinianus 37 quaest.

Papinian, 37 Questions.

Debitori creditor pro parte heres extitit accepto coherede fideiussore: quod ad ipsius quidem portionem attinet, obligatio ratione confusionis intercidit aut ( quod est verius) solutionis potestate: sed pro parte coheredis obligatio salva est non fideiussoria, sed hereditaria, quoniam maior tollit minorem.

To a debtor the creditor became an heir in part, a coheir having been accepted as surety: as far as his own share is concerned, the obligation falls away by reason of confusion or ( which is truer) by the power of payment; but for the coheir’s share the obligation is preserved, not as suretyship, but as hereditary, since the greater removes the lesser.

Dig. 46.1.51pr.

Digest 46.1.51, beginning.

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinianus 3 Responses.

Inter eos fideiussores actio dividenda est, qui solidum et partes viriles fide sua esse iusserunt. diversum erit verbis ita conceptis: " solidum aut partem virilem fide tua esse iubes?" tunc enim ab initio non nisi viriles partes singulos debere conveniet.

Among those sureties the action is to be divided who have ordered, by their faith, that the solidum (the whole) and the virile shares be under their guarantee. It will be different with the words framed thus: " solidum aut partem virilem fide tua esse iubes?" for then from the beginning it will be appropriate that each individual owes only virile shares.

Dig. 46.1.51.1

Digest 46.1.51.1

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinian, 3 responses.

Fideiussor, qui partem pecuniae suo nomine vel rei promittendi solvit, quo minus residui divisione facta portionis iudicium accipiat, recusare non debet: eam enim quantitatem inter eos qui solvendo sunt dividi convenit, quam litis tempore singuli debent. sed humanius est, si et alter solvendo sit litis contestationis tempore, per exceptionem ei qui solvit succurri.

A surety, who has paid part of the money in his own name or in that of the promissor, ought not to refuse, after a division of the residue has been made, to receive an action for a portion: for it is agreed that the amount which each owes at the time of suit is to be divided among those who are solvent. But it is more humane that, if the other too is solvent at the time of the joinder of issue, aid be afforded by an exception to the one who paid.

Dig. 46.1.51.2

Digest 46.1.51.2

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinian 3 responses.

Duo rei promittendi separatim fideiussores dederunt: invitus creditor inter omnes fideiussores actiones dividere non cogitur, sed inter eos dumtaxat, qui pro singulis intervenerunt. plane si velit actionem suam inter omnes dividere, non erit prohibendus, non magis quam si duos reos pro partibus conveniret.

Two promisors have separately given sureties: an unwilling creditor is not compelled to divide the actions among all the sureties, but only among those who intervened for each individual. Clearly, if he should wish to divide his action among all, he will not be prohibited, no more than if he were to sue the two debtors for their shares.

Dig. 46.1.51.3

Digest 46.1.51.3

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinianus 3 Responses.

Creditor pignus distrahere non cogitur, si fideiussorem simpliciter acceptum omisso pignore velit convenire.

The creditor is not compelled to sell off the pledge, if he wishes to proceed against the surety simply accepted, the pledge being disregarded.

Dig. 46.1.51.4

Digest 46.1.51.4

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinian 3 Responses

Cum inter fideiussores actione divisa quidam post litem contestatam solvendo esse desierunt, ea res ad onus eius qui solvendo est non pertinet, nec auxilio defendetur aetatis actor: non enim deceptus videtur iure communi usus.

When, among fideiussors, with the action divided, certain persons after issue was joined ceased to be solvent, that circumstance does not pertain to the burden of him who is solvent, nor will the plaintiff be defended by the benefit of age; for he does not appear to have been deceived, having availed himself of the common law.

Dig. 46.1.51.5

Digest 46.1.51.5

Papinianus 3 resp.

Papinian, 3 Responses.

Bonis damnati fideiussoris fisco vindicatis inter fideiussores actio postea si dividi coeperit, ut heredis, ita fisci rationem haberi oportet.

With the goods of a condemned surety vindicated to the fisc, if thereafter the action among the sureties begins to be divided, account ought to be had of the fisc, as of an heir.

Dig. 46.1.52pr.

Digest 46.1.52 pr.

Papinianus 11 resp.

Papinian, Responses, Book 11.

Amissi ruina pignoris damnum tam fideiussoris quam rei promittendi periculum spectat, nec ad rem pertinebit, si fideiussor ita sit acceptus: " quanto minus ex pretio pignoris distracti servari potuerit": istis enim verbis etiam totum contineri convenit.

The loss of a pledge through ruin pertains to the risk both of the surety (fideiussor) and of the promissor, nor will it be relevant, if the surety has been accepted on these terms: "by how much less out of the price of the pledge when sold it could be recovered"; for by these words it is agreed that even the whole amount is included.

Dig. 46.1.52.1

Digest 46.1.52.1

Papinianus 11 resp.

Papinian 11 responses.

Inter fideiussores actione divisa condemnatus si desierit esse solvendo, fraus vel segnitia tutoribus, qui iudicatum persequi potuerunt, damnum dabit: quod si divisam actionem inter eos, qui non erant solvendo, constabit, pupilli nomine restitutionis auxilium implorabitur.

Among the fidejussors, if one condemned under a divided action has ceased to be solvent, the fraud or sluggishness of the tutors, who could have pursued the judgment, will bring loss; but if it is established that the divided action was among those who were not solvent, the aid of restitution will be implored on the ward’s behalf.

Dig. 46.1.52.2

Digest 46.1.52.2

Papinianus 11 resp.

Papinianus 11 Responses.

Fideiussores a colonis datos etiam ob pecuniam dotis praediorum teneri convenit, cum ea quoque species locationis vinculum ad se trahat: nec mutat, confestim an interiecto tempore fidem suam adstrinxerunt.

It is agreed that sureties given by tenant-farmers are also held liable for the dowry-money of estates, since that kind of leasing likewise draws the bond to itself; nor does it make a difference whether they bound themselves as sureties immediately or after an interval of time.

Dig. 46.1.52.3

Digest 46.1.52.3

Papinianus 11 resp.

Papinian 11 Responses

Plures eiusdem pecuniae credendae mandatores, si unus iudicio eligatur, absolutione quoque secuta non liberantur, sed omnes liberantur pecunia soluta.

Several mandators for the same money to be lent, if one is chosen for judgment, are not released even with an acquittal following, but all are released when the money is paid.

Dig. 46.1.53

Digest 46.1.53

Papinianus 15 resp.

Papinian 15 responses.

Capitis postulati fideiussores ex contractu citra ullam praescriptionem a creditore, qui reum postulavit, recte conveniuntur.

The sureties by contract of one demanded on a capital charge are rightly proceeded against by the creditor who has demanded the defendant, without any prescription.

Dig. 46.1.54

Digest 46.1.54

Paulus 3 quaest.

Paulus Questions, book 3.

Si in pignore contrahendo deceptus sit creditor, qui fideiussorem pro mutuo accepit, agit contraria pigneraticia actione, in quam actionem veniet quod interest creditoris. sed ea actio fideiussorem onerare non poterit: non enim pro pignore, sed pro pecunia mutua fidem suam obligat.

If, in contracting a pledge, the creditor has been deceived, having accepted a surety for a loan (mutuum), he proceeds by the counter-pigneratic action, and into that action will come the amount of the creditor’s interest (damages). But that action cannot burden the surety: for he obligates his faith/credit not for the pledge, but for the money lent.

Dig. 46.1.55

Digest 46.1.55

Paulus 11 quaest.

Paulus 11 Questions.

Si ita stipulatus a seio fuero: " quantam pecuniam titio quandoque credidero, dare spondes?" et fideiussores accepero, deinde titio saepius credidero: nempe seius in omnes summas obligatus est et per hoc fideiussores quoque, et id, quod ex bonis eius servari potest, omnibus aequo iure proficere debet.

If I have so stipulated from seius: " whatever amount of money I shall at some time have credited/loaned to titio, do you promise to pay?" and I have accepted sureties, and thereafter I have more than once lent to titio: indeed, seius is obligated for all the sums, and through this the sureties as well; and that which can be recovered from his goods ought to benefit all with equal right.

Dig. 46.1.56pr.

Digest 46.1.56pr.

Paulus 15 quaest.

Paulus 15 questions.

Si quis pro eo, qui libertus non esset et operas praestaturum se iurasset, fideiussor erit, non tenebitur.

If anyone shall be surety on behalf of one who is not a freedman and has sworn that he would render services, he shall not be liable.

Dig. 46.1.56.1

Digest 46.1.56.1

Paulus 15 quaest.

Paulus 15 Questions.

Item si filius a patre vel servus a domino stipuletur, nec fideiussor acceptus tenetur, quia non potest pro eodem et eidem esse obligatus. ex diverso ergo patre a filio vel domino a servo stipulato fideiussor acceptus tenetur.

Likewise, if a son stipulates from his father or a slave from his master, an accepted surety is not bound, because he cannot be obligated for the same person and to the same person. Conversely, therefore, when the father has been stipulated from by the son, or the master by the slave, an accepted surety is bound.

Dig. 46.1.56.2

Digest 46.1.56.2

Paulus 15 quaest.

Paulus 15 Questions.

Si nummos alienos quasi tuos mutuos dederis sine stipulatione, nec fideiussorem teneri pomponius ait. quid ergo, si consumptis nummis nascatur condictio? puto fideiussorem obligatum fore: in omnem enim causam acceptus videtur, quae ex ea numeratione nasci potest.

If you have given another’s coins as if your own by way of loan, without stipulation, Pomponius says that the surety is not liable. What then, if, after the coins have been consumed, a condiction arises? I think the surety will be bound; for he seems to have been accepted for every cause that can arise from that numeration (payment).

Dig. 46.1.56.3

Digest 46.1.56.3

Paulus 15 quaest.

Paulus 15 Questions.

Pro furti actione fideiussor accipi potest: item pro eo qui in legem aquiliam commisit. diversa causa est popularium actionum.

For the action of theft, a fideiussor (surety) can be accepted: likewise for one who has incurred liability under the Lex Aquilia. The case is different for popular actions.

Dig. 46.1.57

Digest 46.1.57

Scaevola 18 quaest.

Scaevola 18 Questions.

Fideiussor, antequam reus debeat, conveniri non potest.

A guarantor cannot be proceeded against before the defendant is liable.

Dig. 46.1.58pr.

Digest 46.1.58, beginning.

Paulus 22 quaest.

Paulus 22 Questions.

Si a colono stipulatus fideiussorem accepi, una stipulatio est plurium pensionum, et ideo in universis pensionibus fideiussor tenetur.

If, having stipulated from the tenant, I accepted a surety, it is one stipulation for multiple installments, and therefore the surety is bound for all the installments.

Dig. 46.1.58.1

Digest 46.1.58.1

Paulus 22 quaest.

Paulus 22 questions.

Cum facto suo reus principalis obligationem perpetuat, etiam fideiussoris durat obligatio, veluti si moram fecit in sticho solvendo et is decessit.

When by his own act the principal debtor perpetuates the obligation, the obligation of the fidejussor (surety) likewise endures, as for example if he incurred delay in delivering Stichus and Stichus died.

Dig. 46.1.59

Digest 46.1.59

Paulus 4 resp.

Paul 4 responses.

Paulus respondit fideiussorem, in quem pignora a confideiussoribus data translata sunt, non emptoris loco substitutum videri, sed eius qui pignora accepit, et ideo rationem fructuum et usurarum haberi oportere.

Paulus answered that a surety, onto whom pledges given by the co-sureties have been transferred, is not to be seen as substituted in the place of a buyer, but of the one who received the pledges; and therefore an accounting of fruits and interest ought to be had.

Dig. 46.1.60

Digest 46.1.60

Scaevola 1 resp.

Scaevola 1 response.

Ubicumque reus ita liberatur a creditore, ut natura debitum maneat, teneri fideiussorem respondit: cum vero genere novationis transeat obligatio, fideiussorem aut iure aut exceptione liberandum.

Wherever the debtor is thus liberated by the creditor that by nature the debt remains, he answered that the surety is held; but when indeed the obligation passes by a type of novation, the surety must be released either by law or by exception.

Dig. 46.1.61

Digest 46.1.61

Paulus 15 resp.

Paulus 15 responses.

Si, ut proponitur, cum pecunia mutua daretur, ita convenit, ut in italia solveretur, intellegendum mandatorem quoque simili modo contraxisse.

If, as proposed, when money was given as a loan, it was agreed that it should be paid in Italy, it is to be understood that the mandator likewise contracted in a similar manner.

Dig. 46.1.62

Digest 46.1.62

Scaevola 5 resp.

Scaevola 5 responses.

Si fideiussor creditori denuntiaverit, ut debitorem ad solvendam pecuniam compelleret vel pignus distraheret, isque cessaverit, an possit eum fideiussor doli mali exceptione summovere? respondit non posse.

If a surety has given notice to the creditor to compel the debtor to pay the money or to sell off the pledge, and he has been remiss, can the surety ward him off by the exceptio of dolus malus? He answered that he cannot.

Dig. 46.1.63

Digest 46.1.63

Scaevola 6 resp.

Scaevola book 6 of responses.

Inter creditricem et debitorem pactum intercesserat, ut, si centum, quae mutua dederit, ubi primum petita fuissent, non solverentur, ornamenta pignori data intra certum tempus liceret ei vendere et si quo minoris venissent, quodque sortis vel usurarum nomine deberetur, id creditrici redderetur, et fideiussor acceptus est: quaesitum est, an fideiussor in universam summam obligari potuerit. respondit secundum ea quae proponerentur teneri fideiussorem in id, quod minus ex pignoribus venditis redactum esset.

An agreement had intervened between the creditrix and the debtor, that, if the one hundred which she had given as a mutuum, when first demanded, were not paid, the ornaments given in pledge might be sold by her within a fixed time, and, if they had gone for any lesser price, whatever was owed under the name of principal or of interest should be rendered to the creditrix, and a fideiussor (surety) was accepted: it was asked whether the fideiussor could be bound for the entire sum. He responded that, according to the matters proposed, the fideiussor is held for that by which less had been realized from the pledges sold.

Dig. 46.1.64

Digest 46.1.64

Hermogenianus 2 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 2 of the Epitome of Law.

Fideiussor, qui minori viginti quinque annis pecuniam optulit et in publico loco metu in integrum restitutionis consignatam deposuit, confestim experiri mandati poterit.

A surety who has tendered money to a minor under twenty-five years and, in a public place, has deposited the money consigned for fear of a restitutio in integrum, will forthwith be able to bring the action on mandate.

Dig. 46.1.65

Digest 46.1.65

Hermogenianus 6 iuris epit.

Hermogenianus 6 epitome of law.

Sicut reus principalis non alias, quam si de sua persona promittat, obligatur, ita fideiussores non alias tenentur, quam si se quid daturos vel facturos promittant: nam reum principalem daturum vel facturum aliquid frustra promittunt, quia factum alienum inutiliter promittitur.

Just as the principal defendant is obligated only if he promises on his own behalf, so too sureties are not otherwise held unless they promise that they themselves will give or do something: for they promise in vain that the principal defendant will give or do something, because another’s act is ineffectually promised.

Dig. 46.1.66

Digest 46.1.66

Paulus 1 ad ner.

Paul 1 on Neratius.

Si servus alienus pro titio fideiussit et solvit, liberatur titius, si dominus mandati contra eum agere instituit: nam qui mandati agit, ratam habere solutionem videtur.

If another’s slave has stood surety for titius and has paid, titius is released, if the master has instituted an action on mandate against him; for one who brings an action on mandate is deemed to have ratified the payment.

Dig. 46.1.67

Digest 46.1.67

Paulus 3 ad ner.

Paulus, 3 On Neratius.

Exceptione, quae tibi prodesse debebat, usus iniuria iudicis damnatus es: nihil tibi praestabitur iure mandati, quia iniuriam, quae tibi facta est, penes te manere quam ad alium transferri aequius est, scilicet si culpa tua iniustae damnationis causam praebuisti.

Having used an exception which ought to have profited you, you were condemned through the injustice of the judge: nothing will be afforded you by the law of mandate, because it is more equitable that the injury which was done to you remain with you rather than be transferred to another—namely, if by your own fault you furnished the cause of the unjust condemnation.

Dig. 46.1.68pr.

Digest 46.1.68pr.

Paulus 3 decr.

Paul 3 December.

Fideiussores magistratuum in poenam vel multam, quam non spopondissent, non debere conveniri decrevit.

He decreed that the sureties of magistrates ought not to be proceeded against for a penalty or a fine which they had not promised.

Dig. 46.1.68.1

Digest 46.1.68.1

Paulus 3 decr.

Paulus book 3 of the Decrees.

Pro aurelio romulo conductore vectigalis centum annua petronius thallus et alii fideiusserant: bona romuli fiscus ut obligata sibi occupaverat et conveniebat fideiussores tam in sortem quam in usuras: qui deprecabantur. lecta subscriptione fideiussionis, quoniam in sola centum annua se obligaverant, non in omnem conductionem, decrevit fideiussores in usuras non teneri, sed quidquid ex bonis fuisset redactum, prius in usuras cedere, reliquum in sortem, et ita in id quod defuisset fideiussores conveniendos exemplo pignorum a creditore distractorum.

For Aurelius Romulus, lessee (conductor) of a vectigal of one hundred yearly, Petronius Thallus and others had stood as sureties: the fisc, as having Romulus’s goods bound to itself, had seized them and was proceeding against the sureties both for the principal and for interest; who were petitioning for relief. On the subscription of the suretyship being read, since they had bound themselves only for the one hundred yearly, not for the whole lease, he decreed that the sureties were not held for interest, but that whatever had been realized from the goods should first be applied to interest, the remainder to principal, and thus that for what had been lacking the sureties should be proceeded against, by the example of pledges sold off by a creditor.

Dig. 46.1.68.2

Digest 46.1.68.2

Paulus 3 decr.

Paulus, 3 Decrees.

Non possunt conveniri fideiussores liberato reo transactione.

Sureties cannot be sued, the defendant having been released by a transaction (settlement).

Dig. 46.1.69

Digest 46.1.69

Tryphonus 9 disp.

Tryphoninus 9 disputations.

Tutor datus eius filio, cui ex fideiussoria causa obligatus erat, a semet ipso exigere debet, et quamvis tempore liberatus erit, tamen tutelae iudicio eo nomine tenebitur, item heres eius, quia cum eo ob tutelam, non ex fideiussione agitur. et quamvis non quasi fideiussor, sed quasi tutor solverit, etiamsi tempore liberatus est, mandati actionem eum habere adversus reum promittendi dixi. haeret enim in utraque causa adhuc illius debiti persecutio, nam eius solutione liberavit reum promittendi obligatione, in quam pro eo fideiusserat, et non titulus actionis, sed debiti causa respicienda est.

A tutor appointed for his son, to whom he had been bound on a fideiussory ground, ought to exact payment from himself; and although he will be released by lapse of time, nevertheless he will be held on that account by the action on guardianship, and likewise his heir, because suit is brought with him on account of the tutelage, not from the fideiussio. And although he has paid not as a fideiussor, but as a tutor, even if he has been released by lapse of time, I said that he has the mandati action against the promissory defendant (reus promittendi). For in each respect the pursuit of that debt still adheres; for by its payment he released the promissory defendant from the obligation in which he had stood as fideiussor for him; and it is not the title of the action, but the cause of the debt, that must be regarded.

licet enim is tutor, qui fideiussor apud pupillum pro reo est obligatus, solvit se auctore pupillo, quia reo promittendi liberato et ipse tutor idemque fideiussor liberabitur, quod sua auctoritate efficere non potest, tamen et si non pro se solvendi animo, sed pro titio fecit, ut maxime eum liberet, habebit cum eo mandati actionem.

For although that tutor, who as a fideiussor is bound with respect to the ward on behalf of the principal debtor, pays with the ward as authorizer—because, the reus promittendi having been released, he himself as tutor and likewise as fideiussor will be released, which he cannot effect by his own authority—nevertheless, even if he did it not with the intention of paying for himself, but for Titius, so as especially to release him, he will have against him an action of mandate.

Dig. 46.1.70pr.

Digest 46.1.70, preface.

Gaius 1 de verb. oblig.